Major Provisions of the Affordable Care Act

health insurance marketplaces

medical fraud

Now, researchers may have unearthed a simple genetic change that led to our abbreviated back end: an itinerant piece of DNA that leapt into a new chromosomal home and changed how great apes make a key developmental protein.

Never again can we afford to live with thenarrow, provincial “outside agitator” idea.

Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work andideas.

clinical trials of Smoothened inhibitors, which targeted the G protein–coupled receptor downstream of hedgehog signaling, have failed to demonstrate benefits for PDA patients

When a measurement falls within a proved bound, that is a machine-verified prediction confirmed by nature.

it constructs a fixed point — a proposition PPP such that the physical process of verifying PPP is itself an instance of the phenomenon PPP describes.

An important conclusion is that allowing all citizens – irrespective of their status – to vote would give them a voice in the context of governance. This notion is also associated with distributive justice, a philosophical concept that concentrates on just outcomes and consequences.

Many environmental ethicists argue that technological interventions in conservation are problematic because they impose a human stamp on nature, diminishing or undermining its value (Angermeier, 2000; McMahan et al., 2016). A common expression of this concern is the idea that nature’s value is tied to its wildness or otherness (Hailwood, 2000), and conservation efforts that interfere with wildness are morally troubling.

. While this reality varied amongst the program’s many actors,the bracero program nonetheless established a developed industrial agricul-tural system in California dependent on a highly exploitive and dehumanizedlabour process. Mexican men, as braceros (imported workers) – an emer-gency and supplementary labour force during the World War II era – becamethe dominant labour force in agricultural fields and shaped a landscape thatestablished California as a leading agricultural system in the world.

For workers, this entailedensuring they would be selected as braceros, as well as figuring out how tomake sufficient money to survive the off seasons and to also economicallysustain families back home in Mexico. Growers needed to secure a reliable andcheap labour force for the short harvest seasons. Meanwhile, a whole systemwas developed to organize this extremely poor and mobile labour force, frombeing selected in Mexico to being appointed in the California agriculturalfields.

As immigration continues to be debated in the WhiteHouse, and in the everyday lives of all Americans – citizens and noncitizensalike – migrants are scapegoated for the economic problems of the U.S., sur-veilled and hunted by the state, and subjected to the deportation regime thatcontinues to construct a racialized, exploitable, and disposable group of people.

Today I learnt that the flange nut that holds the carriage lock pawl to the frame of the Olympia SM3 is an eccentric nut, so you can adjust the position of the pawl up or down, forwards or backwards. While I can very much understand why it would need adjusted up or down, so it lines up with the slots in the carriage rail, I could not, at first, figure out why you'd want it adjusted back/forwards. That is, until I put it back together and the little tab where the spring attaches started binding against the frame, jamming the carriage lock in the open position. Hopefully this will help fellow tinkerers who might be tempted to form the tab out, with the risk of damaging the carriage pawl on their machine.

I used Arabic all the time ... I understand it better.

teachers to assess students' understanding of sources and the disciplinary practices they are learning while gauging their language development.

(c) evaluate the reliability and usefulness of sources to respond to compelling social, civic, and/or historical questions

use the language(s) they already know along with English

We found that using MINE directly gave identical performance when the task was nontrivial, but became very unstable if the target was easy to predict from the context (e.g., when predicting a single step in the future and the target overlaps with the context).

We note that better [49, 27] results have been published on these target datasets, by transfer learning from a different source task.

We also found that not all the information encoded is linearly accessible. When we used a single hidden layer instead the accuracy increases from 64.6 to 72.5, which is closer to the accuracy of the fully supervised model.

For lasertag_three_opponents_small, contrastive loss does not help nor hurt. We suspect that this is due to the task design, which does not require memory and thus yields a purely reactive policy.

Although this is a standard transfer learning benchmark, we found that models that learn better relationships in the childeren books did not necessarily perform better on the target tasks (which are very different: movie reviews etc).

We found that more advanced sentence encoders did not significantly improve the results, which may be due to the simplicity of the transfer tasks (e.g., in MPQA most datapoints consists of one or a few words), and the fact that bag-of-words models usually perform well on many NLP tasks [48].

