“not one inch eastward” formula with Gorbachev in the February 9, 1990, meeting. He agreed with Gorbachev’s statement in response to the assurances that “NATO expansion is unacceptable.” Baker assured Gorbachev that “neither the President nor I intend to extract any unilateral advantages from the processes that are taking place,” and that the Americans understood that “not only for the Soviet Union but for other European countries as well it is important to have guarantees that if the United States keeps its presence in Germany within the framework of NATO, not an inch of NATO’s present military jurisdiction will spread in an eastern direction.” (See Document 6)

cascade of assurances about Soviet security given by Western leaders to Gorbachev and other Soviet officials throughout the process of German unification

we should take care about non-expansion of its jurisdiction to the east.

Even nations that have formally apologised for their role in slavery, such as the Netherlands in 2022, have ruled out direct financial reparations to descendants of enslaved people.

Most of the reparations paid by governments came in the form of compensation to slave owners in the 19th Century, rather than to those who had been enslaved.

Yes - the most famous reparations case involves Germany. Since 1952, the European nation has paid more than $80bn (£60bn) to Jewish victims of the Nazi regime, including payments to Israel.

The United Nations General Assembly this week overwhelmingly backed a resolution declaring the transatlantic slave trade "the gravest crime against humanity".

Yes, 'Not an Inch to the East' Was Binding Under International Law

Specifically, we use Variation Theory of learning [44] which states that for learning to occur, some aspects that define the concept being learned must vary while others are held constant.

To analyze the annotation efficiency, we first conducted a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test [39] to determine if there were statistically significant differences in annotation time across the three conditions, because our data violated the homogeneity of variances assumption, making non-parametric methods more appropriate.

(b) Nomination: The candidate must be nominated by their commanding officer (Commander rank or above) and seconded by the ship’s First Officer or another officer of Commander rank or above. Self-nomination is not permitted, but soliciting a second is permitted and encouraged.

(b) Captains Council: A motion is valid only if at least 60% of the commanding officers currently running a ship participate. Decisions pass by simple majority (51%+) unless this Constitution or a Bylaw specifies a higher threshold.

(b) A second from another voting member is required before the vote can proceed.

A CC motion is valid only if at least 60% of the commanding officers currently running a ship participate.

Section 4 — The Founder

Temporary characters must cease operation as soon as practicable and cannot be transferred to another person.

Questions about how to interpret this Constitution are resolved by the Executive Council. If a member disagrees with the EC's interpretation, they may appeal to the Captains Council for a non-binding advisory opinion. The EC retains final interpretive authority.

They are hunters by profession and they would have the whole range of the forests for themselves and their cattle.

One of our tribes was forced to wander far beyond Quebec, others dispersed in small bodies and sought places of refuge where they could. Some came to Pennsylvania, others went far to the westward and mingled with other tribes.

They at first asked only for a little land on which to raise bread for themselves and their families and pasture for their cattle, which we freely gave them. They soon wanted more, which we also gave them. They saw the game in the woods which the Great Spirit had given us for our subsistence and they wanted that too.

Soon your mighty forest trees under the shade of whose wide spreading branches you have played in infancy, sported in boyhood, and now rest your wearied limbs after the fatigue of the chase will be cut down to fence in the land which the white intruders dare to call their own

Peace, civilization, and the cheerful sound of the human voice have taken the place of the frightful savage wilderness, of the nightly howling of the wolf, and the mid-day terrors of the Indian scalping knife.

praised the lay societies at a meeting of the Dyffryn Clwyd Church Society in 1853, when heargued that lay and clerics were now waking up to their responsibilities and duties. The Churchwas being revived, and one way this could be demonstrated was by looking at the number ofchurches being built or restored

The Movement even had its own Welsh-language journal, Baner y Groes, a short-livedpublication, which lasted from 1855 to 1858.This contained articles, poems, essays and reportson the Oxford Movement in Wales and on the principles of the Movement

The leaders of theTractarian clergy in Wales were some of the most patriotic Welshmen, who helped to defend andpromote the language

In Australia it is the leading cause of death ofpeople between 15 and 44 years and affects men two to three times more than women.

have often seen my place as a social worker within mental health to be an advocate in supportingmy clients/consumers to have their voice heard, be included in their care and treatment, and reducethe power imbalance between clients and clinicians. Social workers advocate for individuals to seekthe support they deserve in a system that is often confusing, chaotic, overwhelming and filled withbarriers to accessing services. This includes liaising with government services, referrals to non-government organisations, support with federal systems, such as Centrelink and National DisabilityInsurance Scheme, and advocating to assist in overcoming discrimination of those with mental healthdifficulties that are entrenched in social systems.

kernel reduction rules (β,δ,ι,ζ,η\beta, \delta, \iota, \zeta, \etaβ,δ,ι,ζ,η

mathematics constrains the physics, the physics constrains the computation, and the computation verifies the mathematics.

