En todos estos casos los aparatos asertivos de diálogo (occidentales, supuestamente racionales) operan como tecnologías políticas para someter otras visiones de paz, diálogo y vida. En todos estos discursos se encuentra la falta de justicia cognitiva que Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2014) considera esencial para la transformación social duradera. Este es uno de los ejes más importantes para discutir el renovado interés por las visiones culturales, las civilizaciones y el diálogo intercultural como proyectos ontológicos y políticos complejos

In 1896 one of the Olympic founders, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, proposed the idea for a unified motto and symbol to reflect the unified International Community.

Es importante destacar que ninguno de los autores que estoy revisando está llamando a un rechazo total de la racionalidad cartesiana ni de la razón centrada en el sujeto, tan discutidas por los filósofos intramodernos de la modernidad (e.g., Habermas 1987); más bien, piden el debilitamiento de su posición dominante y el desplazamiento de su centralidad en el diseño del mundo y nuestras vidas. Est

“tenemos que ampliar nuestro horizonte para abarcar tradiciones no Occidentales de reflexión sobre la experiencia” (

En Decolonizing methodologies [Metodologías descolonizadoras] la pensadora Maori Linda Tuhiwai Smith (1999: 36) reflexiona sobre los riesgos que surgen cuando los pueblos indígenas utilizan la escritura académica para discutir su historia y su situación de opresión; al hacerlo, ella pregunta: ¿no corren el riesgo de escribir sobre los pueblos indígenas “como si realmente estuviéramos ‘ahí’, como el ‘Otro’, con todo lo que esto conlleva”? (Smith 1999: 36). En otras palabras, ¿este tipo de pensamiento dualista y logocéntrico no permea, inevitablemente, nuestras representaciones? Como Smith añadiera: “la escritura académica es una forma de seleccionar, organizar y presentar el conocimiento... [Refuerza y mantiene] un estilo de discurso que nunca es inocente” (1999: 36). Me parece que esta preocupación con la escritura logocéntrica es similar a la de Varela. La condición de posibilidad de la escritura académica todavía es una cierta ratio occidental, un rasgo que caracteriza a todo el sistema de las ciencias humanas y sociales dentro de la episteme moderna (F

Como hipótesis provisional sostengo que la dependencia de formas de racionalidad y análisis logocéntrico de larga data sigue siendo fundamental para la producción académica crítica (¡incluyendo este libro!) y que, a pesar de su notable productividad, tiene consecuencias para ir más allá de las ontologías dualistas. Para desarrollar esta hipótesis, aunque de forma rudimentaria, comienzo recordando el argumento de Varela y sus colegas sobre los límites de la racionalidad abstracta y su insistencia en unir la reflexión y la experiencia. Esto es precisamente lo que trató de hacer la fenomenología; sin embargo —argumentan Varela, Thomson y Rosch— no pudo contestar, completamente, las preguntas radicales que planteaba. ¿Por qué? Su respuesta es relativamente simple pero las consecuencias son de largo alcance. La fenomenología se estancó, precisamente, porque su análisis de la experiencia sigue estando “dentro de la corriente principal de la filosofía Occidental [...] hizo hincapié en el contexto pragmático y encarnado de la experiencia humana, pero de una manera puramente teórica” (Varela et al. 1991: 19). ¿Puede esta afirmación17ser aplicable a la teoría social en su conjunto, tal vez incluso a aquellas tendencias que problematizan sus dualismos estructurantes?

la comprensión del mundo es mucho más amplia que la comprensión Occidental del mundo. E

Aquí también encontramos una formulación epistemológica perspicaz: lo que no existe es producido, activamente, como inexistente o como alternativa no creíble a lo que existe. La producción social de la no existencia señala el borramiento de mundos enteros a través de operaciones epistemológicas relativas al conocimiento, la temporalidad, la productividad y las maneras de pensar acerca de la escala y la diferencia —que Santos llama “sociología de las ausencias”—. Algunos de los mundos suprimidos se caracterizan por formas de ser relacionales que desafían las operaciones epistemológicas que efectúan las ausencias. Por el contrario, la proliferación de luchas en defensa del territorio y la diferencia cultural sugiere que lo que surge de esas luchas son mundos enteros, lo que en este libro llamo mundos u ontologías relacionales. Esto da origen a una sociología de las emergencias. Hay claras dimensiones ontológicas y de diseño para las dos estrategias principales introducidas por las epistemologías del sur: la sociología de las ausencias (la producción de la no existencia apunta a la no existencia de mundos e implica su frecuente ocupación ontológica) y la sociología de las emergencias (la ampliación de esas experiencias consideradas como alternativas válidas o creíbles a lo que existe, lo que implica la aparición contundente de mundos relacionales a través de luchas).

No estoy abogando por adoptar, sin cuestionamiento, el diseño humanitario. La aplicación de experticia y tecnología Occidental para resolver los problemas del desarrollo privilegia soluciones foráneas, tecnológicas y usualmente comerciales a expensas de la acción política o práctica local. De esta manera el diseño humanitario constituye una continuación de lasintervenciones modernistas del desarrollo y también muestra su predilección por las fuerzas globales del mercado. Sin embargo [...] el diseño humanitario puede empezar a crear figuras de desarrollo alternativo dentro del aparato existente. Reconoce el desorden y la complejidad de cualquier proyecto de cambio y recomienda proceder con cautela (20

los productos digitales también viven en el mundo social y lo cambian. El diseño digital no puede operar fuera de su contexto social porque los archivos, los sistemas y los medios sólo tienen significado como parte de la práctica de una comunidad. El diseño eficaz y significativo es una actividad social en la que el diseñador es un actor entre muchos. Además de computadores, software, información digital y medios los materiales del diseño digital también incluyen comunidades, procesos, prácticas y cultura y los diseñadores tienen que estar equipados con la habilidad correcta para tratar con estos elementos (

la arquitectura ha dejado de ser una pariente pobre de la teoría social para convertirse en un importante espacio de debate sobre la globalización, la urbanización, el medio ambiente, la modernidad, los medios y la cultura digital; a menudo los arquitectos están sintonizados con acuciantes problemas sociales actuales, como la globalización y el Antropoceno (e.g., Turpin, ed. 2013), y con los problemas teóricos y filosóficos con los que tratan las ciencias sociales y las humanidades (e.g., Mitrovic 2011; Sykes, ed. 2010). Los críticos también reconocen, sin embargo, que cierto estilo de arquitectura ha contribuido a la inflación del diseño