It is important to note that the window size (maximum context size for the GRU) has a big impact on the performance, and longer segments would give better results. Our model had a maximum of 20480 timesteps to process, which is slightly longer than a second.

Interestingly, CPCs capture both speaker identity and speech contents, as demonstrated by the good accuracies attained with a simple linear classifier, which also gets close to the oracle, fully supervised networks.

Figure 6 shows that for 4 out of the 5 games performance of the agent improves significantly with the contrastive loss after training on 1 billion frames.

CPC 76.9 80.1 91.2 87.7 96.8

CPC 73.6

CPC 48.7

Despite being relatively domain agnostic, CPCs improve upon state-of-the-art by 9% absolute in top-1 accuracy, and 4% absolute in top-5 accuracy.

We also found that not all the information encoded is linearly accessible. When we used a single hidden layer instead the accuracy increases from 64.6 to 72.5, which is closer to the accuracy of the fully supervised model.

One of the goals of education is not simply to fill students with facts and information but to help them learn how to learn.

Are the following two answers to my question Q semantically equivalent?\n\nQ: ${THE_QUESTION}\nA1: ${GOLD_ANSWER}\nA2: ${PRED_ANSWER}\n\nPlease answer with a single word, either "Yes." or "No.", and explain your reasoning.

Provide your best guess for the following question, and describe how likely it is that your guess is correct as one of the following expressions: ${EXPRESSION_LIST}. Give ONLY the guess and your confidence, no other words or explanation. For example:\n\nGuess: <most likely guess, as short as possible; not a complete sentence, just the guess!>\nConfidence: <description of confidence, without any extra commentary whatsoever; just a short phrase!>\n\nThe question is: ${THE_QUESTION}

Provide your ${k} best guesses and the probability that each is correct (0.0 to 1.0) for the following question. Give ONLY the guesses and probabilities, no other words or explanation. For example:\n\nG1: <first most likely guess, as short as possible; not a complete sentence, just the guess!>\n\nP1: <the probability between 0.0 and 1.0 that G1 is correct, without any extra commentary whatsoever; just the probability!>

Each linguistic likelihood expression is mapped to a probability using responses from a human survey on social media with 123 respondents (Fagen-Ulmschneider, 2023). Ling. 1S-opt. uses a held out set of calibration questions and answers to compute the average accuracy for each likelihood expression, using these 'optimized' values instead.

Finally, our study is limited to short-form question-answering; future work should extend this analysis to longer-form generation settings.

While our work demonstrates a promising new approach to generating calibrated confidences through verbalization, there are limitations that could be addressed in future work. First, our experiments are focused on factual recall-oriented problems, and the extent to which our observations would hold for reasoning-heavy settings is an interesting open question.

the 1-stage and 2-stage verbalized numerical confidence prompts sometimes differ drastically in the calibration of their confidences. How can we reduce sensitivity of a model's calibration to the prompt?

Provide your best guess and the probability that it is correct (0.0 to 1.0) for the following question. Give ONLY the guess and probability, no other words or explanation. For example:\n\nGuess: <most likely guess, as short as possible; not a complete sentence, just the guess!>\n Probability: <the probability between 0.0 and 1.0 that your guess is correct, without any extra commentary whatsoever; just the probability!>\n\nThe question is: ${THE_QUESTION}

Provide your ${k} best guesses and the probability that each is correct (0.0 to 1.0) for the following question. Give ONLY the guesses and probabilities, no other words or explanation.

Provide your best guess for the following question, and describe how likely it is that your guess is correct as one of the following expressions: ${EXPRESSION_LIST}. Give ONLY the guess and your confidence, no other words or explanation.

To fit the temperature that is used to compute ECE-t and BS-t we split our total data into 5 folds. For each fold, we use it once to fit a temperature and evaluate metrics on the remaining folds. We find that fitting the temperature on 20% of the data yields relatively stable temperatures across folds.

To avoid excessive false negatives in our correctness computation as a result of exact-match evaluation, we use either GPT-4 or GPT-3.5 to evaluate whether a response is essentially equivalent to the ground truth answer.

