thirty prominent writers

Examples

despite initially appearing to be an appropriate and effective response to a problem, has more bad consequences than good ones

there are two key elements to an anti-pattern that distinguish it from a bad habit, bad practice, or bad idea

Casablanca

The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the erroneous belief that if a particular event occurs more frequently than normal during the past it is less likely to happen in the future (or vice versa), when it has otherwise been established that the probability of such events does not depend on what has happened in the past. Such events, having the quality of historical independence, are referred to as statistically independent. The fallacy is commonly associated with gambling, where it may be believed, for example, that the next dice roll is more than usually likely to be six because there have recently been fewer than the usual number of sixes.

Gambler's fallacy

More recently, from 2009 to 2014, Hastrup ran Waterworlds, a major European research project analysing social responses to climate change,[5] followed by fieldwork in Greenland, where she researched the effects of the modern world on a small community of hunters.[6]

built using nullary type constructors

Also, in non-functional programming, a function without arguments can be meaningful and not necessarily constant (due to side effects).

The latter are important examples which usually also exist in "purely" functional programming languages.

Often, such functions have in fact some hidden input which might be global variables, including the whole state of the system (time, free memory, …).

Though rarer in computer science, one can use category theory directly, which defines a monad as a functor with two additional natural transformations. So to begin, a structure requires a higher-order function (or "functional") named map to qualify as a functor:

For historical reasons, this map is instead called fmap in Haskell.

can transform monadic values m a applying f to the unwrapped value a

In fact, the Product comonad is just the dual of the Writer monad and effectively the same as the Reader monad (both discussed below)

procedure to wrap values of any basic type within the monad (yielding a monadic value)

A combinator, typically called bind (as in binding a variable) and represented with an infix operator >>=, that unwraps a monadic variable, then inserts it into a monadic function/expression, resulting in a new monadic value:(mx >>= f) : (M T, T → M U) → M U

A type constructor M that builds up a monadic type M T

A type converter, often called unit or return, that embeds an object x in the monad:.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}unit(x) : T → M T

allows monads to simplify a wide range of problems

another to compose functions that output monadic values (called monadic functions)

Monads achieve this by providing their own data type (a particular type for each type of monad), which represents a specific form of computation

In functional programming, a monad is an abstraction that allows structuring programs generically

Supporting languages may use monads to abstract away boilerplate code needed by the program logic.

Whatever language or default programming paradigm a developer uses, following the monad pattern brings many of the benefits of purely functional programming.

By reifying a specific kind of computation, a monad not only encapsulates the tedious details of that computational pattern, but it does so in a declarative way, improving the code's clarity.

category of functors (from values to computations)

To emphasize how Just acts on the underlying value by wrapping it, it can be redefined as a function too, called eta for now

With >>= available, add can now be redefined as something much more compact:

these two functions >>= and eta were designed to simplify add, but they clearly do not depend on the specifics of add in any way, just the Maybe type

While other monads will embody different logical processes, and some may have extra properties, all of them will have three similar components (directly or indirectly) that follow the basic outline of this example.

Maybe T can be understood as a "wrapping" type, wrapping the type T into a new type with built-in exception handling

This is done to avoid confusion by differentiating between cases where a variable carries a defined value and those where it does not.

Undefined values or operations are one particular problem that robust software should prepare for and handle gracefully.

Since monads make semantics explicit for a kind of computation, they can also be used to implement convenient language features.

Research beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s established that monads could bring seemingly disparate computer-science problems under a unified, functional model.

handling potential undefined values (with the Maybe monad)

The exception can be avoided by using ? operator on the nullable value instead:

The @ ? annotation can be used to denote a nullable value.

Since an inverse is the contrapositive of the converse, inverse and converse are logically equivalent to each other.

In logic and mathematics, statements p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} are said to be logically equivalent if they are provable from each other under a set of axioms,[1] or have the same truth value in every model.

Each of the programming language generations aims to provide a higher level of abstraction of the internal computer hardware details, making the language more programmer-friendly, powerful, and versatile.

It turns out that, given a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

Purely functional programming may also be defined by forbidding state changes and mutable data.

purely functional programming usually designates a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats all computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions.

Purely functional data structures are persistent. Persistency is required for functional programming; without it, the same computation could return different results.