Diseñar, por lo tanto, se convierte en una práctica crítica localizada, que vincula la dimensión abierta (open source) de la tecnología con la práctica cultural del diseño.9Como lo anuncia un reciente texto sobre metodologías de diseño, este tiene lugaren términos de conocimientos, contextos, acciones, y aprendizajes situados, ya no neutrales ni universales (Simonsen et al. 2014). A partir de este debate es importante destacar la relevancia que estos diseñadores dan a las preguntas sobre el lugar, la localidad y la comunidad en su revisión de la práctica del diseño como un correctivo a la aceptación acrítica de las tecnologías digitales móviles y como una manera de redefinir su papel en la vida cotidiana.

La buena noticia, sin embargo, es que ya están sucediendo cosas más allá de lo usual en muchos ámbitos sociales, políticos y tecnológicos (como veremos más adelante, las transiciones civilizatorias ya están surgiendo); la mala noticia es que quizás no están sucediendo con la rapidez suficiente, si nos atenemos a los criterios de científicos y activistas del cambio climático

El capítulo termina discutiendo si existe o no un campo de estudios críticos de diseño —que pudiera estar surgiendo en la intersección de la teoría social crítica y los estudios de diseño

Podemos encontrar respuestas a estas preguntas, distintas pero complementarias, tanto en los mundos activistas como académicos.

. Las herramientas de convivencia, como Illich señalará, tendrán que ser eficaces en el fomento de la autonomía creativa de las personas, la equidad social y el bienestar, incluyendo el control colectivo sobre la energía y el trabajo. Esto significa que las herramientas tienen que ser sujeto de un proceso político de un nuevo tipo.

La concentración de poder, energía y conocimientos técnicos en las burocracias (el Estado) dio lugar a la institucionalización de estas herramientas e hizo posible un estricto sistema de control tanto sobre la producción como sobre la destrucción. Illich llamó a este proceso ‘instrumentación’ y mostró cómo destruyó, sistemáticamente, los modos conviviales de vivir. El resultado fue una sociedad mega-instrumental incrustada en múltiples sistemas complejos que limitan la capacidad de las personas para vivir una vida digna.

Hice hincapié en ‘creación’ porque el trabajo intelectual, como el diseño, tiene que ver con el hacer. En la escritura hay una dimensión encarnada, a menudo ignorada, casi una tactilidad y una fenomenología de la escritura que participa más

the standard definition of the Riemannian diameter of a setAin the setB⊇A, where bothAandBare subsets of a Riemannian manifold (M,g)(2.1)diam(A,B) := supx,y∈Ainfγ:[0,1]→Bγ(0)=x,γ(1)=y∫10| ̇γ(s)|gds.

futuros en una biblioteca digital

which confirms that actors who receive preferred standing and are able to stabilize their appearances across the media environment over time tend to be considered trustworthy. Interestingly enough, this relationship also operates the other way round. Media representatives consider CCC members as legitimate voices and provide them access to their outlets owing to their regular interaction with institutional poli-tics

More and more people make use of and relate their daily activities to media in one way or another. At the same time legislators, politicians, judges and other actors with decisive power related to policy-making and the law are in need of advice, con-sulting and grounded recommendations

. Skill, effort and practice are regarded necessary elements in the process by which an actor becomes taken-for-granted (Bourdieu 2000). Accordingly, legitimacy is not simply out there for the asking, but has to be created as well as exploited by actors who seek to gain legitimation.

The Club’s media ensemble and interactions with rel-evant actors perpetuate each other and co-determine the Club’s abil-ity to politicize media technologies and infrastructures. The dynamic at hand that best describes this process will be referred to as a spiral of legitimation.According to Mark Suchman, legitimacy is practically the basis of poli-tics as it addresses the forces ‘that constrain, construct, and empower organizational actors

actors increasingly invest human, technological and financial resources in ‘“being the media” instead of hating it’ (Cammaerts 2012: 125). The CCC is no exception in this regard. over the past two decades, Club members have initiated a reg-ular radio show (Chaosradio), podcasts (e.g. CRE and Alternativlos), accounts on both popular and alternative online platforms such as Twitter, Quitter and personal blogs, to name some of the more promi-nent examples. Instead of abandoning outward oriented channels such as the Chaosradio show or the Datenschleuder magazine, the Club inte-grates its ‘trans-media’ (Costanza-Chock 2014) efforts into a ‘media manifold’ (Couldry 2012), where one communicative practice does not necessarily substitute for the other, but plays a part in the Club’s overall media ensemble.

Similarly, the desire to communicate and collaborate and to coordinate activities within and beyond the Club’s boundaries through decentral-ized infrastructures was the driving force behind the hackers’ efforts to establish these networks

overall, the character of the CCC was defined by the objective to form a collective of politically motivated technologists that would not only do things with technology but also act upon i

Asweaffirminchapter2,wethinkthatthecitizensubjectisnottheexclusivepropertyofthenation-state.Onthecontrary,thenation-statemayhavebecomealiabilityforupholdingthesubjectofpowerwehaveinherited.AsAllanwrites,manyoftheissuesthatcitizenjournalismraisesare‘setagainstthebackdropofincidentsaroundtheglobewherethenation-state’sideologicalappropriationofcitizenship—fromoutrightattacksonitslegitimacytothesteadyerosionofitsprotections,typically(andironically)inthenameofnationalsecurity—hasmadejournalismasastruggleover“therighttobearwitness”.’[39]Citizenwitnessingisanongoingandcrucialaspectofdemocraticcitizenship.TheInternet,bycreatingopeningsfordigitalcitizens,hasmadecitizenwitnessinganindispensablepartofapoliticalimaginary.Thisisnotwithoutitsdangersandperils(co-optation,assimilation,infiltration,taming,blocking,filtering,andsoon),butthat’swhatalsomakesitasiteofpoliticalstruggles.

differentplatformsproducedifferentsociotechnicalarrangements—rules,norms,procedures,protocols,code,andalgorithms—inordertocreateaneffectivepresentationfortheirusers.Thesearrangements,orwhatwecallconventions,accomplishnotonlyasenseoffairnessbutalsostronghierarchiesthroughwhichnewsisproduced.[19]Thereisnoreasontobelievethattheseplatformsfeatureflathierarchiesorsmoothspacesofdialogue;rather,theyarehierarchicalandstriated.Theissuesofstatusandgatekeepingareasprominentintheseplatformsastheyareelsewhere.