The verifier (K\mathcal{K}K) and the verified (π\piπ) are bound in a productive self-reference: neither is prior to the other; they co-emerge, like a Gödelian fixed point that, instead of asserting its own unprovability, asserts its own physicality.

The mass gap is the minimum thermodynamic cost of a single quantum measurement of the Yang–Mills vacuum.

computable real is a name — an infinite sequence of symbols that converges to the real number it represents.

Transformationleadership expects that the school boardand superintendent team commitment willdevelop trust, respect, and interdependenceupon one anothe

The superintendent and the schoolboard are spotlighted as key players in im-plementation and governance of the educa-tional reform movement.

The school board president holds aunique relationship with the superinten-dent. The relationship is not a matter ofindividual strength but one of partnershipand teamwork (Ellingson, 2010;

In this study the problem is that ad-verse actions and operations by schoolboards negatively impact the effectiveworking relationship of school board andthe superintendent.

Leadership emphasizes a collabora-tive relationship rather than an adversarialone (Duffy, 2003)

Current research, then, is needed todetermine the impact of the school board -superintendent relationship upon high stu-dent achievement.

he data from this research con-tributes to the understanding of the schoolboard-superintendent relationship by ex-amining the perceptions held by schoolboard presidents and superintendents onthe subject. Specifically, this research en-deavors to examine the school bo

indicated inthe 58.33 percent difference between theschool board president and superintendentresponses, the findings suggested thatthere is a difference in the perception ofthe school board president and the supe

The school board president servesas a liaison between the board and the su-perintendent

Public school boards and superinten-dents play a critical role in the well-beingof four million young people in the state ofTexas in the United States of America.

The con-cept of effectively connecting with thecommunity holds the prospect for signifi-cant benefits, which will result in studentachievement.

Second, I concludethat the superintendent and school boardrelationship is not static but rather chang-ing and transforming.

First, I conclude that the re-lationship of the superintendent and schoolboard is very complex.

I con-clude that inconsistent actions by boardmembers create a degree of uncertaintyand trust in the working relationship of theschool board and superintendent

The resulting frustra-tion, which is experienced by the superin-tendent, can be eliminated when a spirit ofteamwork on the part of superintendentand school board exists to focus on studentoutcomes and achievement

Functioning as a group re-lates to the cohesiveness of the board.Members must understand that it is thegroup, not individual members, which pos-sess the power.

High expectations bystakeholders place pressure on school dis-tricts to increase student learning at allgrade levels (Goodman & Zimmerman,2000; National Commission of Excellencein Education, 1983).

Members of school boardsand superintendents must genuinely ad-dress the status of their relationship.

John Hoyle (2002) noted that spe-cific challenges emerged by heightenedpublic awareness, as well as demands forexcellence in schools and improved stu-dent performance. Consequently, intensepressure has been brought upon the rela-tionship of the superintendent and theboard of trustees.

Theschool board-superintendent relationship isvital to increasing student achievement inthe twenty-first century (LaMonte, 2009).

. I do not have to agree with the point, but I must at least understand why the person I’m talking to feels the way they do.

when boundaries are not acknowledged and opinions are ignored, the discussion either becomes a furious screaming match or becomes really awkward.

The revival of French interest in Les Primitifs, pre-Raphaelite painters such as Fra Angelico and Rogier Van der Weyden, gave further credence to the idea ofmonk-artists as pure, as selessly devoting their artistic or scholarly talents to God. Such ideals appealed toreligious and non-religious alike and contributed to the formation of many nineteenth-century ‘artisticbrotherhoods’ (like the Pre-Raphaelites in England, the Rose+Croix and the Nabis in France), which promotedidealized variations of medieval monastic traditions as an antidote to the corrupt modern world.

This can be seen in the work of John Henry Newman, a leader in the Oxford Movement, whocorresponded with French priests and reected upon the French situation in the years leading to his verypublic conversion to Catholicism, and in the French-inuenced writing of Gerard Manley Hopkins

n France, ‘the eldest daughter of the Church’, medieval religious architecture played a particularly fraught rolein a post-Revolutionary culture in which the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) had made the CatholicChurch subservient to the French Stat

an imagined theatrical notion of the medieval, as did HoraceWalpole at Strawberry Hill, Loti constructed the room out of salvaged fragments from medieval churches andspent at least six months studying cultural practices of the year 1470

Much late nineteenth-century literary and artistic medievalism thus descends directly from the Romanticmovement’s fascination with the spectacular aspects of the Middle Ages: exotic historical settings, braveknights, colourful costumes, and love stories, but towards the end of the century curiosity about the MiddleAges was increasingly based on historical document

istorical novels written by women and set in the medieval past had ourished in France from theRevolutionary period. Examples include Sophie Cottin’s 1802 Mathilde, about Richard-the-Lionheart’s sisterand her experiences following him on crusade, and Marie-Adèle Barthélemy-Hadot’s 1822 Les Brigands anglaisou la bataille de Hastings

