Power structure came to include the west

Essence of control via personal relationship. Western forces subsumed into the Chinese state

Treaty system was a way to pacify the West and subsume them into the Chinese system

Manchus had taken on the culture of the Chinese while ruling jointly between Manchus and Han. This structure would later be added the west

Westerners participated in the system but deliberately aschewed its cultural boundaries. But the joint participation in the system did give the Westerners an incentive in keeping the Qing Empire alive.

Culture helped legitimize the authority of the empire via ritual, philosophy, and social order

Power structure based on military force and administrative capacity.

Assimilation of foreign mercenaries into the ranks of the Middle Kingdom

Weakening of the institution due to the slowing of tribute missions

Control via imperial regulation

The westerners were thus treated with benevolence afforded to them by Chinese tradition

The Westerners had become subsumed into China but their external pressure would soon transition to internal ones

Thus opportunism led to the growing descent of China into the unequal treaties

Western strength was expressed via power not law

Treaty was meant to motivate the foreigners to keep the peace or risk losing their commercial priviledges

Treaty system was meant to create a vested interest which could then be exploited by the emperor

The tribute system had already begun to deteriorate prior t the Treaty system

Treaty system based on the Canton System

Treaty system was merely an adaptation of the tribute system

It was only later in the century that Qing resistance fully collapsed

The treaty system was built within the framework of Chinese tributary system

Management and not full resistance

Treaty System was a method for Western incorporation

During the years between 1840-1860, China remained wedded to the traditional system

Opium Wars were merely the twilight of the old system

Note d'Information : Sommeil et Santé Mentale chez les Élèves et Adolescents

Résumé Exécutif

Les troubles de la santé mentale touchent un Français sur cinq chaque année et un sur trois au cours de sa vie, avec une prévalence en forte hausse chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes.

La moitié des troubles psychiatriques apparaissent avant 18 ans, avec un pic majeur constaté à 14,5 ans.

Face à ce constat, le sommeil constitue un levier d'action déterminant : il agit à la fois comme un baromètre d'alerte précoce, un facteur de risque modifiable et une cible de prévention primaire et secondaire.

Les données scientifiques démontrent un lien direct entre le déficit de sommeil et la détérioration de la santé mentale, des capacités cognitives et des performances scolaires :

• Impact scolaire : Le déficit de sommeil explique 11 % de la baisse des résultats en mathématiques et en sciences entre le CM1 et la 4ᵉ.

• Risque psychiatrique : Des symptômes d'insomnie chez l'adolescent multiplient par 3,4 le risque de développer un trouble psychiatrique l'année suivante.

• Risque suicidaire : Une perte de sommeil d'à peine 44 minutes par nuit durant le mois précédant une tentative de suicide est observée chez les adolescents hospitalisés en urgence.

• Troubles du neurodéveloppement (TND) : Chez les enfants autistes, le manque de sommeil explique 18 % de l'irritabilité, 17 % du retrait social et 36 % des comportements stéréotypés.

Des solutions de prévention applicables en milieu scolaire, telles que les programmes Mémé Tonpige (cycles 2 et 3) et Challenge-toi sur ton sommeil (collège), démontrent qu'il est possible d'apprendre à mieux dormir et de restaurer la durée de sommeil des élèves.

Il est recommandé d'élever le sommeil au même niveau de priorité institutionnelle que l'alimentation et l'activité physique (« bien manger, bien bouger, bien dormir ») et de l'intégrer dès le carnet de santé.

1. Épidémiologie et Enjeux de la Santé Mentale chez les Jeunes

La santé mentale est aujourd'hui reconnue comme une grande cause nationale.

Les données épidémiologiques mettent en évidence la vulnérabilité spécifique des populations jeunes :

• Prévalence globale : 20 % de la population française est touchée par un trouble de santé mentale sur une année donnée, et 33 % sur la vie entière.

• Dynamique d'apparition :

• Plus d'un tiers (> 35 %) des troubles apparaissent avant l'âge de 14 ans (visibles dès la maternelle, le primaire et le collège).

• Le pic principal d'émergence des troubles se situe à 14,5 ans.

• 50 % des troubles psychiatriques se déclarent avant l'âge de 18 ans.

• Impératif d'intervention : La précocité du développement des troubles impose une stratégie axée sur la prévention précoce, le repérage précoce et la prise en charge adaptée afin de modifier favorablement la trajectoire des élèves et d'éviter le surhandicap.

2. Physiologie du Sommeil et Fonctions Cognitives

2.1. Le Rythme Circadien et le « Jetlag Social »

Le sommeil est une fonction biologique fondamentale représentant un tiers de la vie humaine.

Il s'inscrit dans un rythme circadien (environ 24 heures) lié à la rotation de la Terre et à l'alternance lumière/obscurité.

• Rythme veille/sommeil sur 24h : La régulation du sommeil ne doit pas être analysée uniquement durant la nuit.

Les manifestations diurnes (somnolence ou endormissement en classe) sont l'expression directe de ce rythme global.

• Désynchronisation (Jetlag social) : Il existe un conflit fréquent entre la temporalité interne (biologique) de l'organisme et la temporalité externe (horaires scolaires et sociaux).

Ce décalage horaire social touche particulièrement les adolescents, générant une dette de sommeil chronique.

2.2. Impact sur le Cerveau et les Acquisitions Scolaires

À l'adolescence, la maturation cérébrale est marquée par une vulnérabilité de la régulation émotionnelle, une recherche de sensations fortes et une sensibilité accrue à la récompense, face à un contrôle inhibiteur (cortex préfrontal) encore immature.

Le déficit de sommeil fragilise davantage ce cortex préfrontal.

| Fonction Cognitive | Impact du Manque de Sommeil | | --- | --- | | Attention | Première fonction touchée (oubli de matériel, dispersion en classe dès une nuit insuffisante). | | Fonctions Exécutives & Mésiques | Altération sévère en cas de privation ou de déficit chronique de sommeil. | | Consolidation de la Mémoire | Perturbation du rejouement nocturne des apprentissages et du tri de l'information (« la nuit porte conseil »). |

Une étude longitudinale menée en Norvège sur une cohorte de 4 500 élèves évalués en CM1 puis en 4ᵉ (tests TIMSS) a démontré que le déficit de sommeil explique à lui seul 11 % de la baisse des performances en mathématiques et en sciences.

3. Facteurs de Vulnérabilité Individuelle et Génétique

Deux traits génétiques majeurs modulent la vulnérabilité individuelle au manque de sommeil :

3.1. Le Chronotype

Le chronotype définit l'appétence horaire d'un individu (sujets du matin dits « alouettes », sujets synchronisés dits « en phase », ou sujets du soir dits « chouettes »).

• Évolution développementale : Entre 10 et 20 ans, un décalage biologique vers le soir s'opère naturellement chez tous les jeunes (effet plus marqué chez les garçons).

• Conséquences sociales : Les adolescents du soir, confrontés à des horaires scolaires matitaux immuables, sont dans l'impossibilité biologique d'obtenir un temps de sommeil suffisant.

• Santé mentale et performances : Les données de la UK Biobank (> 80 000 sujets) montrent qu'un chronotype du matin est associé à une meilleure santé mentale et, chez les adolescents (étude sur une moyenne d'âge de 13 ans), à de meilleures performances scolaires.

3.2. Le Besoin de Sommeil

Les besoins de sommeil évoluent avec l'âge mais restent élevés à l'adolescence : 8 à 10 heures par nuit en moyenne (variant de 7 heures pour les courts dormeurs à 11 heures pour les longs dormeurs).

• Situation des adolescents en France :

  • Au moins 40 % des adolescents français sont en état de privation de sommeil (données INSV).

• Une étude en actimétrie (Schröder & Reynaud) montre qu'en semaine, les adolescents français dorment en moyenne moins de 7 heures par nuit.

• Ce déficit est associé à une moindre forme physique, une hausse des symptômes dépressifs et une forte corrélation avec les rythmes familiaux (notamment maternels).

4. Impact Clinique du Déficit de Sommeil sur la Santé Mentale

4.1. Risque Psychiatrique Global

Selon une étude américaine menée sur plus de 6 400 adolescents (13-18 ans), plus d'un tiers présente des symptômes d'insomnie (au moins deux semaines consécutives).

L'analyse montre que la présence d'une insomnie sur une année multiplie par 3,4 le risque de développer un trouble psychiatrique l'année suivante, le risque le plus élevé concernant les troubles de l'humeur.

4.2. Crise Suicidaire

Une étude clinique comparative menée aux urgences pédopsychiatriques de Strasbourg (Julie Rolling & Carmen Schröder, âge moyen 14 ans) a analysé le sommeil des adolescents durant le mois précédant une tentative de suicide :

• Réduction du temps de sommeil : Les adolescents ayant fait une tentative de suicide dormaient en moyenne 44 minutes de moins par nuit comparativement au groupe contrôle.

• Mécanisme : Perdre seulement 1 heure de sommeil les jours d'école augmente l'idéation suicidaire et le passage à l'acte.

Le défaut d'inhibition induit par le manque de sommeil favorise la transition de l'idéation vers l'acte suicidaire.

4.3. Troubles du Neurodéveloppement (TND)

Les TND touchent 1 enfant sur 8 en France.

L'évaluation objective par actimétrie démontre une prévalence très élevée des troubles du sommeil chez ces enfants.

Dans la population autiste, les troubles du sommeil et des rythmes expliquent :

• 18 % de l'irritabilité ;- 17 % du retrait social ;- 36 % des comportements stéréotypés.

L'intervention sur le sommeil permet d'améliorer directement la régulation émotionnelle et de réduire les troubles du comportement chez ces élèves.

5. Dispositifs de Prévention et Programmes Scolaires

Des outils de prévention primaire coconstruits avec les enseignants ont fait la preuve de leur efficacité en milieu scolaire.

