On 2020-10-24 19:58:34, user Per Sjögren-Gulve wrote:
Why not use multiple logistic regression and examine age plus additional predictive variables (continuous awa categorical) together + interaction terms? Studies can be numbered/ID:d and included as one predictive variable in a common dataset. In that way, differences in distribution of the other predictive variables between the studies can be considered or - if there are no such differences - rejected and datasets pooled.
A 2021 study notes that code switching requires a person to mentalize, or think about thinking. They then have to mentalize about other people, trying to anticipate how they will view them. This adds to the amount of thinking they need to do in daily life, or their “cognitive load.”Having a high cognitive load and consistently having to scan for potential threats can be exhausting and stressful. The authors also note that code switching may result in fewer opportunities for people to express themselves authentically.A 2023 study of restaurant workers also found that higher levels of code switching had associations with shame, depression, and intentions to leave the hospitality industry.However, shaming people when they do code switch can also be harmful. A 2019 study of diverse students in the United States notes that “acting white” is a common accusation among young people and often refers to how a person is speaking.The “acting white accusation” (AWA) is a form of cultural invalidation or a way of policing those who do not conform to the norms of a specific identity. A 2022 study of 401 adults notes that the AWA had associations with anxiety and depression. The effects were more severe when the accusation came from other members of a person’s racial or ethnic group.
all of these things seem to not only be negative effects of code switching but just effects of being a minority in this country in general.
RRID:AB_2077682
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.114840
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 10355-1-AP, RRID:AB_2077682)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2077682
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
Koh and colleagues investigate the broader sensory role of LITE-1, a gustatory receptor previously linked to UV light detection in C. elegans. Their study explores whether LITE-1 also mediates avoidance of specific chemical stimuli-namely, high concentrations of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. They show that LITE-1 is required in the ADL and ASK neurons for calcium responses to diacetyl, and that its expression in body-wall muscles is sufficient to trigger hypercontraction upon odorant exposure. Molecular docking suggests both odorants may directly bind to LITE-1 with micromolar affinity. These findings suggest LITE-1 may act as a multimodal receptor for both light and chemical stimuli.
Strengths:
(1) Methodological Precision: The study is technically strong, with well-executed calcium imaging and quantitative behavioral assays that clearly show neural and muscular responses to chemical stimuli.
(2) Novelty and Scope: The work presents a compelling case for LITE-1 functioning as a multimodal sensor, which is an intriguing expansion of its known role.
(3) Potential Impact: If validated, the findings could significantly advance the understanding of sensory integration in C. elegans, and the tools developed may be broadly useful to the research community.
(4) Relevance to the Field: The study adds to evidence that C. elegans uses non-canonical sensory pathways and may inspire further exploration of multimodal receptor functions in other systems.
Weaknesses:
(1) Lack of Rescue Experiments: The absence of rescue experiments makes it difficult to definitively link the observed phenotypes to loss of lite-1.
(2) Single Loss-of-Function Approach: The reliance on a single genetic mutant limits interpretability. Additional strategies such as RNAi (e.g., neuron-specific knockdown) would provide stronger evidence.
(3) Unclear Neuronal Contribution: While calcium responses in ADL and ASK are reduced, it's unclear which neuron(s) are necessary for behavioral avoidance. Cell-specific rescue or knockdown experiments are needed.
(4) Unvalidated Docking Data: The molecular docking predictions lack experimental validation. Site-directed mutagenesis would be needed to support claims of direct interaction.
(5) Limited Odorant Specificity Testing: Docking analysis does not include non-binding odorants, making it difficult to assess binding specificity.
(6) Incomplete Quantification: Some calcium imaging results (e.g., in AWA neurons of unc-13 mutants) lack statistical comparisons, which limits their interpretive value.
Briefing Document : Désenclaver pour un espace de vie apaisé - Quartiers urbains populaires #2 : En direct
Date : 14 juin 2024 (référence aux dates mentionnées dans les sources)
L'événement fait suite aux violences de 2023 et s'inscrit dans une démarche d'écoute active et d'immersion dans la réalité de ces quartiers. L'objectif principal est de "désenclaver les quartiers pour y faire advenir des espaces de vie apaisés".
Thèmes Majeurs et Idées Clés :
1. Revalorisation et Reconnaissance des Quartiers Populaires :
2. Le Désenclavement : Au-delà de l'Infrastructure, un Enjeu Humain et Social :
3. Le Rôle Central de la Culture et de l'Éducation :
4. Les Défis et la Nécessité d'une Action Collective et Durable :
Conclusion : Cette conférence met en lumière la richesse et la vitalité des quartiers populaires, tout en soulignant les défis structurels auxquels ils sont confrontés, notamment le manque de moyens et la stigmatisation.
Les solutions présentées reposent sur une approche participative, une valorisation des initiatives locales, un réinvestissement dans l'accès à la culture et à l'éducation, et une volonté de "désenclaver" au sens large : briser les barrières physiques et mentales, recréer du lien social et donner le pouvoir d'agir aux habitants pour qu'ils soient les acteurs de leur propre développement et du "vivre ensemble".
Le message final est clair : "il n'y a pas de fatalité" et l'action collective est la clé pour un avenir apaisé.
Beetje raar art. omdat aan het eind blijkt dat we ook in EU en NL dit soort initiatieven hebben, en het tot die tijd als een soort curiositeit beschrijft.
#openvraag hoe kregen de genoemde voorbeelden status v rechtspersoon eigenlijk (is het via een bestaande vorm, stichting bijv, of is het een nieuwe vorm, met aanpassing wetten?)
In 38 landen voorbeelden zegt artikel (Heeft Karl Schroeder er een lijst van wellicht?)
2017 Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui) rivier krijgt rechtspersoon status, N-Zealand 2022 Mar Menor lagune, Spanje, eerste EU voorbeeld 2023 Eijsden-Margraten motie
Vgl [[Stealing Worlds by Karl Schroeder]] en [[Email Stop Ecocide International Team Massive EU News 28-3-202411:05:08]] mbt ecocide
The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AWA) has accredited 233 zoos and aquariums. Including the 233, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has given licenses to about 2,400 “animal exhibitors.” Animal exhibitors use their licenses to operate roadside zoos and petting zoos, which are both notorious for animal abuse.
American zoo and aquarium associated giving licenses to animal exhibitors who use their licenses to operate roadside zoos....
Another significant contributor to the mistreatment of wild animals in captivity is the inadequate policies and implementation of policies regarding animal treatment. APHISAnimal Plant and Health Inspection Services; a federal body under the US Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo animals.2 They are also in charge of enforcing the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)3 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA).4 has been shown to be ineffective at ensuring that facilities are complying with the regulations outlined in the AWA and the MMPAMarine Mammal Protection Act; a federal law that limits the taking or importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved permits. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in charge of issuing these permits and enforcing the MMPA’s regulations.8, allowing animals to die from the negligence of their captive facilities.131 This inefficiency is likely due to the fact that APHIS is an extremely overwhelmed government body in charge of regulating a multitude of environmental issues.132 As of 2004, APHIS employed only 104 inspectors, but was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities. The organization simply does not have the resources needed to adequately monitor animal treatment.133 When animal mistreatment goes unnoticed by those who have the power to enforce regulations, this allows mistreatment to continue because the establishments responsible are not facing the necessary consequences. Other organizations that set guidelines for animal mistreatment, such as the WAZAWorld Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates guidelines for optimal wild animal care in zoos and aquariums. WAZA cannot enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and choose to follow its guidelines.5 and the AZA, lack the power to enforce these guidelines, and gaining membership into these organizations is voluntary, meaning no captive establishment is forced to abide by these guidelines.134, 135 Moreover, less than 10% of American zoos are accredited by the AZAAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations if they meet the credentials.6, meaning over 90% of zoos face very little oversight and do not have stringent guidelines to abide by.136
negligence
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
The authors investigated the response of worms to the odorant 1-octanol (1-oct) using a combination of microfluidics-based behavioral analysis and whole-network calcium imaging. They hypothesized that 1-oct may be encoded through two simultaneous, opposing afferent pathways: a repulsive pathway driven by ASH, and an attractive pathway driven by AWC. And the ultimate chemotactic outcome is likely determined by the balance between these two pathways.
It is not surprising that 1-octanol is encoded as attractive at low concentrations and repulsive at higher concentrations. However, the novel aspect of this study is the discovery of the combinatorial coding of 1-oct in the periphery, where it serves as both an attractant and a repellent. Furthermore, the study uses this dual encoding as a model to explore the neural basis of sensory-driven behaviors at a whole-network scale in this organism. The basic conclusions of this study are well supported by the behavioral and imaging experiments, though there are certain aspects of the manuscript that would benefit from further clarification.
A key issue is that several previous studies have demonstrated a combinatorial and concentration-dependent coding of odorant sensing in the nematode peripheral nervous system. Specifically, ASH and AWC are the primary receptors for repellent and attractive responses, respectively. However, other neurons such as AWB, AWA, and ADL are also involved in the coding process. These neurons likely communicate with different interneurons to contribute to 1-oct-induced outputs. The authors' conclusion that loss of tax-4 reduces attractive responses and that osm-9 mutants reduce repulsive responses is not entirely convincing. TAX-4 is required for both AWC (an attractive neuron) and AWB (a repulsive neuron), and osm-9 is essential for ASH, ADL, and AWA (attraction-associated). Therefore, the observed effects on the attractive and repulsive responses could be more complex. Additionally, the interpretation of results involving the use of IAA to reduce the contribution of AWC at lower concentrations lacks clarity. A more effective approach might involve using transgenically expressed miniSOG or histamine (HisCl1) to specifically inhibit AWC neurons.