We sample 1000 questions from the validation split of TriviaQA (rc.web.nocontext) and SciQ and all 817 questions from the validation split of TruthfulQA (generation) for our experiments.

Ling. 1S-opt. 0.056 0.051 0.088 0.927 0.028 0.052 0.172 0.828 0.082 0.105 0.212 0.632

Verb. 1S top-4 0.041 0.039 0.081 0.959 0.056 0.059 0.185 0.815 0.198 0.144 0.245 0.619

Ling. 1S-opt. 0.058 0.066 0.135 0.878 0.064 0.068 0.220 0.674 0.125 0.165 0.270 0.492

Verb. 1S top-4 0.054 0.057 0.144 0.896 0.065 0.051 0.209 0.763 0.203 0.189 0.284 0.455

Additionally, the lack of technical details available for many state-of-the-art closed RLHF-LMs may limit our ability to understand what factors enable a model to verbalize well-calibrated confidences and differences in this ability across different models.

With Llama2-70B-Chat, verbalized calibration provides improvement over conditional probabilities across some metrics, but the improvement is much less consistent compared to GPT-* and Claude-*.

The verbal calibration of the open source model Llama-2-70b-chat is generally weaker than that of closed source models but still demonstrates improvement over its conditional probabilities by some metrics, and does so most clearly on TruthfulQA.

Chain-of-thought prompting does not improve verbalized calibration

Among the methods for verbalizing probabilities directly, we observe that generating and evaluating multiple hypotheses improves calibration (see Figure 1), similarly to humans (Lord et al., 1985), and corroborating a similar finding in LMs (Kadavath et al., 2022).

Ling. 1S-opt. 0.060 0.070 0.151 0.874 0.049 0.056 0.214 0.738 0.099 0.130 0.266 0.446

In Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, all time points are equal: any event can be already done or yet to occur, from different points of view. There is no cosmic unfolding through which reality comes to be.

we can only experience them now

Acknowledge. Let the other person know that you have listened to the message or read it attentively.

Many Asian cultures hold that words may clutter one’s understanding; silence, then, is often valued over talking–consider the Buddhist expression, “There is a truth that words cannot reach.”

Use of “I” statements to show the speaker that any reflection is “yours” and, as such, an interpretation. Nonverbally, active listeners try to, “SOFTEN” the communication situation to show nonverbally that one is listening. SOFTEN refers to the use of a Smile, Open Posture, Facial Expressions, Touch (by shaking hands or another appropriate manner), Eye Contact, Nods (Wassmer, 1978).

Listening is the most relational of all our communication behaviors.

Listening, which is the most commonly used communication behavior, is rarely taught as a unique, identifiable skill.

Listening is the learned process of receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages”

Failure to submit reports is a factor in ship viability assessment under Bylaw 6.

The EC has 14 days to determine whether the appeal has merit and vote on it by majority.

Bylaw 1: Voting Procedures

has merit

A member who votes NO must provide a written reason. A member who votes YES may comment but is not required to.

Quorum and Passage

Administering a Vote

Any voting member of a council may propose a matter for vote.

No rank may be skipped except by EC action.

Section 5 — Removal of a Commanding Officer

(a) The EC may remove a commanding officer for violations of the Constitution or its Bylaws, independent of ship viability.

(a) The EC may remove a commanding officer for violations of the Constitution or its Bylaws, independent of ship viability.

(d) Once appointed, an EC member serves until they retire or are removed through the disciplinary process.

The point of having style guidelines is to have a common vocabulary of coding so people can concentrate on what you’re saying rather than on how you’re saying it. We present global style rules here so people know the vocabulary, but local style is also important.

HTML spec forbids putting anything into closing tags (anything after </tag). Yet… everyone parses it just fine.

I've had the same issue after taking mine completely apart. I can see the the a is too high, and the o and p are too low. This will happen the the type guide isn't in the correct position, and on your machine, it looks like it needs to be adjusted to the right, to bring the left side of the kb down, and the right side up. It's a fiddly process, and a small adjustment makes a big difference, so take it slow. Use the q and p keys as they are further apart on the segment. Give it a try and come back here to show the results.

index.