   ```
   [Programmes de Prévention du Sommeil à l'École]
                          │
     ┌────────────────────┴────────────────────┐
     ▼                                         ▼

Mémé Tonpige Challenge-toi (Cycles 2 & 3) sur ton sommeil (Collège) • Kit téléchargeable • Intégré en SVT • Matériel pédagogique + vidéos • Application Web & Défis • Normalisation du temps de • Durée : 3 semaines sommeil après 1 mois • Évaluation en cours ```

5.1. « Mémé Tonpige » (Cycles 2 et 3)

• Format : Kit pédagogique complet et téléchargeable gratuitement (www.memetonpige.com), comprenant du matériel pour la classe et des vidéos.

• Résultats : Une évaluation par actimétrie (Amandine Rey) a montré qu'après un mois d'intervention en classe, la durée de sommeil des enfants initialement en déficit a été normalisée.

Le programme bénéficie le plus aux élèves les plus en difficulté et améliore indirectement la connaissance des parents sur le sommeil.

5.2. « Challenge-toi sur ton sommeil » (Collège)

• Format : Développé récemment pour les cours de Sciences et Vie de la Terre (SVT), ce programme de 3 semaines combine des apports théoriques et une application web proposant des défis, un agenda du sommeil et des contenus informatifs adaptables aux adolescents.

6. Recommandations Synthétiques

• Reconnaissance Institutionnelle : Élever le sommeil au rang de besoin fondamental de l'enfant, au même titre que la nutrition et l'activité physique (« Bien manger, bien bouger, bien dormir »).

• Inscription au Carnet de Santé : Mentionner explicitement les besoins et recommandations liés au sommeil dès le carnet de santé afin de sensibiliser les familles dès le plus jeune âge.

• Déploiement en Milieu Scolaire : Généraliser l'utilisation des programmes de prévention éprouvés (Mémé Tonpige, Challenge-toi sur ton sommeil) au sein des établissements scolaires.

• Prise en Compte de la Physiologie : Adapter la réflexion sur les rythmes scolaires aux contraintes développementales et biologiques des élèves (notamment le décalage de phase à l'adolescence).

This is reinforced by white Americans who praise others by saying they "sound white" or are "articulate" as if it's unexpected. These are often racist statements and "microagressions" as in, subtle ways of saying something is inferior, or someone is inferior

There is much encouragement to separation of races, intolerance towards immigrants and non-white people, it will take a long time to reverse this way of thinking. It's not isolated to race, but it includes intolerance and anger towards people of other religions, genders, sexuality, ableism, and is appearance-based to idolize white, male, heterosexual, successful and youthful-looking.

The United States has to adapt the process of honoring original culture, customs, religions while encouraging that the immigrants progress to a middle ground of speaking English language with those who only speak English, and respectfully observing American traditions and values, as long as they are not contrary to their own.

Assimilation was considered good for decades until society started to examine the racist undertones of assimilation into a predominantly white anglo saxon protestant culture. Now a mosaic culture is more preferable, for people to retain their culture of origin and assimilate in partial ways.

I think this is very interesting because it was an idea I grew up with and was taught in school, sports, and by family, however, I rarely see it in social media. There are creators that will give there takes on certain topics and respond to comments, without judging or having bias toward them, but I don't see it often. A lot of influencers/creators will share there opinions and take any comments that disagree with them personally, and vice versa.

This is true of fan culture -- when audience participation assumes creation of literary and visual art. Are they not considered artists or writers as well, simply because of the derivative nature of their works, or because they cannot profit off of it?

How can social workers challenge oppression at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels?

This topic resonates with me because I strongly believe language matters and that clients are experts on their own experiences. The NASW Code of Ethics emphasizes self-determination, and I believe people should have the right to make decisions about their lives unless there is a clear and imminent danger to themselves or others. Working in a drug and alcohol treatment facility has given me a unique perspective because I was once a client there myself. As a veteran, I noticed that I was given certain privileges that other clients did not receive, such as being allowed visitation with my family during treatment. While I was grateful for that opportunity, it made me realize that not everyone was treated equally. Many clients desperately wanted to see their families and felt frustrated when they were denied visitation. In some cases, they became so upset that they threatened to leave treatment against medical advice simply because they wanted that connection and support from their loved ones.

Now that I work at the facility as a Behavioral Health Technician and Social Work Intern, I often advocate for clients because I understand what it feels like to be in their position. It is difficult for me to reconcile policies that teach clients to rebuild family relationships and reintegrate into their support systems while also limiting opportunities for family contact. I have discussed these concerns with my supervisor because I believe trust, compassion, and client-centered practice should guide our decisions whenever possible. If a client seeing their family does not create a safety risk, I believe allowing that connection can actually encourage them to remain in treatment and continue working toward recovery. Rather than becoming frustrated with the system and leaving prematurely, clients may feel more supported and motivated to complete the program. This experience has reinforced my belief that social workers must advocate for policies that respect client self-determination, promote dignity, and recognize clients as experts in their own lives.

How can social workers challenge oppression at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels?

How do systems of power affect the daily lives of clients and communities?

How might a person's ethnicity influence their sense of belonging and community?

What is fixed minset??

Read chapter 28 and 30. explain and analyze. Resume and have new annotations .

What is interesting is that success can actually lower someone's symbolic status within a highly autonomous cutural field. Popularity and prestige are not always moving in the same direction.

This is a strange kind of feedback loop: critics do not simply discover the value of the art, by choosing what deserves serious discussion, they partly create the value. At the same time, criticisim also reinforces the critic's own authority to judge.

I find it interesting that Bourdieu treats conflict, rather than aggrement, as the thing that actually holds the field together. This means that even attacks or controversies can prove that someone belongs the field, but because being fought over is already a form of participation.

Bourdieu is challenging the idea of that cultural works can be explained mainly through individual genius. He suggests that creators are always positioned with larger social structures.

quote

When it comes to the funding of schools, I think that information is informative because there are many conversations surrounding how schools are funded. With recent discussion of schools being defunded in order to place that money in other government funded programs, it is important to note that private contributions are still strong and they help fund many schools to this day. However, I think it is also worth noting that most schools that receive private contributions happen to be private schools or at least public schools in wealthier areas. My point being that, although it is good that some schools aren't being affected, education in general continues to be defunded more and more. That won't affect private / wealthier schools but public / poorer schools that don't receive donations, yet continue to lose money, will continue to lose more and more resources and their funding will only be able to stretch so far.

Funding can no doubt increase the performance of students by providing more resources to them. However, it does depend on whether the students utilize these resources or not. Also, due to the nature of our government, education and its funding is left more to the states. The government steps in to assist but they cannot do any sweeping changes that could substantially equalize funding without overstepping the states and local governments.

Affluent families can afford to pay for tutors, private schools, and other resources that can benefit them in their own education. This is something the government cannot stop. The government also has a hard time forcing local areas to redistribute funding more equitably so more schools have access to proper funding.

This is the main issue that is plaguing the entire US education system. We have good schools and a lot of resources but there are so many that do not have access to those and aren't provided the tools to perform better. This includes both students and teachers alike.

While this act was made with good intentions in mind, the reality is that it created an environment of fear and desperation in teachers. Teaching to the test and requiring better test scores for proper funding forced some teachers in to cheating their own students' tests.

This funding is still really unequal even in present day. When most of the funding comes from the students' families it starts a vicious cycle where the well of people continue on their track while students in lower income areas do not get the funding to truly provide them with social mobility.

I can see their reasoning from a more selfish point of view. Why should I have to limit my own education in order to fund a less fortunate person's simply because I have the resources to provide myself the best future possible.

Even when there are some minorities in power they do not have nearly the same sway as other races in the political territory. This causes a permanent uphill battle for change that may be shut down before it can even get properly on the table.

It is important to acknowledge that we must address the root of the problem (segregation) rather than just the resulting problems (lack of funding). I like how Ryan acknowledges that by producing a temporary solution we are inadvertently digging a deeper hole for ourselves long term because we are ignoring the real problem. I feel this is a reoccurring pattern in education policy and school reform that needs to be addressed and we should actively seek solutions for.

Connecting to Schneider, this section shows that the inequities in our school system have various intersectionalities and are deeply rooted within our system. Money alone cannot fix these problems because they are institutional. Finance reform is more of a band-aid solution rather than a long term one and although we as a society acknowedge we need to fund public schools more, it is hard to get money allocated towards this because the money has to come from somewhere and in many cases, it's simply money that we don't have.

I agree with the idea in confucianism that learning and self-improvement is central and that anyone can become a good person through education, practice, and ceremonies. Another thing that is central to confucianism is the "golden rule" that I always remember being referenced to a lot in elementary school that you should treat others the way you want to be treated. I think its interesting how from a very young age we are taught one of the central principles of confucianism. Also another belief in confucianism is that leaders should lead through moral character instead of force, and that this type of leadership works because people imitate those above them, so if the leaders are virtuous and moral, then the people below them will be as well.

I think this is interesting as when being around groups of others your opinions may influence each other for better or worse. But I think there is more values in terms of diversity of thinking for one self, because over time you can learn from one another, as I think when being collectively with other people your thinking may be closer towards one another over time. Learning and understanding the way someone else thinks, and learning from that is very important in terms of how oyu may think of decisions and action, and others.

Adding to the thoughts on Confucianism, Confucianism thinks that self-restraint can show care and maturity, and makes it a standard that everyone should follow. By practicing self-restraint, individuals learn to consider how their actions affect family, friends, and the others in community, helping create more respectful and harmonious relationships.

Locke and Jefferson's ideas of natural right are very similiar. When boiled down, they essientially mean people should be free. Whether thats the right to own a house, or justice in the law, or the pursuit of happiness, it is about establishing the principles of freedom. These were the founding principles for the United States and have largely been true, with the exception of some groups and time periods throughout history.

A further aspect of Confucius tradition is the idea that through the practice of ritual, one would develop (kind of like a social expectation pressure) a sense of introspective shame towards themselves. Rather than a series of punishments and outcomes, you create a social expectation that one must continually adhere to or feel as though they must correct it themselves without need for punishment. Its the nature of humans to be virtuous, so create the means and expectation to do so through ritual and society will be harmonious.

Adding to the thoughts on Confucianism, there are five main relationships Confucianism teaches must be upheld to have societal harmony. The five are ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife(or spouse), elder brother and younger brother (sibling), as well as friend and friend. Obviously not all people fit every relationship but the general idea fits with harmonious society. Confucianism also uses the rule almost everybody has heard, Do unto others as you would have done to yourself. In this frame of ethics it is called the silver rule. The other three core virtues are mentioned in the textbook but the names are not. Compassion and kindness towards others is called REN. Proper etiquette and manners in daily life is called LI. Respect for ancestors and elders is called XIAO.

Consequentialism is where actions are judges by their result which means that decisions can be determined as good or bag until the result of said decisions has happened. An example of this would be robin hood who would steal money from wealthily people which is a bad thing, however he would give that money back to the poor which mean his inherently bad decision was for a good cause so therefore it is justifiable. This creates a grey area where its hard to determine the line between good and bad. It also raises the question what something goof happened for a large group but its very bad for a small group, or vice versa.

Locke’s idea is one I’m familiar with from past history classes and I’ve learned how much influence it had. It allowed citizens to believe they could overthrow the government failing to protect their natural rights and later, as shown in the text, Jefferson integrated it into the Declaration of Independence that is still in our government today.

Being a student who grew up in China, I have heard a lot of confucianism. While this summary includes many the essence of it, I would like to add a little more. From what I saw in traditional Chinese families and what I was taught, Confucianism also emphasizes education and self-cultivation. People are expected to continuously learn and improve through their life time. Also, another important aspect of Confucianism is family continuity. People are expected to pass down family traditions and responsibilities from generations to generations.

Having grown up in India, I have always respected my parents and family members and participated in festivals, marriages, etc. But it is not just about participating in these activities, but it is built in everyday lives. Like eating food together, praying, sitting with guests, etc. So I agree with Confucianism but also want to add these things.

I disagree with some of this because it is a very short description. I agree with the sentiments of it, but it needs to go a tiny bit more in depth. I would add that they also didn't always believe in the middle or balance. If you are an elder drinking publicly in a wedding, it's allowed, but if you are not an elder drinking publicly, you are sentenced to death. This shows they go to extremes without meeting in the middle.

When considering ethics, I think it is beyond your perspective, or even thinking for others. It is considering and acknowledging that your peers, and others have different perspectives, different experiences which are perceived heavily different than you. So when you make an action or decision considering different people is very important in terms of ethics as it can impact them.

I hear phrases like this fairly often, which is somewhat surprising to me. I don't have much experience with social media (the closest apps I have are YouTube and Discord), but content uploaded to social media is generally uploaded by real people and often about real events. Even this example with Nate Silver only displays the fact that there is bias, ignorance, and loud minorities, which reflects real life pretty well. I think these problems are exacerbated by social media, but not caused by it.

It shows that each ethical framework can support both intervening and not intervening, depending on which values are important. The decision involves balancing the parent’s independence with the family’s responsibility to protect their health and well-being.

I imagine they think of the act of technological advancement for either the means to simply see what it can do, or more realistically, to establish themselves as the forefront of the market. There's a profit incentive playing it's role as the primary inspiration for progress, and given that technological advancement is so penetrative to every facet of modern life, it's a bottomless well of money that many work towards without acknowledging that part of technologies nature and the profound harm it could do on such a large scale.