The authors did not observe any increased correlation between motor command interneurons and sensory neurons, which is consistent with the absence of a consistent relationship between state transitions and 1-oct application. Furthermore, they did not observe significant entrainment of AIB activity with the 2.2 mM 1-oct application. This might be due to the animals being anesthetized with 1 mM tetramisole hydrochloride, which could affect neural activity and/or feedback from locomotion. It is unclear whether subtracting AVA activity from AIB activity provides a valid measure. Similarly, it is unclear how the behavioral data from freely moving worms compares to the whole-network calcium imaging results obtained from immobilized worms.
Voici un résumé de la transcription du webinaire organisé par l'Association Européenne de psychopathologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent (AEPEA): * Introduction Le webinaire, organisé par Marie Rose Morau, porte sur la question du transculturel. Il s'agit du premier webinaire organisé par l'AEPEA. L'objectif est de transmettre, de discuter et d'échanger des idées en psychopathologie avec des collègues de tous âges et de différents pays. D'autres webinaires sont prévus en 2025 sur divers modèles en psychopathologie, notamment les écrans, l'identité de genre et la périnatalité. * Présentation du Thème Le titre du webinaire invite à réfléchir sur le développement et le soin des bébés, des enfants et des adolescents, ainsi que sur l'accompagnement des familles. Le transculturel implique d'intégrer des dimensions du contexte, de la relation, de l'organisation, de la langue et des manières de penser pour comprendre la subjectivité des familles et des enfants. * Intervenants Experts Les experts qui interviennent partagent leurs expériences en intégrant une dimension transculturelle dans leur travail clinique, que ce soit à l'école, en clinique avec les bébés et les pères, ou avec les mineurs non accompagnés. L'idée est de réfléchir sur sa propre culture et celle des patients pour favoriser le développement et le soin de tous les enfants. * Bien s'occuper des femmes enceintes et des bébés Ramet radjac et Awa Camara discutent de l'importance d'améliorer l'accompagnement des femmes enceintes migrantes, en tenant compte des spécificités culturelles et des parcours migratoires. Ces femmes sont souvent confrontées à la violence, à l'isolement et à des difficultés d'accès aux soins. Elles sont également plus vulnérables sur le plan physique et psychique, avec un risque accru de césariennes, de prématurité et de troubles de l'humeur. Une équipe dédiée à la périnatalité avec une approche transculturelle propose des médiations, des groupes de parole et des dispositifs spécifiques pour accompagner ces familles. * Compétences Transculturelles Il est essentiel d'acquérir des compétences transculturelles pour prendre en compte la dimension culturelle dans les soins et éviter les incompréhensions mutuelles. Cela passe par l'adaptation du cadre, l'interrogation authentique, la créativité, le travail avec des interprètes, la prise en compte du clivage migratoire, l'instauration de la familiarité, la reconstitution des réseaux d'appartenance, la prise en compte de la dimension traumatique, et une posture qui met la famille en position d'expert. * Bien s'occuper des enfants de migrants à l'école Christine Pergo souligne que les approches transculturelles peuvent bénéficier à tous les enfants à l'école, en particulier pour l'accueil des enfants migrants et la formation des enseignants. Malgré les recommandations institutionnelles, les enfants de migrants sont souvent surreprésentés en échec scolaire et peu d'enseignants se sentent préparés à enseigner en milieu multiculturel. Il est crucial de valoriser les langues des enfants et des familles à l'école, de lutter contre l'insécurité linguistique et de favoriser le métissage linguistique. * L'exil et la famille Noémie cuissard de grê présente un dispositif d'aide aux familles migrantes à Genève, qui propose un accès facilité aux soins en santé mentale et une évaluation systématique. Une consultation transculturelle multidisciplinaire permet d'explorer les besoins actuels, les repères qui changent et les blessures du passé, en créant un climat de confiance et en travaillant en réseau avec différents partenaires. * Ne pas oublier les pères Elodie inameni insiste sur l'importance de ne pas oublier les pères dans l'accompagnement des familles migrantes. Devenir père dans un contexte migratoire peut être une expérience marquante, à la fois riche en émotion et traversée de nombreux défis. Il est essentiel de prendre en considération les aspects psychologiques et culturels des pères pour le bien-être des enfants et des familles migrantes. * Prise en charge des mineurs non accompagnés Fatima toami et c'estvane minaan mettent en évidence les spécificités de la prise en charge des mineurs non accompagnés, en soulignant les paradoxes, les vulnérabilités et les troubles spécifiques auxquels ils sont confrontés. Il est crucial de mettre en œuvre une clinique de l'hospitalité, de favoriser la remise en continuité identitaire et de travailler en collaboration avec les éducateurs et les médiateurs culturels.
En conclusion, ce webinaire souligne l'importance d'une approche transculturelle dans l'accompagnement des familles migrantes, en tenant compte de leur singularité, de leur vulnérabilité et de la nécessité de créer des espaces de rencontre et de dialogue.
the duty to have regard to the interests of creditors;24
Directors duties to have regard to the interests of creditors were considered by the Supreme Court in BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA and others [2022] UKSC 25. This was a case which concerned whether there had been a breach of duty where a large dividend had been paid by a company to its only shareholder at a time when the company was solvent but had some long-term contingent liabilities in respect of environmental clean-up operations in the United States, the extent of which were uncertain, but which gave rise to a real risk, although not a probability, that it might become insolvent at an uncertain but not imminent date in the future. As it turned out, the environmental liabilities were much greater than originally estimated and AWA entered into insolvent administration in 2018. The appellant, BTI 2014 LLC, sought, as assignee of AWA’s claims, to recover from AWA’s directors the amount of the dividends paid out on the basis that their decision for the distribution of the dividends was in breach of the duty to act in good faith in the interests of the company, as it applies in s 172(3).
The majority of the Justices of the Supreme Court in Sequana held that account should be taken of the interests of creditors where “the directors know, or ought to know, that the company is insolvent or bordering on insolvency or that an insolvent liquidation or administration is probable”, rejecting some broader approaches that had been based on risks of insolvency. They ruled that there was no standalone “creditor duty” per se, even if that term has commonly been used by those who have written about the case, but rather the duty is merely the extension or an adjustment of the ordinary fiduciary duty of directors to act in the interests of the company.
RRID:AB_2883836
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221122
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# HRP-66009, RRID:AB_2883836)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2883836
Morningside Heights
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_Heights
neighborhood that started as more of an academic place (columbia university but then more people came (affluent middle class americans) who were then replaced by poorer african american and puerto rican americans after the white americans left for the suburbs. Great depression made everything worse later.
AB_867475
DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-23-0275
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab45174, RRID:AB_867475)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_867475
Author Response
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
In this manuscript the authors perform a detailed analysis of the impact of food type on reproduction in C. elegans. They find that, in comparison with the standard OP50 strain of E. coli that is ubiquitously used to maintain C. elegans in the laboratory setting, the CS180 strain results in a reduction in the number of progeny that may be a consequence of an early transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis that reduces total sperm number. They also find that the rate of oocyte fertilization is increased in animals fed CS180 vs. OP50. Using mutants and laser ablations, the authors show that, whereas the insulin-like peptide INS-6 acts in the ASJ sensory neurons to mediate the food type effect on total progeny and early oogenesis, the increased fertilization rate phenotype does not require ASJ or insulin-like signaling and instead requires the AWA olfactory neurons.
The major strengths of the manuscript are the establishment of INS-6 as a link between food type and reproduction and the detail and rigor with which the experiments were executed. The results presented generally support the authors' model. This role of insulin-like signaling in connecting food type and reproduction makes it a plausible target for evolutionary forces that may have shaped insulin-like signaling in invertebrates. As such, this work contributes broadly to our understanding of how insulin signaling may have evolved prior to the emergence of vertebrates.
We thank the Reviewer for these nice comments.
A weakness of the work is the epistasis analysis of insulin-like pathway components, which is incomplete and at times difficult to interpret.
We conducted an epistasis analysis between ins-6 and daf-16 with regard to early oogenesis onset on the CS180 diet. Through recombination of lin-41::GFP with the daf-16 deletion mutation on chromosome I, we showed that daf-16 mutants exhibit early oogenesis at mid L4 on CS180 (Figure 5C and F), which is unlike the ins-6 deletion (null) mutants or the reduction-offunction mutations in daf-2. Both ins-6 and daf-2 mutants exhibit delayed oogenesis on CS180 (Figure 5B, D, and F). Interestingly, the delayed oogenesis phenotype of ins-6 null mutants was not rescued by loss of daf-16, suggesting that wild-type ins-6 promotes early oogenesis independent of daf-16 (Figure 5F). This is reminiscent of the Arur lab’s findings, where daf-2 promotes germline meiotic progression independent of daf-16 in response to food availability (Lopez et al., Dev Cell 2013, vol 27, pp 227-240).
Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
The manuscript by Mishra et al. examines the modulation of the nervous system by different bacterial food to influence reproductive phenotypes-specifically onset of oogenesis, fertilization rate, and progeny production. Defining how animal reproduction could be modulated by bacterial food cues through neuroendocrine signaling is a fascinating subject of study for which C. elegans is well-suited. However, the overall scope of the current study is limited, and some of the central data do not provide compelling evidence for the authors' underlying hypothesis and model.
1) Two strains of E. coli are examined, the standard C. elegans bacterial food strain OP50 and an E. coli strain that Alcedo and colleagues have previously characterized to influence aging and longevity through nervous system modulation. While the authors determine that differences in LPS structure present between the strains does not account for the food-dependent effects, there is little further insight regarding the bacterial features that contribute to the observed differences in reproductive physiology. Moreover, at least two of the phenotypes examined-total progeny and fertilization rate-are known to be affected by bacterial food quality and may be affected by bacteria in many ways, so the description of these phenotypes is somewhat less compelling than the study of the onset of oogenesis.
Our study focused on how specific sensory neurons mediate the effects of different bacterial diets on three different aspects of C. elegans reproductive physiology—total progeny, oogenesis onset and fertilization rates. We examined the effects of three different bacteria, E. coli OP50, CS180 and CS2429, on these three phenotypes and the effects of two Serratia marcescens strains, Db11 and Db1140, on oogenesis onset. Of these five bacteria, only CS180 and its derivative CS2429, promote early C. elegans oogenesis.