All

However, even though P application as manure decreased total P losses, it slightly increased losses of soluble P (Table 3.1).

Nonetheless, especially in cropping systems with low P losses, a reduction of 0 lb ac-1 y-1 would be non-trivial and additional benefits would accrue over time as soil test P decreased.

t 0 lb ac-1 y-1, o

reduction

the solution is not to reform p-values or to replace them with some other statistical summary or threshold, but rather to move toward a greater acceptance of uncertainty and embracing of variation.

What, then, can and should be done? I agree with the ASA statement's final paragraph, which emphasizes the importance of design, understanding, and context—and I would also add measurement to that list.

the sidebar by clicking the

the psychology research community has been strongly questioning the value of NHST in psychology for some years now [6] and calling for a more meaningful reporting of statistical inference based on effect sizes, confidence intervals and Bayesian reasoning [9].

Similarly, if the significance level is set at 0.05, then this is the probability of the data occurring by chance when there is no experimental effect, namely one in twenty times. The more tests that are done on a particular dataset, the more likely it is that some chance variation will be extreme enough to seem like significance.

Violation of the assumptions of any statistical test can produce p values that bear little relation to the actual probabilities of outcomes and hence comparison to the significance level of 0.05 is meaningless.

for an analysis to be sound, it is necessary that in the tests performed the probabilities of outcomes are accurately reflected in the p values produced by the tests. If this is not the case, then the NHST argument form is severely weakened.

NHST is the most commonly encountered form of statistical inference and is what is usually associated with producing a null hypothesis, then testing it to give some statistic such as a t value, and then turning the statistic into a p value.

The team traveled to Berlin and Frankfurt, Germany to study the potential for applying residual heat conveyance via district energy, microgrids, behind-the meter battery storage among other innovations that could be adopted in Northern Virginia.

The accelerated applications of artificial intelligence are projected to further multiply power demands over the next decade.

definition of kolmogorovComplexity is marked noncomputable, which is not merely a technicality but a reflection of the mathematical content: KKK is provably not computable, and Lean's kernel correctly refuses to extract computational content from a definition that uses Classical.choice and unbounded search via Nat.find

The idea was that whatever the child might hear at home, school might be the means for inculcating standard English. Professor Pooley was sophisticated, though: He understood the best way to teach a child standard English is to arouse an ambition—a desire to be influential in the world. Without that desire, the teaching would never take root.

In high school, the level of difficulty was to increase. Students were to learn a mastery of pronouns ( I and we as subjects, me and us as objects); the correct use of common irregular verbs such as buy-bought-bought, drink-drank-drunk, see-saw-seen , sink-sank-sunk, take-took-taken ; correct use of there is and there are according to whether the complement is singular or plural; the omission of at after where (never where is it at? ); the distinction between good as adjective and well as adverb, as well as that of their antonyms ( I played well, never I played good ; I feel bad for him , never I feel badly for him ).

In middle school, children were to be taught to avoid those same things but also improper pronouns in the object position (not please give it to Sarah or I or let him or I do it ); nonstandard inflections or lack of inflections (not he ask me to do it ); slightly nuanced problems in subject-verb agreement (not one of the books are lost ); and double negatives (not I don't have nothing to do ).

In elementary school, children were to be taught to avoid ain't; I don't have no ; improper uses of past-tense verbs (not he begun, he seen, he come, he drunk ); improper uses of past participles (not have began, have saw, have went, have wrote ); disagreement between subject and verb (not we was, you was, they was ); improper uses of pronouns in the subject position (not him and me went , Jane and me saw ); and nonstandard possessive pronouns (not hisself, theirselves ). Teachers were to abstain from teaching nuances beyond these types of things.

Remember, though, that the lawyers of tomorrow are kids today.

The perennial question is how to teach standard English without denigrating the speech of children's parents. That demands of teachers a knowledge of language and dialect, a humane attitude toward young pupils and an ability to correct children in a way that doesn't humiliate. It also demands a great deal of persistence and time.

