hey entered into treaties ofcommerce and military alliances with Indian nations

calculate

use

To calculate the sugar content for the cranberry juice and the root beer, first calculatethe average density of the celebration standard, 2% sugar. This is found by first subtracting thefinal mass of both the beaker and the liquid by the initial mass of just the beaker to find theliquid's mass of the 2% sugar. Then using the density equation d=m/v where d= density, v=volume and m=mass. Use the mass found by subtracting the final and initial and divide it bythe constant 10 mL of 2% sugar. Then repeat this for each trial, it was repeated 2 more times fora total of 3 more times. Using the 3 density’s find the average by adding all the desitys of 2%sugar and dividing it by 3. These calculations where completed for both the cranberry juice andthe root beer. After calculating each of those using the calibration standard averages of theclass for the sugar % create a plot graph and a trend line (Graph 1). Using the trend lineequation where x represents the % sugar content and y represents the density in g/mL,substitute the average density of both cranberry juice and the root beer into the y of the trendline equation. Then solve for x, the % sugar content.

fill the 10 mL volumetric pipette and filler to 10.00 mLof 2% sugar

To begin use a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask and fill it with about 50 mL of 2% sugar liquid.Measure a 50 mL beaker by using a balance, record value. Then using that 50 mL beaker and a10 mL volumetric pipette plus pipette filler, fill the 10 mL volumetric pipette and filler to 10.00 mLof 2% sugar. Put the liquid in the volumetric pipette into the 50mL beaker that was previouslymeasured. Next measure and record the mass of the beaker using the balance. This processwas repeated 2 more times for a total of 3 trials Then using a cranberry juice using the samesteps and doing a total of 3 trials. Once more do the same steps using root beer for a total of 3trials.

Next measure and record the mass of the beaker using the balance. This processwas repeated 2 more times for a total of 3

Using a balance, place weigh paper on it and zero the scale. Using that measure a metalrod and record measurement. Then take a 25 mL graduated cylinder and fill about half withwater then record the exact volume. In the graduated cylinder add the metal rod, record the newvolume.

Using a balance, place weigh paper on it and zero the scale. Using that measure a metalrod and record measurement.

Using a balance, place weigh paper on it and zero the scale. Using that measure a metalrod and record measurement. Then take a 25 mL graduated cylinder and fill about half withwater then record the exact volume. In the graduated cylinder add the metal rod, record the newvolume

To calculate the density of a metal rod, the mass and volume of the metal rod needed tobe found.

Then using the density equation d=m/v where d= density, v=volume and m=mass

Using a balance, place weigh paper on it and zero the scale. Using that measure a metalrod and record measurement. Then take a 25 mL graduated cylinder and fill about half withwater then record the exact volume

Guest right don’t mean so much as it used to,” said the girl. “Notsince m’lady come back from the wedding. Some o’ them swingingdown by the river gured they was guests too.

“It was you killed the dog, m’lady,”

“Lady Stoneheart.”“Some call her that. Some call her other things. The Silent Sister.Mother Merciless. The Hangwoma

Upperhalf,humanhalf,twistedintheirdirection;alookofjoyandterrorintheinfant’seyes

Most religious ceremonies are no longer part of the pow wows.

Ecology and Society 22(3): 4https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol22/iss3/art4/Fig. 3. Large carnivore incidents by species and type (grizzlybear, Ursus arctos; black bear, Ursus americanus; wolf, Canislupus; and cougar, Puma concolor). Percentages are cumulativeover 1999 through 2014

Similar to the patterns found by our occurrence record review,crops, food waste, and livestock carcasses feature prominently inthe diet of ursids across the globe; killing of livestock occurs lessfrequently (Newsome et al. 2015). Both black bears and grizzlybears preferentially select mixed diets (Erlenbach et al. 2014,Coogan and Raubenheimer 2016, Costello et al. 2016). Forexample, in a recent study in Wyoming bears consumed 1–20different foods per day, with an average of 7.3 (Costello et al.2016). Black bear use of human-settled areas and associated foodsources often increases when natural foods are scarce (Howe etal. 2010, Baruch-Mordo et al. 2014, Lewis et al. 2014). Althoughnot monitored, a poor berry year and decreased natural foods in2014 could explain some of the observed 2014 increase in blackbear incidents. In our study, black bear incidents werepredominately attributable to attractants including garbage,birdfeeders, and vegetation.