In the revised manuscript, we included the effects of a fourth E. coli strain, the K-12 HT115 on total progeny (Figure 2—supplement 1), oogenesis onset (Figure 2E) and fertilization rates (Figure 2F). We found that HT115 does not elicit the same response as CS180 on oogenesis onset and fertilization rates. Thus, the oogenic-inducing and fertilization-enhancing cue(s) appear to be specific to CS180 and its derivative CS2429. We started characterizing the potential nature of these CS180-derived cue(s). So far, we found that these cues are unlikely to be free, small metabolites, since they were lost upon filtration of the CS180-conditioned LB media through a nylon membrane that has a pore size of 0.45 µm (Figure 2G and H). While we agree with the Reviewer that the identification of these cues are important, we believe that it is beyond the scope of this manuscript.
More importantly, we showed that the sensory neuron ASJ does modulate the timing of oogenesis and that this involves the insulin-like peptide ins-6 (please see our responses to the Essential Revisions section and Figures 5 and 6). We also showed that ASJ (Figure 7G and K) or ins-6 (Figure 8D) does not affect the food type-dependent fertilization rates, which are modulated by a different sensory neuron, the olfactory neuron AWA (Figure 7J and K). AWA in turn has no effect on the timing of oogenesis (Figure 7L). Thus, this manuscript links specific sensory neurons and insulin-like peptides to distinct aspects of oocyte biology, which we believe is a significant advance in the field of reproductive biology.
2) The onset of oogenesis phenotype, using the lin-41::GFP reporter, seems more specific and tractable, and the authors nicely decouple this phenotype from the total progeny and fertilization rate phenotypes through experiments that shift animals to different bacterial food at specific developmental stages.
We thank the Reviewer for this comment.
However, as it stands, the data regarding the role of ins-6 and ASJ in modulating this phenotype, and the model that exposure to CS180 bacterial food causes a change in the ASJ expression of ins-6, which is sufficient to promote the earlier onset of oogenesis at the mid-L4 stage, seems somewhat incomplete and have some inconsistencies to be addressed.
a) The ins-6 mutant phenotype is rescued by genome ins-6 and partially rescued by ins-6 expressed under and ASJ-specific promoter. The lack of rescue from an ASI promoter is puzzling given the secreted nature of ins-6.
We address this in Essential Revisions, point 3. Briefly, we disagree that this is puzzling, since several labs have already shown that there are functional differences between the INS-6 produced from ASI versus the INS-6 produced from ASJ, using different experimental approaches (Chen et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2023; and this work). Indeed, the cell-specific activities of a secreted signal is not limited to INS-6, but has also been described for other secreted peptides, such as INS-1 (Kodama et al., 2006; Tomioka et al., 2006; Takeishi et al., eLife 2020, vol 9, e61167. Thus, the interesting question is why functional differences exist between the INS-6 peptides from the two neurons. This is a fascinating question, but beyond the scope of this manuscript.
b) The ins-6 mutant phenotype with regard to delaying the early expression of lin-41::GFP on CS180 appears weaker than the daf-2 mutant phenotype. This is difficult to reconcile with what is known about the relative strength of the daf-2 mutant alleles relative to ins-6 for a wide range of phenotypes.
There are evidence in the literature that the ins-6 mutant phenotype will not look exactly like that of daf-2 (Chen et al., 2013; Cornils et al., Development 2011, vol 138, pp1183-93; Fernandes de Abreu et al., PLoS Genet 2014, vol 10, e1004225). The DAF-2 insulin-like receptor is predicted to bind multiple insulin-like peptides (Pierce et al., Genes Dev 2001, vol 15, pp 672-686), some of which can act antagonistic to DAF-2 function (Pierce et al., 2001; Cornils et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2013; Fernandes de Abreu et al., 2014). Thus, the oogenic effects of the reduction-offunction mutations in daf-2 are likely the sum of multiple insulin-like peptides, some of which might also delay oogenesis. This could explain why the manipulation of an individual insulin-like peptide, INS-6, which could bind DAF-2 to promote oogenesis, does not closely resemble the phenotype of daf-2 mutants.
c) The daf-16 loss-of-function phenotype and suppression of daf-2 and ins-6 mutant phenotypes are not shown for the lin-41::GFP expression phenotype.
We address this in the Public Review comments of Reviewer 1. Briefly, we focused on the epistasis analysis between ins-6 and daf-16 and showed that ins-6 promotes early oogenesis independent of daf-16.
d) The modest difference in ins-6p::mCherry expression in the ASJ neurons (Figure 5D) make the idea that this difference causes onset of oogenesis somewhat implausible.
We disagree that this change is modest and that the oogenic effect of such a change is implausible.
First, the change in ins-6p::mCherry expression in ASJ on CS180 is comparable to other physiologically-important expression changes that have been reported for other genes (for example, Entchev et al., eLife 2015, vol 4, 4:e06259, for the tryptophan hydroxylase tph-1 and the TGF-β daf-7; and Tataridas-Pallas et al, PLoS Genet 2021, vol 17, e1009358, for the neuronally expressed NRF transcription factor skn-1b). Second, it is worth noting that we were using a single-copy reporter for ins-6 expression, where detected changes will be smaller but should be closer to physiological responses. It is possible that multiple-copy reporters will give larger changes, but that would be further from a physiological response. Third, the change in ins-6p::mCherry expression is comparable in scale to the ins-6 mutant phenotype. Our results showed that the 35% increase in ASJ expression of ins-6 is due to food type (Figure 6A; mean fluorescence on OP50 = 1526 + 94; mean fluorescence on CS180 = 2056 + 104). This change in magnitude is similar to the loss of lin-41::GFP expression in mid L4 of ins-6 mutants versus controls. About 30% to 43% of control worms express lin-41::GFP, whereas 0% of ins-6 mutants express the same reporter at mid L4 on CS180 (Figure 5 and its associated supplement).
e) The strain carrying an genetic ablation of ASJ appears to have a markedly different baseline of kinetics of lin-41::GFP expression (even at lethargus, less than half of the animals appear to express lin-41::GFP). Given this phenotype, it seems difficult to draw conclusions about bacterial food-dependent effects on expression of lin-41::GFP. Additional characterization corroborating timing of oogenesis independent of the lin-41::GFP marker may be helpful, but something seems amiss.
We address this in Essential Revisions, point 4. Briefly, we disagree that the kinetics of lin-41::GFP expression in ASJ-ablated animals is puzzling, compared to the kinetics observed in insulin signaling mutants. Besides ins-6, ASJ expresses multiple signals (Taylor et al., 2021), some of which might also regulate the multiple functions of oogenic lin-41::GFP. Thus, it should not be surprising that loss of ASJ will have a markedly different effect on oogenesis than the loss of ins-6.
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
I very much enjoyed reading this paper by Shashwat Mishra and team from Joy Alcedo's and from Queelim Ch'ng's laboratories dissecting how sensory signals regulate reproduction in worms. The mechanisms by which sensory inputs affect the function of the germline, the balance between growth and differentiation within this tissue, are of broad interest not only to those interested in reproduction and differentiation, but also to those interested in the mechanisms of plasticity that enable organisms to adjust to changing environmental conditions. These mechanisms are only now beginning to be characterized. Here the focus is on the role of insulin signals expressed in sensory neurons. This work builds on previous findings by the Alcedo lab that sensory perception of bacterial-type dependent signals regulates C. elegans lifespan. Here their focus is on the effects on reproduction, and on the communication of that information by insulin-like signals.
We thank the Reviewer for these nice comments.
Worms have a huge family of 40 insulin-like genes, which the Alcedo and Ch'ng labs have been studying for many years. The paper starts with the interesting premise that the brood size of the worms is food type dependent. The authors show that this is due to effects on the timing of the onset of oogenesis during larval development (which constrains the size of the pool of sperm available for subsequent oocyte fertilization) as well as on effects on the rate of oocyte fertilization during adulthood. Using clever timing for food switching, they show that the effects on oogenesis onset and on fertilization rate are separable. In addition, these effects did not appear to be merely the outcome of indirect effects of food ingestion, but were, instead, at least in part, due to the perception of environmental information by specific sensory neurons. Using mutants affecting transduction of sensory information in specific neurons and genetic ablation of specific neurons, the authors show that the onset of oogenesis and the rate of reproduction were controlled by different sensory neurons, ASJ and AWA, respectively. One of these neurons, ASJ, transmitted environmental information via the ins-6 neuropeptide.
Altogether, the paper advances our understanding of how environmental determinants influence reproduction.
We thank the Reviewer for these nice comments.
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
In this manuscript the authors perform a detailed analysis of the impact of food type on reproduction in C. elegans. They find that, in comparison with the standard OP50 strain of E. coli that is ubiquitously used to maintain C. elegans in the laboratory setting, the CS180 strain results in a reduction in the number of progeny that may be a consequence of an early transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis that reduces total sperm number. They also find that the rate of oocyte fertilization is increased in animals fed CS180 vs. OP50. Using mutants and laser ablations, the authors show that, whereas the insulin-like peptide INS-6 acts in the ASJ sensory neurons to mediate the food type effect on total progeny and early oogenesis, the increased fertilization rate phenotype does not require ASJ or insulin-like signaling and instead requires the AWA olfactory neurons.
The major strengths of the manuscript are the establishment of INS-6 as a link between food type and reproduction and the detail and rigor with which the experiments were executed. The results presented generally support the authors' model. This role of insulin-like signaling in connecting food type and reproduction makes it a plausible target for evolutionary forces that may have shaped insulin-like signaling in invertebrates. As such, this work contributes broadly to our understanding of how insulin signaling may have evolved prior to the emergence of vertebrates.
A weakness of the work is the epistasis analysis of insulin-like pathway components, which is incomplete and at times difficult to interpret.
