If we were observers who routinely traced  every motion of every molecule, we would say, what do you mean that there's randomness in  what's going on? There's no randomness. I can see what every individual molecule does. So  in a sense, that's an example of a place where being an observer of the kind we are is the  thing that causes us to perceive laws of the kind we perceive.

This, Becker argues, is where the self-concept was born.

other cultures do not think this and that suggests that our sense of self is largely culturally constructed

the ability to do so is associated with recognizing the facts of “no self” as discussed in the opening of this section. Accepting the Bodhisattva vow brings in this way the possibility of expanding intelligence in a steady fashion—free from hesitation, disappointment, fear, and other such factors that can now be seen to arise from misperceptions of the nature of the project.

Recent work has revealed several new and significant aspects of the dynamics of theory change. First, statistical information, information about the probabilistic contingencies between events, plays a particularly important role in theory-formation both in science and in childhood. In the last fifteen years we’ve discovered the power of early statistical learning.

these people think there's this self that they're aware of that they've seen that they experienced it's a thing they know best and he's inviting you to introspect something that you often might do on the meditation cushion and asking when you 01:09:38 look inside what do you find well you find sensations you find perceptions you find personality traits or emotions but you don't find a bearer you don't find the thing that's supposed to be the 01:09:52 self so human um thinks that you actually don't even know what a self is because it's something that you believe is there but you've never actually seen that you've never experienced and hume 01:10:04 human has a very radical view that we might have a word self but we don't even know what it means because none of us have ever seen it

subtle knowledge constructs, modeling languages, elicitation, and validation processes

Thus, the presence of DIF suggests that some irrelevant construct (such as language ability) is being measured along with the intended construct.

For instance, some examinees might obtain higher scores on essay questions because of a greater ability to bluff their way through an answer, not because they have greater knowledge or skill.

A construct is a theoretical entity hypothesized to account for particular behaviors or characteristics of people. Examples of constructs abound in the social sciences and include creativity, intelligence, various abilities and attitudes, personality characteris-tics, and value systems.

What arbitrary as-~ ( signments!6