. Connection with like-minded individuals from around the world 2. Access to valuable knowledge and expertise from online communities 3. Opportunities for collaboration and group projects 4. A sense of belonging and community

After five years of unrequited toil, and unspeakable hardship in convict camps, - five years of slaving by the side of human brutes, and of nightly herding with them in vermin-haunted huts, - Ben Davis had become like them.

There was a moment of breathless silence. Then a wild burst of grief from the prisoner's wife, to which his two children, not understanding it all, but vaguely conscious of some calamity, added their voices in two long, discordant wails, which would have been ludicrous had they not been heart-rending.

He had no doubt of the prisoner's guilt. There had been a great deal of petty thieving in the county, and several gentlemen had suggested to him the necessity for greater severity in punishing it. The jury were all white men.

"I 've got a monst'us good appetite ter-day. I feels good, too. I paid Majah Ransom de intrus' on de mortgage dis mawnin' an' a hund'ed dollahs besides, an' I spec's ter hab de balance ready by de fust of nex' Jiniwary; an' den we won't owe nobody a cent. I tell yer dere ain' nothin' like propputy ter make a pusson feel like a man. But w'at 's de Page 295 matter wid yer, Nancy ? Is sump'n' skeered yer?"

In how we’ve been talking about accessible design, the way we’ve been phrasing things has implied a separation between designers who make things, and the disabled people who things are made for. And unfortunately, as researcher Dr. Cynthia Bennett points out, disabled people are often excluded from designing for themselves, or even when they do participate in the design, they aren’t considered to be the “real designers.” You can see Dr. Bennet’s research talk on this in the following Youtube Video:

while avoiding perverse incentives

Social engineering, where they try to gain access to information or locations by tricking people. For example:

What incentives do social media companies have to protect privacy?

What are your biggest concerns around privacy on social media?

Datasets can be poisoned unintentionally. For example, many scientists posted online surveys that people can get paid to take. Getting useful results depended on a wide range of people taking them. But when one TikToker’s video about taking them went viral, the surveys got filled out with mostly one narrow demographic, preventing many of the datasets from being used as intended.

Social media sites then make their money by selling targeted advertising, meaning selling ads to specific groups of people with specific interests. So, for example, if you are selling spider stuffed animal toys, most people might not be interested, but if you could find the people who want those toys and only show your ads to them, your advertising campaign might be successful, and those users might be happy to find out about your stuffed animal toys. But targeting advertising can be used in less ethical ways, such as targeting gambling ads at children, or at users who are addicted to gambling, or the 2016 Trump campaign ‘target[ing] 3.5m black Americans to deter them from voting’ { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { kernelName: "python3", path: "./ch08_data_mining" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

In the Black Lives Matters protests of 2020, Dallas Police made an app where they asked people to upload videos of protesters doing anything illegal. In support of the protesters, K-pop fans swarmed the app and uploaded as many K-pop videos as they could eventually leading to the app crashing and becoming unusable, and thus protecting the protesters from this attempt at Police surveillance.

Hazing: Causing difficulty or suffering for people who are new to a group Satire: (e.g., A Modest Proposal) which takes a known form, but does something unexpected or disruptive with it. Practical jokes / pranks

Inauthentic interaction can even be valuable. We might outright lie to someone to cover our tracks when planning them a surprise party. Once the surprise is revealed, the inauthentic interactions can be retrospectively reinterpreted, and offense is not taken.

St. Francis de Sales is the patron saint of deaf individuals. He is also the patron of journalists and writers because of his many written religious works. Because of these publications, he is depicted with a book in the left hand and a quill pen in the right. His feast day is January 24th.

Stores and homes were looted and set on fire. When Tulsa firefighters arrived, they were turned away by white vigilantes. A number of eyewitness accounts described private aircraft being used to shoot into black crowds and drop turpentine firebombs onto black-owned buildings, suggesting the well-organized attack might have been planned in advance.

Women gained increased opportunities to work outside the home. The number of professional women rose significantly in the 1920s. But limits still existed,

It was the decade of the “New Woman,” in which only 10 percent of married women (but nearly half of unmarried women) worked outside the home. It was a decade in which new technologies decreased time requirements for household chores, and one in which standards of cleanliness and order in the home rose to often impossible standards.

The 1920s also witnessed the maturation of professional sports. Play-by-play radio broadcasts of collegiate and professional sporting events marked a new era for sports, despite the racial segregation in most.

