But with numeric enums, you can pass a raw number in places where the enum is expected. What?

If you're desperate to use enums, I'd strongly recommend using string enums only.

Alternatively, you can also add it to compilerOptions.types field in your tsconfig.json file. Note that specifying anything in this field will disable auto loading of @types/* packages.

A type-script of 768 pages (labeled simply The Big Typescript) dated from 1933 had been in the estatesince 1951, but only in 1967 were the “Zettel” recognized from which it was compiled.Cut-and-paste was integral: “Usually he continued to work with the typescripts. A methodwhich he often used was to cut up the typed text into fragments (‘Zettel’) and to rearrangethe order of the remarks”.17

secret

But that was all.

For a moment he thought of praying that the horrible sympathy that existed between him and the picture might cease. It had changed in answer to a prayer; perhaps in answer to a prayer it might remain unchanged. And, yet, who, that knew anything about Life, would surrender the chance of remaining always young, however fantastic that chance might be, or with what fateful consequences it might be fraught? Besides, was it really under his control? Had it indeed been prayer that had produced the substitution? Might there not be some curious scientific reason for it all? If thought could exercise its influence upon a living organism, might not thought exercise an influence upon dead and inorganic things? Nay, without thought or conscious desire, might not things external to ourselves vibrate in unison with our moods and passions, atom calling to atom, in secret love or strange affinity? But the reason was of no importance. He would never again tempt by a prayer any terrible power. If the picture was to alter, it was to alter. That was all. Why inquire too closely into it?

Her little hands stretched blindly out, and appeared to be seeking for him.

"If you want him to marry this girl, tell him that, Basil. He is sure to do it then.

I have a distinct remembrance of being married, but I have no recollection at all of being engaged. I am inclined to think that I never was engaged."

"Except in America.

Poor Sibyl! what a romance it had all been! She had often mimicked death on the stage, and at last Death himself had touched her, and brought her with him. How had she played that dreadful scene? Had she cursed him, as she died? No; she had died for love of him, and love would always be a sacrament to him now. She had atoned for everything, by the sacrifice she had made of her life. He would not think any more of what she had made him go through, that horrible night at the theatre. When he thought of her, it would be as a wonderful tragic figure to show Love had been a great reality. A wonderful tragic figure? Tears came to his eyes as he remembered her child-like look and winsome fanciful ways and shy tremulous grace. He wiped them away hastily, and looked again at the picture.

He covered page after page with wild words of sorrow, and wilder words of pain.

Three o'clock struck, and four, and half-past four, but he did not stir. He was trying to gather up the scarlet threads of life, and to weave them into a pattern; to find his way through the sanguine labyrinth of passion through which he was wandering. He did not know what to do, or what to think.

Or was there some other, more terrible reason? He shuddered, and felt afraid, and, going back to the couch, lay there, gazing at the picture in sickened horror.

A long line of boys carrying crates of striped tulips, and of yellow and red roses, defiled in front of him, threading their way through the huge jade-green piles of vegetables. Under the portico, with its gray sun-bleached pillars, loitered a troop of draggled bareheaded girls, waiting for the auction to be over.

The sky was pure opal now, and the roofs of the houses glistened like silver against it.

apes

I have the greatest contempt for optimism.

and find good qualities in the highwayman in the hope that he may spare our pockets.

had!

The tragedy of old age is not that one is old, but that one is young

and always wore a Waterbury watch. Why should he be murdered?

But

I

to her. You remember Sibyl, don't you? How long ago that seems! Well, Hetty

Why, they will hang me, Alan! Don't you understand? They will hang me for what I have done."

very quietly, but watching the effect of each word upon the face of the man he had sent for,

and then got up hastily,

But youth smiles without any reason. It is one of its chiefest charms.