Victor Hugo is a critical gure for the reception of the Middle Ages in France and Britain: he wrote poems,essays, and novels in defence of medieval architecture and participated on the Comité des arts et desmonuments, but perhaps even more importantly he was one of the rst and most vocal French supporters ofmedievalism, of the creative possibilities the Middle Ages could offer contemporaries

The experience of Morris and Burne-Jones illustrates the remarkable advances made with regard to the publicaccessibility of medieval art and architecture by the 1850

here were many French architectsinvolved in French restorations during this period, but Viollet-le-Duc would become the most internationallyvisible gure not only because of his tremendous dynamism as a restorer and organizer of exhibits for World’sFairs, but especially because of the debates surrounding his published theories on restoration, whichculminated in the highly inuential ten-volume Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIesiècle (Paris: Bance et Morel, 1851–68), the six-volume Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français de l’époquecarolingienne à la Renaissance (Paris: Gründ et Maguet, 1858–70), and the Entretiens sur l’architecture (1863).

ugo, for example,described Romanesque style as ‘stagnant’ and ‘oppressive’ in his 1831 novel Notre-Dame de Paris, thusassociating it with ecclesiastical oppression and injustice; he saw its demise as a positive evolution toward theGothic style’s ‘freedom of expression

The reection on the past encouraged by this museum profoundly inuenced visitors from all over Europe;they took the picturesque arrangements of salvaged medieval monuments they saw there as an invitation toimagine life in the Middle Ages

the French and English travelled back and forth across the EnglishChannel (La Manche

The point of an informative essay is not to convince others to take a certain action or stance; that role is expressly reserved for persuasive essays

. The Informative Research Report is a report that relays the results of a central research question in an organized manner through more formal sources

equipping students with the tools to navigate the political landscape is essential

n sum, the phenomenon of medievalism in nineteenth-century Germany cannot be truly understood, if onedoes not keep in mind that Germany was not a cohesive political structure until 1871. And although the MiddleAges signied for many a supposed time of national and confessional unity and was certainly inspirational tomany creative artists in nineteenth-century Germany as elsewhere, their main ‘purpose’ was to help create aviable, political, and social entity out of a myriad of disparate kingdoms, duchies, and cities united not only bylanguage but also by common purpose

As important as the stress on political continuity was alsothe assertion that the Gothic architectural style of the cathedral was uniquely ‘German’.

And indeed there was something which would fulll theseconditions—or so it was hoped: the unnished cathedral at Cologn

To emphasize the unity of past and present the participants at the Wartburg dressedin what they considered to be Germanic costumes, and thus the festival came to symbolize the political,cultural, and religious purity of the Germans.

ccording to Herder (Briefe zu Beförderung der Humanität, 1793), language is the meansby which a nation is formed. A native language encompasses the traditions and the ‘genius’ of a people, evenso-called uncultivated peoples. There is nothing more precious, for in the native language is everything thatsignies a particular people.

hat was the beginning of Europe; the laying of the cultural, social, religious, and, to acertain extent, political foundations upon which later ages would build

discord and conicts which it would bring about were not far off, events that wouldforever change Europe and shut the door, at least temporarily, on the Middle Ages.

WHETHER viewed as the ‘Dark Ages’ or the time of Camelot, the Western European medieval period hascontinued to be an object of fascination well into the modern era.

Micallef v. Malta

Steel & Morris v. the UK

Een amanuensis (meervoud: amanuenses) is een assistent op natuurkundig, biologisch en/of scheikundig terrein op een school of in een laboratorium. De term kan ook naar een klerk of secretaris verwijzen. Een amanuensis kan bijvoorbeeld op een middelbare school natuurkundige, scheikundige of biologische proeven voorbereiden, en kan verantwoordelijk zijn voor het onderhoud van de technische hulpmiddelen en instrumenten voor natuurkundig, biologisch en scheikundig onderwijs aan die school. Een dergelijke amanuensis op school wordt ook wel een technisch onderwijsassistent (toa) genoemd.

his was due in part to the encouragement givenby competitions at eisteddfodau and literary societies, which offered prizes for poems and prose works onmedieval heroes and events such as Llywelyn the Last (d. 1282) or Henry Tudor’s victory at Bosworth, bothsubjects at the Llangollen eisteddfod of 1858

ut on a much more smaller scale and only from the 1890s

elebration of the medieval Welsh past served, not as a justication for political self-determination, but rather as a vindication of Wales’s honourable place in a union with England or Great Britain(even if that might involve a measure of home rule

The Catholicism of medieval Wales could also causediscomfort among both Anglican and Nonconformist writers

Likewise, albeit on a much smaller scale, attempts to revive Roman Catholicism in Walesclaimed early Welsh saints and other aspects of the medieval Welsh Christian heritage

In Wales, a version of this had been developed by sixteenth-century Protestant churchmen, who argued that the Reformation had restored the early British or WelshChurch, an idea that continued to be promoted by Anglicans in the Victorian period