“Change is in the very air Americans breathe, and consumer changes are the very bricks out of which we are building our new kind of civilization,” announced marketing expert and home economist Christine Frederick in her influential 1929 book, Selling Mrs. Consumer (which she incidentally dedicated to Herbert Hoover).

In addition to his very clear support of business interests over labor, Harding’s presidency would go down in history as among the most corrupt.

With that information it is used to gather the density of the rod. First subtractthe initial volume from the final volume, take the answer and input it into equation 1 asthe volume or “v” in this case, the result given is the density of the rod.

with percent sucrose on thex-axis and density on the y-axis.

That completes thesteps and then repeat the process three times for each beverage i

1Density

There was a measurement of the initial volume and finalvolume.

Picture

ther the three density reco

approximately 11 mL with wate

y=mx+b

𝑚

After doing the three trials calculate the averagedensity by adding to

First subtractthe initial volume from the final volume, take the answer and input it into equation 1 asthe volume or “v” in this case, the result given is the density of the rod

from a total of six standards: 0, 2, 4, 8and 16 percent sugar

graduated cylinder

10 mL

Questions 1-5 in the lab packet

natural

A levelized morality that is rational, global, and actively meliorist fits almost perfectly with this new-age liberalism. This levelized morality can be calculated and outsourced just the same as a manufacturing job. If, for example, it’s more efficient to make an air conditioner in Mexico than in Ohio, then you gut the town in Ohio and ship the parts from Mexico. With EA’s levelized morality, if your money is most effective fighting malaria in Africa, then you stop caring about your neighbors and outsource your moral caring there.

All humans lean on moral frameworks to make daily decisions, structure their lives, decide what to do with their time, and determine how to act in the world, including elites.

What I want to convince you of is that the values of neoliberalism don’t just dictate our economic lives but also influence our moral and spiritual lives, and that neoliberalism does so by asserting values that directly conflict with what it is to be human. Fortunately, there is a convenient way to investigate this influence. Gray’s list (“individualist, egalitarian, universalist, and meliorist”), is essentially the philosophy of Peter Singer.

A big focus of neoliberalism is on the individual.

But perhaps the most interesting claim of Gray’s list is that liberalism is “meliorism.” If you think about it, it is quite odd that a political philosophy founded on freedoms could evolve to the point where its defenders believe its purpose is to make the world better.

measurable dimensions

the Singerian story is that you should treat people the same whether they live just down the street from you or on the other side of the world.

clearly be immoral not to save the kid

Classical liberalism did have a focus on the individual, but there was always a subtext that the point of classical liberalism was to enable freedoms that would allow the individual to assert themselves to make society better off.

it’s that (for example) you have a specific right to an outcome—to exist independently of “social collectivity.”

Gray’s four tenets are not “rights;” they lean much more toward “outcomes” or “duties” to ensure an outcome.

Civil rights (property and self)Religious rights (worship)Political rights (speech)These rights were foundational to the philosophic framework of America and to our modern, global, liberal system.

Foremost,

The cylinder

the balance.

The mass of the liquid was calculated by subtracƟng the iniƟal mass of the beaker fromthe final mass of the beaker and liquid. The volume of the liquid was 10.00 mL, as it is aconstant. The density was determined using equaƟon 1.

𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ௠௔

od by the finalvolume.

XII. equal rights and the new Deal

There were times when it generated “hallucinations”—that is, it would suggest standards that didn’t make sense or align with the lesson. The key to avoiding these pitfalls was to treat AI as part of a human-centered workflow. AI is great for doing the heavy lifting, but I’ve learned that it’s not meant to produce a final deliverable on its own.

Instead of using the basic chat function, I trained a custom GPT (generative pre-trained transformer) for CEFR standards alignment. I started by uploading a PDF of the CEFR standards, including the rubric specifically designed for teaching world languages.

My team had initially developed our curriculum to align with the ACTFL standards, which are widely used in the United States for world language education, but we decided to show how our curriculum also meets the CEFR standards. It felt like a daunting task. That’s where AI turned what could have been a tedious process into something far more manageable—and teachers can do the same thing with their lessons.

a dominant belief that “native English = standardEnglish = international intelligibility” (also reigning in the Anglophonecampus examined in Beirut), where students are required to conform toand reproduce putatively fixed and standardized native English speaker(NES)10 norms and criteria of correctness in their academic studies,continues to hold sway (Jenkins 2014, 122)

English as a secondlanguage (ESL) course series until demonstrating “mastery” of learningoutcomes through passing final proficiency exams.

explicitly stated language policies that position English in relation to thewealth of language resources of the resident and international studentpopulations increasingly defining it

Unfortunately, too much of our era has an emotionally negative predisposition toward too many things, including our current elites, and for reasons that are mimetic rather than justified, whether rationally or even by our impulses to breed.