He walked up and down the room for a quarter of an hour, biting his lip, and thinking.

except that he would write to you."

pain

The room is damp. The mildew has got into the canvas. The paints I used had some wretched mineral poison in them. I tell you the thing is impossible."

chapter

chapter

hero

He had a special passion, also, for ecclesiastical vestments, as indeed he had for everything connected with the service of the Church. In the long cedar chests that lined the west gallery of his house he had stored away many rare and beautiful specimens of what is really the raiment of the Bride of Christ, who must wear purple and jewels and fine linen that she may hide the pallid macerated body that is worn by the suffering that she seeks for, and wounded by self-inflicted pain. He had a gorgeous cope of crimson silk and gold-thread damask, figured with a repeating pattern of golden pomegranates set in six-petalled formal blossoms, beyond which on either side was the pineapple device wrought in seed-pearls. The orphreys were divided into panels representing scenes from the life of the Virgin, and the coronation of the Virgin was figured in colored silks upon the hood. This was Italian work of the fifteenth century. Another cope was of green velvet, embroidered with heart-shaped groups of acanthus-leaves, from which spread long-stemmed white blossoms, the details of which were picked out with silver thread and colored crystals. The morse bore a seraph's head in gold-thread raised work. The orphreys were woven in a diaper of red and gold silk, and were starred with medallions of many saints and martyrs, among whom was St. Sebastian. He had chasubles, also, of amber-colored silk, and blue silk and gold brocade, and yellow silk damask and cloth of gold, figured with representations of the Passion and Crucifixion of Christ, and embroidered with lions and peacocks and other emblems; dalmatics of white satin and pink silk damask, decorated with tulips and dolphins and fleurs de lys; altar frontals of crimson velvet and blue linen; and many corporals, chalice-veils, and sudaria. In the mystic offices to which these things were put there was something that quickened his imagination.

some pearly cell in the brain, or some white nerve in the body,

the work of some of the finest artists of

full of argot and of archaisms, of technical expressions and of elaborate paraphrases,

Or was that only his fancy?

'The Bard.'

Faithlessness is to the emotional life what consistency is to the intellectual life,—simply a confession of failure.

I am putting it into practice, as I do everything you say."

Nowadays people know the price of everything, and the value of nothing."

"Am I really like that?""Yes; you are just like that.""How wonderful, Basil!"

"And you know you have been a little silly, Mr. Gray, and that you don't really mind being called a boy.""I should have minded very much this morning, Lord Henry.""Ah! this morning!

Oh, if it was only the other way! If the picture could change, and I could be always what I am now! Why did you paint it? It will mock me some day,—mock me horribly!"

When I find that I am growing old, I will kill myself."

"How sad it is!" murmured Dorian Gray, with his eyes still fixed upon his own portrait. "How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrid, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June. . . . . If it was only the other way! If it was I who were to be always young, and the picture that were to grow old! For this—for this—I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give!"

or when some thought that terrifies us lays sudden siege to the brain and calls on us to yield.

"Stop!" murmured Dorian Gray, "stop! you bewilder me. I don't know what to say. There is some answer to you, but I cannot find it. Don't speak. Let me think, or, rather, let me try not to think."

let fraseLegal = 'Bom dia!';fraseLegal = 9.5;

[2, 4, 6]

"languageServerExample.trace.server": "verbose"

If you want a workaround for the case where you can't just replace key with a string literal, you could write your own user-defined type guard function called hasProp(obj, prop). The implementation would just return prop in obj, but its type signature explicitly says that a true result should cause obj to be narrowed to just those union members with a key of type prop: function hasProp<T extends object, K extends PropertyKey>( obj: T, prop: K ): obj is Extract<T, { [P in K]?: any }> { return prop in obj; } and then in your function, replace key in a with hasProp(a, key): function f3(a: A) { const key = 'b'; if (hasProp(a, key)) { return a[key]; // okay } return 42; }

The variable x initially has the type unknown: the type of all values. The predicate typeof x === "number" extracts dynamic information about the value bound to x, but the type-checker can exploit this information for static reasoning. In the body of the if statement the predicate is assumed to be true; therefore, it must be the case the value bound to x is a number. TypeScript exploits this information and narrows the type of x from unknown to number in the body of if statement.