Most C++ template idioms will carry over to D without alteration, but D adds some additional functionality

it is inconvenient to write specific implementations for each datatype contained, especially if the code for each datatype is virtually identical. For example, in C++, this duplication of code can be circumvented by defining a class template

In mathematics, a structure is a set endowed with some additional features on the set (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology)

which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation

Software architecture is about making fundamental structural choices that are costly to change once implemented.

Software architecture refers to the fundamental structures of a software system

Self-referential statements are sometimes paradoxical, and can also be considered recursive.

"Open access" refers to toll-free or gratis access to content

Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access (e.g. access tolls) and free of many restrictions on use (e.g. certain copyright and license restrictions).

A free cultural work (free content) is, according to the definition of Free Cultural Works, one that has no significant legal restriction on people's freedom to: use the content and benefit from using it, study the content and apply what is learned, make and distribute copies of the content, change and improve the content and distribute these derivative works.

Free content encompasses all works in the public domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor and uphold the freedoms mentioned above.

Because the Berne Convention in most countries by default grants copyright holders monopolistic control over their creations, copyright content must be explicitly declared free, usually by the referencing or inclusion of licensing statements from within the work.

A free cultural work (free content) is, according to the definition of Free Cultural Works, one that has no significant legal restriction on people's freedom to:

A free content, libre content, or free information, is any kind of functional work, work of art, or other creative content that meets the definition of a free cultural work.

The Definition of Free Cultural Works is a definition of free content from 2006. The project evaluates and recommends compatible free content licenses.

In this continuum of community participation covered by CBD, new-generation CDD projects are located at the extreme right

However, CDD projects fit on the empowerment end of CBD by actively engaging beneficiaries in the design, management and implementation of projects

A freemium model is sometimes used to build a consumer base when the marginal cost of producing extra units is low.

In the telecommunications industry, on a conceptual level, value-added services add value to the standard service offering, spurring subscribers to use their phone more and allowing the operator to drive up their average revenue per user.

For mobile phones, technologies like SMS, MMS and data access were historically usually considered value-added services, but in recent years SMS, MMS and data access have more and more become core services, and VAS therefore has begun to exclude those services.

A distinction may also be made between standard (peer-to-peer) content and premium-charged content.

Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is a standard for business process modeling that provides a graphical notation for specifying business processes in a Business Process Diagram (BPD),[3] based on a flowcharting technique very similar to activity diagrams from Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Blood–brain barrier

He picked himself for the match so as to fulfill the BCCI criterion (which requires state administrators to have at least one first-class match experience) for becoming a selector at the state level. After the match, he appointed himself as the chairman of selectors of HPCA Ranji trophy cricket team

The Indie-Verse was an internet audio station based in Dallas, Texas that served the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex as well as all of the United States through its internet presence with a diverse alternative & indie music format. It was also broadcast on KJKK 100.3 HD-3 (HD Radio needed) and was under ownership of CBS Radio. The name was a portmanteau of "Indie", short for "independence" or "independent"; and "Universe".

The Indie-Verse

with a richness not found before

Kundalini (Sanskrit: कुण्डलिनी kuṇḍalinī, pronunciation (help·info), "coiled snake") is a form of divine feminine energy (or shakti) believed to be located at the base of the spine, in the muladhara.

Sidecar file

n ∑ i = 1 n 2 i value ⁡ ( x i ) {\displaystyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}2^{i}\operatorname {value} (x_{i})} .

Film and television

The eyes of the Fair are on the future—not in the sense of peering toward the unknown nor attempting to foretell the events of tomorrow and the shape of things to come, but in the sense of presenting a new and clearer view of today in preparation for tomorrow

It was the first exposition to be based on the future, with an opening slogan of "Dawn of a New Day", and it allowed all visitors to take a look at "the world of tomorrow".

phrase "six degrees of separation", although Milgram

Small-world experiment

Six degrees of separation

The most notable characteristic in a scale-free network is the relative commonness of vertices with a degree that greatly exceeds the average. The highest-degree nodes are often called "hubs", and are thought to serve specific purposes in their networks, although this depends greatly on the domain.

Scale-free network

Preferential attachment

Uses

A sample UML class and sequence diagram for the Command design pattern.

The central ideas of this design pattern closely mirror the semantics of first-class functions and higher-order functions in functional programming languages. Specifically, the invoker object is a higher-order function of which the command object is a first-class argument.

A sequence diagram shows object interactions arranged in time sequence.

