AHL communication modules with functional devices built from the biological components of the las18, tra18, rpa18, rhl19, cin19 and esa20 quorum-sensing systems

cancer can be insidious

Cities of the future are going to have to be designed to deal with completely invisible flows

In the biosensor, the promoter regions of lasI, rhlI, pqsA, and ambB (QS genes) controlled the fluorescent reporter genes of Turbo YFP, mTag BFP2, mNEON Green, and E2-Orange

It is challenging to study how pneumococci control virulence factor expression, because cues of natural environments and the presence of an immune system are difficult to simulate in vitro

not suitable for process control in wastewater treatment and the real-time monitoring of water environments, such as rivers, streams, ponds, and ground water

observations are consistent with a previous report showing that AHLs preferentially partition to the biofilm, reaching concentrations 600-fold in excess of the signal concentration in the surrounding bulk liquid medium

Many QS-controlled genes relate to biofilm formation and function and may be important for some water and wastewater treatment biofilms

Frequency of QS among genome- sequenced bacteria

For in situ studies of AHL-dependent signaling in complex habitats, biosensors utilizing fluorescent proteins (GFP and RFP) as reporter genes have been developed

biosensors were employed to demonstrate AHL-mediated communication in swarm colonies of Serratia liquefaciens

QS systems have been experimentally analyzed in more than 50 different bacterial species and shown to control expression of a wide spectrum of functions, including bioluminescence, virulence, symbiosis, different forms of motility, biofilm formation, production of antibiotics and toxins, and conjugation (49).

PpuI, which directs the biosynthesis of the two AHLs 3-oxo-C10 and 3-oxo-C12 as major products; PpuR, the AHL receptor; and RsaL a repressor of ppul

it may be possible to tag specific organisms and use these as monitor systems to estimate local chemical composition directly in the biofilms

Such biosensors can reveal intriguing aspects of the environment and the physiology of the free-living soil S. meliloti before and during the establishment of nodulation, and they provide a nondestructive, spatially explicit method for examining rhizosphere soil chemical composition

exogenous addition of AHLs to sludge resulted in long-lasting impacts on phenol degradation

Coordinated behaviours include bioluminescence3,4, virulence factor production5,6, secondary metabolite production7, competence for DNA uptake8,9 and biofilm formation10,11.

We focus on how quorums are detected and how quorum sensing controls group behaviours in complex and dynamically changing environments such as multi-species bacterial communities, in the presence of flow, in 3D non-uniform biofilms and in hosts during infection.

stabilization of microbial community

AHL was found to play important roles in wastewater treatment processes, in particular, formation of aerobic sludge granules

C8-HSL was chosen as a representative AHL molecule because it is one of the dominant AHL molecules in MBRs for wastewater treatment

These carboxylated AHLs facilitated the transition from a short cell to filamentous growth, with an altered carbon metabolic flux that favoured the conversion of acetate to methane and a reduced yield in cellular biomass

Deletion of genes thatproduceN-acyl-L-homoserine lactone signals resulted in an increase in denitrification activity, which wasrepressed by exogenous signal molecules.

endogenous AHL-based QS and QQ are existing and coexisting in biological wastewater treatments; the leading role for AHL-based QS or QQ phenomenon in biological wastewater treatments can be determined by bacterial AHL concentration.

explosion of findings that other bacterial species controlled genes for conjugation, exoenzyme production and antibiotic synthesis with luxI–luxR-like systems

QS represses biofilm formation in both S. aureus and V. cholerae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is motile upstream (a QS-off phenotype), but forms biofilms downstream (a QS-on phenotype) in flowing networks

in most cases, the molecular mechanisms that underlie heterogeneity are not defined

Comparison of ITCD algorithms is challenging when there are differences in study focus, study area, data applied, and accuracy assessment method used. Before 2005, the few studies that compared methods generally tested approaches on a common dataset.

Additionally, it is often challenging to apply an algorithm developed in one forest type to another area.

The most useful information that can be incorporated into ITCD studies is the expected crown size and stand density [25,67].

Only 23 studies actually integrated both active and passive data sources into the ITCD procedure since 2000 (Figure 2).

Another limitation is that few approaches take full advantage of the information contained within remotely sensed data, e.g., using only one band of multispectral imagery [29] or only the canopy height model derived from LiDAR data [30]. Significant amounts of information are dismissed or neglected during data preparation or processing. The integration of multispectral data and discrete LiDAR data is commonly used to improve tree species classification [10] and fusion of passive and active remotely sensed data may reduce commission and omission errors in ITCD results [31].

MODIS provides consistent information on active fires, with omission and commission errors quantified in past work using ground observations and higher-resolution satellite imagery [e.g., (29–31)]