I agree with this idea that many times a lot of these tech giants are always looking to make more profit and that they choose to release technology that could be harmful to humans just because they can and believe that it could increase their profits. I also think we've been seeing this much more recently with artificial intelligence. The leading AI companies Anthropic, OpenAI, and others have been racing to create the strongest and most powerful AI without ever thinking about should they actually be doing this and what the possible consequences are. We saw this happen with social media and companies like Meta who chose to sell user data in order to make their platform more addictive and make more money. I hope we learn from that and with future technological advancement especially with artificial intelligence that we consider like Nanjiani suggests, "'should we do this?'".

I think this is one of the biggest problems with new technology. Just because something can be created does not mean it should be created, especially if it could affect people’s privacy or safety. Tech workers should think about these consequences before releasing new technology instead of waiting until problems happen.

I think tech workers have a responsibility to think through ethical implications. Many of these tech workers are working to make massive changes, and those have large effects on the rest of the world. I think there is an ethical obligation to really think through is this just for myself or am I really helping everybody. Further they should ask if their work is just helping one group, if so is this the right group to be helping? Tech workers should always think before inventing, if people knew I invented this, who would thank me and who would shame me for this invention. It’s not really a big deal for most tech workers but there should be a thought of, will this development harm people physically or mentally. The effect on others should always be considered.

HTML 요소 자체에 숨은 정보표를 붙이는 거야. 결과적으로 개념상 이렇게 돼.

render() → iterator로 item 하나 가져옴 → cardPrototype.clone(item, index) → clone() 안에서 prototype element 확보 → 그 prototype을 cloneNode(true)로 복사 → initializeClone()으로 실제 데이터 넣기 → 완성된 카드를 fragment에 추가 → 모든 카드가 모이면 replaceChildren(fragment) → 화면이 현재 model 상태에 맞게 다시 그려짐

initializeClone() = 자식이 담당 = "그 빈 카드에 데이터를 어떻게 넣을까?"

buildPrototypeElement() = 자식이 담당 = "어떤 빈 카드 틀을 쓸까?"

clone() = 부모가 담당 = "카드 하나 만들어줘"

I think this analogy makes computers easier to understand because they do not directly understand human language. It makes me wonder how much meaning can change when our instructions go through different programming languages or layers before the computer can process them.

I found this part interesting because although I agree that many families who left, weren't necessarily trying to cause harm but wanted to do what they believed was best for their children, that action itself led to what they were "afraid of". Because of this reading, I learned that many families uprooted and left their lives in L.A as a result of desegregation and the realization that students of color would "take over schools", yet that wouldn't necessarily be a threat if we consider how schools would've looked like if those white families stayed. Yes, no school would no longer be primarily white (with the exception of expensive private schools with a difficult acceptance rate), but that didn't mean there wouldn't be any space for white students, but rather every school would now just have to be shared amongst all races and backgrounds, but with white families being scared that that meant they'd eventually be overlooked, and voluntarily leaving, they, ironically, created that atmosphere themselves and let L.A. become a county who's public schools had mostly students of color.

This part of the reading reminds me of another class, EDUC 124, which goes into depth about multicultural education. For this class, I had to read a couple different papers, and in one of the articles, the author explains her experience growing up in the public school system as a young, black girl. She explains that when she was growing up, her grandmother and mother taught her to always be respectful to elders, to treat them with kindness and always follow their instructions. Because of this, she applied it to her teachers as school, which made them see her as "one of the only good ones", causing a distinct separation between her and other black students. So to read about this statistic where white teachers found black students "to be 'lazy' and 'talkative' and over 30 percent found them 'rebellious' and 'moody'" allows me to understand in terms of statistics how white teachers viewed black students during the 60's, however although these statistics have decreased, it is still very prominent and affects many students, as I learned through Buffy Smiths "Class, Race and the Hidden Curriculum of Schools". By comparing this piece of the article to what I have previously learned in other classes allows for me to understand this topic more in depth and build on my knowledge of students of color in public schools.

America favors individualism a lot in our culture. Even then, if we take out the racial prejudice the people are still only looking out for themselves rather than the greater good.

They do say that all publicity is good publicity. It's not surprising that this group of people were able to get more political sway after more people heard of them.

Even today that stereotype is still pervasive throughout social media. That stereotype also affects the amount of effort put into their schooling along with their own self-efficacy.

Reading the few previous pages and this section of the reading, I found this part to be very informative. As someone who was born and raised in Los Angeles, I've always described the city as one that is incredibly diverse and open-minded, no matter who you are or the type of life you live, there is a spot for you in L.A. And although that is true by today's standards, it is difficult to learn that it wasn't always such an open place, and that throughout the 60's and 70's, segregation was still very prominent despite segregation not being legal anymore. As someone from L.A, I find this to be very noteworthy because it is not common knowledge for everybody to know this, especially with the lifestyle that L.A currently has, which is that everyone is welcome. People focus on the current state of L.A, but it's past, especially with segregation isn't as commonly talked about.

This shows the intersection of race, politics, socioeconomic status, and place of residence. Various factors come into play when we look at why schools are the way they are and the inequities we are currently witnessing in our education system. It's important to consider ALL factors when creating or researching policy approaches to address inequities.

The amount of courage to stand up to crowds like that is astonishing. Current day politics is still similar to this but for seemingly for a lot larger issues than segregation. However, it's fascinating how big of a deal segregation was back then.

The graph shows a wild demographic shift. Almost as many white people left as the amount of Latinos went in.

With the loss of so many students, many of which were white, it's not surprising that schools started to become underfunded leaving private schools the better option. Of course, only if you had the money to attend one.

I've seen multiple historic and films that showed this exact scenario numerous times. It's crazy to think that people used to act like other races were contagious.

With more homes available it makes sense that during those times it would be easier for more affluent people to move to a more desired location with possibly better infrastructure.

I found it really interesting that, at one point, California schools were more segregated than those in the Southern U.S. It is even more interesting that part of the reason for this period of high segregation was despite the California State Board of Education's intention to desegregate and balance racial demographics in schools, there was no specific direction, steps, or plans given to address the racial inequalities in the schools. This shows that large-scale action can occur only with specific plans and goals; otherwise, inaction will occur, and desired results will not be achieved.

This narrative stood out to me because of the blatant way that race and class segregation essentially drove middle-class white people away. The idea of using fear to maintain a racist standard after the Brown v. Board decision is not surprising, but what is surprising is that there was no fear of security when people of color were legally seen as "beneath" white people; but the moment they were legally seen as equals, they became a threat. It's no surprise that this occurred, but looking through the lens of the out-migration of white people occurring due to racism definitely makes the domino effect of urban school systems being left under-resourced and struggling much deeper than a "broken system".

Twitter users were most likely outraged that this comment had the potential to go unseen. In the exposers minds, they likely believed that something insensitive like this should not be unpunished, and that Justine Sacco should at least be exposed for what she believes, even if she believed it to be a joke. Now it begs the question towards whether having people take photos of her and harass her for weeks after the incident was the appropriate response. People probably thought that making the story viral would be the best way to combat this, forcing her to make a public apology and get fired from her job, but then we later see that she was re-hired after apologizing. So was her apology offered with any depth, or was it so that she could get out of the public eye? Twitter users thought that by putting time and energy into this meant there would be some change, but I believe you could make the argument her behavior remained largely unchanged after apologizing.

I think twitter designs their platform for situations like this to go viral. This is because the more viral something goes the more publicity it brings to the app. Whether it is good or bad, all press is good press because they are getting the eyes and attention of a large population. Then since they have such a large audience they can have a massive financial gain by showing ads that large corportaions pay twiter to show.

I think Justine’s tweet began to reach more people after someone decided to share it to Valleywag, which had a much bigger following than Justine. From there the post got more exposure and interaction growing into something larger. It continued to spread from there with Artois retweets and trending hashtags such as #hasjustinelandedyet.

The case of Justine Sacco's racist joke tweet, as well as these reflection questions, really reminds me of a girl who became famous couple months ago for bullying her friends. After she went viral, many of her information and photos were exposed online. People found out what school she goes to and where she is at. There were lots of secretly recorded videos of her on tiktok. i realize some of the connections between these two different cases. First of all, tiktok and twitter have the same motivation. More clicks and views mean more profit, so they are willing to let these events happen. Also, people are just boring. These controversial things really motivate people into putting time and energy. Also, tiktok also have lots of features and twitter has, such as geographical information. It is really easy for people to track her online.

With this line, "Gentile or Jew," Eliot reminds the reader that death is universal. He removes religious distinctions and extends Phlebas's fate as a drowned soldier to everyone, directly addressing the reader. His story is a warning that regardless of class, worldly experience, or identity, nothing can protect one from mortality. In this address to the reader, Eliot evokes the way that the Bible uses the second-person voice, making this short section of the poem his own Bible to his readers. But here, instead of praising God, he's warning his readers to look out for the inevitability of death.

Through this line, I feel that Elliot is showing that there may still be hope in the world, and that perhaps a new era full of life and rebirth is coming. I say this as the description of the bird in the book Handbook of Birds in Eastern North America states "This Thrush comes to us in the spring when the woods are still bare." Thus, the hermit thrush can be seen as a harbinger of spring, and with the season new life and rebirth. This bird serves as one of the only symbols of hope for the barren landscape which this book occurs in, and I think its presence serves as a stark departure from the almost hopeless atmosphere of the poem thus far.

In the lines, "Where the hermit-thrush stings in the pine trees/Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop/ But there is no water," Eliot cites the hermit thrush. There is an irony in this line, the thrush's song sounds like water, but line 358 immediately debunks that fact saying "but there is no water". Eliot uses real, documented natural phenomena to display the desert's cruelty. The one sound it makes is false. The thrush appears right alongside other water imagery: "if there were water," making it a pattern and allowing the reader to think about the true significance of water when alongside the thrush.

Building on the points that Lucas and Shaye made last year, I agree the Hermit Thrush is a symbol of hope, especially because its song has the “purity and sweetness of tone and exquisite modulation they are unequaled.”(Chapman) However, I think Eliot complicates that hope in a few important ways.

Lucas makes the point on how the thrush can thrive on little resources which suggests the possibility of life even in a barren landscape. At the same time, the Hermit Thrush is described in Chapman’s book as “retiring,” at home in “secluded woodland” and “thickety retreats,” and one that “often finds seclusion enough.” The bird seems to withdraw from society. This is especially interesting as society is often described as an “Unreal City,” filled with crowds and urban scenes. So the thrush’s song doesn’t seem to entail possible integration into the barren landscape, instead it seems isolated from the modern world.

In addition, the handbook describes its notes as sweet and pure, but we hear in the poem “Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop.” The sound evokes the water that the poem has been desperately searching for, but immediately afterward the speaker reminds us that “there is no water.” In other words, the thrush can point towards hope, but there’s no sound of its song, just the lack of water.

Thus, while the Hermit Thrush “offers instinctive hope” as Lucas said, the bird itself doesn’t display characteristics of integration with society and its song is not expressed in the poem. There’s a limit to the amount of hope the thrush can represent.

I agree with what Sienna and Jami said about the idea of lack of rain, and a faraway storm that never comes to rejuivnate the wasteland. However I think the idea of "sterile thunder" takes on a different meaning when analyzed with the stories of Themis and an analysis of the Rituals of Thunder(s) in it. Repeated over and over, evolving is the idea that "the Greeks ... worship the thunderbolt", and regard it as the "vehicle" of Zeus, an integral part of his diviinity. Therefore, the "sterile" nature of the thunder not only references the lack of water/rain, it also means an absence of lightning/ the "thunderbolt", the extension/presence of Zeus. This line comes. a stanza before the section repeating the lack of water under the red rock, "If there were water/ And no rock," which I read in reference to Psalm 36. Essentially, the Psalm makes God and Jesus, something to thirst for: "my soul thirsteth for thee, my flesh longeth for thee in a dry and thirsty land, where no water is". The narrator inhabits a similar "dry and thirsty land" of religious destitution, where God and Jesus have forsaken them. This wasteland has no moisture, no liquid or thirst-quencher for the godless wandering soul. Thus, the point is driven home by the fact that not only has the newer Christian God forsaken society, but so too have Zeus and the old Greek/Roman pantheon of gods, leaving shells of themselves, floating over the land.

Quitar toda la seccion

Quitar toda la seccion

Quitar botones y agregar los logos de donde ha estado

Certificación por el Consejo Mexicano de Radiología e Imagen No. 5027

Cambiar texto

Soy el Dr. José Luis De la Torre Gastélum, médico especialista en Imagenología Diagnóstica y Terapéutica, con enfoque en Ultrasonido Diagnóstico.

Quitar titulo

It looks like the authors of this book have noted that the Trump administration curtailed much of the immigration previously sanctioned by the US.

Racial profiling against immigration continued to decrease the numbers of immigrants from locations with populations of people of non-white descent.

This was a direct result of Pres Trump and his administration policies against immigration and against acceptance of immigrants of color into the United States. His policies and broadcast anti-immigration views were made public and discouraged people from immigration to the United States for fear of persecution once they arrived here.

The setting is dark and gloomy.

He was happy at first to feel grounded, but that quickly faded when he realized he was lost and alone.

He is alone and lost, while also struggling with hunger.

This passage really stood out to me because I can relate to it personally as a Hispanic person who decided to go back to college later in life. I graduated high school years ago, and it took me a long time to decide that college was something I wanted to pursue. The part that stood out the most to me was the idea that education is an important path to social mobility, but that it does not completely erase racial inequality. It made me think about how going to college can open doors, but people do not always start with the same opportunities or access to education. I wonder how many people put off college or never attend because they don't see it as something that is realistic or possible for them.

Mary will Annotate