For the usage in society, see Second-class citizen.

In programming language design, a first-class citizen (also type, object, entity, or value) in a given programming language is an entity which supports all the operations generally available to other entities. These operations typically include being passed as an argument, returned from a function, modified, and assigned to a variable.

In computer science, a programming language is said to have first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class citizens.

In object-oriented programming, information hiding (by way of nesting of types) reduces software development risk by shifting the code's dependency on an uncertain implementation (design decision) onto a well-defined interface. Clients of the interface perform operations purely through it so if the implementation changes, the clients do not have to change.

The term encapsulation is often used interchangeably with information hiding. Not all agree on the distinctions between the two though; one may think of information hiding as being the principle and encapsulation being the technique. A software module hides information by encapsulating the information into a module or other construct which presents an interface.

In a rule-based system, a metarule is a rule governing the application of other rules.

The modern sense of "an X about X" has given rise to concepts like "meta-cognition" (cognition about cognition), "meta-emotion" (emotion about emotion), "meta-discussion" (discussion about discussion), "meta-joke" (joke about jokes), and "metaprogramming" (writing programs that manipulate programs).

which have recently become umbrella terms referring to any piece of quickly-consumed comedic or relatable content

Remix occurs when the original meme is altered in some way, while mimicry occurs when the meme is recreated in a different fashion to the original.

The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press (AP) both revised their formerly capitalized stylization of the word to lowercase "internet" in 2016.[3] The New York Times, which followed suit in adopting the lowercase style, said that such a change is common practice when "newly coined or unfamiliar terms" become part of the lexicon.

The Oxford English Dictionary says that the global network is usually "the internet", but most of the American historical sources it cites use the capitalized form.

Technical authors still also use the uncapitalized form in singular and plural (internets) forms to describe the interconnection of multiple individual networks.

The spelling "internet" has become often used, as the word almost always refers to the global network; the generic sense of the word has become rare in non-technical writings.

Proponents theorize that memes are a viral phenomenon that may evolve by natural selection in a manner analogous to that of biological evolution.

With the introduction of CPUs which ran faster than the original 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 used in the IBM Personal Computer, programs which relied on the CPU's frequency for timing were executing faster than intended. Games in particular were often rendered unplayable. To provide some compatibility, the "turbo" button was added. Engaging turbo mode slows the system down to a state compatible with original 8086/8088 chips.

Contrary to what it suggests, the "turbo" button was intended to let a computer run slower than the speed for which it had been designed.

Some languages like Smalltalk and Ruby only allow access via object methods

They claim that inheritance often breaks encapsulation, given that inheritance exposes a subclass to the details of its parent's implementation.

Encapsulation is used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class, preventing direct access to them by clients in a way that could expose hidden implementation details or violate state invariance maintained by the methods.

while it is strongly NP-complete if the weights and profits are given as rational numbers.[12] However, in the case of rational weights and profits it still admits a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme.

As with other software patterns, MVC expresses the "core of the solution" to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system.

Diagram of interactions

This is done to separate internal representations of information from the ways information is presented to and accepted from the user.

Any representation of information such as a chart, diagram or table. Multiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants.

On different servers (instances), users can create so-called identities. These identities are able to communicate over the boundaries of the instances because the software running on the servers supports one or more communication protocols which follow an open standard

The Fediverse (a portmanteau of "federation" and "universe") is an ensemble of federated (i.e. interconnected) servers that are used for web publishing (i.e. social networking, microblogging, blogging, or websites) and file hosting, but which, while independently hosted, can communicate with each othe

The Mother of All Demos

A successful evaluation of discriminant validity shows that a test of a concept is not highly correlated with other tests designed to measure theoretically different concepts.