“I will add only that Nietzsche says somewhere that it is the duty of a philosopher to promote precisely those virtues or tendencies of spirit that are most lacking in one’s own time…”  For all its pretense to the contrary, that is exactly what this book does not achieve.

“The chief intention of this study has been to offer an explanation for why the ancient city perceived philosophers as dangerous and as associated with tyrants — to argue that there was something to the ancient prejudice that philosophy was associated with tyranny.”

ChatGPT cybersecurity use cases could provide considerable relief for understaffed SOC teams and help the organization by reducing overall cyber-risk exposure levels.

In the context of ChatGPT, using reverse psychology can entail phrasing your questions or statements in a way that indirectly prompts the AI to generate the desired response.

Using this method, you attempt to override the base data and settings the developers have imbued into ChatGPT.

jailbreaking” originated in the realm of technology, where it referred to bypassing restrictions on electronic devices to gain greater control over software and hardware

This allows defenders to speed up and automate the incident response process

The evolving GenAI tools have been a double-edge sword in cybersecurity

Generative AI (GenAI) models has been the highlight of digital transformation in the year 2022.

We believe that this work will contribute to the growing knowledge of GenAI from a cybersecurity perspective, helping the stakeholders better understand the risk, develop an effective defense, and support a secured digital environment.

there are ways to bypass the restrictions imposed on these models using jailbreaking, reverse psychology and other techniques,

Attackers use the generative power of GenAI tools to create a convincing social engineering attack, phishing attack, attack payload, and different kinds of malicious code snippets that can be compiled into an executable malware file [19], [20].

the use of GenAI against cybersecurity and its risks of misuse can not be undermined

These tools leverage the information from LLMs trained on the massive amount of cyber threat intelligence data that includes vulnerabilities, attack patterns, and indications of attack.

defense techniques and uses GenAI tools to improve security measures, including cyber defense automation, reporting, threat intelligence, secure code generation and detection, attack identification, developing ethical guidelines, incidence response plans, and malware detection.

GenAI tools in developing cyber attacks, and explore the scenarios where ChatGPT can be used by adversaries to create social engineering attacks, phishing attacks, automated hacking, attack payload generation, malware creation, and polymorphic malware

use of GenAI tools in both the defensive and offensive side of cybersecurity

The

Both white and black residents of Atlanta have low upward mobility, for instance.

“Where you grow up matters,” said Nathaniel Hendren, a Harvard economist and one of the study’s authors.

Her nearly four-hour round-trip stems largely from the economic geography of Atlanta,

Still, earlier studies have already found that education and  family structure have a large effect on the chances that children escape poverty.

Caesar cried 'Help me, Cassius, or I sink!' I, as Aeneas, our great ancestor, Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulderMythological ReferenceTrojan War[Click to launch video.] The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber Did I the tirèd Caesar.

The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores

In awe of such a thing as I myself. I was born free as Caesar, so were you; We both have fed as well, and we can both Endure the winter's cold as well as he.

I know that virtue to be in you, Brutus, As well as I do know your outward favor. Well, honor is the subject of my story.

And the same principle applies excellently to those who not being rich take old age hard; for neither would the reasonable man find it altogether easy to endure old age conjoined with poverty, nor would the unreasonable man by the attainment of riches ever attain to self-contentment and a cheerful temper.

Looking up a topic up on the internet, getting ideas, and writing about it is very different from copying sections from an article without attribution. Similarly, direct copying from content produced by generative AI tools requires disclosure, but using that content for ideation does not. Consider also the need for accountability. Blindly trusting in generative AI output is unwise and often unethical. AI output cannot be cited because it is not referenceable. Validating AI output by consulting reliable sources to arrive at a sound conclusion is surely reasonable.

One of the early ways of social communication across the internet was with Email, which originated in the 1960s and 1970s. These allowed people to send messages to each other, and look up if any new messages had been sent to them.