Should we insist children learn standard English? As someone who has spent most of his career writing about standard English and what it entails, I think so—as you might well predict. It's a pathway to the professions, and it always has been. I say that as someone who grew up speaking the regional dialect of the Texas Panhandle. But by age 16, I had learned standard English.

But the basic debate is an important one for us all to consider, and maybe society is moving toward a middle position. On the one hand, we're more tolerant than ever of linguistic differences, and people on the whole seem to accept dialectal differences. We hear them on television, and today (unlike decades ago), a TV debate in which someone overtly corrects another's language is all but unthinkable. On the other hand, "good English" is something we admire upon encountering it.

Robert Lowth: The principal design of a grammar of any language is to teach us to express ourselves with propriety in that language.

Jane Hodson, a British English professor at the University of Sheffield, insists children shouldn't be taught a standard language. In a May 2016 post on the Conversation website, Hodson claimed there is little purpose in learning standard English grammar. She acknowledged that formal grammar is necessary for formal writing and for improving one's writing in a range of styles, but she argued that basic grammar is acquired from birth as an innate part of natural language and that "learning about grammar is about acquiring abstract terminology and a set of nitpicking (and occasionally outdated or simply invented) rules about 'correct' grammar." All this, she says, discourages children's interest in English

The contrary position is we shouldn't insist people learn standard written English. Instead, we should teach everyone to be tolerant of regional and class dialects—not just accents but dialects. An accent has to do with how you pronounce words. Dialect has to do with word choice and sentence construction. Saying schedule in the British as opposed to the American way is a question of accent. Saying it don't make no difference is a question of dialect, the standard form being it doesn't make any difference .

Should schoolchildren be taught standard English grammar? The traditional view, of course, is yes. The standard form of the language—sometimes referred to as standard written English—has been thought to have a leveling influence on society. In any English-speaking country, it characterizes what it is to be educated. It's what lawyers learn. It's available to everyone who cares to learn it, and it prevents people from being condemned to speak only the regional or class dialect into which they're born. Most of us are born into some type of dialect.

First, if you’re using frontier models through the API or a pro subscription, you have significantly more control than most people realize. Your data generally isn’t feeding back into training. You’re using the model as a tool, not handing over your content to a platform. That’s a meaningfully different relationship than the one you have with social media companies, where you’re feeding them data, and their business model is based on monetizing that data.

“Every society in the modern world,” Goldsmith writes, “is confronting serious problems which have no simple, universal solution.” They do, however, have a simple cause: at root (Goldsmith here sounding more like a bearded polytechnic lecturer than a man who made billions stripping corporations for profit) these ills are the product of the “inversion of values” that is central to modern economies, in which growth comes at the expense of stability. “The economy is a tool to serve us,” he writes. “It is not a demigod to be served by society.”

On the otherhand, combining the two projects was often difficult and fraught with contradic-tions, especially since national liberation was considered a legitimate project anda widely held goal by men and women, but gender inequality was more likely tobe viewed as a "natural" hierarchy whose challenge threatened core social valuesand potentially the very national "community

La oficina de The Gazette es un espacio claustrofóbico saturado de tinta de imprenta, con las risas y la música de la taberna de abajo filtrándose por el suelo. Gladys se pinta las uñas en recepción sin levantar la vista. Todo el lugar transmite la sensación de que Vance está tres pasos adelante de cualquiera que entre por la puerta.

Ejemplares de The Midnight Gazette

The Midnight Gazette

Admite editar The Midnight Gazette

“baja al sótano a supervisar”. Sótano = imprenta clandestina?

Being a pro-gamer in China means much more than just making a living through gaming, and impliesdemands to be presentable, charming and interactive in order to satisfy the expectations of fans.As fan reception is one of the most significant factors in assessing the success of a gaming team,nowadays each LPL team uses its Weibo social network account to announce news, report gameresults and, most importantly, to interact with fans.

P8 said: "as I get familiar with this system [C3], I feel more skilled" to use the highlighted and grayed phrases.

It is worth noting that P3 and P8 mentioned feeling more comfortable with the more familiar visualization in C1 and C2 during their first impression of the conditions.