William Rees’s Lives of the Cambro-British Saints (1853

s Rice Rees declared in 1836: ‘So numerous are the Welsh saints, that their history is in a manner theecclesiastical history of their time’

which built on ideas elaborated in the early modern period (with medieval antecedents,especially in the Irish case), was the portrayal of the two countries’ early ecclesiastical history as an age ofsaints

urthermore, Edward Williams (Iolo Morganwg; 1747–1826) had promoted primitivistideas by arguing that the Welsh bards

Yet the ensuing subjection to Englandwas made palatable, rst, by the accession of the partly Welsh Henry VII to the English throne in 1485 and,second, by Henry VIII’s Acts of Union (1536–43), which not only gave the Welsh the same legal rights as theEnglish but providentially opened the way for the Protestant Reformation.

he closest Wales came to the latter cities in the early and mid-Victorian period was Swansea, with its RoyalInstitution of South Wales,

Damning verdicts onthe Welsh language and Nonconformist religion in reports on education in Wales, popularly known as the ‘BlueBooks’ (1847), helped to mobilize a politically committed Nonconformity, aimed at ending Anglican dominancethrough the disestablishment in Wales of the Church of England: moves for greater political self-determinationwere limited to calls towards the end of the century for Welsh home rule by the ultimately abortive Cymru Fyddor Young Wales movement within the Liberal Party.910111213p. 21814151

Huw Pryce, J. E. Lloyd and the Creation of Welsh History: Renewing a Nationʼs Past (Cardi: University of Wales Press, 2011),85, 87–91

wo main phases of cultural endeavour have also been identied in Wales, bothof which included a signicant engagement with the Middle Ages. The early Victorian period witnessed thecontinuation by patriotic Anglicans of efforts, begun in the second decade of the nineteenth century, to reviveWelsh culture through Cambrian societies and provincial eisteddfodau as well as the formation of the WelshManuscript Society (1837) and Cambrian Archaeological Association (1847). However, in the second half of thecentury, as part of a wider shift in Welsh society, Nonconformists became more prominent in the eisteddfodmovement and other cultural spheres; moreover, a self-conscious sense of national revival, focused above all oneducation, became increasingly palpable from the 1870s and further stimulated interest in the nation’s earlyand medieval origin

Entropy (S) is a state function whose value increases with an increase in the number of available microstates.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Iza Ray Korsmit (iza.korsmit@mail.mcgill.ca).

The experimental protocol was certified for ethical compliance by the McGill University Research Ethics Board II.

IRK was supported by funding from the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds (The Netherlands). This project was also funded by a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Insight Grant (435-2021-0224), a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Partnership Grant (895-2018-1023), and a Canada Research Chair (950-231872) to SMc.

Part of this research was presented at the Society for Music Perception and Cognition Conference, Portland, Oregon (2022). The authors would like to thank Bennett K. Smith for programming the experimental interface and assisting with the experiment execution on Prolific, and Philippe Macnab-Seguin for creating the chromatic scales for the second experiment.

Iza Ray Korsmit, Marcel Montrey, Alix Yok Tin Wong-Min, & Stephen McAdams McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Grimaud and Eerola (2022) compared instrument ensembles of strings, woodwinds, and brass in a study where participants either rated the emotions they perceived or manipulated musical parameters to produce a certain emotion. They found that strings were associated with increased anger and fear, woodwinds with decreased anger and fear, and brass with decreased fear, in the cases of both emotion perception and production. For the other emotions (joy, sadness, calmness, power, surprise), however, results were less consistent between perception and production, indicating that the emotion-instrument association may also depend on context of the task.

following the constructionist idea that an individual's personality and background will influence the affect they perceive or feel, we considered several sources of individual differences as moderating factors in the effects of instrument family, pitch height, and affect locus.

This research follows a constructionist approach to musical affect (Cespedes-Guevara & Eerola, 2018). That is, although we are interested in the "bottom-up" influence of certain musical features on musical affect, we believe these cannot be adequately evaluated without considering the "top-down" effects of context and individual differences that are present when affects are constructed. The perception or induction of affect does not merely arise in response to a stimulus but is also formed in relation to the individual and the context.

the context of a task (like perception, production, or induction) may change the effect of musical features.

Furthermore, as the method of reporting on perceived and induced affect may influence the construction of an affect (e.g., facilitating categorical perception), we also compare two different affect representations.

This research follows a constructionist approach to musical affect (Cespedes-Guevara & Eerola, 2018). That is, although we are interested in the \'bottom-up\' influence of certain musical features on musical affect, we believe these cannot be adequately evaluated without considering the \'top-down\' effects of context and individual differences that are present when affects are constructed. The perception or induction of affect does not merely arise in response to a stimulus but is also formed in relation to the individual and the context.