Typescript added rich type annotations to Javascript, which opened the door to refactoring and static analysis tools that facilitate development and maintenance of large Javascript projects.

Notice that TypeScript not only knows that pet is a Fish in the if branch; it also knows that in the else branch, you don’t have a Fish, so you must have a Bird.

URL.parse

The unary plus operator (+) precedes its operand and converts it into a number. If it fails to convert the operand into a number, then it returns NaN. The unary (-) operator converts the operand into a number and negates it.

In other typed languages, like TypeScript, Flow, Rust, or Haskell, all types are non-nullable by default, and you opt into nullability.

In order to reflect this in the types I added an Either type to the helpers, because with Union Types only the values that the types have in common are directly accessible. So it would have been necessary to first check the returned type before accessing returned properties.

It should be | { fallthrough: true } rather than | { fallthrough: boolean } I think (there's no reason you'd have false)

In the caseof Wittgenstein, he worked with typescripts and would often cut upthe typed text into fragments so he could rearrange the order of theremarks jotted on them (Krapp, 2006: 362; von Wright, 1969).

Common questions#

export interface TasksListSpecifics { 0: ('parallel' | 'sequential'); } export type TasksList = (string[] & TasksListSpecifics); Or more compact: export type TasksList = (string[] & { 0: ('parallel' | 'sequential'); }); The trick is to add your more specific properties on top of array of string type (Array<string>).

add ! to the end of the var that is being spread. E.g. [{}, ...payload!]

Notice that in the else branch, we don’t need to do anything special - if x wasn’t a string[], then it must have been a string.

Animal & { honey: boolean }

Extending a type via intersections

Type aliases and interfaces are very similar, and in many cases you can choose between them freely. Almost all features of an interface are available in type, the key distinction is that a type cannot be re-opened to add new properties vs an interface which is always extendable.

I suggest renaming this to something like SomeInterfaceAsTypeWrittenByHand. Because one of the reasons for Simplify is so you don't have to write SomeType by hand. Then add the following to show that Simplify<SomeInterface> is the same as SomeInterfaceAsTypeWrittenByHand. declare const a: Simplify<SomeInterface>; expectType<SomeInterfaceAsTypeWrittenByHand>(a); // Interface is assignable to its Simplified type (created with Simplify, and by hand) expectType<Simplify<SomeInterface>>(someInterface); expectType<SomeInterfaceAsTypeWrittenByHand>(someInterface);

const palette: { [key: string]: string } = {...

Regarding mapped types, remember that { [K in T]: U } is a special form - it can't be combined with other properties within the { }. So there's not really a name for the [K in T: U] part because it's just part of the overall "mapped type" syntax { [K in T]: U }

what is the TypeScript Way™ of handling the implicit any that appears due to object literals not having a standard index signature?

fresh (i.e. provably do not have properties we don't know about)

Object literals don't have index signatures. They are assignable to types with index signatures if they have compatible properties and are fresh (i.e. provably do not have properties we don't know about) but never have index signatures implicitly or explicitly.

Which... is confusing because Palette technically does have an index signature Palette is a mapped type, and mapped types don't have index signatures. The fact that both use [ ] is a syntactic coincidence.

type PaletteColors = keyof typeof palette type Palette = { [Color in PaletteColors]: string }

Generate type with the index signature: interface RandomMappingWithIndexSignature { stringProp: string; numberProp: number; [propName: string]: string | number | undefined; }

we have no way to know that the line nameMap[3] = "bob"; isn't somewhere in your program

The other commenters are right about the potential solutions. However, it is actually considered a best practice to move the object with the index signature to a nested property.Said differently: No property in the object with the index signature should depart from how the index signature is typed.

Like others have noted, your function does not conform to index signature. [key: string]: string means "all fields are strings" and on the next line you declare a field with function in it.This can be solved by using union types:type IFoo = { [foo: string]: string } & { fooMethod(fooParam: string): void }

you can define locally parse and it should take precedence over the one in the library: interface JSON { parse(text: string, reviver?: (key: any, value: any) => any): unknown; }

This PR adds a new top type unknown which is the type-safe counterpart of any. Anything is assignable to unknown, but unknown isn't assignable to anything but itself and any without a type assertion or a control flow based narrowing. Likewise, no operations are permitted on an unknown without first asserting or narrowing to a more specific type.