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
I very much enjoyed reading this paper by Shashwat Mishra and team from Joy Alcedo's and from Queelim Ch'ng's laboratories dissecting how sensory signals regulate reproduction in worms. The mechanisms by which sensory inputs affect the function of the germline, the balance between growth and differentiation within this tissue, are of broad interest not only to those interested in reproduction and differentiation, but also to those interested in the mechanisms of plasticity that enable organisms to adjust to changing environmental conditions. These mechanisms are only now beginning to be characterized. Here the focus is on the role of insulin signals expressed in sensory neurons. This work builds on previous findings by the Alcedo lab that sensory perception of bacterial-type dependent signals regulates C. elegans lifespan. Here their focus is on the effects on reproduction, and on the communication of that information by insulin-like signals.
Worms have a huge family of 40 insulin-like genes, which the Alcedo and Ch'ng labs have been studying for many years. The paper starts with the interesting premise that the brood size of the worms is food type dependent. The authors show that this is due to effects on the timing of the onset of oogenesis during larval development (which constrains the size of the pool of sperm available for subsequent oocyte fertilization) as well as on effects on the rate of oocyte fertilization during adulthood. Using clever timing for food switching, they show that the effects on oogenesis onset and on fertilization rate are separable. In addition, these effects did not appear to be merely the outcome of indirect effects of food ingestion, but were, instead, at least in part, due to the perception of environmental information by specific sensory neurons. Using mutants affecting transduction of sensory information in specific neurons and genetic ablation of specific neurons, the authors show that the onset of oogenesis and the rate of reproduction were controlled by different sensory neurons, ASJ and AWA, respectively. One of these neurons, ASJ, transmitted environmental information via the ins-6 neuropeptide.
Altogether, the paper advances our understanding of how environmental determinants influence reproduction.
BDSC_41347
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113207
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When lovely woman stoops to folly and
Eliot has a propensity to snatch a line from another source and weave it with his poetry in some form. This line is no different, clearly borrowed from the Goldsmith reading "Vicar of Wakefield" containing a larger song. This song acted as an interlude which illustrated the dire progression of events following Squire Thornhill's abandonment of Olivia, who spiraled into a wretched state afterward. It reads:
When lovely woman stoops to folly, / And finds, too late, that men betray, / What charm can soothe her melancholy? / What art can wash her guilt away?
As we've seen before, the burden of sin is placed upon the woman: even though men are the ones who "betray," it is the woman who had been "folly" in the first place. Despite this, Awa, in her past annotation, brings up a vital point: the element of humanization in Eliot's work compared to Goldsmith:
...Eliot rehumanizes his female victims in many of our stories. Initially they are abused, killed, trapped, or cursed. But in this stanza Elliot allows a woman who experienced trauma to heal without dying and heal alone.
As Awa explains, there is clearly a difference in the aftermath—the "recovery"—of these women after their trauma. Whereas Goldsmith puts into question the ability for women to heal after being betrayed, Eliot's descriptions allude to a swift recomposition: someone who "smoothes [their] hair" and "puts a record on the gramophone"—an apparent lack of affliction. A similar description, meanwhile, takes place in "The Jig of Forslin":
Women by mirrors combing out their hair / Women sleeping, old men dying.
The aspect of "mirrors" is interesting, as it is referred to at the top of Eliot's stanza when the woman "looks a moment in the glass." Also, in "The Jig of Forslin":
Maenad maidens in bacchanalian dance / Follow as in a trance / With heads thrown back, shut eyes, and yearning throats / The menacing mournful notes."
Finally, song is brought up in Whitman's poem, as an invitation to Death: "I bring thee a song that when thou must indeed come, come unfalteringly."
In all three of these texts, song seems to symbolize ignorance as bliss. For Eliot, this is being "Hardly aware of her departed lover"; for Conrad Aiken, the "trance" of the "menacing, mournful notes"; for Whitman, this is more radical—the "sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death" mentioned previously. Could all of these represent the same thing—most evidently, death? According to Goldsmith, it would make sense: the only thing that could "soothe her melancholy" is "to die." Goldsmith also attests that melancholy itself is soothing: "that melancholy, which is... inspired by sounds of harmony, soothes the heart instead of corroding it."
Essentially, music induces a state of melancholy, which soothes the heart. This is precisely what Awa was referring to: the "humanness" of healing alone. What may be more interesting, however, is whether this process of healing can come from death itself—that there is healing even as the body physically decomposes. Or perhaps death is metaphorical in this case: it is a detachment from one's emotions—a death of the soul—as opposed to a physical death, and these texts would certainly seem to confirm it through music.
April is the cruellest month
I was interested in Awa’s interpretation of Eliot’s reference to the “Burial of the Dead”. In Basevi’s anthropological article, he expounds his argument that burial proceedings and funeral rites originated out of a desire to preserve the memory of those who had passed away. Hence, “‘graves were not receptacles for the dead, but refuges for the living.’” The graves offered solace to those who are forced to endure the burden of life amidst their grief. Meanwhile, the ground stores deteriorating corpses and, by extension, the memories of human lives associated with them. As Awa notes, Eliot suggests that reviving the memory of those buried underneath the ground is a kind of “cruelty”. Alternatively, perhaps revival is what threatens the pristine and affectionate memories protected by a layer of soil. This explains his contempt for April, a month defined by regeneration and rebirth. “Forgetful snow” could indeed suggest that Eliot wishes for such memories to be buried and forgotten; April is a “cruel” month because it threatens to uproot this sacred indifference—it offers no pretence, but makes bare the sterility of the land.
In Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, the arrival of spring earns welcome and celebration. Spring assures the return to warmth and fertility. Chaucer’s reference to “Aries” suggests the importance of cosmological cycles. The renewal of nature is also linked to the activities of the pilgrims he describes, who are also seeking a personal rebirth or salvation in their pilgrimage to the tomb of the martyr Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. In The Waste Land, however, the reference to the adulterous Marie, who goes sleighing in the wintertime, suggests that spiritual renewal is a romantic aspiration undermined by the sexual immorality of the present age. Only the winter allows her to indulge in a vision of freedom; April reveals that a “fresh start” is not possible.
THE ELEMENTS OF A MELODYThe elements ofa melody are comprised of the following groups: source materials, a meansof creation and development, phrase organization, tessitura, contour and expressive devices.In addition, a goal and point of climax should be devised for each section or phrase of amelody.A, SOURCE MATERIALSMelodies may be based on any of the following sources:1. Single notes2. Tritonic scale fragments3. Tetratonic scale fragments (tetrachords - see Vol. 1)4. Pentatonic scales(a) diatonic(b) altered(c) add note (sextatonic)(d) blues scalesDiatonic and altered diatonic modes (septatonic)Symmetric scalesHarmonic references(a) arpeggiations/guidetones(b) common tones/pivot points_(c) leading tones/neighbor tones8. Quotes9. Non-western scales (octatonic and more)AWA melodic source is the pitch organization of a motif, phrase, section, or any area of a melodythat shows musical unity. A group of asymmetrically organized pitches numbering four ormore in a scalar format can imply a modality and its perceived emotional qualicy (see Vol. 1,Chapter IV).If an example is not scalar - having consecutive skips - in most cases it will have notes incommon with a particular modality. Ir is possible char if the phrase is long enough, morethan one scalar source can be detected. In addition, the modal qualicy of the motif or phrasecan be enhanced or obscured by its relationship to the harmonic foundation of that partic-ular area.EXAMPLES OF MELODIC SOURCE MATERIALSThe following, like most of the examples found in the remainder of the book, are excerpts,ofa length sufficient to illustrate the defined concept. To put the example in context, it issuggested the student refer to the recommended listenings and readings found at the end ofche chapter as a source of scores and recordings for further study1. SINGLE NOTEThe starting point of the categories of melodic source materials, having no pitch compari-son it is a melodic device in which the rhythmic development of the motif or phrase createsmusical cohesion. Very effective in jazz melodies, it is a device chat Horace Silver and JoeHenderson use extensively.Example 1.1a: “Caribbean Fire Dance” (B section) by Joe HendersonG- F E Eb Db Eb
RRID:AB_1107006
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106817
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 45-0452-82, RRID:AB_1107006)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1107006
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verse test
Several scholars note the efficacy of New Zealand’s approach to environmental personhood. Dana Zartner, international law scholar, recently wrote that, “while still new and relatively untested, Te Awa Tupua, is probably the most successful rights of nature law in existence.”183 Other commentators have observed that, by reason of its precision, New Zealand’s mode of statutory recognition may avoid a main criticism typically directed at environmental personhood regimes, namely, ambiguity in application (as considered above).184 The benefits of the inclusion of a number of stakeholders in the organizational structure of New Zealand’s statutory rights of nature has also been emphasized.185 Finally, Gordon notes that the strength of the New Zealand statutes is derived from the dual “legal and cultural heft” the statutes embody.186 The Te Urewera Act and the Te Awa Tupua Act contain several elements that can be characterized as best practice.187 Namely, those statutes prioritize First Nations interests by the creation of representative entities with Māori membership.188 Therefore, critically, those entities include independent non-government representatives.189 In addition, the statutes provide a detailed organizational structure for the management of the representative entities.190 The representative entities are embedded within the governance of the ecosystems, meaning that the rights of the relevant ecosystem can be protected through policy-making processes rather than merely by litigation.191 Finally, the statutes operationalize funding arrangements for the management of the ecosystems.192
Under the Te Awa Tupua Act, the vesting of the Crown-owned parts of the bed of the Whanganui River in Te Awa Tupua does not transfer a proprietary interest in water to its representative entity or to the Whanganui iwi.108 Moreover, Te Pou Tupua’s consent is not required to use water from the River.109 On that basis, critics claim that the statute does not sufficiently enhance the Whanganui iwi’s ability to manage the River.110 331
the ‘awa was
ʻAwa is a drink that is part of a communal gathering but it is also a bitter drink. This mana was present throughout the physical and familial connections.