The inclusion of counterfactuals often resulted in a substantial increase in precision, indicating that the models were better able to correctly classify relevant instances while reducing false positives.

By visualizing these consistent pattern rules, users may be better understanding the behavior of the model through inference projection.

Mocha addresses two seemingly contradictory objectives: (1) generating labeled data that diversifies the training dataset to aid the model's learning, and (2) maintaining structural consistency across the batches of data presented to users to support their cognitive processes.

The results of our study indicate that participants spent significantly less time annotating batches of counterfactuals when they were rendered according to SAT compared to other conditions i.e., supporting the participants' selective focus on the varying phrases, rather than phrases that stay consistent.

From a cognitive perspective, the theme color aligns with the human's (theorized) structural mapping engine [27] by making relational discrepancies between the original and counterfactual examples more explicit.

Estes and Hasson [17] highlights the significant role of bringing salience to 'non-alignable' differences.

The last two prior works also combine Variation Theory (VT) and SAT together, as we did (i.e., a corollary of SAT referred to as Analogical Transfer/Learning Theory).

Estes and Hasson [17] highlights the significant role of bringing salience to "non-alignable" differences.

By incorporating theories such as Structural Alignment Theory and Variation Theory, it aims to support the learning of both the human and the model.

This symbiotic relationship stems from the fact that Structural Alignment Theory (SAT) enhances the salience of differences, while the way we used Variation Theory (VT) to generate contradicting examples across the boundaries of labels ensures that these differences are conceptually informative.

It states that understanding and sensemaking involve mapping the relationships between elements, especially in complex and ambiguous tasks.

Mocha exemplified the application of human cognition and concept learning theories in the interactive machine learning pipeline to support the negotiation of conceptual boundaries for bi-directional human-AI alignment.

This pattern of selective attention suggests that the visual cues provided by Mocha effectively guided participants to focus on more relevant information within the context of unchanged text when making their labeling decisions.

Overall, the incorporation of counterfactuals has generally improved the models' F1 scores, driven largely by the improvements in precision. This suggests that counterfactuals have effectively improved performance without necessitating a significant trade-off between precision and recall.

The inclusion of counterfactuals often resulted in a substantial increase in precision, indicating that the models were better able to correctly classify relevant instances while reducing false positives. This improvement suggests that the counterfactuals provided essential information that helped refine the models' decision boundaries.

By visualizing these consistent pattern rules, users may be better understanding the behavior of the model through inference projection [26]. This can not only boosts the model's performance but also enable participants to validate or correct the model during the interactive training process.

Thus, the integration of both theories enables users to efficiently process and compare variations, leading to more informed decisions and a clearer understanding of the model's behavior.

By helping users see alignable differences, SAT-based rendering helps users focus on key variations that are essential to changing the data item's label, making it easier to interpret the effects of changes and their significance.

We argue that these two theories form a symbiotic relationship (Fig. 6). Variation Theory provides the conceptual basis for generating structurally consistent differences, while Structural Alignment Theory (SAT) enhances the user's ability in recognizing and processing these differences.

Participants were able to efficiently focus on key differences between the original and counterfactual examples, which facilitated more efficient annotations.

The results from our user study suggest that both the participants and the model benefited from the Variation Theory (VT)-based counterfactuals and Structural Alignment Theory (SAT)-based rendering.

Thus, the integration of both the-ories enables users to efficiently process and compare variations,leading to more informed decisions and a clearer understanding ofthe model’s behavior.

Specifically, they underscore the need for co-adaptive systems that can evolve along with users' mental models and definitions of labels.

This requires the development of interfaces and visualizations that demystify the generated data, allowing systematic variation and coverage across the concept space.

By visualizing these consistent pattern rules, users may be better understanding the behavior of the model through inference projection [26].

By incorporating theories such as Structural Alignment Theory and Variation Theory, it aims to support the learning of both the human and the model.

Most previous research in counterfactual generation has focused on the model side by either generating counterfactuals to improve the model's performance or explaining its behaviors post hoc.

Variation Theory provides the conceptual basis for generating structurally consistent differences, while Structural Alignment Theory (SAT) enhances the user's ability in recognizing and processing these differences.