Whiletherecertainlyarebigdifferencesintherelationsofpowerbetweencitizensubjectsandplatformowners,actionscananddoexceedtheaffordancesoftheirconventions.Itisinrelationtothenormalizingtendenciesofcyberspace—fromthosethatformattheactionsthatmakeupparticipating,connecting,andsharingtothoseoffilteringandtracking—thattensionsariseandcitizensubjectsengageintheplayofobedience,submission,andsubversion.

Thatis,ratherthanasimplequestionofchoiceorexchangeeconomy,citizensubjectsarecaughtbetweenthedemandstoparticipateandconnect—andallthereasonsandvaluestheyattachtothis—andtheinterests,imperatives,andtrade-offsconfiguredbyplatformowners.Butitwouldbewrongtoreducethistomerelytheinterestofplatformowners,whichareonlyoneelementinthemake-upofconventionssuchasbrowsing.Theconventionsofsocialnetworkinginevitablyembodythesocialandculturalnorms,rules,andcustomsofwhichcitizensubjectsareapartandtakepart

Soifopennessisanimaginarythatcallsuponcitizensubjectstoparticipate,thenclosingsseektofurtherconfiguretheactionsthroughwhichparticipationisdone.Butthisisneversettled.Thetworemainintension.

Popularlyknownasthe‘quantifiedself’,datatracesproduceacompulsiontonotonlyself-trackbutsharethisdatasothatsubjectscanmonitorthemselvesinrelationtoothersbutalsocontributetoresearchon,forexample,healthconditions.Ironically,whilegovernmentprogrammesforsharinghealthdatahavebeenscuppered,thesharingofhealthinformationthroughprivateorganizationssuchas23andMe(DNAprofilingofmorethan700,000members)andPatientsLikeMe(healthconditionsofmorethan250,000members)areproliferatingandpromotingdatasharingforthepublicgoodofadvancingmedicine.[62]Governmentsandcorporationsalikecalluponcitizensubjectstosharedataaboutthemselvesasanactofcommongood.Throughdisciplinarymethodstheycompelcitizensubjectstoconstitutethemselvesasdatasubjectsratherthanmakingrightsclaimsabouttheownershipofdatathattheyproduce.

thechangethatsocialmediahasintroducedfromcommunity-oriented‘connectedness’toplatform-andowner-configured‘connectivity.’[41]WiththeintroductionofWeb2.0,shearguesthatconnectivitycaptureshowsocialityhasbecometechnologicallymediatedthroughcommercialplatformsthatorganizeandmanageinteraction.

Forexample,whatresourcesofcyberspacedodigitallyequippedsubjectshavetheauthorizationtoaccessasaresultoftheworkingsofsearchalgorithmsandfiltersortheprotocolsthatgovernandnormalizetheretention,storage,sharing,anddiscoverabilityofinformation?[36]Iflegalityandimaginaryconfigurethecitizenasasubjectofpowerandplacedemandsonhertoparticipatedigitally(submission),whatwefindinterestinghereandinrelationtohowwehaveunderstoodbeingdigitalcitizensistheperformativityofparticipatingthatprovidesaglimpseofthecitizenasalsoapotentialsubjectofsubversion.How,forexample,doesparticipatinggiverisetosubversiveactions,suchasthoseofcriticalcitizenscience?[37]Or,asMatthewFullerandAndrewGoffeyputit,howdoinjunctionssuchasGoogle’s‘Don’tbeevil’maximbeliethepropensitiesthatareactivatedbyrelativelyunstablesociotechnicalarrangementsthataregenerativeof‘unintendedorsecondaryeffects’?

Mossbergeretal.,forexample,understanddigitalcitizenshipastheabilitytofullyparticipateinsocietyonline,whichrequiresregularaccesstotheInternet,withadequatedevicesandspeeds,technologicalskillsandcompetence,andinformationliteracy.[21]Equippingthusincludesnotonlyhardware,suchasinstallingcomputersinclassroomsandlibrariesandexpandinghigh-speedbroadbandservices,butalsodevelopingskillsandcapabilitiesthroughtrainingcoursesincomputing,coding,andprogramming

Education, in like manner engrafts a new man on the native stock, & improves what in his nature was vicious & perverse, into qualities of virtue and social worth; and it cannot be but that each generation succeeding to the knowledge acquired by all those who preceded it

This doctrine is the genuine fruit of the alliance between church and State,

Le greffe assure une mission de secrétariat auprès du tribunal de commerce où il occupe un rôle central. Il prépare et assiste chaque audience et apporte son concours aux juges afin qu’ils mènent à bien leurs missions.

Deibertrightlyarguesthat‘althoughcyberspacemayseemlikevirtualreality,it’snot.EverydeviceweusetoconnecttotheInternet,everycable,machine,application,andpointalongthefibre-opticandwirelessspectrumthroughwhichdatapassesisapossiblefilteror“chokepoint,”agreyareathatcanbemonitoredandthatcanconstrainwhatwecancommunicate,thatcansurveilandchokeoffthefreeflowofcommunicationandinformation.’[59]NotonlydoesthismeanthattheInternethasmaterialeffectssuchasdatacentres,serverclusters,andcode,thoughthisiscertainlytrueandtherearestudiesaboutthesematerialforms.