Author Response
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
McLachlan and colleagues find surprisingly widespread transcriptional changes occurring in C. elegans neurons when worms are prevented from smelling food for 3 hours. Focusing most of the paper on the transcription of a single olfactory receptor, the authors demonstrate many molecular pathways across a variety of neurons that can cause many-fold changes in this receptor. There is some evidence that the levels of this single receptor can adjust behavior. I believe that the wealth of mostly very convincing data in this paper will be of interest to researchers who think about sensory habituation, but I think the authors' framing of the paper in terms of hunger is misleading.
There is a lot to like about this paper, but I just cannot get over how off the framing is. Unless I am severely misunderstanding, the paper is about sensory habituation, but the word habituation is not used in the paper. Instead, we hear very often about hunger (6x), state (92x), and sensorimotor things (23x). This makes little sense to me. The worms are "fasted" (111x) for 3 hours, but most of the expression changes are reversed if the worms can smell, but not eat, the food. And I've heard about the fasted state, noting that worms don't eat more food after this type of "fasting". So what is with all of this hunger/state discussion?
We think that the most straightforward interpretation of our data is that both sensory experience and internal nutritional state modulate str-44 expression. However, we agree that in the previous manuscript draft there was a disproportionate emphasis on state (as compared to sensory experience). The revised manuscript corrects this. However, several results in the manuscript do suggest that state is important, so we have not removed this from the manuscript. The lines of evidence that suggest this are:
(1) Animals exposed to inedible aztreonam-treated food show an increase in str-44 expression compared to animals exposed to untreated, ingestable food. Thus, food ingestion acts to suppress str-44 expression (Figure 1E).
(2) Animals exposed to food odor in the absence of food show an intermediate level of str-44 expression between “on bacteria” and “off bacteria” controls (Figure 1E). This incomplete suppression suggests that food odors alone can not explain the suppression of str-44 expression in well-fed animals.
(3) Animals that lack intestinal rict-1, a component of the TOR2 nutrient-sensing complex, show an increase in str-44 expression, which suggests that nutrient sensing in the intestine impacts str-44 expression (Figure 5).
(4) When animals are off food, osmotic stress inhibits the upregulation of str-44 (Figure 1G), reduces the enhanced behavioral sensitivity to butyl acetate (Figure 2G), and reduces the enhanced AWA activity in response to food (Figure 3). This physiological stressor provides a competing state that also impacts str44 expression.
We apologize for not adequately describing how three hours of fasting impacts C. elegans behavior in the initial submission. This is obviously a key piece of information and we have corrected this in the revised manuscript. [lines 68-70; 123-126] Regarding pharyngeal pumping rates, C. elegans typically exhibits pharyngeal pumping at a near-maximal rate on the OP50 laboratory diet even when well-fed.
Consequently, even much longer starvation times will fail to induce more feeding under these conditions. However, many other feeding-related behaviors do change with three hours of fasting, such as velocity on and off food, turning rates, roaming/dwelling behavior on OP50 food, and sensitivity to odorants. Thus, three hours of fasting is sufficient to impact several food search behaviors.
To more directly address whether sensory habituation in AWA alters str-44 expression, we performed an additional experiment. We exposed wild-type animals to the str-44 odorants butyl acetate or propyl acetate and measured str-44 expression. If habituation explains this effect (e.g. repeated exposure of an odorant reduces transcription/translation of the receptor), we would expect that exposure to these odorants would reduce str-44 expression in “off bacteria” animals. However, we observed no differences between odor-exposed animals and controls. [Figure 4-figure supplement 2B; lines 414-421]
And the discussion of internal states is often naïve. In the second paragraph of the introduction, we are told that "Recent work has identified specific cell populations that can induce internal states", beginning with AgRP neurons, which have been known to control the hunger state in mammals for nearly 40 years |||(Clark J. T., Kalra P. S., Crowley W. R., Kalra S. P. (1984). Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology 115 427-429. Hahn T. M., Breininger J. F., Baskin D. G., Schwartz M. W. (1998). Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1 271-272). Instead, the authors cite three papers from 2015, whose major contribution was to show that AgRP activity surprisingly decreases when animals encounter food. These papers absolutely did not identify AgRP neurons as inducing internal states or driving behavioral changes typical of hunger (Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D., and Sternson, S. M. (2011). AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 351-355. doi: 10.1038/nn.2739; Krashes, M. J., Koda, S., Ye, C., Rogan, S. C., Adams, A. C., Cusher, D. S., et al. (2011). Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1424-1428. Doi: 10.1172/jci46229). Nor did Will Allen's work in Karl Deisseroth's lab discover neurons that drive thirst behaviors.
We agree that this introductory paragraph did not do justice to the literature and improperly cited only relatively recent work. We have addressed this oversight. [lines 48-53]
Later in the same paragraph, we hear that: "However, animals can exhibit more than one state at a time, like hunger, stress, or aggression. Therefore, the sensorimotor pathways that implement specific motivated behaviors, such as approach or avoidance of a sensory cue, must integrate information about multiple states to adaptively control behavior." This is undoubtedly true, but it's not clear what it has to do with any of the data in this paper - I don't even think this is really about hunger, much less the interaction between hunger and other drives.
To summarize: I think the authors could give the writing of the paper a serious rethink. I want to stay far away from telling people how to write their papers, so if the authors insist on framing this obviously sensory paper as being about hunger and sensorimotor circuitry I think they should at least explain to their readers why they are doing that in light of the evidence against it (and I think they should state clearly that worms don't actually eat more in this fasted state).
Please see the comments above that address these concerns.
I was also surprised by how unsurprised the authors seemed by the incredibly widespread changes they observed after 3 hours away from food. Over 1400 genes change at least 4-fold? That seems like a lot to me. But the authors, maybe for narrative reasons, only comment on how many of them are GPCRs (16.5%, which isn't that much of an overrepresentation compared to 8.5% in the whole genome). For me, these widespread and strong changes are much of the takeaway from this paper. But it does make you wonder how important the activity of one particular GPCR (selected more or less randomly) could be to the changes the worm undergoes when it can't smell food.
We agree with the reviewer that given the widespread gene expression changes in fasted animals, the changes in AWA are only a small part of the picture. We have added a discussion of this to the revised manuscript. In addition, we provide some discussion of how our gene expression profiling results relate to others in the field. For example, animals that lack the fasting-responsive transcription factor DAF-16 have been shown to have >3,000 genes differentially expressed relative to controls (Kaletsky, Lakhina et al., 2016). Given the large number of genes changing in those data and in our data, it is possible that transcriptional changes are extremely widespread during fasting. [lines 588-593]
str-44 is very convincingly upregulated when worms can't smell food, but it's clear from the data that this upregulation has very little to do with the actual lack of eating, and more with the lack of being able to sense bacteria for 3 hours. In Figure 1E, when worms are fasted, but in the presence of bacteria, receptor levels are largely unchanged (there are 5 outliers, out of ~50 samples). Since receptor expression doesn't change in this case even though the worms are in the fasted state, it cannot be "state-dependent" - unless the state is not having smelled food for the last 3 hours. And, in my opinion, that would divorce the word "state" from its ordinary meaning.
We have more closely examined that dataset, but we don’t feel that it would be accurate to say that the aztreonam (inedible) condition matches the fed. The highest points in the aztreonam-treated condition are most visible on the plot, but the effect is driven by the bulk of the data. Even if we remove the top 5 datapoints from the aztreonam condition, the effect is still statistically significant. Moreover, we performed this experiment over multiple days and the effect was present on each day. However, the reviewer’s point is well taken that sensory experience is equally (if not more) important for str-44 regulation and the text of the initial manuscript did not properly reflect this. As described above, we have modified the revised manuscript so that it is more balanced.
The authors argue that str-44 expression modulates food-seeking behavior in fasted worms by causing them to preferentially seek out butyl and propyl acetate. However, the behavioral data to back this up has me a little worried. For example, take Figures 2F and 2G. They are the exact same experiment: comparing how many worms choose 1:10,000 butyl acetate compared to ethanol when the worms are either fasted or fed. In the first experiment (2F), ~70% chose butyl acetate for fasted worms and ~60% for fed worms. But in the replicate, ~60% choose butyl acetate for fasted worms and ~50% for fed worms. A 10% variability in baseline behavior is fine (but not what I would call a huge state change), but when the difference between conditions is the same size as baseline variability I start to disbelieve. Can the authors explain this variability? Or am I misunderstanding?
We and others often observe large variance in C. elegans chemotaxis behavior over time because of small changes in environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and pressure, so it is standard to always run wild-type controls together with all experimental groups and compare within day. The experiment in Figure 2F was conducted before the others in Figure 2G and Figure 4F. However, we remain highly confident in this result – we observed a difference in fed vs starved every time that we ran this experiment, which (in sum total for wild-type) was on 6 different days, with at least 3 plates per day (40-200 worms per plate).
And I'll say it just one last time, I think the authors are overselling their results...or at least the str-44 and AWA results (they are dramatically underselling the results that show the widespread changes in the expression level of 10% of the genome in response to not smelling food for 3 hours):
"Our results reveal how diverse external and internal cues... converge at a single node in the C. elegans nervous system to allow for an adaptive sensorimotor response that reflects a complete integration of the animal's states."
This implies that str-44 expression AWA is the determinant of whether a worm will act fasted or fed. I have already expressed why I don't believe this is the case (inedible bacteria experiment, Figure 1E), but just because things like osmotic stress suppress the upregulation of str-44, that doesn't mean that it is the site of convergence. It could be any of the other 1400 genes that changed 4+ fold with bacterial deprivation. And even in terms of the actual AWA neuron, it was chosen because it showed modest upregulation of chemoreceptors (1.8 fold compared to ~1.5 fold in ASE and ASG), even though chemoreceptors were highly upregulated in other neurons as well.