Come lovely and soothing death, Undulate round the world, serenely arriving, arriving, In the day, in the night, to all, to each, Sooner or later delicate death. Prais’d be the fathomless universe, For life and joy, and for objects and knowledge curious, And for love, sweet love—but praise! praise! praise! For the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death. Dark mother always gliding near with soft feet, Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome? Then I chant it for thee, I glorify thee above all, I bring thee a song that when thou must indeed come, come unfalteringly. Approach strong deliveress, When it is so, when thou hast taken them I joyously sing the dead, Lost in the loving floating ocean of thee, Laved in the flood of thy bliss O death. From me to thee glad serenades, Dances for thee I propose saluting thee, adornments and feastings for thee, And the sights of the open landscape and the high-spread sky are fitting, And life and the fields, and the huge and thoughtful night. The night in silence under many a star, The ocean shore and the husky whispering wave whose voice I know, And the soul turning to thee O vast and well-veil’d death, And the body gratefully nestling close to thee. Over the tree-tops I float thee a song, Over the rising and sinking waves, over the myriad fields and the prairies wide, Over the dense-pack’d cities all and the teeming wharves and ways, I float this carol with joy, with joy to thee O death.

Comrades mine and I in the midst, and their memory ever to keep, for the dead I loved so well, For the sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands—and this for his dear sake, Lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul,

Sadly sinking and fainting, as warning and warning, and yet again bursting with joy,

But I saw they were not as was thought, They themselves were fully at rest, they suffer’d not, The living remain’d and suffer’d, the mother suffer’d, And the wife and the child and the musing comrade suffer’d, And the armies that remain’d suffer’d.

The violet and purple morn with just-felt breezes, The gentle soft-born measureless light, The miracle spreading bathing all, the fulfill’d noon, The coming eve delicious, the welcome night and the stars,

Sea-winds blown from east and west, Blown from the Eastern sea and blown from the Western sea, till there on the prairies meeting, These and with these and the breath of my chant, I’ll perfume the grave of him I love.

But a moment I linger, for the lustrous star has detain’d me, The star my departing comrade holds and detains me.

I hear, I come presently, I understand you,

(Nor for you, for one alone, Blossoms and branches green to coffins all I bring, For fresh as the morning, thus would I chant a song for you O sane and sacred death.

Carrying a corpse to where it shall rest in the grave, Night and day journeys a coffin.

great cloud darkening the land,

The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlements, Sings by himself a song. Song of the bleeding throat, Death’s outlet song of life, (for well dear brother I know, If thou wast not granted to sing thou would’st surely die.)

In the dooryard fronting an old farm-house near the white-wash’d palings, Stands the lilac-bush tall-growing with heart-shaped leaves of rich green, With many a pointed blossom rising delicate, with the perfume strong I love, With every leaf a miracle—and from this bush in the dooryard, With delicate-color’d blossoms and heart-shaped leaves of rich green, A sprig with its flower I break.

In the dooryard fronting an old farm-house near the white-wash’d palings, Stands the lilac-bush tall-growing with heart-shaped leaves of rich green, With many a pointed blossom rising delicate, with the perfume strong I love, With every leaf a miracle—and from this bush in the dooryard, With delicate-color’d blossoms and heart-shaped leaves of rich green, A sprig with its flower I break.

O shades of night—O moody, tearful night! O great star disappear’d—O the black murk that hides the star!

When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom’d, And the great star early droop’d in the western sky in the night, I mourn’d, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring. Ever-returning spring, trinity sure to me you bring, Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west, And thought of him I love.

I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love, If you want me again look for me under your boot-soles.

My lovers suffocate me, Crowding my lips, thick in the pores of my skin, Jostling me through streets and public halls, coming naked to me at night, Crying by day Ahoy! from the rocks of the river, swinging and chirping over my head, Calling my name from flower-beds, vines, tangled underbrush, Lighting on every moment of my life, Bussing my body with soft balsamic busses, Noiselessly passing handfuls out of their hearts and giving them to be mine.

Making a fetich of the first rock or stump, powowing with sticks in the circle of obis, Helping the llama or brahmin as he trims the lamps of the idols, Dancing yet through the streets in a phallic procession,

I am one of the citizens,

I am he bringing help for the sick as they pant on their backs, And for strong upright men I bring yet more needed help.