Ifthecomputerizationofsocietyraisessuchquestions,theanalysisoftheproduction,dissemination,andlegitimationofknowledge,onwhichithasaprofoundeffect,cannotberestrictedtounderstandingcomputerizationascommunicationorcomputer-mediatedcommunication.Rather,theobjectofinvestigationoughttobelanguagegamesthatbecamepossiblethroughwhatLyotardsawasnetworkedcomputers

Wedisagreewiththisviewofcode.AlthoughwegatherfromLessigandotherscholarssuchasRonDeibertandJulieCohentheimportanceofcode,wecannotagreethatcodecanordoeshavesuchadetermininginfluence.[45]Wewill,however,explainthislaterinchapter3,wherewediscussinmoredetailtheimportanceoflanguageandtheirreducibledifferencesbetweenspeech,writing,andcode.Fornow,wewanttoemphasizethatifweareboundtousetheconcept‘cyberspace’andcompareittosomethingcalled‘real’space,we’dbetterunderstandthecomplexregistersinwhichcyberspaceexistsratherthanbeingopposedtoanostensible‘real’space.

TheanathemaforLessigisthelossofthisfreedomincyberspace.Inrealspace,governingpeoplerequiresinducingthemtoactincertainways,butinthelastinstance,peoplehadthechoicetoactthiswayorthatway.Bycontrast,incyberspaceconductisgovernedbycode,whichtakesawaythatchoice.Incyberspace,‘iftheregulatorwantstoinduceacertainbehavior,sheneednotthreaten,orcajole,toinspirethechange.Sheneedonlychangethecode—thesoftwarethatdefinesthetermsuponwhichtheindividualgainsaccesstothesystem,orusesassetsonthesystem.’[37]Thisisbecause‘codeisanefficientmeansofregulation.Butitsperfectionmakesitsomethingdifferent.Oneobeystheselawsascodenotbecauseoneshould;oneobeystheselawsascodebecauseonecandonothingelse.Thereisnochoiceaboutwhethertoyieldtothedemandforapassword;onecompliesifonewantstoenterthesystem.Inthewellimplementedsystem,thereisnocivildisobedience.’[38]WhatLessigsuggestsisthatcyberspaceisnotonlyseparateandindependentbutconstitutesanewmodeofpower.Youconstituteyourselfasasubjectofpowerbysubmittingtocode.

Moreover,withthedevelopmentoftheInternetofthings—ourphones,watches,dishwashers,fridges,cars,andmanyotherdevicesbeingalwaysalreadyconnectedtotheInternet—wenotonlydothingswithwordsbutalsodowordswiththings.

Jordan stipulates that the commonality of various perspectives on hacking (Himanen, 2001; Wark, 2004) is the hack, or the "ability to create new things, to make alterations, to produce differences" (Jordan, 2008, p. 7). These differences are linked with what Steven Levy (1984) called a "hands-on imperative" (p. 28) and enjoyment from deep concentration. By this line of thinking, the prerogative of hacking is that people should encounter technology not just to gain experience but for the enjoyment of pushing boundaries of what it was meant to do. Taylor (1999) describes the "kick" of hacking as "satisfying the technological urge of curiosity" (p. 17). This transgressing of the internal logic of systems lends a thrill that is difficult to pin down but is understood by those who have experienced it (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997). Tim Jordan's (2008) assertion that "hacking both demands and refutes technological determinism" (p. 133) gestures at a blending of material and social agencies in specific contexts. In other words, hackers see systems as malleable even as they rely on them to accomplish goals. Jordan saw this as paradoxical perhaps because technological determinism tends to be only viewed in the negative (Peters, 2011 ). Viewing his statements as a reflection on enabling and constraining (Giddens, 1986) engagements with materialities, rather than "determinism" per se, brings us towards a more productive theoretical framework for thinking about the connection of HMSs to informal learning.

By comparison, HMSs are collective organizations centered around maintaining a specific space. The current study's site of investigation is a single relatively bounded group (GeekSpace). Members are circumscribed by the built environment of the shared workshop and a shared repertoire of online communication tools (website, mailing lists, wikis).

Scholars drawing on a constructivist line of scholarship (Papert, 1993) draw attention to the self-discovery that comes from encounters with objects (Cetina, 1997). This argument has been extended to technical learning, as free encounters with technical objects and systems are argued to encourage epistemological pluralism (Turkle & Papert, 1990). Experiential learning originates from Lewin, Piaget, and Dewey, and focuses on a continuous process of learning grounded in experiences that arise from an interplay between individual and environment (Kolb, 1984). The spatial nature of HMSs can be seen as a way to negotiate different learning styles

Specifically, members encouraged learning and collaboration predominantly through a belief in materialities, particularly as GeekSpace's collective identity shifted from hacker to maker. Members altered the space to serve individual and collective goals rather than employing deliberation or strong organizational methods.

tiempo

Theorem 1.1.LetMn1andMn2be hypersurfaces ofNn+1that are tan-gent atpand let0be a unitary vector that is normal toMn1atp. SupposethatMn1remains aboveMn2in a neighborhood ofpwith respect to0. De-note byH1r(x)andH2r(x)ther-mean curvature atx2WofMn1andMn2,respectively. Assume that, for somer,1rn, we haveH2r(x)H1r(x)in a neighborhood of zero; ifr2, assume also that2(0), the principal cur-vature vector ofM2at zero, belongs tor. ThenMn1andMn2coincide in aneighborhood ofp

LetMn1andMn2be hypersurfaces ofNn+1that are tangentatp, i.e., which satisfyTpM1=TpM2. Fix a unitary vector0that is normaltoMn1atp. We say thatMn1remains aboveMn2in a neighborhood ofpwith respect to0if, when we parametrizeMn1andMn2by'1and'2asin (1.1), the corresponding functions1and2satisfy1(x)2(x) in aneighborhood of zero.

Material forms give coherence to the civic imagination. For example, Ross (2013) proposed that cultural practices of viewing the city “from above” in plans stimulated city planners’ civic imagination while they applied expertise in the planning process.

Dunne and Raby’s (2013) notion of speculative design helps outline how future-oriented thought works at civic hackathons. They suggest that speculative design on “wicked problems” creates “spaces for discussion and debate about alternative ways of being, and to inspire and encourage people’s imaginations to flow freely” (Dunne & Raby, 2013, p. 2). They find merit in dreaming, as the future is an “aid imaginative thought” (p. 3). Materialities assist development of ideas and approaches to collectively thinking about possible futures. For them, critique has a place in design, particularly humor. Designers can “pull new technological developments into imaginary but believable everyday situations so that we can explore possible consequences before they happen” (p. 57). Speculative design is a helpful bridge to the civic imagination.