We agree that AWA chemoreceptors alone are unlikely to explain all of the behavioral changes observed in an animal that has been removed from food, and we certainly did not intend to imply that str-44 expression in AWA is the central determinant of whether the animal acts as though it is fasted or fed. Rather, we have shown that str-44 expression can explain some of these behavioral changes. We have added language throughout the manuscript to indicate that we expect other fasting-regulated genes to be of importance. See also: response to Essential Revision #1.
Overall, and despite my critiques (and possibly tone), I really like this paper and think there really is a lot of interesting data in there.
Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
McLachlan and colleagues find surprisingly widespread transcriptional changes occurring in C. elegans neurons when worms are prevented from smelling food for 3 hours. Focusing most of the paper on the transcription of a single olfactory receptor, the authors demonstrate many molecular pathways across a variety of neurons that can cause many-fold changes in this receptor. There is some evidence that the levels of this single receptor can adjust behavior. I believe that the wealth of mostly very convincing data in this paper will be of interest to researchers who think about sensory habituation, but I think the authors' framing of the paper in terms of hunger is misleading.
There is a lot to like about this paper, but I just cannot get over how off the framing is. Unless I am severely misunderstanding, the paper is about sensory habituation, but the word habituation is not used in the paper. Instead, we hear very often about hunger (6x), state (92x), and sensorimotor things (23x). This makes little sense to me. The worms are "fasted" (111x) for 3 hours, but most of the expression changes are reversed if the worms can smell, but not eat, the food. And I've heard about the fasted state, noting that worms don't eat more food after this type of "fasting". So what is with all of this hunger/state discussion?
And the discussion of internal states is often naïve. In the second paragraph of the introduction, we are told that "Recent work has identified specific cell populations that can induce internal states", beginning with AgRP neurons, which have been known to control the hunger state in mammals for nearly 40 years |||(Clark J. T., Kalra P. S., Crowley W. R., Kalra S. P. (1984). Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology 115 427-429. Hahn T. M., Breininger J. F., Baskin D. G., Schwartz M. W. (1998). Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1 271-272). Instead, the authors cite three papers from 2015, whose major contribution was to show that AgRP activity surprisingly decreases when animals encounter food. These papers absolutely did not identify AgRP neurons as inducing internal states or driving behavioral changes typical of hunger (Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D., and Sternson, S. M. (2011). AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 351-355. doi: 10.1038/nn.2739; Krashes, M. J., Koda, S., Ye, C., Rogan, S. C., Adams, A. C., Cusher, D. S., et al. (2011). Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1424-1428. Doi: 10.1172/jci46229). Nor did Will Allen's work in Karl Deisseroth's lab discover neurons that drive thirst behaviors. Later in the same paragraph, we hear that: "However, animals can exhibit more than one state at a time, like hunger, stress, or aggression. Therefore, the sensorimotor pathways that implement specific motivated behaviors, such as approach or avoidance of a sensory cue, must integrate information about multiple states to adaptively control behavior." This is undoubtedly true, but it's not clear what it has to do with any of the data in this paper - I don't even think this is really about hunger, much less the interaction between hunger and other drives.
To summarize: I think the authors could give the writing of the paper a serious rethink. I want to stay far away from telling people how to write their papers, so if the authors insist on framing this obviously sensory paper as being about hunger and sensorimotor circuitry I think they should at least explain to their readers why they are doing that in light of the evidence against it (and I think they should state clearly that worms don't actually eat more in this fasted state).
I was also surprised by how unsurprised the authors seemed by the incredibly widespread changes they observed after 3 hours away from food. Over 1400 genes change at least 4-fold? That seems like a lot to me. But the authors, maybe for narrative reasons, only comment on how many of them are GPCRs (16.5%, which isn't that much of an overrepresentation compared to 8.5% in the whole genome). For me, these widespread and strong changes are much of the takeaway from this paper. But it does make you wonder how important the activity of one particular GPCR (selected more or less randomly) could be to the changes the worm undergoes when it can't smell food.
str-44 is very convincingly upregulated when worms can't smell food, but it's clear from the data that this upregulation has very little to do with the actual lack of eating, and more with the lack of being able to sense bacteria for 3 hours. In Figure 1E, when worms are fasted, but in the presence of bacteria, receptor levels are largely unchanged (there are 5 outliers, out of ~50 samples). Since receptor expression doesn't change in this case even though the worms are in the fasted state, it cannot be "state-dependent" - unless the state is not having smelled food for the last 3 hours. And, in my opinion, that would divorce the word "state" from its ordinary meaning.
The authors argue that str-44 expression modulates food-seeking behavior in fasted worms by causing them to preferentially seek out butyl and propyl acetate. However, the behavioral data to back this up has me a little worried. For example, take Figures 2F and 2G. They are the exact same experiment: comparing how many worms choose 1:10,000 butyl acetate compared to ethanol when the worms are either fasted or fed. In the first experiment (2F), ~70% chose butyl acetate for fasted worms and ~60% for fed worms. But in the replicate, ~60% choose butyl acetate for fasted worms and ~50% for fed worms. A 10% variability in baseline behavior is fine (but not what I would call a huge state change), but when the difference between conditions is the same size as baseline variability I start to disbelieve. Can the authors explain this variability? Or am I misunderstanding?
And I'll say it just one last time, I think the authors are overselling their results...or at least the str-44 and AWA results (they are dramatically underselling the results that show the widespread changes in the expression level of 10% of the genome in response to not smelling food for 3 hours):
"Our results reveal how diverse external and internal cues... converge at a single node in the C. elegans nervous system to allow for an adaptive sensorimotor response that reflects a complete integration of the animal's states."
This implies that str-44 expression AWA is the determinant of whether a worm will act fasted or fed. I have already expressed why I don't believe this is the case (inedible bacteria experiment, Figure 1E), but just because things like osmotic stress suppress the upregulation of str-44, that doesn't mean that it is the site of convergence. It could be any of the other 1400 genes that changed 4+ fold with bacterial deprivation. And even in terms of the actual AWA neuron, it was chosen because it showed modest upregulation of chemoreceptors (1.8 fold compared to ~1.5 fold in ASE and ASG), even though chemoreceptors were highly upregulated in other neurons as well.
Overall, and despite my critiques (and possibly tone), I really like this paper and think there really is a lot of interesting data in there.
Reviewer #3 (Public Review):
McLachlan and colleagues investigated the molecular mechanisms that lead to an adaptive response of a single pair of chemosensory neurons. Taking advantage of the single cell resolution of the C. elegans nervous system as well as genetic and behavioural tools, they observe that after fasting, animals show an altered profile in the expression of chemosensory GPCRs. They focused on two GPCR genes, str-44 and srd-28, both highly upregulated in AWA neurons after fasting which correlated with altered chemosensory behaviour. They further showed that upregulation and behavioural changes depend on both, external (food cues and osmotic stress) as well as internal signals from food-sensing neurons and the intestine. Artificially increasing str-44 and srd-28 by overexpression in AWA mimics the fasted state. They provide evidence that STR-44 is a chemoreceptor of the attractants propyl acetate and butyl acetate by ectopically expressing str-44 and srd-28 in ASH. They provide evidence for a model in which a combination of pathways together modulates str-44 expression in AWA. These include other food-sensing neurons modulating the activity of AWA neurons, intestinally expressed factors that are involved in metabolism as well as pathways detecting environmental stress. A chemosensory role for the proposed phenotypes for STR-44 could be strengthened by providing AWA calcium imaging and behavioural evidence of chemosensory defects of mutants lacking str-44.
texting or facetiming with friends in other classes. You go around asking them to put their phones awa
fdgdfgdf
ermine
an ermine is a color changing weasel. In the summer, it's coat is a reddish-brown and in the winter it changes to a pure white color to blend in with its snowy environment. When comparing the armors color, the author is using this to relate to it's opulence and statues. By being whiter than an ermine, it is implied that the armour is reaching a level higher than the average knight and distinguished the character from the rest.
Citation: AWA, Alaska Wildlife Alliance. “Species Spotlight! Ermine: The Color-Changing Weasel.” Alaska Wildlife Alliance (AWA), Alaska Wildlife Alliance (AWA), 27 Aug. 2021, https://www.akwildlife.org/news/species-spotlight-ermine-the-color-changing-weasel.
as born in Középlak in 1897. He served in the Hungarian army in Russia and Italy during World War I. He was wounded late in the war and was awa
?
Awa
Same again here
RRID:AB_11219002
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643040
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 354704, RRID:AB_11219002)
Curator: @evieth
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11219002
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.09.07.20189621: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
<table><tr><td style="min-width:100px;margin-right:1em; border-right:1px solid lightgray; border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">Institutional Review Board Statement</td><td style="min-width:100px;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">IRB: The EL-PaC-Epidem study was approved by the East of England - Essex Research Ethics Committee (19/EE/0163; May 17, 2019) and supported by the NHS Confidentiality Advisory Group for collecting and processing confidential patient information without consent (19/CAG/0219; January 17, 2020).<br>Consent: The EL-PaC-Epidem study was approved by the East of England - Essex Research Ethics Committee (19/EE/0163; May 17, 2019) and supported by the NHS Confidentiality Advisory Group for collecting and processing confidential patient information without consent (19/CAG/0219; January 17, 2020).</td></tr><tr><td style="min-width:100px;margin-right:1em; border-right:1px solid lightgray; border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">Randomization</td><td style="min-width:100px;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">not detected.</td></tr><tr><td style="min-width:100px;margin-right:1em; border-right:1px solid lightgray; border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">Blinding</td><td style="min-width:100px;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">not detected.</td></tr><tr><td style="min-width:100px;margin-right:1em; border-right:1px solid lightgray; border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">Power Analysis</td><td style="min-width:100px;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">not detected.</td></tr><tr><td style="min-width:100px;margin-right:1em; border-right:1px solid lightgray; border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">Sex as a biological variable</td><td style="min-width:100px;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray">not detected.</td></tr></table>Table 2: Resources
No key resources detected.
Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Our study also has some important limitations. In our cohort definition, only patients visiting BHNT hospitals and who were given a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis code or tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were considered as having COVID-19. This may have resulted in some patients being incorrectly identified as not having COVID-19, particularly if they had a positive swab test via NHS coronavirus test sites or using a home test kit. However, our cohort had specific medical conditions with a high prevalence of comorbidities listed under the NHS categorisation of higher risk populations.3 Any manifestation of COVID-19 related symptoms would have likely resulted in these patients receiving treatment at one of the BHNT hospitals, and hence we were fairly confident on identifying all clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 infections in our cohort within the three East London boroughs. A related limitation is associated with the confirmation of East London residency for the study cohort. Patients’ addresses (current or historic) are not collected under the umbrella study, which considers patients with HPB conditions (with the exception of cancer) treated or managed at BHNT hospitals as East London residents during the time of their care. The Royal London Hospital hosts one of the largest HPB centres in England, and supports suspected or confirmed HPB cancer patients from nearby geographical areas. As the umbrella study cohort is historic, we acknowledged the probability of people moving awa...
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
</footer>Awa” stories—combining positive valence and high levels of emotional arousal—were, by far, the most-forwarded stories in the New York Times list
All these shows out now about murderers and killers, they for sure result in negative response, but get a lot of popularity.
Positive high-arousal is embedded in what the au-thors tag as “Awa” stories: pieces that generate a feeling of elevation in the face of something greater than oneself
This is a definition of a term that could be useful later
Awa” or “Wow” responses
I feel like this when I see those tik toks of people showing how small we really are. It takes say the USA and zooms out to show earth, then keeps zooming out to compare sizes and other planet and shows how small we really are.
In addition, the AWA only addresses basic issues. It states that animals must be fed, given water, and provided with shelter. However, cages are allowed to have concrete floors, and there’s NO specific requirement for grass, greenery, or other natural vegetation.
I think people who work with the animals should already know this.Why would they have this?I think that it isnt make sense to states the basic of take caring animals
Technology will not replace great teachers, but technology in the hands of great teachers can be transformational.
Is there awa to make this bold? Also improve on the image probably with teacher using technology in the learning/teachng process.
run awa
emphasize how she felt, maybe bc of the sudden apperacne and vast diff in life
t its efficiency in drivingrheumatism awa
here is the restorative function, that will not be discussed any further within the piece.
o her womb convey sterility!Dry up in her the organs of increase;And from her derogate body never springA babe to honour her! If she must teem,Create her child of spleen; that it may live,And be a thwart disnatured torment to her!Let it stamp wrinkles in her brow of youth;With cadent tears fret channels in her cheeks;Turn all her mother's pains and benefitsTo laughter and contempt; that she may feelHow sharper than a serpent's tooth it isTo have a thankless child! Away, awa
the language in this whole speech is actually very colorful, relating more than just power, but even just the place of women, and what their roles were for, and what they were good for. The real harshness I think comes from the cycle of life, where parents care for their children, and eventually children care for parents. Here, the King wishes to the goddess even (a female entity interestingly) for the one he curses to have children abandon their parent, and die alone almost.
She thought: ³He willnever approach me, because I am a Masarwa. ́ And it was something herwhole wa\ of life had prepared her for. Love and happiness had alwa\sbeen a little bit far awa\ from life as other people lived it. There couldhave been no better training ground than that of Margaret Cadmore
I thought this was a very ironic thought. Margaret and possibly other people such as her were brought up with the underlying idea that they were lesser beings because they were Marsarwa. It is interesting to see that earlier in the story, she was fine with openly announcing that she was a Masarwa. However, we see that even though she openly is proud of who she is, she internalizes some of the prejudice in this society. This includes diminishing herself and making her think that she is not worthy of love.
I thought this was an ironic thought because she probably does not understand the great rivalry between Moleka and Maru over her. Despite being a Masarwa and apparently having a lower value because of it, her character, presence, and personality leads to two men of higher classes fighting over her. -Sk Ayon
³Your teacher must have been a good woman to shareever\thing with \ou. ́³No, ́ Margaret said, surprised. ³She was not good. She was rich. Shekept on throwing things awa\. I used to feel m\self catching them, and that
"Your teacher must have been a good woman to share everything with you. No, Margaret said, surprised. She was not good. She was rich. She kept on throwing things away. I used to feel myself catching them, and that is how I learned."
If the teacher was rich but not good, and Margaret describes her way of learning from her as catching what she threw away, what is the range of what the teacher's wealth consisted in? How do these reflections respond to Dikiledi's questions about how Margaret learned to draw? What does Margaret express in drawing?
There was a bus\, roaring highwa\on one side, full of bustle and traffic. Leading awa\ from it was a small,dust\ footpath. It went on and on b\ itself into the distance.³Take that path, ́ his heart said. ³You have no other choice. ́
Head mentions Moleka choosing to take the “dusty footpath” on multiple occasions. This image juxtaposed with the image of the busy highway shows just how unusual Moleka's behavior towards Margaret and the Masarwa people in general have been. Moleka has a voice in his village, and by accepting Margaret as a teacher and providing her with a place to stay, as well as allowing his Masarwa servants to share a table and utensils with him at a meal, he’s taking steps to change and challenge the norms set by his community. Despite being a road less traveled, Head indicates that this is definitely a path worth taking as it would allow the traveler to view the yellow daisies along the way.
If a glob of spit dropped onto her armduring the pla\time hour, she quietl\ wiped it awa\.
I found it interesting how the author uses a passive voice to describe her peers spitting on her. Stating the spit merely falls onto her arm reduces the impact of her bullies' actions - she would rather believe this rather than their true intentions.
Janet has kilted her green kirtle A little aboon her knee, And she has broded her yellow hair A little aboon her bree, And she's awa to Carterhaugh As fast as she can hie. Both the mantle and its color are symbolic in important ways to the story. Green is the faerie color and it is considered unlucky for mortals to wear it in an place where the faeries might see them (see Alice Brand for an example of this ). Likewise, Janet refers to Tam Lin as "elfin grey" when speaking of him, since the root word for both colors was the same. Green has other symbolic meanings though. One is that a woman who dresses in green is supposed to be sexually promiscuous, since green hides grass stains. The other is that a woman dressed in green has left or been left by her lover, a 'grass widow', from the days back before divorce was a possibility for most folks. Janet specifically wears green into Carterhaugh woods despite the knowledge that faeries dwell there, which supports the earlier notion that she originally went there as an act of defiance, but it is noteworthy that Tam Lin specifically instructs her to wear the mantle when she comes to rescue him. "And then I'll be your ain true-love, I'll turn a naked knight, Then cover me wi your green mantle, And hide me out o sight." Apart from the need to provide cover for a wet and naked man in the woods during late fall, mantles (like the greek Aegis) were signs of protection, so Janet casting her mantle over Tam Lin makes sense as the final act of recovering him from the faeries. It is a statement that he is now her own and under her protection, but the choice of color is interesting. Possibly the color is either meant to confuse the faerie magic when she battles them, or as implied by Tam Lin's further command to 'hide me out of sight', simply as a means of camouflage in the green woods.
symbolism of green kirtle in tam lin
maunga, our awa, our moana.
maunga - mountain awa - river moana - ocean, sea
A spokesperson for the protesters, Pania Newton said her tūpuna used to live and work on the land she was now fighting to protect. "We've been here since the 5th of November, since the Parihaka commemoration day when we launched our noho whenua, our land stay here at Ihumātao." "This is wahi tapu, there is urupā here, there is puna and stone wall structures which were constructed by Māori, our tūpuna. "This is where we grew māra kai to feed our people and to feed Auckland, so that's why it is so significant this is where our whakapapa and our identity lies, our maunga, our awa, our moana. "It is important to maintain these structures and wahi tapu because we come back here and we feel connected to our tūpuna."