The friendly and flowing savage,

That is the tale of the murder of the four hundred and twelve young men. 35

I do not ask the wounded person how he feels, I myself become the wounded person,

I am the hounded slave, I wince at the bite of the dogs, Hell and despair are upon me, crack and again crack the marksmen,

They bring me tokens of myself,

Straining the udder of my heart for its withheld drip,

And these tend inward to me, and I tend outward to them, And such as it is to be of these more or less I am,

m enamour’d

The suicide sprawls on the bloody floor of the bedroom, I witness the corpse with its dabbled hair, I note where the pistol has fallen.

produced babe of the vegetation.

pulling and hauling stands what I am,

The distillation would intoxicate me also, but I shall not let it.

Graffiti and other notes left on walls were used for sharing updates, spreading rumors, and tracking accounts Books and news write-ups had to be copied by hand, so that only the most desired books went “viral” and spread

Graffiti and other notes left on walls were used for sharing updates, spreading rumors, and tracking accounts

pretty much anything can count as social media, and the things we will see in internet-based social media show up in many other places as well.

Before this centralization of media in the 1900s, newspapers and pamphlets were full of rumors and conspiracy theories

Before this centralization of media in the 1900s, newspapers and pamphlets were full of rumors and conspiracy theories.

whites

The

As one of its first advertisements proclaimed in 1970, Irvine was designed to be a park-like space with white-collar industries. A pigtailed young girl is pictured standing in front of impressive modernist architecture,above these lines of less refined yet fascinating poetry: “If I could wish a place to live, / I’d wish it putsomewhere / where grass is green and flowers give / a wonder to the air. // If I could wish my daddy’s work, /I’d wish it neat and clean; / and not where smog and uglies lurk / but more like parks I’ve seen.” Thephrase “not where smog and uglies lurk” hints that other suburbs might have factories or factory workers. It isa subtle acknowledgment of spaces like Ferguson.

8Chan is also the source and home of the false conspiracy theory QAnon

The comedy website Something Awful was created in 1999, and it included web forums where many popular memes of the day originated. While the Something Awful forums had edgy content, one 15-year-old member of the Something Awful forum called “Anime Death Tentacle Rape Whorehouse” was frustrated by content restrictions on Something Awful, and created his own new site with less restrictions: 4Chan. 5.5.2. 4Chan# 4Chan was created in 2003 by copying the code from a Japanese image-sharing bulletin board called Futaba or 2chan.

8Chan (now called 8Kun) is an image-sharing bulletin board site that was started in 2013. It has been host to white-supremacist, neo-nazi and other hate content. 8Chan has had trouble finding companies to host its servers and internet registration due to the presence of child sexual abuse material (CSAM), and for being the place where various mass shooters spread their hateful manifestos. 8Chan is also the source and home of the false conspiracy theory QAnon

While mainstream social media platforms grew in popularity, there was a parallel growth of social media platforms that were based on having “no rules”, and were sources for many memes and pieces of internet culture, as well as hubs of much anti-social behavior (e.g., trolling, harassment, hate-groups, murders, etc.).

you

Designers sometimes talk about trying to make their user interfaces frictionless, meaning the user can use the site without feeling anything slowing them down.

One famous example of reducing friction was the invention of infinite scroll. When trying to view results from a search, or look through social media posts, you could only view a few at a time, and to see more you had to press a button to see the next “page” of results. This is how both Google search and Amazon search work at the time this is written. In 2006, Aza Raskin invented infinite scroll, where you can scroll to the bottom of the current results, and new results will get automatically filled in below. Most social media sites now use this, so you can then scroll forever and never hit an obstacle or friction as you endlessly look at social media posts. Aza Raskin regrets what infinite scroll has done to make it harder for users to break away from looking at social media sites.

Psychosocial deprivations also seem to be a cause of gambling-like behavior in both pigeons and humans

but the attractiveness of uncertain rewards is so widespread in the animal kingdom that this tendency should have an adaptive origin. Here we suggest a hypothesis

Recently, we have shown in adult rats that an initial exposure (8 days) to conditioned cues predicting highly uncertain rewards sensitizes responding to those cues in the long term (for at least 20 days) despite a gradual reduction in the level of uncertainty

monetary wins are conceived as the opportunity to extend the duration of play, rather than the game's main objective.

several payoff schedules (slot machines, roulette, and dice game of craps) have a probability of winning close to 50%, so that they are expected to elicit maximal DA release and, therefore, reinforce the act of gambling.

. A predictable game is dull, just like a detective novel for which the identity of the murderer is known in advance.