“performance of innovation” (Balsamo, 2011) described how individuals collaboratively design technology in public settings. According to Balsamo, technology design emerges from a collaborative and cultural process that she terms "technoculture." Innovations are not objects, but like technology they are, “assemblages of practices, materialities, and affordances” (Balsamo, 2011, p. 8). Through performance and embodied action, technocultural innovation has a “dual logic”: the expression of the technological imagination and cultural reproduction.

A more diverse range of participants attended, as civic hackathons were more frequented by community organizers, activists, and students than seasoned software engineers. Those who turned up were also more diverse in ways other than occupation – racially, ethnically, and by gender. These events were largely run by Hack for LA with a wide range of partners. Rarely did sponsors emphasize working code

the civic hackathon violated the very conventions of hackathons. It had “no hacking” in the traditional sense of creating or modifying working software. This curious disappearing act of code in hackathons over the last several years was controversial among programmers. Thea Aldrich of Random Hacks of Kindness wondered aloud when I interviewed her in 2013, “don’t community organizers already have ways to engage politically?” To Thea “civic hacking” was a form of civic engagement particular to the technically adept.

Simply diversifying participantion is no guarantee that outcomes benefit diverse communities, and declaring an event civically important does not make it so. After years of participating in and running civic hackathons I noticed a new turn. This new type of civic hackathon was intentionally run to foster performance, spectacle, and communicative activities around a loose shell of technology-oriented activities. Technology became more talked about than materially captured.

civic hackathons in Los Angeles were rich spaces for observing communication about technology throughspeeches, group collaboration, and pitches.

Civic hackathons have been hotly debated in recent years. Critical studies scholars have lambasted civic hackathons for aligning with middle-class citizenship(Irani, 2015)and co-opting participant labor (Gregg, 2014a). Silicon Valley is often the fait accompliin these perspectives, bringing a flawed ideology that seduces organizers and participants into transposing technological language onto civic issues (Also see: Barbrook & Cameron, 1996; Morozov, 2013). In this paper I refer to this perspective as an “imposed civic ideology.” The second perspective comes from design scholars interested in material participation (Marres, 2012) as cohering publics to work on particular social issues. Lodato and DiSalvo (2016) suggested that civic hackathons served two purposes. First, they help people think through civic issues using props — “objects, services, and systems that engage with issues” (p. 16). Second, they cohere ephemeral proto-publics for short-term engagement on issues of public concern. As they summarized, "what is important is not the inventiveness of a particular prototype product or service, but rather, how the event fosters opportunities for collaborative or collective issue articulation" (p. 15). They drew attention to how outcomes of civic hackathons may more likely be social and cultural than functional material objects. I refer to this design perspective as an “emergent civic subjectivity.”

The icebreaker for meetings became what they called craft aperitifs, small projects that kept their hands moving. These events invoked a particular idea of “craft” that we elaborate later, one that drew connec-tions between women’s contemporary milestones and feminist histories of handwork.

Craft, according to Adamson, became “a strain of activity that responds to and conditions the putatively normative experience of modernity, in many and unpredictable ways” (Adamson, 2010: 5). It was not outside modernity “but a modern way of thinking otherwise.” In the writing that follows, we show how a logic of failure became a means for “thinking otherwise” about the hacking ethos.

Echoing an old observation in activism about the “tyranny of structurelessness” (Freeman, 1972), power became difficult to contest when you remove the mechanisms to contest action. New visitors who didn’t immediately resonate with the space were turned off from the cold vision of geeks silently co-working next to each other. Longstanding members became frustrated by frequent clashes between hotheaded personalities. Then there were issues about what went where. Who didn’t put the hand drill back in the bin? Technology was a source of drama, particularly when commitments were discussed on email lists or in passing and then forgotten. Who said they would get the laser cutter running? Although sufficiently meta and informal to be palatable to members, it was hardly a smooth way to run an organization.

hackerspace members’ relationship with materialities. In response, this chapter advances an idea about how interactions between individuals and things (Hodder, 2012) can shape collective action. Hackerspaces’ horizontalist mode of organizing is oriented around material forms of participation and communication.

Lemma 4.2.The functionm(r) =ZΣrH0(1−u−1)dσris nonincreasing inr, whereH0is the mean curvature ofΣrinRn.

we can solve (2.1)with initial valueu−10= 0. In fact, by Lemma 2.2,u0satisfies:1−exp−Zr0ψ(s)ds−12≤u0(x,r)≤1−exp−Zr0φ(s)ds−12.This means that Σ0is a minimal surface with respect to the asymptotically flat metricu2dr2+gr.

solve (2.1) and show that the metricds2=u2dr2+gris asymptotically flatoutside Σ0. We will also compute the mass ofds2.

Let Σ0be a compact strictly convex hypersurface inRn,Xbe the position vector ofa point on Σ0, and letNbe the unit outward normal of Σ0atX. Let Σrbe the convexhypersurface described byY=X+rN, withr≥0. The Euclidean space outside Σ0canbe represented by(Σ0×(0,∞),dr2+gr)wheregris the induced metric on Σr. Consider the following initial value problem(2.1)2H0∂u∂r= 2u2∆ru+ (u−u3)Rron Σ0×[0,∞)u(x,0) =u0(x)whereu0(x)>0 is a smooth function on Σ0,H0andRrare the mean curvature and scalarcurvature of Σrrespectively, and ∆ris the Laplacian operator on Σr.

u2dρ2+gρhas the scalar curvatureR, if and onlyifusatisfies(1.10)H0∂u∂ρ=u2∆ρu+12(u−u3)Rρ−12uR0+u32R.

Given a functionRonN, we want to find the equation forusuch that(1.2)ds2=u2dρ2+gρhas scalar curvatureR.