Any patient with chest or back pain with a known or suspected thoracic aorta aneurysm must be brought to the hospital and undergo urgent imaging studies to rule out the aneurysm as a cause of the pain

With the exception of endovascular repair for discrete saccular aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, the morbidity and mortality of thoracic aneurysm repair are higher than for infrarenal AAA repair. Paraplegia remains a devastating complication

Open surgery is usually required, carrying substantial risk of morbidity (including stroke, diffuse neurologic injury, and intellectual impairment) because interruption of arch blood flow is required

Most thoracic aortic aneurysms are due to atherosclerosis; syphilis is a rare cause

By its actions toward China during World War I, Japan had signaled that it intended to be a major player among the imperialist powers in Asia

Remember, the purpose of research is to make an original argument, and not to just pull together big blocks of quotes.

Five ways to train your intuitionFive things that seem to help.Listen to your body. Your heartbeat, your gut, the physical signals. Wall Street traders who could feel their own heartbeat did better in fast trading situations.Explore experiences. Not just collect them. Notice them. The richer the pattern, the better your gut can work with it.Find your rule of thumb. Intuition is information reduction. One good heuristic, vaguely right rather than precisely wrong, often beats careful deliberation.Broaden your lens. Look at the same concept from different domains, different people, different angles. You start seeing it in places you didn’t notice before.Gain feedback. Without it, your lens never changes. You just keep seeing what you always saw.

And all around it: the gardens. The gardens are the spaces to stand still, to listen to your intuition, to park an idea and look at it two weeks later. Were those ideas I had really genius? Or does it look different now?

You start in the library, where you collect information and enhance it a little with your own perspective and feelings. Then in the observatory, my personal favorite, you connect your ideas and look at concepts from different angles, making them round. On the action side, there’s the strategy chamber, where you think about your projects and how they connect to the knowledge you’ve collected, or where the gaps are. Then there are the work chambers. When I’m in there, I need to stay in there. I need to finish the task I started and I cannot go back to the drawing table, because there’s always more to research and always more things that I find interesting.

Brain Palace Blueprint. It has two angles: understanding versus action, and zooming in versus zooming out. These are the different chambers that I do my work in, and where I can train my perception.

Your lens on the world is shaped by everything you’ve done, the person who you are, the persons that you talk to. When you use that lens, by registering your experiences consciously, writing them down, making pictures, making art, talking about it, you gain feedback on what this lens is doing for you.

you cannot train your intuition, but you can listen to it better. I don’t know if that’s entirely true. But I do think you need the silence, the peace of mind, to stand still for a while, to be able to be intuitive

One thing that keeps coming back in everything I’ve read: intuition is like information reduction, basically. We have it for a reason: we need to function in this world. And having this one rule of thumb is helping you make fast decisions, and it’s usually almost as accurate, or even more accurate, than if we’re trying to rationally come up with the answer.

Cognitive surrenderA paper that came out this year asked: if you’re working with AI a lot, and you’re using it as a machine to answer all of your questions, what happens with System 1 and System 2?

Jonathan Haidt takes it even further. His paper is called “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail.” If you look at a dog, you think the tail is making a movement. But is the tail actually making the movement, or is the dog wiggling and is the tail just going along? He says we essentially only have System 1. We make our moral choices from our guts, and then we just use System 2 to defend the thing we already decided. There’s been discussion about whether that’s entirely true. There’s no right or wrong, I guess, because we don’t really know exactly what intuition is. But I think it’s a very nice perspective on how our intuition might be more important than we often think it is.

Most of you are probably familiar with Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman. System 1 is your gut feeling, your intuition. Very fast, but also makes mistakes. System 2 is the rational system where you weigh your options and see what’s best. It’s usually explained as: this one is fast but makes mistakes, and then there’s the thinking. We put a lot of weight on that. We are thinking animals, that’s what differs us from the animals.

By doing that, by looking at one concept from different angles, suddenly the map of content doesn’t stay flat anymore. It becomes kind of round. You’re able to look at it from different perspectives, different experiences, different domains.

But you can also look at a concept from different domains: what’s happening in the brain, for example, or how are you experiencing it yourself?

There’s also something called interoception: feeling the feeling of your own body.

Visual knowledge works the same way. Close your eyes and think of Marilyn Monroe and Einstein. You can picture their faces, you know what they look like. But if you have to describe them to another person, suddenly that becomes very hard. That’s also knowledge that lives in this tacit field.