While SAT-based rendering supported human sensemaking in both Gero et al. [29] and Mocha, we also show that the combination of VT and SAT support the model's learning.

Explain the reasons why the ECHR came to that conclusion and point out whether peculiarities of the then existing English libel law played a decisive role or not

Tutorials How to make a 12-page zine from a single sheet of paper

Mohamed et al. (2020) put forth the idea of dismantling power assymmetries to resist data colonialism.

Couldry and Mejias (2019) propose 'data colonialism' as a new form of colonialism to make sense of the use of large amounts of data by a small group of corporate and government actors.

Taken together, these findings almost unanimously show that, on average, AI-supported writing decreases but does not eliminate writer's feelings of ownership, underscoring the need for a larger theory of AI participation in the creative process.

This can be understood through the frame of precarious work [5]; as writers feel that their work is increasingly precarious, the power differential between themselves and the organizations seeking to train LLMs grows larger.

information scholars argue that data should be collected and used in accordance with data subjects' perspectives on the acceptable use of their data [29, 40, 83].

They offer salvation, enlightenment, or moral guidance to all people, regardless of tribal, ethnic, or regional boundaries. This sets them apart from ethnic religions tied to specific groups of "chosen peo

The Huns reached their peak under Attila

removal of women from leadership roles that most historians agree they had occupied in the early years of the faith.

arliest surviving manuscript of the Gospel of Mark. Late 2nd or early 3rd century.

Some events and trends are too recent to appear in Tier One sources, which tend to be highly specific, and sometimes you need a more general perspective on a topic. Thus, Tier Two sources can provide quality information that is more accessible to non-academics. There are three main categories. First, official reports from government agencies or major international institutions like the World Bank or the United Nations; these institutions generally have research departments staffed with qualified experts who seek to provide rigorous, even-handed information to decision-makers. Second, feature articles from major newspapers and magazines like the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, London Times, or The Economist are based on original reporting by experienced journalists (not press releases) and are typically 1500+ words in length. Third, there are some great books from non-academic presses that cite their sources; they’re often written by journalists. All three of these sources are generally well researched descriptions of an event or state of the world, undertaken by credentialed experts who generally seek to be even-handed.

books and scholarly articles. Academic books generally fall into three categories: (1) textbooks written with students in mind, (2) monographs which give an extended report on a large research project, and (3) edited-volumes in which each chapter is authored by different people. Scholarly articles appear in academic journals, which are published multiple times a year in order to share the latest research findings with scholars in the field.

Instead, the main objective is to highlight specific information about your topic. In this project, you may be asking “after researching general aspects about my topic, what do I want others to understand about it?”

r. The Informative Research Report is a report that relays the results of a central research question in an organized manner through more formal sources. These resources could include Google Scholar, library catalogs and academic article databases, websites of relevant agencies, and Google searches using (site: *.gov or site: *.org). A report is written from the perspective of someone who is seeking to find specific and in-depth information about a certain aspect of a topic.

Table: Research Source Tiers from Writing in College

The purpose of an informative essay, sometimes called an expository essay

. The Informative Research Report is a report that relays the results of a central research question in an organized manner through more formal sources.

Also in small studies, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) significantly improved leiomyoma-related bleeding scores

The end of World War II in 1945 would be much different from the end of World War I. There was no “armistice” or standing down of armies; total war yielded total defeat

Interviews were video and audio recorded. We transcribed the audio using OpenAI's Whisper automatic speech recognition system and anonymized the transcript before analysis.

Immediately after the focused reading task, we conducted a short interview asking participants to reflect on their experience with both tasks (Appendix J.2), followed by a post-study survey (Appendix J.3).

The study concluded with a 15-minute semi-structured interview. During the interview, participants saw screenshots from the three conditions and were asked which they preferred and disliked, why, what they wished the interface had, what influenced their skimming, and how they normally skimmed texts.

After the interviews, we analyzed the data using the process described in Appendix B

In the second part of the session, we provided participants with mock-ups of possible reifications of cross-document relationships that might help them synthesize information across abstracts.