Let Σ be a smooth compact manifold without boundary with dimensionn−1 and letN= [a,∞)×Σ equipped with a Riemannian metric of the form(1.1)ds20=dρ2+gρfor a point (ρ,x)∈N. Heregρis the induced metric on Σρwhich is the level surfaceρ=constant

By (4), we haveddtZΣ×{t}(Hη−Hu)dσt!=ZΣ×{t}(η−1−u−1)H21+K(η−u)−12(η−1−u−1)(H21+|h1|2)dσt.(9)By the Gauss equation and the assumption thatRic(gη) = 0, we have(10)2K=H2η−|hη|2=η−2(H21−|h1|2).Therefore, it follows from (9) and (10) that(11)ddtZΣ×{t}(Hη−Hu)dσt!=−ZΣ×{t}K(η−u)2u−1dσt≤0,where we also used the assumption thatK >0.

Assumption:The scalar curvatureR(gt) =: 2Kofgtand the meancurvatureH1of the leaves Σ×{t}with respect tog1are everywhere positive.Proposition 2(cf. [2], [23], [22]).Under the above assumption, given anypositive functionu0onΣ×{0}, there is a smooth positive functionuonΣ×[0, t0]such that the scalar curvatureR(gu)ofguis identically zero andu|t=0=u0.

poesía de ruinas

k-th Newton transformation ofh) to be the bilinear form given by(23)tk(h) =1k!(n−1−k)!∗(gn−1−khk)

manifold is dually flat, a canonical divergence was introduced by Amari and Nagaoka [2], which isa Bregman divergence

l’original du manuscrit de ce journal

the 2-tensorE(k)is defined byE(k)ij:=−12k+1gliδli1i2···i2k−1i2kjj1j2···j2k−1i2kRi1i2j1j2···Ri2k−1i2kj2k−1j2k.Here the generalized Kronecker delta is defined byδj1j2...jri1i2...ir= detδj1i1δj2i1···δjri1δj1i2δj2i2···δjri2............δj1irδj2ir···δjrir.As a convention we setE(0)= 1. It is clear to see thatE(1)is the Einstein tensor. The tensorE(k)ijis a very natural generalization of the Einstein tensor. We callE(k)thek-th Lovelockcurvature

by the Gauss formula we have(4.8)eRslij=hsihlj−hlihsj.

Pstjl(k)=12δi1i2···i2k−3i2k−2stj1j2···j2k−3j2k−2j2k−1j2khj1i1hj2i2···hj2k−2i2k−2gj2k−1jgj2kl,which implies by (2.20) that(4.10)2ePstjl(k)hsj= (2k−1)! (T(2k−1))tpgpl

La AMAI es la única asociación profesional en Latinoamérica enfocada al sector de inteligencia aplicada a negocios y asuntos sociales. Fundada en 1992, la AMAI surgió originalmente para ser el centro institucional de la comunidad mexicana de investigación de mercados, opinión y comunicación; ahora engloba a toda la industria de generación y transformación de datos para la toma de decisiones.

the variations of various tensors under the Ricci flow: (31)

Lichnerowicz Laplacian (or Hodge-de Rham Laplacian) on symmetric rank (0,2) tensors is defined by the formula (14) and is the usual connection Laplacian

variation formula for the Ricci tensor (13) where is the trace, and the Lichnerowicz Laplacian (or Hodge-de Rham Laplacian) on symmetric rank (0,2) tensors is defined by the formula (14) and is the usual connection Laplacian.

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution

Ce que le texte liquide vient ainsi disrupter, c’est la référence et tout le système bibliographique qui s’est mis en place pour l’institutionnaliser. Or cette référence et son institutionnalisation sont les conditions du partage d’un socle commun de connaissances au sein d’une communauté de savoir. La possibilité de s’y référer procure au texte stabilisé une autorité et une authenticité nécessaires à une réflexion commune.

El adjetivo, cuando no da vida, mata.

I’ve collected the following list of needs based on what I’ve noticed across projects. I’ve tried to roughly organize it from critical (bottom of Maslow’s pyramid) to legacy (higher on the pyramid).

Like many other AI practitioners, I’m a philosophical functionalist: I believe that a cognitive state, such as one derived from reading, should not be defined by what it is made of in terms of hardware or biology, but instead by how it functions, in relation to inputs, outputs and other cognitive states. (Opponents of functionalism include behaviourists – who insist that mental states are nothing other than dispositions to behave in certain ways – and mind-brain identity theorists – who argue that mental states are identical with particular neural states, and are tied to specific biological ‘hardware’.)

vengado

Ese estado interior positivo es deseado tanto para uno mismo como para los demás, hasta el punto de convertirse en un propósito o meta de vida.

De acuerdo con Michael Moore, algunos votantes podrían dar su voto por Trump como una señal de advertencia para el deteriorado sistema político en EE.UU. que se niega a cambiar. "Por el enfado que muchos sienten hacia el sistema político, millones de personas votarán por Trump. No porque estén de acuerdo con él, no porque les guste, sino solo porque pueden hacerlo, solo por enfadar al sistema". 

"Creo que Trump enfocará la mayor parte de su atención en los cuatro estados del cinturón industrial de los Grandes Lagos, que votan predominantemente por el Partido Demócrata: Michigan, Ohio, Pensilvania y Wisconsin", sostiene Michael Moore. Según el documentalista, todo lo que necesita Trump para ganar "son estos cuatro estados. No necesita Florida. No necesita Colorado o Virginia. Solo Michigan, Ohio, Pensilvania y Wisconsin"

2. The Quality of the Scan Scanners make a digital representation of visual input. The quality and type of output it is able to produce, will have an effect on the quality of the input provided to the OCR engine to process. Software programs (like the Image Capture dialog in Paperless) make it possible for the user to alter the visual properties (such as brightness and contrast) of the scanner's output. One of the biggest factors is DPI or Dots per Inch. Setting the DPI lower than 200 will yield uninteligible results wheras setting it higher than 600dpi will just increase the size of the stored file without yielding much better results. We tend to recommend a 300dpi for in item. Color vs. Black and White, vs. grayscale depends on your source material. Often times documents and receipts will not need to be stored in Color (as it makes the storage file larger) but the difference between B&W and grayscale can be profound depending on the source. In general, a grayscale image will provide a better result than a black and white image. Internally, the software performs adaptive binarization where it changes a grayscale image to a black and white image if this process is already done, presumably by your scanner software) it's possible some fidelity will be lost and the OCR results may suffer.