The remaining term, 1 / (1 − Rj2) is the VIF. It reflects all other factors that influence the uncertainty in the coefficient estimates. The VIF equals 1 when the vector Xj is orthogonal to each column of the design matrix for the regression of Xj on the other covariates. By contrast, the VIF is greater than 1 when the vector Xj is not orthogonal to all columns of the design matrix for the regression of Xj on the other covariates. Finally, note that the VIF is invariant to the scaling of the variables

It turns out that the square of this standard error, the estimated variance of the estimate of βj, can be equivalently expressed as:[3][4] var ^ ( β ^ j ) = s 2 ( n − 1 ) var ^ ( X j ) ⋅ 1 1 − R j 2 , {\displaystyle {\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}({\hat {\beta }}_{j})={\frac {s^{2}}{(n-1){\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}(X_{j})}}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-R_{j}^{2}}},} where Rj2 is the multiple R2 for the regression of Xj on the other covariates (a regression that does not involve the response variable Y). This identity separates the influences of several distinct factors on the variance of the coefficient estimate: s2: greater scatter in the data around the regression surface leads to proportionately more variance in the coefficient estimates n: greater sample size results in proportionately less variance in the coefficient estimates var ^ ( X j ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {\operatorname {var} }}(X_{j})} : greater variability in a particular covariate leads to proportionately less variance in the corresponding coefficient estimate The remaining term, 1 / (1 − Rj2) is the VIF. It reflects all other factors that influence the uncertainty in the coefficient estimates

Battle of Schwaderloh

ERTH 4303

Command transfer

Personnel

Design

General Staff

Command staff

, a single person commands the incident response and is the decision-making final authority.

Single incident commander

Incident commander

Composition

Integrated communications

Comprehensive resource management

Incident Action Plans

Coordination

Span of control

Flexible and modular organization

should be as specific as possible; must be attainable; and if possible given a working time-frame.

Management by objective

Common terminology

Unity of command

Key concepts

Events

Incidents

Basis

Although influenced by the works of Classical Antiquity, Nicola was not simply an imitator. His figures are original creations that came into being through a thorough study and understanding of the antique prototypes and the reinstating of antique representations.

1273

1265

Arnolfo di Cambio, fra Guglielmo Agnelli, Niccolò dell'Arca, the young Michelangelo, Girolamo Coltellini and Giovanni Batista Boudard.

1264

synthesis of the French Gothic style with the Classical style of ancient Rome, as he had seen on the sarcophagi of the Camposanto in Pisa, such as the scene Meleager hunting the Calydonian Boar on a sarcophagus brought as booty to Pisa by its navy.

He moved to Pisa between 1245 and 1250,

Tuscany to work at the Prato Castle.

intertwining Classical and Christian traditions.

probably trained in the local workshops of the emperor Frederick II, and he attended his coronation.

Italian sculptor whose work is noted for its classical Roman sculptural style. Pisano is sometimes considered to be the founder of modern sculpture.[2]

also called Niccolò Pisano, Nicola de Apulia or Nicola Pisanus; c. 1220/1225 – c. 1284

Lippi's return to Florence took place--the date is disputed--at some time between 1491 and 1494

1488, Lippi went to Rome,

Filippino depicted his characters in a landscape which recreated the ancient world in its finest details, showing the influence of the Grottesco style he had seen on his time in Rome.

Tanai de' Nerli

Piero di Francesco del Pugliese

Perugino, Ghirlandaio

His first works greatly resemble those of Botticelli, but with less sensitivity and subtlety.

Botticelli,

illegitimate son of the painter Fra Filippo Lippi and Lucrezia Buti

Early Renaissance and first few years of the High Renaissance.

Florence, Italy

(Prato, April 1457 – Florence, 18 April 1504)

Vasari knew Sebastiano, but probably not very well; although he had been compiling material for some time, the first edition of his Lives did not appear until 1550, after Sebastiano's death, and it is not clear if he had specifically discussed the biography with Sebastiano.

"As so often with Sebastiano's drawings, the first impression is one of unrhythmic dryness; but the suggestion of atmosphere, the sensitively drawn contemplative faces and the subtle use of reflected lights and tonal transitions leave no doubt that [this] is from his own hand.

From early on he was innovative and ready to experiment in compositional details as well as technique, with a special interest in painting in oils on new surfaces, whether plaster, stone, alabaster or slate.

He became less interested in colour as his career progressed, and many later works are rather sombre, with touches of bright colour.

Sebastiano was trained in the Venetian tradition of rich, subtly varying, colours in oil painting

Vasari, probably much influenced by Michelangelo, places great emphasis on Sebastiano's turning away from art for a comfortable life as a well-paid courtier from this point, but may overstate the reality

He painted a number of portraits of the pope

following years Sebastiano mostly avoided very large commissions for churches, and concentrated on portraits, where he had a considerable reputation, and religious easel paintings, such as his Visitation for France (1518–19, now Louvre),[30] and his Madonna of the Veil