The relationships between Victor and his teachers appear to drive the interdisciplinary curiosity that leads to his later discoveries. For example, M. Waldman, who loves chemistry, notes that "I have not neglected the other branches of science," and neither does Victor.

The special role of chemistry in Victor's apprenticeship to medicine links premodern sciences like alchemy to modern empirical science. Humphry Davy (1778-1829)was the contemporary British chemist who argued the chemistry was the key to all other sciences and useful arts of the time.

Cycle of tree's life

Ash - compounds that did not burn

Oxygen keeps the fire alive

As the fire gets hotter:

• more complete combustion
• less smoke
• yellow colour turns into blue

Yellow flames - incomplete combustion

Smoke - unburned carbon

Generation of flames - volatile compounds eagerly reacting with oxygen

Burning process:

1. < 200°C - water is driven off
2. 200°C-280°C - heat breaks down the hemicellulose compounds into Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Acetic Acid, and more water vapour
3. > 280°C - hydrogen is still produced. Oxygen reacts directly with the Carbon left in the wood exothermically (process happening in the glowing embers)

Output from wood pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is complex and relies on lots of variables (type of wood, temperature...)

Pyrolysis (from Greek) - correct term for "burning" wood (thermal decomposition)

Chemical composition of wood. Mainly:

• 50% carbon
• 42% oxygen
• 6% hydrogen

Testing with document hosted on MP.

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A description of cobalt.

Where to find cobalt on periodic table and cobalt's atomic number.

With an excellent ability to reject salt, how often does membrane fouling become an issue when desalinating seawater? to a point where it causes water flux decline and lowers the quality of the water produced.

~ Anthony Y.

common oxidizing agents: Halogens (they favor gaining an electron to obtain noble gas configuration).

• O2, O3, F2, Br2, H2SO4

common reducing agents: Alkali metals (they favor losing an electron to obtain noble gas configuration).

• H2, CO, Fe, Zn, Li

reaction mechanisms

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1. Chem. An early apparatus used for distilling, consisting of two connected vessels, a typically gourd-shaped cucurbit (cucurbit n.1 1) containing the substance to be distilled, and a receiver or flask in which the condensed product is collected. Occasionally also: spec. the lid or head (head n.1 19f) of the cucurbit together with its tube or beak which connects the two vessels. Now hist. (from Oxford English Dictionary)

Two new molecular catalysts of water oxidation have been synthesized by a team of brilliant scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory. These new molecular catalysts – complexes of ruthenium which are surrounded by the binding molecules, and they contain phosphonate groups.

Title: The dying breed of craftsmen behind the tools that make scientific research possible - LA Times

Keywords: government-funded research opened, snake glass coils, fuse glass beakers, organic chemistry, research hubs, world war, experienced glassblowers, glassblowers remain, church laboratory, befallen glassblowing, glass manufacturer, glass technicians, cost-cutting world, jobs tend, entry-level jobs

Summary: Hunkered down in the sub-basement of the Norman W. Church Laboratory for Chemical Biology, underneath a campus humming with quantum teleportation devices, gravity wave detectors and neural prosthetics, Rick Gerhart chipped away at a broken flask.<br>Peering into the dancing flames, he examined his work for wrinkles — imperfections invisible to the untrained eye.<br>“It not only should be functional,” he said, smoothing the rim with a carbon rod, “it has to look good.”<br>Here in Caltech’s one-man glass shop, where Gerhart transforms a researcher’s doodles into intricate laboratory equipment, craftsmanship is king.<br>In a cost-cutting world of machines and assembly plants, few glassblowers remain with the level of mastery needed at research hubs like Caltech.<br>“He’s a somewhat dying breed,” said Sarah Reisman, who relied on Gerhart to create 20 maze-like contraptions for her synthetic organic chemistry lab.<br>Rick Gerhart, scientific glass blower at Caltech, has been helping to make scientific research possible at the campus since 1992.<br>(Dillon Deaton/Los Angeles Times)<br>Similar fates have befallen glassblowing at UCLA and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<br>Across the U.S., those who land such jobs tend to stay until retirement.<br>He chuckled: “Looks like we have to steal somebody.”<br>To master scientific glassblowing, proper training and apprenticeships are key.<br>In addition to the hands-on training, which requires a knack for precision as well as coordination, students must take courses in organic chemistry, math and computer drawing.<br>So it really takes a long time to get to a position like Rick’s.”<br>Gerhart enrolled in the Salem program in 1965, after dropping out of college to give his father’s profession a try.<br>The craft, which dates back to alchemy in the 2nd century, took hold in America by the 1930s and 1940s, after World War I cut off glassware supply from Germany.<br>The profession peaked after World War II, when booms in oil and government-funded research opened up numerous glassblowing jobs in many a lab.<br>At first, Gerhart hopped around a number of firms and worked alongside more experienced glassblowers at TRW Inc. and UCLA.<br>When he settled at Caltech in 1992, the glassblower before him handed over the key to the shop and said, “Good luck.” On his own, Gerhart pieced together his patchwork of experience to twist and fuse glass beakers and snake glass coils over vacuum chambers.<br>“That’s when I really started learning.”<br>Social media videos have sparked new interest in the craft, Briening said.<br>But while his students have no trouble getting entry-level jobs at companies like Chemglass Life Sciences, a glass manufacturer, and General Electric Global Research, rarely are universities willing to budget the overhead costs for more than one glassblower, if any.<br>“Years ago, all the universities had two or three people,” Briening said.<br>One of the few resources left for the next generation is the American Scientific Glassblowers Society, a close-knit group that hosts national workshops and swaps ideas when a researcher’s custom order stumps one of its members.<br>Its members also serve as Caltech’s best — and possibly only — options once Gerhart leaves.<br>“Rick’s one of those glass technicians that I put in the top 5%,” Ponton said.<br>

The four new synthetic elements have been named.<br> 113 nihonium (Nh)<br> 115 moscovium (Mc)<br> 117 tennessine (Ts)<br> 118 oganesson (Og)

Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 were recently produced in laboratories. 114 and 116 were created about five years ago. There is a petition to name one of the new elements Lemmium, after rock musician Lemmy Kilmister, who died 28 December 2015. It has 133,465 signatures so far.

NPR<br> https://twitter.com/LemmiumMetal