In between sits what Michael Polanyi called tacit knowledge. Think of playing the piano. You’ve practiced a piece so many times that your fingers just go.

there’s no hard definition. I’ve been talking about this topic more and more over the past few months, and I noticed that people think very differently about this word. And I find that fascinating

Instead, research is a process where scholars build on older work while sharing their new ideas. When you cite others’ research, you’re doing the same thing

Sonia Nieto (2017), in her paper titled On Becoming Sociocultural Mediators, emphasizes the importance of educators taking steps to learn about their students and their communities in respectful ways that build trust and relationships. She explains that sociocultural mediators “not only introduce students to other perspectives and experiences, but also that they encourage students to carry who they are along with them” (p. 10). Hammond (2015) urges educators to expose themselves to cultural experiences similar to those of their students in order to “experience alternative ways of doing and being” (p. 62). Consider the following steps that you might take (adapted from Nieto, 2017, and Hammond, 2015): Explore the history of students’ home countries and cultures.Visit students’ families in their homes or communities.Conduct family interviews.Develop family and community surveys.Write letters to students sharing about yourself and ask students to write you back. The questions in 2d might be a good starting place for the type of information you could share with students.Watch movies or television series that can help you step into another culture and that portray that culture in a positive and accurate light. Reflect on patterns of both verbal and nonverbal communication.

While being color-blind in relation to your teaching may seem like an effective way to treat all students fairly and equally, ignoring cultural, racial, and linguistic differences actually undermines the potential of being able to connect with each student based on her or his unique background. Being color-blind inherently denies students an opportunity to share facets of their identity. When individuals profess to be color-blind, they may also overlook the role that implicit bias can play in their interactions with students and families who come from cultures other than their own. Implicit bias is a result of our brain’s work of categorizing and stereotyping as a way to process large amounts of information (Hammond, 2015; Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, 2013). Bias can lead you to make assumptions about others and ignore the inherent inequities that exist in education, such as inequitable access to college preparation and honors courses, greater numbers of disciplinary referrals, lower scores on state achievement tests, and lower graduation rates, among many others.

As children enter the classroom ona Monday morning, their teacher,Mr. Gomez, overhears a conversationbetween two students.“What did you do during theweekend?” John asks Stephanie.“On Saturday, I got my hair done! Igot to sit there for hours,” Stephaniereplies.“Why does it take hours to get yourhair done?”“I have a special way to take care ofmy hair! Plus, I get to spend time withother women in my neighborhood, likemy mom and my auntie.”Mr. Gomez makes a mental note toselect a read aloud text that affirms thediversity of hair types for a whole classconversation

As illustrated in fgure 4, text complexity in the Standards is defned in grade bands: grades 2–3, 4–5, 6–8, 9–10, and11–CCR.5 Students in the frst year(s) of a given band are expected by the end of the year to read and comprehendprofciently within the band, with scafolding as needed at the high end of the range. Students in the last year of aband are expected by the end of the year to read and comprehend independently and profciently within the band

women in particular

These figures exemplify the gender data gap within historical authority records and its implications for digital historical research.

In such data work, Data Feminism can serve as a methodology that complements what is known in the Humanities as source criticism.‍

Takeaways This list isn’t comprehensive. I’m still experimenting and would love to learn from your experiments as well.

9. Reflector This final role is different. Whereas the others took as the object of inquiry a particular work — e.g., a novel or a movie — this last one takes as the object your knowledge garden itself. That is, you point the LLM to a series of notes to analyze patterns over time and suggest improvements. Example: I fed all 52 weekly posts from my humanities crash course to Claude Code, and asked it to identify the various roles in which I used AI for learning throughout the year. Its answers — with some curation from me — are the roles you just read. Suggested prompt: Here are my notes from [X weeks/months] of reading on [TOPIC]. What patterns do you notice in what I pay attention to? What do I seem to find most interesting, and what do I seem to avoid or underweight?

8. Mapper This one’s a bit more esoteric. Some people — me included — are primarily visual: diagrams and drawings aid our understanding. Concept maps can be especially helpful. I’ve built an Agent Skill to allow LLMs like Claude draw concept maps. (Download it from Github.) Example: I used this mapping skill to generate a concept map of Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse. It’s not especially insightful, but more of a proof point of using LLMs in a more visual modality. Suggested prompt: (Note: install my LLMapper Skill before issuing this prompt) Generate a concept map for [WORK] centered on the question: “How does the novel’s treatment of [THEME] illuminate [BROADER QUESTION]?”

7. Analyst This role will also help you appreciate a work from a different perspective. It’s easy: you ask for the LLM to apply a specific critical lens to a reading. Common lenses include Freudian, Marxist, feminist, Girardian, etc. Example: The same week I read Freud, my son and I watched Predator, the 1980s sci fi film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. For fun, I asked ChatGPT to analyze the film through a Freudian lens. The result was both enlightening and hilarious. Suggested prompt: Apply a [Marxist / feminist / postcolonial / Jungian] reading to [WORK]. What does this lens reveal that a neutral summary would miss?