En Europa este aumento es de 0,95ºC y en España se ha incrementado en 1,5ºC en las tres últimas décadas. En algunas zonas, como Murcia, subió 2ºC. Se prevé que aumente entre 1,1ºC y 6,4ºC para el año 2095.

El Ártico se derrite más del doble de rápido que el resto de regiones del mundo: en los últimos 30 años hemos perdido tres cuartas partes de su hielo.

Es necesario hacer tomar conciencia de los efectos del cambio climático en la salud, para impulsar la adopción de medidas de salud pública

2016 2015 Incremento en % Enero 58 968 55 411 6,4 Febrero 79 128 72 079 9,8 Marzo 90 034 94 295 -4,5 Abril 78 561 67 696 16,0 Mayo 90 227 76 683 17,7 Junio 98 913 92 494 7,0 Julio 84 277 82 712 1,9 Agosto 47 670 44 555 7 Septiembre 59 122 55 838 5,9 Octubre 62 246 63 246 -1,9 Acumulado (Enero-Octubre) 749 091 705 593 6,2

El aumento de la temperatura global de 0,85 ºC, el mayor de la historia de la humanidad.

Hillary Clinton es la personificación de la palabra establishment. Desde que en 1979 se convirtiera en la primera dama de Arkansas, su nombre ha sido sinónimo de política. Nunca fue una primera dama al uso, ella quería tener una voz propia, se negaba a ser la sombra de su marido, algo que siempre ha molestado entre los círculos conservadores. Se la ha acusado de impertinente, de antipática y de poco carismática. Pero lo que más molesta de Clinton es el secretismo con el que ha gestionado su carrera.

Trump se ha erigido como el candidato antiélites. No importa que él mismo forme parte de ella. Durante la campaña, el magnate ha prometido enfrentarse a unos poderes fácticos de los que cada vez más ciudadanos se sienten alejados. Lo ha pagado caro, con la pérdida de importantes donantes y el alejamiento de gran parte de los pesos pesados de su partido, pero ha sabido conectar con una clase trabajadora golpeada por la globalización y que vive la política con desafección.

En el plano internacional, la incertidumbre sería absoluta, lo único que se podría esperar sería que los asesores presidenciales le disuadiesen de tomar decisiones impulsivas, como iniciar una guerra comercial con China o cambiar alianzas estratégicas que desembocasen en un acercamiento a la Rusia de Putin y un alejamiento de sus aliados tradicionales y las políticas de la OTAN.

En el caso de EEUU, una posible victoria de Trump recrudecería el enfrentamiento social en el país. Su indisimulado desprecio hacia las minorías raciales y hacia los inmigrantes, a los que culpa de acaparar los empleos en detrimento de los trabajadores estadounidenses, podrían desembocar en una ola de racismo y exclusión con nefastas consecuencias para la convivencia

sino que afectaría a la productividad empresarial y provocaría el cierre de muchas compañías

TRÁFICO EN LA RED DE CARRETERAS DEL ESTADO. CRECIMIENTO POR TIPO DE VEHÍCULO Y CCAA. VEHÍCULOS TOTALES.

Todos nosotros somos responsables de emisiones de CO2

Corporate practices can be directly hostile to individuals with exceptional skills and initiative in technical matters. I consider such management of technical people cruel and wasteful. Kierkegaard was a strong proponent for the individual against “the crowd” and has some serious discussion of the importance of aesthetics and ethical behavior. I couldn’t point to a specific language feature and say, “See, there’s the influence of the nineteenth-century philosopher,” but he is one of the roots of my reluctance to eliminate “expert level” features, to abolish “misuses,” and to limit features to support only uses that I know to be useful. I’m not particularly fond of Kierkegaard’s religious philosophy, though.

TR: In retrospect, in designing C++, wasn’t your decision to trade off programmer efficiency, security, and software reliability for run time performance a fundamental mistake?BS: Well, I don’t think I made such a trade-off. I want elegant and efficient code. Sometimes I get it. These dichotomies (between efficiency versus correctness, efficiency versus programmer time, efficiency versus high-level, et cetera.) are bogus.What I did do was to design C++ as first of all a systems programming language: I wanted to be able to write device drivers, embedded systems, and other code that needed to use hardware directly. Next, I wanted C++ to be a good language for designing tools. That required flexibility and performance, but also the ability to express elegant interfaces.

And without real changes in user behavior, software suppliers are unlikely to change.

People reward developers who deliver software that is cheap, buggy, and first. That’s because people want fancy new gadgets now.

Software developers have become adept at the difficult art of building reasonably reliable systems out of unreliable parts. The snag is that often we do not know exactly how we did it: a system just “sort of evolved” into something minimally acceptable. Personally, I prefer to know when a system will work, and why it will.

narrador

trama puede ser lineal o no lineal.

tipos de personajes

personajes

Mexico is known as Día de los Muertos, “Day of the Dead,” and celebrations take place on the first two days of November, when family and friends gather to remember loved ones who have died.

Oklahoma Correctional Industries; workers scan the original photos and prepare metadata

the risk of re-identification increases by virtue of having more data points on students from multiple contexts

botón

PostgreSQL Firebird HSQLDB DB2IBM Informix mSQL MySQL MariaDB Oracle SQL-Server TinySQL ZODB JADE Sybase Microsoft Access (Alguns o consideram SGBD mas é um SGBDR) Microsoft Visual Foxpro

Um banco de dados relacional é um banco de dados que modela os dados de uma forma que eles sejam percebidos pelo usuário como tabelas, ou mais formalmente relações.

un régime spectaculaire, fonctionnant sur une coupure scénique et une convergence des regards vers un espace-temps attentionnel unique

I thought was anonymised, but, two or three months later, I was able to de-anonymise it. 

This happened with crowdflow.net, a project about the consolidated.db, the database that records all of your movements on iPhones, that was backed-up unencrypted on PCs and Macs.

nalogies between teaching and various aspects of show business or guidance counseling are more often than not excuses for having abdicated the task

In the process of supporting our Services, we may need to investigate the data within your account, including data you have entered into private boards, cases, wikis, etc. If this occurs, we will always request your explicit permission before looking at the data in your account.