// Second case (unexpected) interface C { [x:string]: number } interface D { x: number } const d: D = { x: 1 }; const c: C = d; // error // Type 'D' is not assignable to type 'C'. // Index signature is missing in type 'D'.

So now the question is, why does Session, an interface, not get implicit index signatures while SessionType, an identically-structured typealias, *does*? Surely, you might again think, the compiler does not simply deny implicit index signatures tointerface` types? Surprisingly enough, this is exactly what happens. See microsoft/TypeScript#15300, specifically this comment: Just to fill people in, this behavior is currently by design. Because interfaces can be augmented by additional declarations but type aliases can't, it's "safer" (heavy quotes on that one) to infer an implicit index signature for type aliases than for interfaces. But we'll consider doing it for interfaces as well if that seems to make sense And there you go. You cannot use a Session in place of a WithAdditionalParams<Session> because it's possible that someone might merge properties that conflict with the index signature at some later date. Whether or not that is a compelling reason is up for rather vigorous debate, as you can see if you read through microsoft/TypeScript#15300.

why is Session not assignable to WithAdditionalParams<Session>? Well, the type WithAdditionalParams<Session> is a subtype of Session with includes a string index signature whose properties are of type unknown. (This is what Record<string, unknown> means.) Since Session does not have an index signature, the compiler does not consider WithAdditionalParams<Session> assignable to Session.

Check whether a value is defined (non-nullable), meaning it is neither `null` or `undefined`. This can be useful as a type guard, as for example, `[1, null].filter(Boolean)` does not always type-guard correctly.

The type-fest package contains only types, meaning they are only used at compile-time and nothing is ever compiled into actual JavaScript code. This package contains functions that are compiled into JavaScript code and used at runtime.

export type Simplify<T> = {[KeyType in keyof T]: T[KeyType]};

Having actual functions here is a non-goal. This package is for types only, meaning nothing ends up compiled into actual JS code.

An interface can be re-opened. Whereas a type is sealed. So a solution for microsoft/TypeScript#15300 is to map the interface (which can be defined in many places) to a type.

function applyDefaults(fetchFn: typeof fetch, defaults: Required<Parameters<typeof fetch>[1]>)

In rare cases, the underlying types aren't exposed from the library. What shall we do then? Maybe we could also use the typeof operator here too and combine it with a TypeScript's built-in type Parameters. Parameters becomes useful whenever you want to extract the type of parameters from a function type:

TypeScript is an extension of JavaScript. You can think of it as JavaScript with a few extra features. These features are largely focused on defining the type and shape of JavaScript objects. It requires that you be declarative about the code you're writing and have an understanding of the values your functions, variables, and objects are expecting.While it requires more code, TypeScript is a fantastic means of catching common JavaScript bugs while in development. And for just that reason, it's worth the extra characters.

As a bonus, you have the option of choosing a particular version of JavaScript to target when compiling, so you can use updated JavaScript features, but still, maintain legacy browser support (if you're into that sort of thing)!

"types": ["node", "svelte"

"paths": { "@/*": ["*"]}

Use this to load modules whose location is specified in the paths section of tsconfig.json when using webpack. This package provides the functionality of the tsconfig-paths package but as a webpack plug-in. Using this plugin means that you should no longer need to add alias entries in your webpack.config.js which correspond to the paths entries in your tsconfig.json. This plugin creates those alias entries for you, so you don't have to!

The declarations you make in the tsconfig.json are re-stated in the webpack.config.js. Who wants to maintain two sets of code where one would do? Not me.