PG, accumbens DA is maximal during a gambling task when the probability of winning and losing money is identical—a 50% chance for a two-outcome event representing maximal uncertainty

Possibly related to this phenomenon is the evidence that, compared with gains, the amount of monetary losses has limited effect on the extent to which probabilistic (and delayed) losses are discounted in humans

This finding that DA release is higher in PG losing money than in PG winning money is consistent with the evidence that “near misses” enhance the motivation to gamble and recruit the brain reward circuit more than “big wins”

Dopamine release in the ventral striatum, however, was more pronounced for the losses in PG relative to HC

the more PG lose money, the more they tend to persevere in this activity—a phenomenon referred to as loss-chasing

Although the traditional view is in agreement with neuroscientific data, it fails to explain why people often describe gambling as a pleasant activity rather than as an opportunity to gain money

For example, Joutsa et al. (2012) showed that DA is released in the ventral striatum during instances of high- but not low-reward, in both PG and HC, and that the severity of symptoms in PG is associated with larger DA responses.

Now, encountering some of these new converts, theytried to find out the extent of their knowledge, and for all found out that they did not knoweven how to make the sign of the Cross; some did not know their Baptismal names, andwhen asked if they were Christians, they made signs to show that they had never heard theword. They did not know any prayers, nor articles of faith, and gave no evidence of anychange from the past, always retaining the same old sorceries, coming to Church moreover,only as the unbaptized, that is, occasionally, for company's sake, or through curiosity, andnot in a devotional spirit. Indeed some of our countrymen tell us, that when they were bythemselves, they insolently made sport of our ceremonies

Now to say that it isenough to beget, without thinking of how to maintain, is really saying that it is good to givelife in order to take it away cruelly, which is not the act of a Father, but is worse than that ofa murderer.

Sol and Luna

Draw a rough sketch of the view of the site, and then make a list of: What actions would you want available immediately What actions would you want one or two steps away? What actions would you not allow users to do (e.g., there is no button anywhere that will let you delete someone else’s account)?

Below are some summaries of a selection ethics frameworks. There are many more ethics frameworks which we haven’t included here, and these explanations are all way oversimplified. We hope that this gives you a start to understanding each framework, and a range of options for how to think through ethics in social media and programming.

Kumail Nanjiani was a star of the Silicon Valley TV Show, which was about the tech industry. He posted these reflections on ethics in tech on Twitter (@kumailn) on November 1, 2017:

This means that how you gather your data will affect what data you come up with. If you have really comprehensive data about potential outcomes, then your utility calculus will be more complicated, but will also be more realistic. On the other hand, if you have only partial data, the results of your utility calculus may become skewed. If you think about the potential impact of a set of actions on all the people you know and like, but fail to consider the impact on people you do not happen to know, then you might think those actions would lead to a huge gain in utility, or happiness

2003 saw the launch of several popular social networking services: Friendster, Myspace, and LinkedIn. These were websites where the primary purpose was to build personal profiles and create a network of connections with other people, and communicate with them. Facebook was launched in 2004 and soon put most of its competitors out of business, while YouTube, launched in 2005 became a different sort of social networking site built around video.

As you can see in the apple example, any time we turn something into data, we are making a simplification.1 If we are counting the number of something, like apples, we are deciding that each one is equivalent. If we are writing down what someone said, we are losing their tone of voice, accent, etc. If we are taking a photograph, it is only from one perspective, etc.

our current approach of criminalizing and institutionalizing poverty

rewarding stimulus is provided, a phasic dopaminergic firing mainly leads to the activation of D1 receptors in NAcc and D2 receptors in VTA, thus generating a positive reinforcing signa

core regions

here are a few types of annotations that can be created with the application:

quite obviously sexual commodities(chorus girls, prostitutes, mistresses of wealthy men) whose economic circulationis conditioned by the requirement that they conform to predictable economic andsexual patterns. Anna is actually called "excessive" by a man she picks up earlyin the novel because she doesn't meet his expectations for how a young woman ofher station ought to behave around an older, wealthy man (13). On the same page,Anna's friend Maudie tells the assembled company that their fellow chorus girls"call [Anna] the Hottentot" because of her West Indian

Voyage's prominent sexual-economic thematics reinforce its formal interventionsand underscores the text's function as an economic commentary, as it is sexual cir-culation that is subject to narrative and economic conta

in deploying herformal strategies from a metro-colonial position, Rhys's use of identifiably mod-ernist technique contests the idea that the colonies can either be unproblemati-cally assimilated into or foreclosed from a metropolitan national imagination.

This note shows how random the family's disappearance was, leading to further confusion from Katie.