Applications Gas chromatography is a physical separation method in where volatile mixtures are separated. It can be used in many different fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and even environmental toxins. Since the samples have to be volatile, human breathe, blood, saliva and other secretions containing large amounts of organic volatiles can be easily analyzed using GC. Knowing the amount of which compound is in a given sample gives a huge advantage in studying the effects of human health and of the environment as well. Air samples can be analyzed using GC. Most of the time, air quality control units use GC coupled with FID in order to determine the components of a given air sample. Although other detectors are useful as well, FID is the most appropriate because of its sensitivity and resolution and also because it can detect very small molecules as well. GC/MS is also another useful method which can determine the components of a given mixture using the retention times and the abundance of the samples. This method be applied to many pharmaceutical applications such as identifying the amount of chemicals in drugs. Moreover, cosmetic manufacturers also use this method to effectively measure how much of each chemical is used for their products. Equations “Height equivalent to a theoretical plate” (HETP) use to calculate the flow rate by usingthe total number of theoretical plates (N) and column length (L). Some application, HETP concepts is used in industrial practice to convert number of theoretical plates to packing height. HETP can be calculate with the Van Deemter equation, which is given by HETP=A+Bυ+Cv(1)(1)HETP=A+Bυ+Cv HETP= A + \dfrac{B}{υ} + Cv \tag{1} Where A and B and C are constants and v is the linear velocity (carrier flow rate). A is the "Eddy-Diffusion" term and causes the broadening of the solute band. B is the "Longitudinal diffusion" term whereby the concentration of the analyte, in which diffuses out from the center to the edges.This causes the broadering of the analyte band. C is the "Resistance to Mass Transfer " term and causes the band of the analyte broader. HETP=LN(2)(2)HETP=LN HETP= \dfrac{L}{N} \tag{2} L is the length of the column, where N is the number of theoretical plates, tR is the retention time, and ω is the width of the elution peak at its base. N=16(tRω)2(3)(3)N=16(tRω)2 N= 16 \left (\dfrac{tR}{ω} \right)^2 \tag{3} In which, the more plates give a better resolution and more efficiency. Resolution can be determined by R=2[(tR)B–(tR)AWA+WB](4)(4)R=2[(tR)B–(tR)AWA+WB]R= 2\left[ \dfrac{(tR)B – (tR)A}{ WA +WB}\right] \tag{4} A relationship between the plates and resolution is giving by, R=(N)1/2/4)(α−1α)(1+K′BK′B)(5)(5)R=(N)1/2/4)(α−1α)(1+K′BK′B) R= (N)1/2 /4) ( \alpha -\dfrac{1}{\alpha}) ( 1+ \dfrac{K’B}{ K’B}) \tag{5} Where the selectivity, a, and k' is the capacity factors take places of the two solutes. The selectivity and capacity factors can be control by improving separation, such as changing mobile/ stationary phase composition, column temperature and use a special chemical effect. References Skoog, D. A.; Holler, F. J.; Crouch, S. R. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Sixth Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, USA, 2007. Krugers, J. Instrumentation in Gas Chromatography. Centrex Publishing Company-Eindhoven, Netherlands, 1968. Hubschmann, H. Handbook of GC/MS: Fundamentals and Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany, 2001. Scott, R. P. W. Chromatographic Detectors: Design, Function, and Operation. Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, 1996. J.N. Driscoll. REview of Photoionization Detection in Gas Chromatography: The first Decade. Journal of CHromatographic Science , Vol 23. November 1985. 488-492. Boer, H. , "Vapour phase Chromatography", ed. Desty, D. H., 169 (Butterworths Sci. Pub., London, 1957). Dimbat, M. , Porter, P. E. , and Stross, F. H. , Anal. Chem., 28, 290 (1956). | Article | ISI | ChemPort | Contributors Kyaw Thet (UC Davis), Nancy Woo (UC Davis) /*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "Gas Chromatography"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', function(){$('iframe').iFrameResize({warningTimeout:0, scrolling: 'omit'});})/*]]>*/ Back to top Chromatography High Performance Liquid Chromatography Recommended articles There are no recommended articles. 3.1: Principles of Gas ChromatographyNowadays, gas chromatography is a mature technique, widely used worldwide for the analysis of almost every type of organic compound, even those that a...10.23: ChromatographyChromatography is an efficient way for chemists to separate and analyze mixtures. Read on to find out how this critical process works.2.4: Gas Chromatography (GC)Gas chromatography (GC) is a powerful instrumental technique used to separate and analyze mixtures. A gas chromatograph is a standard piece of equipme...2.4D: Quantitating with GCPeak integrations are useful because it is possible to correlate the area under a peak to the quantity of material present in a sample. Note it is the...2.4A: Overview of GCGas chromato
application
Maldoror assembled a cast of non-actors and guerrilla fighters, and worked from a spare script about a young woman named Awa, who joins the resistance after a party member arrives in her village and frames the struggle in terms of land and bread. She trains and fights and takes part in the ambush of four hundred Portuguese soldiers. When the colonial forces enact a bloody reprisal, she is killed. Or maybe there was a different ending. In two years, Abonnenc has located three different scripts for Guns for Banta, each with a different outcome, so he’s not so sure.
Script(s) of Guns for Banta
wrestled in [TheirThem] Promotion AWA
More men than women in pro wrestling.
After [TheirThem] football career ended, [SubjectName] became Mr. Minnesota and Northern States Bodybuilding champion before [They] got discovered by [OtherPersonName] Sharkey and wrestled in [TheirThem] Promotion AWA.
The subject is definitely Male because Mr.Minnesota would be awarded to male.
The policemen headed straight for the barrels. They gulped Church’s’ whiskey, and when they were through, they ran the rest out onto the floor. They dismantled his controversial billiard tables. They went for the cigar counter and the till. They emptied the till and puffed cigars as they left Church to bleed awa
How does this remind you of today? If so, how?
here was a movement ofChristians awa yfrom rural areas, with the possible exception of MountLebanon, and a transformation of the Christian population in the regionfrom a largel yrural one to one that was increasingl yurban. Flight from theland was a realit yfor Muslim peasants of the Fertile Crescent as well, as thecountryside became unstable in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesdue to tribal incursions into formerl yagricultural lands. There was adifference, however. The Muslim population was still overwhelmingl yruralat the end of the nineteenth century; the same could not be said for theChristians. Everywhere in the Fertile Crescent, the Christians were be-coming, like their Jewish neighbors, an urban population, leaving onlypockets of Christian villagers scattered across the rural landscape. Thispattern of an increasing urbanization contrasts sharpl yto that whichoccurred in the same period in Egypt where the Copts were under-represented in the population of Cairo in the eighteenth centur yand werestill largel yrural in their choice of settlemen
rural-urban migration patterns
Learning Outcome Map J. Awa 9.11.18-1.docx
I moved the LOM up to the start here module.
Learning Outcome Map J. Awa 9.11.18-1.docx Learning Outcome Map J. Awa 9.11.18-1.docx 1 0 attachment 6773 0 Score at least Must score at least to complete this module item Scored at least Module item has been completed by scoring at least View Must view in order to complete this module item Viewed Module item has been viewed and is complete Mark done Must mark this module item done in order to complete Marked done Module item marked as done and is complete Contribute Must contribute to this module item to complete it Contributed Contributed to this module item and is complete Submit Must submit this module item to complete it Submitted Module item submitted and is complete Manage Learning Outcome Map J. Awa 9.11.18-1.docx Decrease indent Increase indent Edit Duplicate Move to... Remove Share to Commons Human Sexuality for this course Human Sexuality for this course Human Sexuality for this course 2 0 wiki_page 6741 0 Score at least Must score at least to complete this module item Scored at least Module item has been completed by scoring at least View Must view in order to complete this module item Viewed Module item has been viewed and is complete Mark done Must mark this module item done in order to complete Marked done Module item marked as done and is complete Contribute Must contribute to this module item to complete it Contributed Contributed to this module item and is complete Submit Must submit this module item to complete it Submitted Module item submitted and is complete PublishUnpublished. Click to publish Human Sexuality for this course. Manage Human Sexuality for this course Decrease indent Increase indent Edit Duplicate Move to... Remove Share to Commons Meet Your Instructor Meet Your Instructor Meet Your Instructor 3 0 wiki_page 6743 0 Score at least Must score at least to complete this module item Scored at least Module item has been completed by scoring at least View Must view in order to complete this module item Viewed Module item has been viewed and is complete Mark done Must mark this module item done in order to complete Marked done Module item marked as done and is complete Contribute Must contribute to this module item to complete it Contributed Contributed to this module item and is complete Submit Must submit this module item to complete it Submitted Module item submitted and is complete PublishUnpublished. Click to publish Meet Your Instructor. Manage Meet Your Instructor Decrease indent Increase indent Edit Duplicate Move to... Remove Share to Commons MindMap for Our Sexuality? MindMap for Our Sexuality? MindMap for Our Sexuality? 4 0 wiki_page 6749 0 Score at least Must score at least to complete this module item Scored at least Module item has been completed by scoring at least View Must view in order to complete this module item Viewed Module item has been viewed and is complete Mark done Must mark this module item done in order to complete Marked done Module item marked as done and is complete Contribute Must contribute to this module item to complete it Contributed Contributed to this module item and is complete Submit Must submit this module item to complete it Submitted Module item submitted and is complete PublishUnpublished. Click to publish MindMap for Our Sexuality?. Manage MindMap for Our Sexuality? Decrease indent Increase indent Edit Duplicate Move to... Remove Share to Commons Possible Kanopy Film Possible Kanopy Film Possible Kanopy Film 5 0 wiki_page 6748 0 Score at least Must score at least to complete this module item Scored at least Module item has been completed by scoring at least View Must view in order to complete this module item Viewed Module item has been viewed and is complete Mark done Must mark this module item done in order to complete Marked done Module item marked as done and is complete Contribute Must contribute to this module item to complete it Contributed Contributed to this module item and is complete Submit Must submit this module item to complete it Submitted Module item submitted and is complete PublishUnpublished. Click to publish Possible Kanopy Film. Manage Possible Kanopy Film Decrease indent Increase indent Edit Duplicate Move to... Remove Share to Commons Let's talk about sex baby! Let's talk about sex baby!
This Module can be included to the Start Here module
RRID:AB_2572532
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(Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11-9668-82, RRID:AB_2572532)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2572532
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
Now they are grown up and far awa
I think , the author does not accepts that his daughters abandon him, he is mad, maybe he take care to them and now they grew up, able to help him or close to him they decide to live
AB_2661881
Curator: @chewbeccax
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(LifeSpan Cat# LS-B8185, RRID:AB_2661881)
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2661881
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
rather thinking o neself a wake and kno win g b ut neither awa ke no r kno wi ng, al wa ys thinking, one's physical body absent, mostly
not "awake" because still thinking about your past or others past
but~ ' ilia djfrence betweel!.9,nema and photorrcphy is that the viewpoint Cail be"'mo 1 e, can get awa .f static ocus and share the speed of movmg o Je
Virilio is speaking about distance, a crucial element. Virilio speaks to this distance both physically and perceptually. While both cinema and photography present a perspective, the targets are now hundreds if not thousands of miles away from where they are spotted on a video screen and button is pressed and perceptually they are equally distant.
You simply produce no effect. I loved you because you were wonderful, because you had genius and intellect, because you realized the dreams of great poets and gave shape and substance to the shadows of art. You have thrown it all awa
Dorian is selfish and wants to use people and only sees there value in what they can do for him.
95% of animals used in experiments are not protected by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which excludes birds, rats and mice bred for research, and cold-blooded animals such as reptiles and most fish.
most animals aren't protected by AWA, which allows animals to be tested on.
ess legible or cannot be known about users falls awa
I think this is better understood as less quantifiable facets of a user rather than less knowable. things which are not discrete or at least not easily proxied by discrete data are very difficult to roll into most mathematical models. So they tend to get ignored, even if they are easily recorded by a system.
aye
AYE (AYE) adv.[awa, Saxon.] Always; to eternity; for ever.
And now in darksome dungeon, wretched thrall, Remedyless for aye he doth him hold. Fairy Queen,b. i.