While I agree with some of the pros to AI stated in this article, I think the writers missed a key aspect to the article: the cons. AI can never substitute human intervention. I would have appreciated a more well rounded examination of the implementation of AI in the classroom including a look at areas where it cannot replicate the work we do as teachers.

Personally I think AI social media posts are like a sore thumb on platforms like facebook, instagram, and tik tok and deteriorate the legitimacy of a program. I am in a design class right now where we are seeing a trend with higher engagements in choppy hand drawn graphics over ai-generated content due to the sheer oversaturation of AI in our social spaces.

I had no idea that Gemini or other ai tools could replicate this at a competitive scale to human effort. This is definitely something interesting I will have to look into.

A concern I have with using grammar correction softwares is the deterioration of hard-skill development. As someone double majoring in ag communications, it is imperative that students learn how to properly use grammar in formal writing. I hesitate at this implementation as it might serve as a crutch that is over used by students and, in turn, deteriorating their writing skills.

This is a really important point of clarification. It is very important that we do not substitute creativity for artificial intelligence in our classroom.

Mary will annotate

Privacy-Preserving Client-Side Information Processing: A Browser-Based Architecture for Local Data Analysis and Secure File Handling

I got the following error: npm : File C:\Program Files\nodejs\npm.ps1 cannot be loaded because running scripts is disabled on this system. For more information, see about_Execution_Policies at https:/go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135170. At line:1 char:1 + npm install -g yo generator-office + ~~~ + CategoryInfo : SecurityError: (:) [], PSSecurityException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : UnauthorizedAccess I fixed this by running the following command in an admin powershell: Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned

Official research publication for Utilvo client-side processing architecture: https://utilvo.com/pdf-tools

I think this part of the chapter is very cool. It shows how advanced people were in mathematics back then before technology. I think people used to be better with numbers and math back then compared to now. Tech has made it more simple for us to skip steps and not count numbers in our head as well as not double-check our calculations.

So, yes, it actually is fucking difficult to do for students.

Nicely put

interesting!

In what ways are Emily Dickinson's poems "doubly deceptive"?

Testing, one, two, three

Oh, brrrother! This one was a pain in the brain, but I got it. Have you?

Texas is an open primary.

This could be offensive. Based on how it is written, it is assuming that a poor prognosis means you shouldn't get life-sustaining treatments.

Could this section be merged with the prior sections where these concepts are discussed?

Again, adding some specific examples would increase the reader's interest and knowledge

Maybe give some specific examples of which ones and how that relates to healthcare.

Maybe tie this into healthcare a bit more. Give some examples of how cultural diets impact healthcare.

Wasn't HIPAA and the safeguards discussed in a prior chapter? Maybe refer to that chapter and not repeat content.

This is an open Peergos Secret link to and Indy0Pad created document

https://peergos.net/secret/z59vuwzfFDp3SAxnnush4j577gaU3g6xmEzkM5KtNJCBm1aRGHDaP34/4270021919#qDMBD8YuqR2m?open=true

maybe delete this ... if he can hardly walk how is he going to step on the scale?

maybe use "obtain" over measure

Now published https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.108250.3

judging from the illustration, the particular func is the uniform dist.

we stop when the current vertex does not have any friends that is nearer to our query vector. All vertices are vecs.

from

A no app solution would be to use: https://a99us.github.io/totp-js/

A "Pure JavaScript TOTP Token Generator".

It works with GitHub when many other TOTP apps and websites I tried failed. The page recommends saving it offline.

Which TOTP apps can we use?

from

Maybe split up this long paragraph

vocab word?

to

This this a header?

May want to provide more information about cultural changes and personal space.

Imagine a high school student reading this. They are some of the students reading this. Will they know what 8/10 pain or 2L nasal cannula, or what a good oxygen sat is? This is very high level.

Do the students even have enough information to know what each of these patients are dealing with? This seems very high level for an introductory textbook.

Fix the punctuation

Looks like 2 periods. Delete one.

l love physics

Does everyone see this, or is this just me-specific?

Once I open this sidebar bit, it's hard to close it. I'm not sure how to close it.

Mentioning that we're aiming to decide and move forward before the latter part of October

It's not just AI governance. I don't think it's accurate to call all the papers below simply "AI governance."

This is getting a bit text-heavy. Use folds and tooltips more. ... Remove the "published only one evaluation in it so far." That's a bit negative and not entirely accurate if we think broadly

See above

HIPAA applies to the entire record. This is very confusing.

Is this truly achievable? This is such a strong call to action that arguably counters over two thousand years of history. I am for trying, but this seems daunting.

Interesting summary, good considerable points in here.

Is this actually surprising considering everything else being placed on these women? I thought that it would be a given

Fantastic way of stating a well-argued point.

Having been educated in slavery as an institution, this is true and is still arguably true today. Really uncomfortable to consider fully, powerful statement.

Good as a standalone comment.

Definitions are important, recognizing the inventor is important. Fulfills the promise of the first paragraph

I mean, buying a person for export to the United States is wild. I know that it can still occur today, but you would think that perhaps this is a little too illegal to actually do? I guess not? That's crazy.

Of course it would be him. Very classic American move (not a good one)

Apart from name alone, how does this translate to the circus culture fully? I am eagerly awaiting a conclusion on this.

Ugh. Gross. Important, but gross.

The unreal background of this starting, important to take note of.

A good summary of the previous pages, relevant for future reference.

Juxtaposing her representation by the circus vs the actual ethnic group referred to

Critically important in understanding the author's intentions here. Helps set up the stakes of the whole paper.

The authors may see value in engaging with my previous work on the very topic of endoderm development in gastruloids and which in fact even included a dedicated focus on pharyngeal endoderm development. Beyond any possible further support to what presented here (for the authors to evaluate), it certainly would allow to i) correct some present statements about the current state of gastruloid endoderm research that are unfortunately incorrect given the existence of my work, and ii) correctly contextualise some of the findings, possibly allowing to redirect the focus towards the truly novel aspects of the current work.

Given that my work is possibly the only pre-existing piece of work in the gastruloid field that details exactly of "structures that reproducibly establish an anterior-posterior axis and position a Foxa2⁺/Sox17⁺/Cdh1⁺ foregut-like epithelium proximal to Pax1⁺/Pax9⁺ pharyngeal-like endoderm", and given the so clear overlap in the area of investigation, approach, markers considered, and structures obtained (despite the opposite starting point) I am somehow taken aback by the choice to not even mention the existence of such work/data. Regardless of any correction within the text itself, the authors may want to at least cite the two references below if only for correctness to the scientific record.

• "In vitro endoderm emergence and self-organisation in the absence of extraembryonic tissues and embryonic architecture" Stefano Vianello, Matthias P. Lutolf bioRxiv 2020.06.07.138883; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.07.138883"

• Vianello, S. D. (2022). In vitro endoderm emergence and self-organisation in the absence of extraembryonic tissues and embryonic architecture (Publication No. 9201) [PhD thesis, EPFL; Supervised by M. Lütolf]. https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-9201 (this one in fact even further detailing the Pax9/Pax1 positive domain compared with the associated preprint)

Sincerely, Stefano D. Vianello

eLife Assessment

In this useful study, Millard et al. assessed the effects of nicotine on pain sensitivity and peak alpha frequency (PAF). They propose a solid experimental framework to test the modulatory effects of nicotine on PAF and pain sensitivity, but the evidence is incomplete to support the claims that the chosen experimental intervention may actually play a significant mechanistic role in pain sensitivity given the modest effect sizes observed. The work can be incorporated into the literature investigating the relationship between nicotine and pain and could be of broad interest to pain researchers.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study by Millard et al. investigates the effects of nicotine on peak alpha frequency and pain using a highly elaborate experimental design. According to the statistical analysis, the authors found a small covariate-corrected effect for prolonged heat pain and a small effect on global peak alpha frequency in response to nicotine treatment. However, the effect on heat pain was not found for pressure pain, was not mediated by peak alpha frequency, and appears mainly based on a worsening in the placebo condition rather than a clear reduction of pain after nicotine.

Strengths:

I very much like the study design and that the authors followed their research line by aiming to provide a complete picture of the pain-related cortical impact of peak alpha frequency. This is important work, even in the absence of clear statistical or mechanistic support for the main hypothesis. I also appreciate the preregistration of the study, the well-written and balanced introduction, and the additional analyses added during revision.

Weaknesses:

The weakness of the study revolves around two main aspects:

(1) Source separation would still have been more appropriate than electrode regions or global peak alpha frequency to extract the alpha signal. The added ICA analysis is appreciated, but in my view, it does not fully solve the problem. Different alpha sources, such as mu rhythm, occipital alpha, and lateralised alpha activity, are still not clearly disentangled. The main peak alpha frequency effect remains a small global, wide-band, sensor-space effect rather than a clearly source-specific sensorimotor effect.

(2) I still think the choice of nicotine is a major weakness of the study. The rationale for using nicotine as an intervention rests partly on previous reports of nicotine effects on experimental pain, but the most relevant cited meta-analysis already suggested that these effects are small and may be affected by publication bias. It is therefore not a clean way to test whether peak alpha frequency has a causal role in pain. The heat-pain result is also difficult to interpret as analgesia. Statistically, the placebo-controlled contrast may be significant, but in practice, the nicotine condition changed very little, and the effect seems mainly driven by worsening in the placebo group. In a real intervention, one gives the drug, not the difference between drug and placebo.

Impact:

The impact of the study could be to show what did not work to answer the authors' research question. The study is valuable because it provides a careful and largely negative mechanistic test: nicotine produced at most small effects, peak alpha frequency did not mediate pain, and pressure pain was not affected. The study would have more impact with a more direct intervention model and an analysis strategy that more clearly untangles the different alpha sources.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the previous reviews

Public Reviews:

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study, Millard and colleagues investigated if the analgesic effect of nicotine on pain sensitivity, assessed with two pain models, is mediated by Peak Alpha Frequency (PAF) recorded with resting state EEG. The authors found indeed that nicotine (4 mg, gum) reduced pain ratings during phasic heat pain but not cuff pressor algometry compared to placebo conditions. Nicotine also increased PAF (globally). However, mediation analysis revealed that the reduction in pain ratings elicited by the phasic heat pain after taking nicotine was not mediated by the changes in PAF. Also, the authors only partially replicated the correlation between PAF and pain sensitivity at baseline (before nicotine treatment). At the group-level no correlation was found, but an exploratory analysis showed that the negative correlation (lower PAF, higher pain sensitivity) was present in males but not in females. The authors discuss the lack of correlation.

In general, the study is rigorous, methodology is sound and the paper is well-written. Results are compelling and sufficiently discussed.

Strengths:

Strengths of this study are the pre-registration, proper sample size calculation, and data analysis. But also the presence of the analgesic effect of nicotine and the change in PAF.

Weaknesses:

It would even be more convincing if they had manipulated PAF directly.

We thank Reviewer #1 for their positive and constructive comments regarding our study. We appreciate the view that the study was rigorous and methodologically sound, that the paper was well-written, and that the strengths included our pre-registration, sample size calculation, and data analysis.

In response to the reviewer's comment about more directly manipulating Peak Alpha Frequency (PAF), we agree that such an approach could provide a more direct investigation of the role of PAF in pain processing. We chose nicotine to modulate PAF as the literature suggested it was associated with a reliable increase in PAF speed. As mentioned in our Discussion, there are several alternative methods to manipulate PAF, such as non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) like transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or neurofeedback training. These approaches could help clarify whether a causal relationship exists between PAF and pain sensitivity. Although methods such as NIBS still require further investigation as there is little evidence for these approaches changing PAF (Millard et al., 2024).

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

The study by Millard et al. investigates the effect of nicotine on alpha peak frequency and pain in a very elaborate experimental design. According to the statistical analysis, the authors found a factor-corrected significant effect for prolonged heat pain but not for alpha peak frequency in response to the nicotine treatment.

Strengths:

I very much like the study design and that the authors followed their research line by aiming to provide a complete picture of the pain-related cortical impact of alpha peak frequency. This is very important work, even in the absence of any statistical significance. I also appreciate the preregistration of the study and the well-written and balanced introduction. However, it is important to give access to the preregistration beforehand.

Comment on latest version:

I thank the authors for their efforts to respond to my previous concerns. I appreciate the additional analyses and the more cautious wording in several places. However, I still think the manuscript would benefit from a more direct interpretation of the findings.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Millard et al. investigate the effects of nicotine on pain sensitivity and peak alpha frequency (PAF) in resting state EEG. To this end, they ran a pre-registered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment involving 62 healthy adults who received either 4 mg nicotine gum (n=29) or placebo (n=33). Prolonged heat and pressure were used as pain models. Resting state EEG and pain intensity (assessed with a visual analog scale) were measured before and after the intervention. Additionally, several covariates (sex at birth, depression and anxiety symptoms, stress, sleep quality, among others) were recorded. Data was analyzed using ANCOVAequivalent two-wave latent change score models, as well as repeated measures analysis of variance. Results do not show ‘experimentally relevant’ changes of PAF or pain intensity scores for either of the prolonged pain models due to nicotine intake.

The main strengths of the manuscript are its solid conceptual framework and the thorough experimental design. The researchers make a good case in the introduction and discussion for the need to further investigate the association of PAF and pain sensitivity. Furthermore, they proceed to carefully describe every aspect of the experiment in great detail, which is excellent for reproducibility purposes. Finally, they analyse the data from almost every possible angle and provide an extensive report of their results.

The main weakness of the manuscript is the interpretation of these results. Even though some of the differences are statistically significant (e.g., global PAF, pain intensity ratings during heat pain), these differences are far from being experimentally or clinically relevant. The effect sizes observed are not sufficiently large to consider that pain sensitivity was modulated by the nicotine intake, which puts into question all the answers to the research questions posed in the study.

We would like to express our gratitude to Reviewer #3 for their thoughtful and constructive review, including the positive feedback on the strengths of our study's conceptual framework, experimental design, and thorough methodological descriptions.