Let's not get over-excited. Actually, we're only part-way there; you can compile this code with the TypeScript compiler.... But is that enough?I bundle my TypeScript with ts-loader and webpack. If I try and use my new exciting import statement above with my build system then disappointment is in my future. webpack will be all like "import whuuuuuuuut?"You see, webpack doesn't know what we told the TypeScript compiler in the tsconfig.json.

const allRoles: string[] = Object.values(Role)

which seems to resolve the issue for me and makes no casts, ensuring that Typescript can keep doing its good job of widening as much as necessary and narrowing as much as possible without me having to claim I know better than the compiler. I'm posting it here since it doesn't seem to have been mentioned anywhere.

I think a more natural/appropriate behavior for type signature of includes would be for the literal types to be widened.

This isn't too restrictive, and provides a nice type type guard.

function includes<T, U extends T>(arr: readonly U[], elem: T): elem is U { return arr.includes(elem as any); }

Now consider we want to handle numbers in our known value set: const KNOWN_VALUES = Object.freeze(['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]) function isKnownValue(input?: string | number) { return typeof(input) === 'string' && KNOWN_VALUES.includes(input) } Uh oh! This TypeScript compiles without errors, but it's not correct. Where as our original "naive" approach would have worked just fine. Why is that? Where is the breakdown here? It's because TypeScript's type system got in the way of the developer's initial intent. It caused us to change our code from what we intended to what it allowed. It was never the developer's intention to check that input was a string and a known value; the developer simply wanted to check whether input was a known value - but wasn't permitted to do so.

Please read https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41750390/what-does-all-legal-javascript-is-legal-typescript-mean

See #14520 for discussion of upper-bounded generics.

I believe he wants to use the as const feature while still type checking that the structure matches an interface. A workaround I'd use for something like that would be interface ITest { a: number; b: string; } let foo = { a: 5, b: "Hello" } as const;

the tuple() function you need can be succinctly written as: export type Lit = string | number | boolean | undefined | null | void | {}; export const tuple = <T extends Lit[]>(...args: T) => args;

const list = ['a', 'b', 'c'] as const; // TS3.4 syntax type NeededUnionType = typeof list[number]; // 'a'|'b'|'c';

This type of assertion causes the compiler to infer the narrowest type possible for a value, including making everything readonly.

possible to tell the compiler to infer the type of a tuple of literals as a tuple of literals, instead of as, say, string[], by using the as const syntax.

Or, maybe better, interpret the list as a tuple type: const list: ['a','b','c'] = ['a','b','c']; // tuple

One problem is the literal ['a','b','c'] will be inferred as type string[], so the type system will forget about the specific values.

t's not supposed to work with that, since by the time you do const xs = ['a','b','c'] the compiler has already widened xs to string[] and completely forgotten about the specific values.

function strictIsDog<T extends Dog extends T ? unknown : never>( // like <T super Dog> candidate: Dog | T // if Dog extends T then Dog | T is T ): candidate is Dog { // compiler recognizes that Dog | T can narrow to T return "bark" in candidate; } if (strictIsDog(animal)) {} // okay if (strictIsDog(dog)) {} // okay if (strictIsDog(mixed)) {} // okay if (strictIsDog(cat)) {} // error! // ~~~ <-- Cat is not assignable to Dog

If you really want to prevent people from passing in known Cat instances to isDog() you can fake up a lower-bound type parameter constraint like this:

* Now it's correct within the laws of the type system, but makes zero practical sense, * because there exists no runtime representation of the type `Date & string`. * * The type system doesn't care whether a type can be represented in runtime though.

no plans to reduce empty cases to never more aggressively to help developers exclude weird/absurd/accidental cases

As a design decision, TypeScript does not collapse that type to `never` (although it could).

candidate is Dog { // compiler recognizes that Dog | T can narrow to T

that is, a type like {foo: never} does not itself get reduced to never even though you shouldn't be able to have a value of type {foo: never}

Using the second type guard forces the user to write a more precise type and therefore manifest any nonsensical type guards that produce never, like: function silly<T extends number>(candidate: T): candidate is T & boolean { … }

You can't just move 'side-ways' between unrelated types; you need to move either up or down the lattice.