. Information like that, which is voluntarily posted in publicly visible parts of our Services, is considered to be public, even if it would otherwise be considered to be personally identifying or sensitive.

(k) "stalk" or otherwise harass another;

You understand that the technical processing and transmission of the Service, including Your User Content, may involve (a) transmissions over various networks; and (b) changes to conform and adapt to technical requirements of connecting networks or devices.

ou agree that You must evaluate, and bear all risks associated with, the use of any Content, including any reliance on the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of such Content

You acknowledge that Trello does not pre-screen User Content, but that Trello and its designees shall have the right (but not the obligation) in their sole discretion to refuse, modify or move any Content that is available via the Service.

However, by uploading any User Content to the Service, You agree that Trello may store and display (only to You, to the extent that You make such User Content private) Your User Content solely as necessary in connection with the Service. To the extent You choose to share any of Your User Content with other users of the Service, You agree to allow these users (i.e., only the users you specify) to view Your User Content and, to the extent applicable, collaborate with You and Your User Content.

Trello is not directed to children, and we expect that any use by children will only be done with the guidance, supervision and consent of their parents, guardians and/or authorized school officials

I think that such third-party review companies should exist for the sole purpose of providing competent, thorough, trust-worthy review of scientific papers and that a focus on profit might divert their attention from this goal. For example, unreasonably high profit margins are one of the reasons that large publishers such as Elsevier are currently being criticised.

En el caso de contenido protegido por derechos de propiedad intelectual, como fotos y videos ("contenido de PI"), nos concedes específicamente el siguiente permiso, de acuerdo con la configuración de la privacidad y de las aplicaciones: nos concedes una licencia no exclusiva, transferible, con derechos de sublicencia, libre de regalías y aplicable en todo el mundo para utilizar cualquier contenido de PI que publiques en Facebook o en conexión con Facebook ("licencia de PI").

Average publishing costs per article vary substantially depending on a range of factors including rejection rate (which drives peer review costs), range and type of content, levels of editorial services, and others. The average 2010 cost of publishing an article in a subscription-based journal with print and electronic editions was estimated by CEPA to be around £3095 (excluding non-cash peer review costs). The potential for open access to effect cost savings has been much discussed, but the emergence of pure-play open access journal publishers allows examples of average article costs to be inferred from their financial statements. These range from $290 (Hindawi), through $1088 (PLOS), up to a significantly higher figure for eLife (page 66).

There is continued interest in expanding access by identifying and addressing these specific barriers to access or access gaps. While open access has received most attention, other ideas explored have included increased funding for national licences to extend and rationalise cover; walk-in access via public libraries (a national scheme was piloted in the UK in 2014); the development of licences for sectors such as central and local government, the voluntary sector, and businesses (page 84)

The most commonly cited barriers to access are cost barriers and pricing, but other barriers cited in surveys include: lack of awareness of available resources; a burdensome purchasing procedure; VAT on digital publications; format and IT problems; lack of library membership; and conflict between the author’s or publisher’s rights and the desired use of the content (page 84).

Text and data mining are starting to emerge from niche use in the life sciences industry, with the potential to transform the way scientists use the literature. It is expected to grow in importance, driven by greater availability of digital corpuses, increasing computer capabilities and easier-to-use software, and wider access to content

Reading patterns are changing, however, with researchers reading more, averaging 270 articles per year, depending on discipline (more in medicine and science, fewer in humanities and social sciences), but spending less time per article, with reported reading times down from 45-50 minutes in the mid-1990s to just over 30 minutes. Access and navigation to articles is increasingly driven by search rather than browsing; at present there is little evidence that social referrals are a major source of access (unlike consumer news sites, for example), though new scientific social networks may change this. Researchers spend very little time on average on publisher web sites, “bouncing” in and out and collecting what they need for later reference (page 52).

At the moment, Neylon explains, the scholarly publishing process involves ferrying a document from place to place. Researchers prepare manuscripts, share them with colleagues, fold in comments and submit them to journals. Journal editors send copies to peer reviewers, returning their comments to the author, who goes back and forth with the editor to finalize the text. After publication, readers weigh in with commentary of their own.

To jump-start interest in the annotation program, arXiv has been converting mentions of its articles in external blog posts (called trackbacks) into annotations that are visible on an article's abstract page when using Hypothes.is.

The scientific publisher eLife in Cambridge, UK, has been testing the feasibility of using Hypothes.is to replace its peer-review commenting system, says Ian Mulvany, who heads technology at the firm. The publisher plans to incorporate the annotation platform in a site redesign instead of its current commenting system, Disqus. At a minimum, says Mulvany, Hypothes.is provides a mechanism for more-targeted commentary — the equivalent of moving comments up from the bottom of a web page into the main body of the article itself.

The digital library JSTOR, for example, is developing a custom Hypothes.is tool for its educational project with the Poetry Foundation, a literary organization and publisher in Chicago, Illinois.

That should enable the tool to be used for journal clubs, classroom exercises and even peer review.

I made four fires, in the form of a cross

Thank God I found a burning tree,

After he made over them the sign of the cross, and commended them to God, they instantly said that all the pain had left,

near the shore, they began to move on hands and feet, crawling to land into some ravines

He answered that it was no longer a time in which one should com- mand another] but that each should do what he thought best to save his own life ; that he so intended to act; and saying this, he departed with his boat...

caused their interpreter to tell the Indians that we were of them, and for a long time we had been lost; that they were the lords of the land who must be obeyed and served, while we were persons of mean condition and small force. The Indians cared little or nothing for what was told them; and conversing among themselves said the Christians lied : that we had come whence the sun rises, and they whence it goes down : we healed the sick, they killed the sound ; that we had come naked and barefooted, while they had arrived in clothing and on horses with lances; that we were not covetous of anything, but all that was given to us, we directly turned to give, remaining with nothing; that the others had the only purpose to rob whomsoever they found, bestow- ing nothing on any one... Even to the last, I could not convince the Indians that we were of the Christians...

e had many high words with, them ; for they wished to make slaves of the Indians we brought...

astonished at the sight of me

e told the natives that we were going in search of that people, to order them not to kill nor make slaves of them, nor take them from their lands, nor do other injustice. Of this the Indians were very glad.