6. Adversary Here’s a fun role: asking for an LLM to push back on your position or steelman the opposing point of view. The idea is to expand your understanding by bringing your assumptions to the surface and challenging them. Example: After watching Modern Times, I asked ChatGPT to correct my understanding of the movie as a work of Marxist propaganda. The LLM convinced me that the film is in fact more of a humanist statement than a political one. As a result of this interaction, I changed my mind on Chaplin’s work. Suggested prompt: Here are my notes on [TOPIC]. Please help me see it through the lens of someone who might be sympathetic to [OPPOSING POSITION] without fully realizing it. What could I improve? Where is my argument weakest? [paste notes]

5. Recommender This is a useful role for deepening your understanding of a subject: asking for related works that reflect similar themes. It’s also a use case where I noticed considerable improvements in LLM performance over 2025. Example: Early in 2025, I read Confucius’s Analects. Perplexity was ahead in web-backed interactions at the time, so I asked it for a list of classic Chinese movies that reflected Confucian values. It responded with five suggestions, some of which it hallucinated. But one of them, Spring in a Small Town, was a bona fide classic — and I likely wouldn’t have learned of it without an LLM. (Later in the year, other chatbots gained this ability and hallucinations dropped across the board.) Suggested prompt: I just finished [WORK]. Recommend three films that explore similar themes or ideas. Prioritize films with strong critical reputations — I’d rather have one great recommendation than five mediocre ones.

4. Orienter This role is something of an inversion of the validator. Instead of asking for feedback on your notes after reading a text, here you ask the AI for guidance before reading. You’re looking for framing, historical context, high level outlines, etc. — ideally, without spoilers. Example: Before reading Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil and Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Illych, I uploaded both books to NotebookLM, which created a podcast for me that explained their thematic contexts. Listening to this podcast in my daily walk helped me better understand the readings. Suggested prompt: I’m about to read [WORK] for the first time. Give me enough context to make sense of it — historical background, key arguments, things to watch for — but don’t spoil the experience of discovering it myself.

3. Connector Here’s yet another role you can easily do via chat: identifying thematic, philosophical, or narrative parallels between works. Note I wrote “works” — it’s fun and illuminating to ask for connections across media, genre, time, etc. Example: I watched Francis Ford Coppola’s The Conversation on the same week I read Oedipus Rex. For fun, I asked ChatGPT for possible parallels between the two works. Its reply was enlightening: it pointed out how the protagonists of both stories undertook an obsessive investigation that uncovered terrible knowledge. Suggested prompt: I’ve been reading [WORK A] and [WORK B]. What philosophical or thematic threads connect them? I’m looking for non-obvious resonances, not surface similarities.

2. Validator Another basic role for AI is validating your understanding. To do this, you ask it to review your notes for errors or gaps, do basic fact checking, or critique your reasoning. Again, you can do this via the chat interface, but I also experimented with passing my notes in Obsidian using the Copilot plugin and in Emacs using gptel. Example: After reading The Epic of Gilgamesh, I wrote a note in Obsidian summarizing its plot. When I asked ChatGPT to critique my summary, it pointed out that I’d given the central character a redemption arc that isn’t present in the text. I’m so accustomed to the standard hero’s journey, that I projected it onto the book — and an LLM helped me correct this ‘hallucination.’ Suggested prompt: Here are my notes on [WORK]. What important ideas did I miss or underemphasize? Don’t rewrite my notes — just flag the gaps.

1. Tutor The simplest role for AI is as a tutor. You ask it to explain a difficult concept, clarify a confusing passage, translate jargon, etc. I mostly did this via the standard chat UI (although I created a ChatGPT project to preserve context for the course.) Example: While reading Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, I came across three unfamiliar German terms: es, ich, and über-ich. ChatGPT helpfully explained these are more commonly known as id, ego, and superego — three terms I already understood. Suggested prompt: I just read [PASSAGE]. I understand [X] but I’m confused about [Y]. Can you explain [Y] in plain terms, without assuming I have background in [FIELD]?

It was a messy process. That’s what you do in a garden! And the outcome wasn’t an enthusiastic endorsement of AI. Instead, I landed at a map of roles and modalities for how AI can help at different points in the spectrum. Let’s look at nine of these roles.

Robots in the garden

I consider amanuensis to be the ideal role for AIs in your knowledge garden.

Some early modern scholars employed live-in secretaries to do various tasks for them: researching, indexing, archiving, retrieving, organizing, translating, summarizing, and running errands. While not as famous as their employers, these people were often seen more as collaborators than anonymous servants. They were called amanuenses

I get most value around the middle of the spectrum. There’s a historical precedent here.

When thinking about your relationship with AI in general, it helps to consider a spectrum. On one end, you reject the technology completely: you don’t want it anywhere near your notes. On the other end, the AI completely replaces you. Neither extreme is desirable, so most approaches fall somewhere on the spectrum.

AI — which is being explicitly framed as a prosthetic mind

if the point is creating a place for your first brain to work better, that raises an increasingly pressing question: what role should AI

A garden provides solace and recreation — the opposite of the anxiety that overhangs systems built as productivity hacks. My PKM system provides solace and recreation. So I call it my “knowledge garden,” riffing on the popular digital garden metaphor and Andy Matuschak’s evergreen notes, among others.