The best way to do this is to derive the type Format from a value like an array which contains all of the Format literals.

So is @Ryan Cavanaugh's answer the only viable solution? It seems extremely verbose...

My question is specifically if there is a way to do user defined type guards using the type itself

function isKeyOfMcuParams(x: string): x is keyof McuParams { switch (x) { case 'foo': case 'bar': case 'baz': return true; default: return false; } }

Is it possible to write a user defined type guard for a keyof string type such as keyOf foo when foo is defined ONLY as a type (and not in an array)?

Introduced in the perfectly named “Typescript and validations at runtime boundaries” article @lorefnon, io-ts is an active library that aim to solve the same problem as Spicery:TypeScript compatible runtime type system for IO decoding/encoding

[K in keyof User]-?:

It means that when having a type guard:TypeScript and JavaScript runtime are tied to the same behaviour.

Inside the if statement, TypeScript will assume that amount cannot be anything else than a string, which is true also at the runtime thanks to typeof JavaScript operator.

This “gap” between what we call “runtime” and “static analysis” can be filled using TypeScript Type Guards.

We will see that this is not a fatality, because TypeScript is more powerful than you thought and some developers of the community are very crafty.

we use a type guard here to say that, if this function returns true, any further usage of key will be of the specified type. Otherwise, it's still just a string.

keyof is a keyword in TypeScript which accepts a given object type and returns a union type of its keys. These are equivalent: type StatusKey = keyof { online: string; offline: string; busy: string; dnd: string; } type StatusKey = 'online' | 'offline' | 'busy' | 'dnd'

function hasKey<O>(obj: O, key: PropertyKey): key is keyof O { return key in obj }

Adding to the accepted answer, if you happen to need to use a type guard against a mixin, you'll get this error too, since the is operator doesn't behave as an implements would.

Regarding the error message, the predicate type must be assignable to the value type because the type guard is used to check whether a value with a less-specific type is in fact a value with a more-specific type. For example, consider this guard: function isApe(value: Animal): value is Ape { return /* ... */ } Ape is assignable to Animal, but not vice versa.

If you really don't want to use any, you could use an empty interface - {} - instead:

If there is no relationship between the value's type and the type in the type predicate, the guard would make no sense. For example, TypeScript won't allow a user-defined guard like this: function isString(value: Date): value is string { return typeof value === "string"; }

the generic means "give me one of each function a -> Boolean" so if any of those functions doesn't exist, then the generic doesn't exist.

const isValidMethodForHandler = <T extends { [i: string]: any }>(handler: T) => ( method: string ): method is Extract<keyof T, string> => Object.keys(handler).indexOf(method) !== -1;

In 2.8 you can use conditional types to achieve a similar effect

type CReturn<C, K extends keyof C> = C extends Array<any> ? C[number] : C[K];

Prior to 2.9 keyof only returned string indexes, in 2.9 this will include numeric and symbol keys.

const test = new Person(TestPerson).at("name").at("name")

type FooType = { // interfaces or classes of course also possible bar: string; } type BarType = FooType['bar']; // BarType is a string now

You can use this format to get the member type: type InputType = typeof input[number];

Having a member in a class and initializing it like below:class Foo { x: number; constructor(x:number) { this.x = x; }}is such a common pattern that TypeScript provides a shorthand where you can prefix the member with an access modifier and it is automatically declared on the class and copied from the constructor. So the previous example can be re-written as (notice public x:number):class Foo { constructor(public x:number) { }}

we now support let x: typeof import('./x');, added in TypeScript 2.9

The answer is no, we use a pattern where we do this, and have a `static` method for manufacturing the constructor.e.g.static from({prop1, prop2}) => new this(public prop1, public prop2)

TypeScript definitions don't block and VS Code does not warn for `indices.forEach(console.log)`

Almost the same applies to typescript and babel-ts. babel-ts might support JavaScript features (proposals) not yet supported by TypeScript, but it’s less permissive when it comes to invalid code and less battle-tested than the typescript parser.