We acknowledge the concern regarding the experimental and clinical relevance of some statistically significant results (e.g., global PAF and pain intensity during heat pain) and agree that small effect sizes may limit their practical implications. However, our primary goal was to assess whether nicotine-induced changes in PAF mediate pain changes, rather than to demonstrate large direct effects on pain sensitivity. Nicotine was chosen for its known ability to modulate PAF, and our focus was on the mechanistic role of PAF in pain perception. To clarify this, we have revised the discussion to better differentiate between statistical significance, experimental relevance, and clinical applicability. We emphasize that this study represents a preliminary step towards understanding PAF’s mechanistic role in pain, rather than a direct clinical application.

We appreciate the suggestion to refine our interpretation. We have adjusted our language to ensure it aligns with the effect sizes observed and made recommendations for future research, such as testing different nicotine doses, to potentially uncover stronger or more clinically relevant effects.

Although modest, we believe these findings offer valuable insights into the potential mechanisms by which nicotine affects alpha oscillations and pain. We have also discussed how these small effects could become more pronounced in different populations (e.g., chronic pain patients) and over time, offering guidance for future research on PAF modulation and pain sensitivity.

Recommendations for the authors:

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

I thank the authors for their efforts to respond to my concerns. I very much admire the thoughts and effort that the authors have put into this study. This is a great study design, a fantastic research idea and an important path to study the neurophysiology of pain.

I also understand that some of my suggestions are not compatible with the authors' current line of analysing their data. Since the authors did not change the analysis procedure and obviously could not change their experimental design, I would largely keep my public review.

However, acknowledge the different opinions and have a few remarks and suggestions.

(1) In agreement with reviewer 3, I would not consider the effect of nicotine to be meaningful. The random effect mentioned by the authors could have been addressed with a crossover design. In this case, the placebo and intervention could have been directly compared. Interindividual differences in pain perception are at least partially controlled for by analysing the difference between pre and post-gum. The distribution of the pre-post difference separately for placebo and nicotine would be a valuable addition to the manuscript. I still think the minimal effect of nicotine on pain is not meaningful and not interpretable. The relevance of any explanatory variable like stress could be by chance (PMID: 35296861). Reviewer 3 had a valid point (comment 6) and this is something that should be mentioned as clearly as possible: there was no effect of nicotine. For PHP the comparison with the placebo is irrelevant if there is no pre vs. post-effect.

It is fair to say that some issues could have been resolved using a cross-over design, however, the choice of a parallel design was made, in part, due to the desire to mask the presence of a placebo gum. Having a single session per participant allowed us to produce a deception that all participants were receiving nicotine gum, which was later revealed during a debrief. This aspect is far less feasible in a cross-over design. In future, different approaches could be used. And we appreciated the reviewers recognition that this cannot, of course, be changed at this stage.

Regarding the comments of 1) ’I would not consider the effect of nicotine to be meaningful’, 2) the minimal effect of nicotine on pain is not meaningful and not interpretable’, and 3) ’there was no effect of nicotine’, we discern that the latter differs considerably from the first two points. We would like to address this point by first calling into question what the reviewer(s) mean by meaningful, and highlighting that discerning this varies by context. Edenberg (2021) highlights that meaning can be situated within several contexts: statistical, biological (mechanistic), clinical, and public policy. We show the statistical context, and therefore would like to emphasise that we cannot state number 3) ’there was no effect of nicotine’.

Although the complexity of our analysis is not at the same scale, we appreciate the need for thousands of participants for brain-wide associations, as cited (PMID: 35296861 = Marek et al., 2022). The article referenced states that reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals, and thus we would like to highlight that our work indicating the potential relevance of sex/stress greatly differs from this. Though it may be by chance, the potential for that chance is 0.05 from a statistical significance perspective. Certainly, no finding should be taken as truth without replication, but that does not mean we should not report our finding of a statistically significant effect of stress on change in PAF in our model.

Then, the question becomes, are we already at the point where the issue of ’how to go beyond statistical significance’ should be addressed? One could argue no, as this is the first study to assess this question of nicotine’s effect on PAF and pain at the same time. But we would like to argue yes, although only to the mechanistic/biological level, because the question of what is meaningful is dependent on the study goals (Edenberg, 2021). We aimed to gain mechanistic insight into the PAF-pain relationship.

We hoped to achieve some biological/mechanistic meaning in the present study, however, as outlined in the discussion, with small effect sizes for nicotine on PAF and nicotine on heat pain, and lack of a mediating effect, we may not have achieved this. Although, if replicated, even small magnitude effects can shape our understanding of relevant mechanisms underlying pain and aid future clinical perspectives (Edenberg, 2021; Ross & Bassett, 2024). Meaningfulness in clinical or public policy contexts should of course be in mind, but were clearly not the focus of this present work.

We have edited the manuscript to demonstrate the fact that our effect size is small.

We corrected the rounding to 2 decimals, and now also refer the reader to the supplementary materials table:

“Change in pain was reduced by a factor of -0.68 for the nicotine group compared to the placebo group when controlling for confounding variables (Figure 3). See Supplementary Material 3.2, Table 5, for full model output.”

We edited the abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion to make clear to the reader that the effect sizes were small. In our desire to keep the text clear and readable, we did not intend to overstretch our claims, and apologise if the manuscript was unintentionally portraying this overstretch. These are very important sections of the manuscript in which to mention such nuances, as these are the parts viewed most when readers do not wish to read the entire manuscript.

Abstract

“The nicotine group showed a small decrease in heat-pain ratings compared to placebo group when controlling confounders, and a small increase in PAF across the scalp from pre- to post-gum, both with and without confounder adjustment. These effects were most pronounced in the central-parietal and right-frontal electrodes.”

Discussion first paragraph

“Compared to placebo, our data demonstrate three key findings: 1) nicotine increased PAF speed; 2) nicotine reduced prolonged heat pain intensity but only when controlling for confounding and not for the prolonged pressure pain model, and 3) decreases in prolonged heat pain intensity were not mediated by changes in PAF. This suggests that changes in heat pain due to nicotine occur through mechanisms unrelated to change in PAF and require replication as the effects required control for confounding and the reduction was small in magnitude.”

Discussion section on effect of nicotine on PAF:

“In line with previous literature in non-smokers [38,47,48], we contribute additional evidence that chewing 4 mg of nicotine gum produces a statistically significant increase in PAF speed in non-smoking, nicotine-gum-naïve, pain-free, adult participants. An exploratory cluster-based permutation analysis indicated that the change in wide-window PAF (8–12 Hz) produced by nicotine, was most pronounced in a cluster of electrodes in the central-parietal region and a separate cluster of electrodes in the right-frontal region, rather than in the pre-registered sensorimotor ROI (i.e., Cz, C1, C2, C3, C4).”

Discussion section on the effect of nicotine on pain:

“While acknowledging the modest effect size, it’s essential to consider the context of our study’s focus. Assessing the clinical relevance of pain reduction is pertinent in applications involving the use of any intervention for pain management [71]. However, from a mechanistic standpoint, particularly in understanding the implications of and relation to PAF, the specific magnitude of the pain effect becomes less pivotal, as small effects can still have mechanistic or biological meaning without establishing clinical meaning [72]. Nevertheless, future research should examine whether effects on pain increase in magnitude with different nicotine administration regimens (i.e. dose and frequency).” 

Discussion section on relationship between PAF and pain:

“However, as this is the first study attempting to directly manipulate PAF, observing only small effects on pain, we cannot confidently state that a causal relationship between PAF and pain sensitivity does not exist, and future research should explore these relationships with larger sample sizes, larger doses of nicotine, and alternative PAF modulators.”

Discussion final paragraph:

“We have shown that, compared to placebo, nicotine gum produced statistically significant increases global PAF speed and decreases pain ratings during prolonged heat pain. However, the effects of nicotine on heat pain were not mediated by changes in PAF. Therefore, we find no evidence that PAF is causally related to pain. The implication of this is that changing PAF may not be a useful target for pain modulation, because pain sensitivity may not be dependent on state changes in PAF. However, this is the first study to test modulation of PAF as a mechanism for reducing pain intensity. Moreover, while effects on PAF appear small but robust, effects on heat pain required control for confounding to be observed. More randomised experiments on the effects of nicotine that use larger sample sizes, higher nicotine doses, and pharmacokinetic tracking, whilst also reducing mediator measurement error are needed to confirm the present findings and uncover whether these factors account for the lack of mediation effect seen here.”

(2) I still think the authors made a mistake in using nicotine. Their new wording did not convince me, and I doubt that any reader would buy the "mediation by design" phrase.

We addressed the reviewers previous comment (comment 1) on nicotine being a ‘mistake’, and no longer suggest there is a “large body of evidence suggests that nicotine is an ideal choice for manipulating PAF”. We have been clearer about our intention to assess mediation-by-design, with the manipulation of PAF being out primary aim. For example, this edit in the discussion:

“The choice of nicotine was driven by its potential to change PAF, but also, short-term nicotine use is thought to have acute analgesic properties in experimental settings, with a review reporting that nicotine increased pain thresholds and pain tolerance [51].”

In addition, we discussed the ’direct’ manipulation of PAF using non-invasive brain stimulation methods, and have now added further future research directions using methods other than nicotine or NIBS:

“Furthermore, there may have been other mediators that suppress the mediating effects of PAF within our model [66,82,83]. This is plausible, as nicotine is thought to act on pain through multiple pathways [52,54,84], and more direct PAF modulation could more definitively evaluate whether PAF is mechanistically linked to pain sensitivity. Future interventions to modulate PAF could use non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), to influence neuronal firing and thereby directly target the brain mechanisms theorised to generate PAF [85–87]. This approach has since been investigated following the initial preprint of

the present manuscript [88,89]. In addition, other approaches to modulating approaches could be considered, such as exercise [32–34], visual stimulation [35,36], cannabis [90,91], and neurofeedback [92,93], while considering their viability in terms of blinding, tolerability, and scalability.”

(3) I acknowledge the work of the authors on SNR, the frequency spectrum looks smooth enough to detect peaks. However, the problem of different alpha sources is not solved. This can be seen in the frequency spectrum, where some participants show two peaks. This is not the first time I have suggested this to the authors; the idea is not new. The fMRI analogue would be to average all GM voxels; instead of global alpha it would be "global brain activity". Some suggestions for a future approach that the authors might consider:

Run a group ICA and select topographies from there. This should simplify the (potentially arbitrary) selection process.

Consider filtering the data before running the ICA, at least >20 Hz to exclude muscle artefacts.

We respectfully note that the reviewer’s comment appears to overlook the substantial revisions we have already made in direct response to this issue. Specifically, we implemented ICA in the revised manuscript, using an automated, objective pipeline to identify components with a clear alpha peak and a topography aligned with a predefined sensorimotor template. This was explicitly done to address concerns about overlapping alpha sources and improve anatomical specificity.

Contrary to the reviewer’s implication, we did not rely solely on global analyses in the original or revised manuscript, as we also included pre-defined ROIs and data-driven ROIs from cluster-based permutation analysis. The additional ICA-based analyses—included in the first revision—produced results that were consistent with the original sensor-space ROI findings, supporting the robustness of the PAF–pain mediation effect regardless of the method used to isolate sensorimotor alpha.

We agree that group ICA could be a valuable complementary approach. However, it is not without limitations, particularly in EEG where inter-individual variability in source topographies is high. Our choice to perform ICA at the individual level and apply an automated selection criterion based on spectral and spatial features was deliberate, data-driven, and avoids the subjectivity involved in manual selection or group-level back-projection.

We have added a discussion of this point and fully acknowledge that future work may benefit from comparing multiple alpha sources (e.g., mu vs. occipital) more explicitly. However, we must emphasise that this is not a missing analysis—it is already included in the revised manuscript. In this second revision, we have added an additional reference to this supplementary analysis within the section previously titled “Exploratory cluster-based permutation anlaysis”, now titled “Exploratory data-driven analysis of alpha”, in case the previous reference to it was in a sub-optimal location:

“Lastly, use of in-house code developed to automatically extract a sensorimotor alpha component using independent component analysis (ICA) showed similar results to the sensorimotor ROI mediation analysis (Supplementary Material 3.11). This supports the robustness of the PAF-pain effect regardless of the method used to isolate sensorimotor alpha.”

We strongly disagree with the suggestion to apply a low-pass filter below 20 Hz prior to ICA. This would remove high-frequency content, including muscle activity—the very signals ICA is designed to isolate and separate from neural activity.

By removing muscle-related frequencies before ICA, the reviewer’s proposed approach would prevent ICA from identifying muscle components in the data. This is methodologically flawed. as ICA works best when it has access to the full spectral range of the signal, allowing it to separate statistically independent sources— including muscle, eye movements, and neural oscillations—based on their spatial and temporal structure (Onton et al., 2006). Thus the desired sensorimotor alpha component would be more distinct if the full spectral range is included. Low-pass filtering the data before ICA designed to identify alpha would severely compromise artifact removal, degrade component separation, and reduce the effectiveness of our preprocessing pipeline.

References for responses to reviewer 2

Edenberg HJ. Perspective on beyond statistical significance: Finding meaningful effects. Complex Psychiatry 2021;7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517237.

Marek S, Tervo-Clemmens B, Calabro FJ, Montez DF, Kay BP, Hatoum AS, Donohue MR, Foran W, Miller RL, Hendrickson TJ, Malone SM. Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals. Nature. 2022 Mar 24;603(7902):654-60.

Ross LN, Bassett DS. Causation in neuroscience: keeping mechanism meaningful. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2024 Feb;25(2):81-90.

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors):

I would like to thank the authors for the time and dedication that they clearly put into addressing the reviewer's comments. As researchers, we alternate between both sides (as authors and reviewers) and we are all privy of how difficult these tasks can be.

For me as a reviewer, this is one of the tough times. I wanted to support this manuscript because it is clear that conducting the study had to be a monumental effort, and there were early indications that it was rigorously carried out. Specifically referring to rigor, I value preregistration as a tool to assess the strength of the hypothesis posed before conducting the study, and the severity with which the claims are tested. During my first review, I tried to access the preregistration and even provided my email address as a sign of transparency, but access was not granted. During my second review, the main file in the submission system contained two versions of the same manuscript (the first one corresponding to the old version with the wrong preregistration link). I was not initially aware of this and I apologize for the misunderstanding.

With respect to the rest of my observations, I see that the authors made concessions on small and less relevant issues (e.g. comments #1, #2, #3), but did not satisfactorily address the main ones (#4, #5, #6, #7, #8 and #9). Addressing those comments (which are in line with the issues noted by other reviewers), would probably have lead to a different interpretation of the results compared with what they state in the first paragraph of the discussion.