I approach my knowledge garden with Field Notes’s tagline in mind: “I’m not writing it down to remember it later, I’m writing it down to remember it now.” I don’t keep a PKM to remember things later, but because writing, structuring, and connecting ideas is how I think. That the words are there for recall later is a bonus, not the main attraction. Clearer thinking is the “gold,” the notes merely record it happened.

Finally, for many gardeners, the fruit is only part of their garden’s value. Gardening is pleasurable per se. It’s not something they do just because they want to eat. After tall, it’s cheaper and easier to go to the supermarket. Instead, they garden because they find it fulfilling.

Also, a garden’s structure can’t be rigidly top-down. While some structure is needed, the place’s form emerges over time as it meets real-world needs. Thinking about PKM as a productivity hack leads to overemphasizing upfront structures and workflows at the expense of the more patient approach required by organic processes.

There are different kinds of gardens for different purposes. Some are for pleasure, while others are for growing food. Some are industrial; others artisanal. What they all have in common: things grow there. And it doesn’t happen overnight, but after much toil in the soil. For a garden to fulfill its purpose — whatever it might be — it must be stewarded over a long time.

more fruitful metaphor for PKMs is that of a garden. Many of us already talk about our PKM systems as “places” where we do focused work

Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson explain that metaphors don’t just reveal how we talk about things; they also reveal and inform how we think about things, deep down

That said, I think the “second brain” metaphor has three problems: It implies delegating cognition. The promised outcome is a prosthetic mind. That is, the system will relieve you of thinking and (especially!) long-term recall. (Westenberg: “I believed I was solving a problem of forgetting.”) It sets expectations PKMs can’t meet. This isn’t a promise current PKMs — even with AI — can deliver. The system won’t “extract the gold,” at least not for a long time and after a lot of work on your part. These are bad expectations to begin with. Even if PKMs could do this, you shouldn’t want this. If you want to think better, your goal shouldn’t be to delegate your thinking: It should be enabling your first brain to work better.

But I also believe mindset influences the value you get from these systems. And unfortunately, the most common framing for PKMs sets the wrong mindset. It’s the metaphor in the title of Westenberg’s post: second brain.

, had nevertheless learned something, and Tolman called this latent learning. Latent learning refers to learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. Tolman argued that the rats had formed a “cognitive map” of the maze but did not demonstrate this knowledge until they received reinforcement.

wild-type Canton-S (WT; obtained from the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center;

DGRP lines (Dataset S6) were obtained from the Bloomington Stock Center in Indiana an

When you implement asynchronous programming in your C# code, the compiler transforms your program into a state machine.

In the early years of SEO, webmasters would often stuff their webpages with keywords to get them to rank higher, regardless of actual relevance

Although these findings demonstrate the need to use caution when targeting CAFs, they also highlight the need to systematically determine the composition and function of the PDA stroma to improve the development of effective stroma-targeting drugs.

The bitmap proofs involve ~4 million Brainfuck program executions, each running 22,000 fuel steps, all verified at the kernel level via native_decide.

here Animal welfare & food systems High Priority Mar 24, 2026 |EAFORUM gpt-5.4-mini ▾ Details This looks l

A latent factor (0=nascent, 1=mature) that affects all technology adoption, reactor costs, and financing. High maturity = correlated improvements.

Model Parameters Code viewof simpleMode = Inputs.toggle({label: "Simplified view (recommended)", value: true})

Two controls for growth factors:

How far along the price reduction curve we are within each regime:

Variable Operating Costs (VOC):

Technology Adoption by 2036

Total: $122.59

Unit Production Cost ($/kg) →

Model Structure Code viewof include_capex = Inputs.toggle({label: "Include capital costs (CAPEX)", value: true}) viewof include_fixed_opex = Inputs.toggle({label: "Include fixed operating costs", value: true}) viewof include_downstream = Inputs.toggle({label: "Include downstream processing", value: false})

Pure cells vs. consumer products: Most cultivated meat products on the market or in development are hybrid products — blending a fraction of cultured cells with plant-based or mycoprotein ingredients. A product with (say) 20% cultured cells and 80% plant-based filler at $3/kg would have a blended ingredient cost far below the pure-cell cost shown here. The "price parity with conventional meat" threshold may therefore be achievable at higher per-kg cell costs than these numbers suggest.

GitHub issues: Open an issue Email: contact@unjournal.org

Ter. Scaur. GL 7.28K

A shared latent space autoencoder framework was used, adapted from the cross-modal architecture introduced by Yang et al.13. The model consists of modality-specific encoders and decoders for gene expression and morphology, which project inputs into a shared latent representation.

Even for the 17 morphology features that were consistently well predicted across four perturbation datasets and 100 genetically diverse donors, individual gene–morphology correlations were uniformly weak. Instead, predictive signal was distributed across large gene sets. This pattern directly parallels the omnigenic model of complex organismal traits,

In plain language, structure as symbol; design ascommunication.

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