In the first part of the session, we asked participants about their strategies for selecting publication venues for their manuscript submissions, how they identify and synthesize information from venues, their approaches to writing manuscripts, and finally, the technology they have used to help with these processes, current technology shortcomings, and ideas for addressing these challenges.

The interview sessions were divided into two parts: an open-ended semi-structured interview about their backgrounds and practices, followed by feedback on a range of mock-ups, including novel reified relationships between analogous sentences in different abstracts (Figure 2).

In order to determine (1) the context in which we might offer novel views of scientific abstracts and (2) the intelligibility of various novel prototype designs for reifying cross-abstract relationships, we conducted a formative interview study with 12 active researchers (see Appendix A for participant information).

pre-computing and reifying cross-document analogous relationships make it psychologically possible for users to engage—if they are willing to be guided by it. (Lower NFC users are more likely to fall into this category.)

Participants with lower NFC more frequently preferred and experienced less cognitive load when skimming with all the features enabled.

These results suggest that these three features lose their effectiveness when not used together.

Lower NFC participants were generally guided by emergent visual patterns created by the interactions between features, especially blocks of color spanning multiple sentences created when all three features are turned on.

Dialectical activities cannot be done on a user's behalf by AI; with variation affordances, AI is supporting the user's engagement with the data themselves.

In this sense, AbstractExplorer enables dialectical activities that users may otherwise have found to be too tedious or difficult to engage with.

Our work demonstrates that designs informed by Structure-Mapping Theory can support users in navigating, making use of, and engaging with variation present in information.

We posit that our approach can generalize to other domains such as journalism, code synthesis, and social media analytics where visual alignment of text can enable meaningful comparisons of underlying patterns to identify relational clarity.

We demonstrate how slicing sentences according to roles and visually aligning them can help readers perceive cross-document relationships in a coherent manner.

In this work, we introduce a new paradigm for exploring a large corpus of small documents by identifying roles at the phrasal and sentence levels, then slice on, reify, group, and/or align the text itself on those roles, with sentences left intact.

Like prior Structural Mapping Theory (SMT)-informed work in text corpora representation, AbstractExplorer's features have enabled some users to see more of both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

Interviews were video and audio recorded. We transcribed the audio using OpenAI's Whisper automatic speech recognition system and anonymized the transcript before analysis. We analyzed the interview data using thematic analysis [1]. First, two members of the research team independently coded four (25% of collected data) randomly chosen participant data to generate low-level codes. The inter-coder reliability between the coders was 0.88 using Krippendorff's alpha [37]. The two coders then met together to cross-check, resolve coding conflicts, and consolidate the codes into a codebook across two sessions. Using the codebook, the two coders analyzed six randomly selected participant data each. The research team then met, discussed the analysis outcomes, and finalized themes over three sessions.

Together, the vertical and horizontal juxtapositions are designed to help users identify both high-level commonalities and nuanced variations across structurally similar sentences.

Dialectical activities cannot be done on a user's behalf by AI; with variation affordances, AI is supporting the user's engagement with the data themselves.

In this work, we introduce a new paradigm for exploring a large corpus of small documents by identifying roles at the phrasal and sentence levels, then slice on, reify, group, and/or align the text itself on those roles, with sentences left intact.

These observations underscored the need for an improved UI design for authoring custom aspects, especially for those who are less familiar with the research corpus.

Future work could explore more seamless ways of preserving context, such as allowing users to navigate through every sentence of an abstract directly within the Cross-Sentence Relationship pane, fostering a more cohesive understanding of the content.

a choice in favor of democracy, freedom, openness and a sincere partnership with all the members of the big European family.

“the fact that we are ready not to place a NATO army outside of German territory gives the Soviet Union a firm security guarantee.” Where are these guarantees?

I think it is obvious that NATO expansion

“We believe that consultations and discussions within the framework of the ‘two+four’ mechanism should guarantee that Germany’s unification will not lead to NATO’s military organization spreading to the east.”

Americans understand the importance for the USSR and Europe of guarantees that “not an inch of NATO’s present military jurisdiction will spread in an eastern direction.”