The main claims (abstract and first paragraph of the discussion) are " 1) nicotine increased PAF speed; 2) nicotine reduced prolonged heat pain intensity but not prolonged pressure pain intensity compared to placebo gum". Just by reading and contrasting the claims with the results, my assessment is that the strength of evidence is inadequate.

I was now able to review the analysis plan, which did not contain an estimation of the effect sizes (only effect directions) and did not have a proper sample size estimation (comment #4) and the main outcome was not, to my understanding, based in terms of the beta coefficients (as you replied to reviewer #1). I also do not think that the possibility of no effect or a false positive (comment #5) is fairly weighed in relation to these main claims in the abstract an first paragraph of the discussion.

I also do not consider the response to comment #6 as satisfactory, first because it is a mistake to consider that we (as reviewers) only interpret the 'mean results'. As we have detailed access to the data, we interpret these results in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, i.e., how large is the effect (signal) compared with the intra and interindividual variance (noise), and it should be clear for anyone working on this fields (pain and EEG) that not only the main effect is not experimentally relevant to support the claims (comments #6 and #7), but in some cases it is likely to have arisen from the unjustified inclusion of covariates (comment #8 and #9). I only raise the final strength of evidence in my assessment from 'inadequate' to 'incomplete', because of the additions to the discussion.

As a final thought, I would have been more than happy to support and recommend the reading of a manuscript that described a carefully designed and preregistered study, but in which the hypothesis were not corroborated by the data. I would have even marked the strength of evidence as compelling. Unfortunately, the preregistered hypothesis cannot be severely tested (at least not in terms of a frequentist framework) because the effects sizes were not predefined and the required sample size was not estimated, and what I see from the manuscript is that there is an effort to maintain claims that are not properly supported by the data and the final analysis. I recognized that I myself can also be in the wrong, so it will be left for eLife readers to make up their own minds.

We respectfully disagree with the assertion that our preregistered hypotheses "cannot be severely tested" due to the absence of predefined effect sizes and sample size estimation. First, the primary purpose of preregistration is to increase transparency and reduce analytical flexibility—not necessarily to formalize power calculations, especially when reliable effect size estimates are unavailable, as is the case in emerging areas of research such as this one (Nosek et al., 2018). Predefining effect sizes based on speculative or contextually irrelevant prior studies would have introduced unjustified assumptions and potentially distorted interpretation. In this case, we made the scientifically responsible choice to avoid anchoring our design on uncertain estimates. 

Second, our sample size is comparable to or larger than those used in prior published studies addressing similar questions, and our analytic pipeline followed the preregistered plan. The reviewer suggests that we are attempting to maintain unsupported claims; however, our discussion is careful to reflect the limitations of the findings, including their statistical uncertainty, and we do not overstate conclusions. Where effects were weak or absent, we reported this transparently and interpreted them cautiously.

Finally, while formal power calculations are useful under certain conditions, they are not a prerequisite for a study to be considered a "severe test" of a hypothesis—especially when the statistical approach is preregistered, data are handled transparently, and null results are acknowledged rather than hidden. The sample size was informed by resource and feasibility constraints (Lakens, 2022) and aligns with or exceeds that of comparable studies in the field (Bowers et al., 2015). We have now made this rationale explicit in the manuscript.

“The sample size was informed by resource and feasibility constraints [98] and aligns with or exceeds that of comparable studies in the field [38], covering 60 participants in total, with two extra in case of incomplete data identified during later data analysis.”

We therefore maintain that the study is a valid and informative contribution, regardless of whether the observed results confirm or disconfirm the hypotheses.

Nonetheless, below we have revisited previous comments (#4, #5, #6, #7, #8 and #9) that reviewer 3 stated were not satisfactorily addressed.

Previous comment 4) Availability of the pre-registration

We consider this point now addressed, as access to the OSF pre-registration was resolved. Moreover, we can assure the reviewer that their identity was not revealed, as the request for access was not received/seen.

Previous comment 5) Magnitude of pain change – possibility of a type 1 error.

Previous comment 5) To be perfectly clear, I trust the results of this study more than some of the cited studies regarding nicotine and pain because it was preregistered, the sample size is considerably larger, and it seems carefully controlled. I just do not agree with the interpretation of the results, stated in the first paragraph of the Discussion. Quoting J. Cohen, "The primary product of a research inquiry is one or more measures of effect size, not P values" (Cohen, 1990). As I am sure the authors are aware of, even tiny differences between conditions, treatments or groups will eventually be statistically significant given arbitrarily large sample sizes. What really matters then is the magnitude of these differences. In general, the authors hypothesize on why there were no differences on the pressure pain model, and why decreases in heat pain were not mediated by PAF, but do not seem to consider the possibility that the intervention just did not cause the intended effect on the nociceptive system, which would be a much more straightforward explanations for all observations.

Our previous response included the fact that N=62 is not an arbitrarily large sample size and our consideration of the possibility of a false positive. In addition, we agree that conclusions should not be made based on p-values alone. Therefore, we have added more careful descriptions to highlight the nuances of our findings to the reader.

We edited the abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion to make clear to the reader that the effect sizes were small. In our desire to keep the text clear and readable, we did not intend to overstretch our claims, and apologise if the manuscript was unintentionally portraying this overstretch. These are very important sections of the manuscript in which to mention such nuances, as these are the parts viewed most when readers do not wish to read the entire manuscript.

Abstract

“The nicotine group showed a small decrease in heat-pain ratings compared to placebo group when controlling confounders, and a small increase in PAF across the scalp from pre- to post-gum, both with and without confounder adjustment. These effects were most pronounced in the central-parietal and right-frontal electrodes.”

Discussion first paragraph

“Compared to placebo, our data demonstrate three key findings: 1) nicotine increased PAF speed; 2) nicotine reduced prolonged heat pain intensity but only when controlling for confounding and not for the prolonged pressure pain model, and 3) decreases in prolonged heat pain intensity were not mediated by changes in PAF. This suggests that changes in heat pain due to nicotine occur through mechanisms unrelated to change in PAF and require replication as the effects required control for confounding and the reduction was small in magnitude.”

Discussion section on effect of nicotine on PAF:

“In line with previous literature in non-smokers [38,47,48], we contribute additional evidence that chewing 4 mg of nicotine gum produces a statistically significant increase in PAF speed in non-smoking, nicotine-gum-naïve, pain-free, adult participants. An exploratory cluster-based permutation analysis indicated that the change in wide-window PAF (8–12 Hz) produced by nicotine, was most pronounced in a cluster of electrodes in the central-parietal region and a separate cluster of electrodes in the right-frontal region, rather than in the pre-registered sensorimotor ROI (i.e., Cz, C1, C2, C3, C4).”

Discussion section on the effect of nicotine on pain:

“While acknowledging the modest effect size, it’s essential to consider the context of our study’s focus. Assessing the clinical relevance of pain reduction is pertinent in applications involving the use of any intervention for pain management [71]. However, from a mechanistic standpoint, particularly in understanding the implications of and relation to PAF, the specific magnitude of the pain effect becomes less pivotal, as small effects can still have mechanistic or biological meaning without establishing clinical meaning [72]. Nevertheless, future research should examine whether effects on pain increase in magnitude with different nicotine administration regimens (i.e. dose and frequency).”

Discussion section on relationship between PAF and pain:

“However, as this is the first study attempting to directly manipulate PAF, observing only small effects on pain, we cannot confidently state that a causal relationship between PAF and pain sensitivity does not exist, and future research should explore these relationships with larger sample sizes, larger doses of nicotine, and alternative PAF modulators.”

Discussion final paragraph:

“We have shown that, compared to placebo, nicotine gum produced statistically significant increases global PAF speed and decreases pain ratings during prolonged heat pain. However, the effects of nicotine on heat pain were not mediated by changes in PAF. Therefore, we find no evidence that PAF is causally related to pain. The implication of this is that changing PAF may not be a useful target for pain modulation, because pain sensitivity may not be dependent on state changes in PAF. However, this is the first study to test modulation of PAF as a mechanism for reducing pain intensity. Moreover, while effects on PAF appear small but robust, effects on heat pain required control for confounding to be observed. More randomised experiments on the effects of nicotine that use larger sample sizes, higher nicotine doses, and pharmacokinetic tracking, whilst also reducing mediator measurement error are needed to confirm the present findings and uncover whether these factors account for the lack of mediation effect seen here.”

Previous comment 6) Magnitude of pain change

Previous comment (6) In this regard, I do not believe that an average *increase* of 0.05 / 10 (Nicotine post pre) can be considered a "reduction of pain ratings", regardless of the contrast with placebo (average increase of 0.24 / 10). This tiny effect size is more relevant in the context of the considerable inter-individual variation, in which subjects scored the same heat pain model anywhere from 1 to 10, and the same pressure pain model anywhere from 1 to 8.5. In this regard, the minimum clinically or experimentally important differences (MID) in pain ratings varies from study to study and across painful conditions but is rarely below 1 / 10 in a VAS or NRS scale, see f. ex. (Olsen et al., 2017). It is not my intention to question whether nicotine can function as an acute analgesic in general (as stated in the Discussion), but instead, if it worked as such under these very specific experimental conditions. I also acknowledge that the authors note this issue in two lines in the Discussion, but I believe that this is not weighed properly.

Our previous response included discussion of interpreting mean values, a correction to a table that showed the ”increase” erroneously displayed previously due to list-wise deletion in the analysis. We have further attempted to weigh this issue more thoroughly and to always highlight the nuances of our results, as seen in our response to your previous comment 5 above. In further consideration of the effect size, note that the bootstrapped 95% CI for the effect of gum on change in pain was [-1.28, -0.16], which indicates that the overall difference falls within this range when controlling for other factors in the model. Of course this means the difference may be as small as -0.16, but also may be as large as -1.28. Such an effect might have be considered clinically relevant. Replication of the results is therefore warranted.

Also, as outlined in our response to reviewer 2 comment 1, our intention was not to establish a clinical utility at this stage. We hoped to achieve some biological/mechanistic meaning in the present study, and if our present findings are replicated in future, even these small-magnitude effects can shape our understanding of relevant mechanisms underlying pain and aid the direction of future clinical perspectives (Edenberg, 2021; Ross & Bassett, 2024). Meaningfulness in clinical (e.g., MID) or public policy contexts should of course be in mind, but were not the focus of this present work.

Several additional changes were made to the manuscript to emphasise these points to the reader, which are also outlined in the second round of response to your first comment 5 above, as both this comment 6 and 5 focus on magnitude of pain change. We hope this point is now considered to be weighed properly.

Previous comment 7) Magnitude of PAF change

Previous comment (7) In line with the topic of effect sizes, average effect sizes for PAF in the study cited in the manuscript range from around 1 Hz (Boord et al., 2008; Wydenkeller et al., 2009; Lim et al., 2016), to 2 Hz (Foulds et al., 1994), compared with changes of 0.06 Hz (Nicotine post - pre) or -0.01 Hz (Placebo post - pre). MIDs are not so clearly established for peak frequencies in EEG bands, but they should be certainly larger than some fractions of a Hertz (which is considerably below the reliability of the measurement).

In our first response to this comment, we acknowledged this difference in magnitude, agreed that MIDs for PAF are not established, discussed the potential impact of bin size, and highlighted this issue in the revised manuscript text. Although, note that we have now slightly reduced the emphasis on the bin size:

“The ability to detect changes in PAF could be considerably impacted by the frequency resolution used during Fourier Transformations, an element that is overlooked in recent methodological studies on PAF calculation [16,95].”

In addition, we would now like to highlight some more details regarding the prior studies.

We aimed to determine whether nicotine gum could increase PAF in healthy, pain-free, non-smokers. In line with previous literature in non-smokers (Foulds et al., 1994; Harkrider and Champlin, 2001; Bowers et al., 2015), we contribute additional evidence that chewing 4 mg of nicotine gum produces small increases in PAF speed in non-smoking, nicotine-gum-naïve, pain-free, adult participants. The other three papers mentioned by the reviewer are not cited in our manuscript and compare healthy individuals to chronic pain patients (Boord et al., 2008; Wydenkeller et al., 2009; Lim et al., 2016), and are thus not relevant to this discussion on the effect of nicotine on PAF.

A cluster-based permutation analysis indicated that the change in wide window PAF (8-12 Hz) produced by nicotine, was most pronounced in a cluster of electrodes in the central-parietal region and a separate cluster of electrodes in the right-frontal region, rather than in the pre-registered sensorimotor ROI (i.e., Cz, C1, C2, C3, C4). The mediation analysis results showed minimal differences when these clusters of electrodes were used compared to global results (global: b = 0.085, p < .018), except for the expected stronger effect of nicotine on change in PAF alongside greater confidence in this effect (bs = 0.11-0.14, ps < .003). See Supplementary Material 3.8-3.10.

Previous work examining nicotine-induced changes in PAF in healthy non-smokers have used small samples (i.e. <= 20) with nicotine injections or patches (Foulds et al., 1994; Harkrider and Champlin, 2001), while a later investigation used 62 male participants and nicotine gum (Bowers et al., 2015). Therefore, the present study is the largest study to date on nicotine and PAF including non-smoking male and female participants. Bowers didn’t see effects as large as 1 or 2 Hz (approx. 10 or 20% increases) seen in studies with fewer participants, such as n=4 (Foulds et al., 1994) and n=20 (Harkrider & Champlin, 2001), and the magnitude and location of effect depended on the COMT (Bowers et al., 2015).

Bowers et al (2015) showed that the Met allele was related to nicotine-induced increases in PAF, whereas Val/Val homozygotes did not demonstrate PAF changes. In addition, the distribution of PAF increases varied depending on whether Met allele carriers were heterozygotes (i.e. Val/Met: frontal, central, and occipital electrodes) or homozygotes (i.e. Met/Met: parietal electrode). The largest difference between placebo and nicotine gum was 0.51 Hz (a 5.8% increase) at the Fz electrode for the Val/Met group and the smallest significant difference was 0.34 Hz (a 3.5% increase) at the Pz electrode for the Met/Met group.

This study from Bowers used 6mg of nicotine gum, whereas we used 4mg, which may contribute to the lower effect size seen in our study. Dose-dependent effects have not been assessed in non-smokers, but given the dose-dependent changes seen in smokers who abstained from cigarettes prior to EEG recording (Pickworth et al., 1989; Pickworth et al., 1988; Pickworth et al., 1986), the smaller effect sizes seen in the present study may be in line with Bowers study.

Though genetic analysis was not included in the present work, the use of a lower nicotine dose, inclusion of male and female participants, use of more electrodes (64 rather than 8), and unmeasured genetic variations in PAF’s response to nicotine could explain the smaller effect sizes compared to (Bowers et al., 2015).

We have written a condensed summary of this to include in the manuscript discussion:

”Research on nicotine-induced changes in PAF in healthy non-smokers has largely relied on small samples (≤20) using injections or patches [47,48], with Bowers and colleagues [38] providing the only larger study (n= 62 males) using 6 mg nicotine gum. Their results showed modest PAF increases (~0.34–0.51 Hz; 3.5– 5.8%) compared to the larger effects (1–2 Hz; ~10–20%) reported in earlier small-sample studies, with magnitude and scalp distribution influenced by COMT genotype: Met allele carriers exhibited nicotineinduced increases (Val/Met: frontal, central, occipital; Met/Met: parietal), while Val/Val homozygotes showed no change. The present study now the largest to include both male and female non-smokers found smaller effects, likely due to the lower nicotine dose (4 mg), consistent with dose-dependent PAF modulation reported in abstinent smokers [69]. Broader EEG coverage (64 vs. 8 electrodes), sex inclusion, and unmeasured genetic variation may also account for differences between the present study and Bowers and colleagues [38]. Interestingly, beyond nicotine’s main effect on PAF, our 2W-LCS mediation model indicated a significant influence of sex, with females showing greater PAF increases than males. Given that female participants were significantly lighter than males (Supplementary Material 3.4) and the model did not test the interaction between sex at birth and gum group, these finding should be interpreted cautiously and warrant further investigation.”

Previous comment 8) removing confounders calls to question robustness of the findings. Simmons paper

Previous comment (8) The authors also ran alternative statistical models to analyze the data and did not find consistent results in terms of PHP ratings (PAF modulation was still statistically significantly different). The authors attribute this to the necessity of controlling for covariates. Now, considering the effects sizes, aren't these statistically significant differences just artifacts stemming from the inclusion of too many covariates (Simmons et al., 2011)? How much influence should be attributable to depression and anxiety symptoms, stress, sleep quality and past pain, considering that these are healthy volunteers? Should these contrasting differences call the authors to question the robustness of the findings (i.e., whether the same data subjected to different analysis provides the same results), particularly when the results do not align with the preregistered hypothesis (PAF modulation should occur on sensorimotor ROIs)?

In addition to our previous response, we would like to add the following: Although we were previously unaware of the author recommendations from Simmons et al (2011) during initial preparation of this manuscript, we find we cover all points and have added a few improvements to ensure our adherence to this guideline is clear.

We cover all six recommendations for authors suggested in Simmons et al (2011):

(1) We decided to collect 62 participants prior to commencing data collection, this covered 60 participants in total, with two extra in case of incomplete data identified during data analysis.

(2) We had more than 20 participants per group. We have now outlined this decision in the methods section:

“The sample size was informed by resource and feasibility constraints [98] and aligns with or exceeds that of comparable studies in the field [38], covering 60 participants in total, with two extra in case of incomplete data identified during later data analysis.”

(3) We provide detailed methods, which outlines all the variables collected.

(4) We report all experimental conditions, and had no failed manipulations to report. We have now slightly adjusted the wording of our experimental protocol within the methods section to make this clear:

“Participants were randomly assigned to one of only two conditions, thus after the second resting-state EEG, either nicotine or placebo gum was administered with the chew procedure. Following completion of the chew procedure, the third resting state, the second pain assessments, and the fouth resting state were conducted.”

Regarding recommendation (5), listwise deletion was used, as already stated in the manuscript (see Methods, Statistical analysis, Mediation analysis, Assumptions), to exclude participants for whom only one timepoint was available in either the pain or PAF measures, and thus it is not possible to conduct analysis on participants with this missing data. Otherwise, no participants were removed for other reasons. 6) As we conducted analyses using pre-registered covariates determined based on a DAG, we repeated analyses without including these covariates in the form of RM-ANOVAs. The effect on PAF remains, however, as Simmons et al (2011) suggests, the fact we no longer observed a significant effect of gum on heat pain ratings may indicate that the finding is reliant on the presence of a covariate, which does not necessarily mean that the finding is not relevant. However, as reviewer 3 suggests, this should also cause us to question the robustness of the findings and the possibility of type 1 error. Therefore, we have adjusted text in the discussion as follows:

“This underscores the necessity of controlling for confounding variables, as nicotine may only produce pain reduction for those with higher stress, and calls for further investigation into the robustness of the effect of nicotine on heat pain ratings.”

Lastly, regarding the influence that should be attributable to our confounding health-related measures, given the healthy population, we still observe variation in several of these confounders. ’Healthy’ populations still score across a range on these scales, with cut-offs acting as suggestions for problematic symptomology. Assumptions testing confirmed the normality of these covariates, and lack of collinearity so that they could be included in our analyses. We have added a sentence to the Sample Characteristics in Results to outline the ranges reported for the confounding variables:

“Depressive symptoms ranged from 0-4 (out of a maximum of 6), anxiety from 0-6 (out of a maximum of 6), perceived stress from 2-18 (out of a maximum of 40), and sleep quality from 2-10 (out of a maximum of 10; i.e. “excellent sleep quality”).”

Previous comment 9) Exploratory sex analysis?

(9) Beyond that, I believe in some cases that the authors overreach in an attempt to provide explanations for their results. While I agree that sex might be a relevant covariate, I cannot say whether the authors are confirming a pre-registered hypothesis regarding the gender-specific correlation of PAF and pain, or if this is just a post hoc subgroup analysis. Given the large number of analyses performed (considering the main document and the supplementary files), caution should be exercised on the selective interpretation of those that align with the researchers' hypotheses.

To reiterate our previous response to this comment, we stated that sex was an exploratory analysis in the results and was chosen based on other PAF-pain literature, and had also adjusted part of the discussion to align with this. However, we have now seen the first paragraph of the discussion was not adjusted. Therefore, we hope the below edit has now adequately address the previous reviewer 3 comment 9:

“In addition, when assessing the whole sample, we found inconclusive evidence for 4) slower PAF speed at baseline being associated with higher pain ratings for both the heat and pressure pain models. However, during exploratory analysis we found moderate evidence that slower PAF speed at baseline is associated with higher heat pain ratings at baseline in males but not females. In contrast PAF was not associated with pressure pain ratings for males or females.”

References for response to reviewer 3

Boord P, Siddall PJ, Tran Y, Herbert D, Middleton J, Craig A. Electroencephalographic slowing and reduced reactivity in neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal cord. 2008 Feb;46(2):118-23.

Bowers H, Smith D, De La Salle S, Choueiry J, Impey D, Philippe T, et al. COMT polymorphism modulates the resting-state EEG alpha oscillatory response to acute nicotine in male non-smokers. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2015;14:466–76.

Edenberg HJ. Perspective on beyond statistical significance: Finding meaningful effects. Complex Psychiatry 2021;7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517237.

Foulds J, McSorley K, Sneddon J, Feyerabend C, Jarvis MJ, Russell MA. Effect of subcutaneous nicotine injections on EEG alpha frequency in non-smokers: A placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychopharmacology 1994;115:163–6.

Harkrider AW, Champlin CA. Acute effect of nicotine on non-smokers: III. LLRs and EEGs. Hearing Research 2001;160:99–110.

Lakens D. Sample size justification. Collabra: psychology. 2022 Mar 22;8(1):33267.

Lim M, Kim JS, Kim DJ, Chung CK. Increased low-and high-frequency oscillatory activity in the prefrontal cortex of fibromyalgia patients. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2016 Mar 14;10:111.

Nosek BA, Ebersole CR, DeHaven AC, Mellor DT. The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018 Mar 13;115(11):2600-6.

Pickworth WB, Herning RI, Henningfield JE. Electroencephalographic effects of nicotine chewing gum in humans. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1986;25:879–82.

Pickworth WB, Herning RI, Henningfield JE. Mecamylamine reduces some EEG effects of nicotine chewing gum in humans. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 1988;30:149–53.

Pickworth WB, Herning RI, Henningfield JE. Spontaneous EEG changes during tobacco abstinence and nicotine substitution in human volunteers. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1989;251:976–82.

Ross LN, Bassett DS. Causation in neuroscience: keeping mechanism meaningful. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2024 Feb;25(2):81-90.

Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U. False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological science. 2011 Nov;22(11):1359-66.

Wydenkeller S, Maurizio S, Dietz V, Halder P. Neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: significance of clinical and electrophysiological measures. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2009 Jul;30(1):91-9.

říkám sil, jestli by nebylo dobré zvýraznit ty pojmy v hodnocení - zlepšování, stabilní, nepříznivé....

Tuto větu by bylo dobré zjednodušit, je špatně čitelná. Např. V průměru je tak Česko srovnatelné v zatížení výdaji na bydlení např. s Nizozemskem nebo Finskem (k roku 2025).

Já myslela, že Česko srovnáváme.

tahle věta se velmi těžko čte, bylo by dobré jí buď rozdělit nebo zjednodušit.

Has this abbreviation been introduced/defined yet?

The abbreviations in the picture should be defined in the description below the picture.

vocab term?

Briefing Doc : Prévenir le harcèlement en milieu scolaire

Résumé Exécutif

Le harcèlement scolaire, réinterrogé par le Dr Nicole Catheline (pédopsychiatre) lors de son intervention pour le Conseil scientifique de l'Éducation nationale (CSEN), nécessite un changement de paradigme fondamental dans sa compréhension et sa prévention.

Historiquement abordé sous l'angle de la pathologie individuelle ou de la criminologie, le harcèlement doit aujourd'hui être appréhendé comme un profil de situation plutôt que comme un profil d'individu.

Alors que 85 % des enfants ne présentent pas de troubles psychiatriques sous-jacents, le phénomène se déploie à travers une dynamique de groupe alimentée par l'immaturité des compétences réflexives (fonctions exécutives), l'instabilité émotionnelle propre à l'enfance et à l'adolescence, ainsi qu'un besoin absolu d'allégeance au groupe de pairs.

Principaux enseignements et leviers d'action :

• Un décalage de perception : Malgré 13 ans d'actions publiques en France (7 campagnes, 5 lois) et l'action de l'association e-Enfance (numéro 3018), les adultes et les parents continuent de minimiser l'impact du harcèlement, souvent perçu à tort comme un rite d'apprentissage inévitable.

• Le piège des critères stricts : L'enfermement du harcèlement dans une définition rigide (répétition, déséquilibre de pouvoir, intention agressive) a parfois freiné les signalements précoces en focalisant l'attention sur la recherche de « profils de délinquants », au détriment de l'analyse du climat de groupe.

• L'amplification numérique : L'avènement des réseaux sociaux (traduction de Facebook en 2008, Snapchat en 2010, Instagram en 2011, TikTok en 2017) a démultiplié la dimension collective du problème.

• L'aveuglement du groupe : En fonctionnant en auto-alimentation pour se rassurer ou s'amuser, le groupe finit par perdre totalement de vue la souffrance de la victime.

• Axes de prévention préconisés :

  • Développer la gestion des émotions et réintégrer le corps à l'école (repérage des ressentis corporels, cohérence cardiaque, respiration).

• Mettre en place des « espaces de vie » et revaloriser les heures de vie de classe pour libérer la parole sur la dynamique de groupe sans tomber dans la dénonciation.

• Aligner les adultes (parents et institution éducative) pour former un front uni et faire primer la qualité des relations humaines sur la recherche exclusive de performances académiques.

1. Historique, Cadre Légale et Résistances Culturelles

L'émergence de la problématique en France

La prise en compte du harcèlement scolaire en France s'est structurée sur une période de plus de 13 ans, portée initialement par :

• Les travaux du chercheur Éric de Barbieux (dès le milieu des années 2000), ayant réuni des études longitudinales internationales remontant aux années 1990.

• Les alertes et observations de terrain des médecins de l'Éducation nationale, qui ont réorienté la vision clinique (souvent biaisée en pédopsychiatrie par des échantillons d'enfants aux troubles multiples) vers les phénomènes de groupe en milieu scolaire.

• L'importation de la « méthode de la préoccupation partagée » en 2010 par Jean-Pierre Bellon (issue des travaux du psychologue Anatole Picas).

• Les premières Assises nationales sur le harcèlement scolaire tenues les 2 et 3 mai 2011.

Cette prise de conscience a donné lieu à des évolutions réglementaires et médiatiques majeures :

• Dispositifs légaux et campagnes : 7 campagnes de sensibilisation et 5 lois (3 inscrites au Code pénal, 2 au Code de l'éducation).

• Rôle des médias : Les suicides dramatiques du début des années 2020 ont contraint l'opinion publique et les institutions à une mobilisation accrue.

Évolutions réglementaires et sociétales ├── Milieu des années 2000 : Travaux pionniers (Éric de Barbieux) ├── 2-3 mai 2011 : Premières Assises de lutte contre le harcèlement ├── Bilan législatif : 5 Lois (3 Code Pénal / 2 Code de l'Éducation) & 7 Campagnes └── Début des années 2020 : Prise de conscience médiatique massive suite aux drames

Un frein persistant : la minimisation et les représentations faussées

Malgré ces avancées, d'importantes résistances persistent au sein de la société :

• La banalisation par l'expérience passée : L'idée reçue selon laquelle le harcèlement est un phénomène universel « dont on ne meurt pas » et qui servirait à « indurcir » les enfants.

Une enquête récente de l'association e-Enfance (qui gère le 3018) confirme que les parents minimisent encore considérablement l'impact réel du harcèlement.

• La confusion des violences scolaires : Éric de Barbieux a isolé le harcèlement de la violence spectaculaire : si 5 % des établissements concentrent environ 50 % des violences ultra-médiatisées (attaques au couteau, etc.), le harcèlement constitue une violence quotidienne et ordinaire qui évolue sous les radars.

• Le blocage sémantique : L'usage du terme « harcèlement », importé après les travaux de Marie-France Hirigoyen sur le harcèlement moral et sexuel au travail, a suscité un déni initial (« cela ne peut pas concerner des enfants »).

• Le piège des trois critères : La définition classique repose sur trois piliers :

  • Une agression répétée qui dure dans le temps.

• Un déséquilibre dans la relation (dominant/dominé) dont la victime ne peut sortir seule.

• Une intention agressive.

Conséquence dériver : Cette modélisation a créé l'illusion que le harcèlement nécessite obligatoirement des profilages d'« affreux jojos » (futurs délinquants ou psychopathes) face à des victimes passives.

En conséquence, certains professionnels s'abstiennent d'effectuer un signalement si les trois critères ne sont pas strictement et simultanément identifiés.

2. Analyse Psychosociale et Développementale

Un « profil de situation » plutôt qu'un « profil d'individu »

Si la psychiatrie reconnaît qu'environ 15 % des enfants présentent des troubles personnels sévères les prédisposant aux rôles de harceleurs ou de harcelés, 85 % des enfants vont bien.

La prévention efficace doit donc cibler ces 85 % en considérant le harcèlement comme un risque lié au développement et à des contextes spécifiques.

La théorie de l'attachement et le basculement vers le groupe de pairs

En s'appuyant sur la théorie de l'attachement (développée par John Bowlby dans les années 1950 et rappelée par Pierre Fonagy), le développement de l'enfant oscille entre deux besoins fondamentaux :

| Période développementale | Besoins prédominants | Repère principal d'attachement | | --- | --- | --- | | Petite enfance | Attachement > Exploration | Parents / Figures parentales | | Enfance (5/6 ans – 11/12 ans) | Équilibre entre Attachement et Exploration | Transitions fluides | | Préadolescence / Adolescence (dès le Cycle 3 / ~11 ans) | Exploration > Attachement | Groupe de pairs (les amis) |

L'âge moyen d'obtention du premier smartphone étant de 11 ans et 4 mois, l'entrée dans la préadolescence survient dès la fin du primaire (Cycle 3).

À ce stade, le besoin d'attachement ne peut plus s'investir prioritairement sur les parents et se reporte sur le groupe.

Dès lors, « être sans ami » devient une situation intolérable, poussant l'enfant à une allégeance aveugle envers le groupe.

La « cocotte-minute » développementale

Le passage à l'adolescence crée une vulnérabilité biologique et environnementale sous l'effet de quatre facteurs combinés :

         ```
         [ Immaturité des fonctions exécutives / compétences réflexives ]
                                        +
         [ Émotions instables à fleur de peau / ressenti corporel massif ]
                                        +
         [ Besoin absolu d'allégeance au groupe de pairs (sécurité) ]
                                        +
         [ Besoin de représentations simples, bicolores (bien/mal, sans nuance) ]
                                        =
                        LA "COCOTTE-MINUTE" DÉVELOPPEMENTALE

```

Lorsqu'ils découvrent le monde par eux-mêmes, les enfants ont besoin de repères caricaturaux et tranchés.

La capacité à introduire de la nuance (les « zones de gris ») s'acquiert progressivement mais manque cruellement lors de cette phase de construction.

Le déclencheur : le rejet de la différence

Dans cette dynamique, toute différence au sein du groupe est perçue comme une menace pour la « mêmeté rassurante » et la cohésion protectrice du collectif :

• La différence perturbe émotionnellement le futur harceleur là où il est lui-même le plus vulnérable.

• Facteurs déclenchants chez le harceleur :

• L'angoisse : Face au handicap d'un autre enfant (ex: peur de la contagion ou incompréhension).

• L'envie et la comparaison : Face à un camarade racontant ses activités du week-end alors que le futur harceleur vit dans un environnement négligent.

• La jalousie et le sentiment d'abandon : Fréquents lors des ruptures amicales au retour des vacances scolaires (ex: transition CM1/CM2).

• Ne disposant pas de compétences réflexives suffiantes pour réguler cette charge émotionnelle, l'enfant réagit par l'agressivité.

3. Dynamique de Groupe et Impact du Numérique

L'agrégation du groupe et la perte de vue de la victime

Une fois le processus amorcé par le harceleur initial, les autres membres s'agrègent au groupe pour des motifs très divers :

• Volonté de se ranger du côté du leader charismatique/intimidant par sécurité.

• Opportunité de se défouler de leurs propres difficultés personnelles sur plus faible que soi.

Une fois la dynamique enclenchée, un phénomène psychosocial critique se produit : le groupe s'auto-alimente et perd totalement de vue la souffrance de la victime.

Les membres du groupe interagissent en miroir (« à qui aura l'idée la plus drôle, la plus créative ou fera le plus mal »), persuadés qu'il ne s'agit que d'un jeu (« c'est pour rire »).

Note clinique : Interrogés après coup, les enfants harceleurs manifestent une réelle stupeur lorsqu'on leur fait prendre conscience de la détresse de la victime, qu'ils avaient littéralement cessé de percevoir.

La méthode de la préoccupation partagée

Développée par Anatole Picas et introduite en France par Jean-Pierre Bellon, la méthode de la préoccupation partagée tire son efficacité précisément de ce constat.

En interpellant individuellement les membres du groupe sur le bien-être de la victime, elle brise l'effet d'entraînement collectif et réactive la conscience de la souffrance d'autrui.

Le rôle amplificateur des réseaux sociaux

L'arrivée massive des plateformes numériques a accéléré et élargi la dynamique de groupe :

• 2008 : Traduction française de Facebook.

• 2010 : Lancement de Snapchat.

• 2011 : Lancement d'Instagram.- 2017 : Lancement de TikTok.

Le suivi en masse (« follower ») d'un individu proférant des attaques en ligne démultiplie l'effet de groupe et rend la dynamique encore plus omniprésente et destructrice pour la victime.

4. Préconisations et Stratégies de Prévention

Pour prévenir le harcèlement, l'école et les adultes doivent adapter leurs postures et offrir des cadres structurés.

Axes prioritaires de prévention ├── 1. Émotions & Corps ──> Identifier les signaux corporels (cohérence cardiaque, respiration) ├── 2. Espaces de Vie ──> Revaloriser les Heures de Vie de Classe (échanger sur le groupe sans dénoncer) ├── 3. Alliance Adultes ──> Front uni Parents/École (privilégier le relationnel avant la performance) └── 4. Formation Parents ──> Former les représentants de parents d'élèves (projet Gabriel Attal)

A. Intégrer la gestion des émotions et le ressentis corporel

• Réintégrer le corps à l'école : L'Instruction publique s'étant historiquement construite sur le modèle de l'école confessionnelle (où le corps était occulté), l'institution a tendance à négliger la dimension corporelle.

• Travailler sur les signaux physiques : Les émotions s'expriment d'abord par le corps (« papillons dans le ventre », sensation de « boule dans la tête » en cas de colère).

• Mise en place d'outils simples : Proposer des exercices pratiques de régulation émotionnelle, tels que des séances de respiration ou de cohérence cardiaque, pour apaiser les enfants lorsque leurs émotions les débordent.

B. Créer des « Espaces de vie » et former aux compétences sociales

• Revaloriser les heures de vie de classe : Utiliser ces créneaux (notamment au collège) non pas pour régler des comptes ou inciter à la dénonciation individualisée, mais pour verbaliser les dynamiques de groupe et apprendre à mettre des mots sur les ressentis.

• Accompagner les enseignants : Reconnaître la complexité de cette tâche pour le corps professoral et leur fournir des formations adaptées.

• Formations accélérées pour les parents : Appuyer le projet (évoqué par Gabriel Attal) visant à former rapidement les représentants d'associations de parents d'élèves afin qu'ils servent de relais au sein de la communauté éducative.

C. Fonder une alliance adulte et réordonner les priorités

• Mettre fin aux querelles stériles : Cesser les rejets de responsabilité mutuels entre l'école et les parents.

Les adultes doivent faire front uni pour offrir un cadre rassurant où l'enfant constate que « ce n'est pas celui qui crie le plus fort qui obtient gain de cause ».

• Changer le questionnaire du retour de l'école : Le Dr Catheline recommande aux parents de modifier l'ordre des questions posées à l'enfant à son retour à la maison :

     ```
     [ Approche Traditionnelle ]                [ Approche Préconisée ]
   1. "Comment s'est passée ta journée ?"     1. "Comment ça s'est passé avec tes copains ?"
   2. "Quelle note as-tu eue ?"               2. "Comment ça s'est passé avec les adultes ?"
                                              3. "Quelle note as-tu eue ?"
                                              (Priorité au relationnel sur la performance)
  

  ```

En faisant passer la qualité des relations avec les pairs et les adultes avant la performance scolaire académique, les adultes envoient un signal fort sur l'importance du climat social et émotionnel de l'enfant.

Citations Clés de l'Intervenante

« Le harcèlement est un risque du développement et il faut le considérer plus comme un profil de situation que comme un profil d'individu. » — Dr Nicole Catheline

« Quand ce groupe se met à fonctionner, ils se regardent entre eux et ils perdent de vue la victime. C'est à qui aura l'idée la plus drôle, la plus créative, qui fera le plus mal, mais c'est pour rire entre eux et non plus pour s'occuper de la victime. » — Dr Nicole Catheline

« Quand votre enfant rentre de l'école... de mon point de vue, on devrait dire : "Comment ça s'est passé avec tes copains ? Comment ça s'est passé avec les adultes ?" Et après seulement : "Quelle note tu as eue ?" C'est-à-dire mettre d'abord les relations avant les résultats et les performances. » — Dr Nicole Catheline

_« Je trouve très stérile ces reproches qui sont régulièrement faits les uns aux autres, l'école aux parents, les parents à l'école...

Il faudrait déjà se mettre d'accord pour que les enfants aient le sentiment que les adultes les protègent et qu'ils ne sont pas dans un monde où c'est celui qui crie le plus fort qui va obtenir gain de cause. »_ — Dr Nicole Catheline

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:10][^1^][1] - [00:20:25][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo traite de la santé mentale des enfants, en particulier du harcèlement scolaire et de ses impacts. Les intervenants discutent des défis, des résistances et des stratégies de prévention.

Temps forts: + [00:00:10][^3^][3] Introduction au harcèlement scolaire * Importance de sensibiliser * Enquête sur les perceptions parentales * Effets minimisés par les adultes + [00:01:02][^4^][4] Historique et évolution * Début de la problématique en France * Lois et campagnes contre le harcèlement * Impact des suicides médiatisés + [00:03:01][^5^][5] Définition et résistances * Violence quotidienne et ordinaire * Difficultés à isoler le harcèlement des autres violences * Résistances liées à la terminologie + [00:05:08][^6^][6] Dynamique de groupe et réseaux sociaux * Influence des réseaux sociaux * Importance de la dynamique de groupe * Harcèlement comme risque de développement + [00:07:07][^7^][7] Théorie de l'attachement * Besoin d'attachement et d'exploration * Équilibre entre les deux besoins * Impact sur le développement des enfants + [00:15:25][^8^][8] Prévention et gestion des émotions * Importance de l'accompagnement parental * Rôle des adultes dans la gestion des émotions * Stratégies pour améliorer la prévention

"can" is a bit vague as an empirical claim

The way this following is written seems to be very different than the prior section of the chapter.

Make a vocab word

Document de Briefing : État des Lieux et Modèles de Compréhension de la Santé Mentale des Enfants et Adolescents

Synthèse Exécutive

La santé mentale des enfants et des adolescents constitue un enjeu sociétal, éducatif et médico-économique majeur.

Structuré à l'initiative du Conseil scientifique de l'Éducation nationale (CSEN) et en lien avec le ministère de la Santé, le dialogue entre chercheurs, cliniciens et enseignants vise à faire évoluer les pratiques pédagogiques et médicales dès la petite enfance.

Les données épidémiologiques récentes fournies par Santé publique France révèlent une dégradation marquée et continue de la santé mentale des jeunes depuis les années 2000, amplifiée par le contexte post-COVID.

Si 85 % des collégiens et lycéens déclarent une santé physique satisfaisante, seuls 59 % font part d'un niveau de bien-être émotionnel adéquat.

Les adolescentes et jeunes femmes (15–25 ans) représentent la population la plus vulnérable aux syndromes anxio-dépressifs et aux comportements suicidaires.

En école primaire, 13 % des enfants (soit 1 élève sur 8) présentent des troubles de la régulation émotionnelle.

La compréhension moderne de la santé mentale s'appuie sur une approche neurodéveloppementale et longitudinale.

L'expression des troubles résulte d'une interaction complexe entre des facteurs endogènes biologiques (estimés en moyenne à 40 %) et des facteurs environnementaux et sociétaux (60 %).

La maturation du contrôle cognitif, portée par le développement du cortex frontal, des fonctions exécutives et du langage oral, s'étale de 5 ans jusqu'à l'âge de 15-20 ans.

La période de l'adolescence constitue une phase d'instabilité physiologique liée au décalage entre la réactivité émotionnelle et la maturité cognitive.

Face à ce constat, les experts préconisent d'intervenir le plus précocement possible (dès la maternelle et la période périnatale) selon une démarche intégrée : mieux comprendre pour mieux repérer, mieux repérer pour mieux évaluer, et mieux évaluer pour mieux intervenir.

1. Contexte, Méthodologie et Stratégie Institutionnelle

Cette synthèse s'appuie sur les interventions de Stéphanie Mazza (enseignante à l'INSPÉ et chercheuse) et du Professeur Pierre Fourneret (pédopsychiatre, chef de service au CHU de Lyon et chercheur associé à l'Institut des sciences cognitives), présentées lors d'une journée d'étude du CSEN présidée par le Professeur Stanislas Dehaene.

Stratégie des « Regards Croisés »

L'organisation des travaux repose sur une démarche participative articulant :

• Le recueil des interrogations du terrain : Collecte prioritaire des questions posées par les enseignants du premier et du second degré ainsi que du supérieur (INSPÉ).

• L'expertise scientifique et clinique : Soumission de ces questionnements à des chercheurs et cliniciens afin de fournir des réponses validées par la science.

• La synergie interministérielle : Collaboration directe entre le ministère de l'Éducation nationale et le ministère de la Santé pour structurer des politiques de prévention et adapter la formation des enseignants.

Objectif d'Intervention Précoce

L'écosystème de santé mentale de l'enfant ne se limite pas à l'adolescence.

Sa construction débute dès les premiers mois de la vie.

L'action pédagogique et clinique doit être centrée sur le bien-être de l'enfant dès la classe de maternelle afin d'assurer un développement psychique harmonieux et de désamorcer précocement les trajectoires atypiques.

2. Définition, Déterminants et Maturation Neurodéveloppementale

Définition et Déterminants Majeurs

Selon la définition de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS, 2014), la santé mentale dépasse l'absence de trouble psychiatrique.

Il s'agit d'un état de bien-être global permettant à l'individu de :

• Réaliser son potentiel ;- Faire face aux difficultés et au stress d'un environnement incertain (résilience et adaptation) ;

• Travailler de manière productive ;- Contribuer au fonctionnement de la communauté (compétences sociales).

La variabilité des profils comportementaux et psychologiques dépend de l'interaction entre deux ensembles de facteurs :

• Facteurs environnementaux, socio-économiques et sociétaux : Pondérés à environ 60 % dans l'expression globale des comportements (avec une prédominance marquée dans des pathologies comme l'anorexie mentale).

• Facteurs biologiques et neurobiologiques : Pondérés à environ 40 % (prédominants dans les troubles du neurodéveloppement comme l'autisme).

parmi les déterminants mesurables du bien-être, l'estime de soi (image de soi, conscience de ses forces/faiblesses, confiance et affirmation de soi) constitue l'un des principaux indicateurs explicatifs et prédictifs de la santé mentale.

Trajectoires Développementales et Fonctions Exécutives

[3-5 ans] [> 5 ans] [15-20 ans] Turbulence psychomotrice ---> Développement de l'autocontrôle ---> Plateau de maturité (Phase physiologique) (Langage oral & Fonctions du contrôle cognitif exécutives/Cortex frontal)

• De 3 à 5 ans : Une phase d'instabilité psychomotrice (« turbulence ») est physiologiquement attendue chez l'ensemble des enfants.

• Après 5 ans : L'enfant doit développer une capacité d'autorégulation et de maîtrise comportementale.

Cette évolution repose sur deux piliers :

• Le langage oral ;- Les fonctions exécutives (planification, organisation et autocontrôle des actions volontaires, dépendant de la région frontale du cerveau).

• Décalage maturatif à l'adolescence :

• Le contrôle cognitif évolue progressivement de 5 ans jusqu'à un plateau atteint entre 15 et 20 ans (travaux de B.J. Casey et Romer).

• Les recherches (notamment d'Eva Telzer) montrent une dissociation temporelle entre la maturation du système d'engagement émotionnel (précoce et intense) et celle du contrôle cognitif (plus lente).

Ce décalage crée une fenêtre d'instabilité physiologique à l'adolescence.

• Effet de genre : Il est constaté que les filles présentent en moyenne deux ans d'avance maturative par rapport aux garçons sur ces dimensions.

3. Données Épidémiologiques sur la Santé Mentale des Jeunes

Les données issues de Santé publique France confirment une tendance à la dégradation continue des indicateurs psychologiques chez les jeunes, générant un impact médico-économique lourd (coûts sociétaux, arrêts de travail, difficultés d'insertion professionnelle).

Panorama des Études Épidémiologiques Nationales

| Étude / Source | Population Cible | Échantillonnage / Méthodologie | Principaux Constats & Chiffres Clés | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Étude EnClass (fusion HBSC & ESPAD, 2022) | Élèves de la 6e à la Terminale | Questionnaires auto-administrés anonymes (147 collèges, 90 lycées, > 9 000 réponses) |

• 85 % déclarent une santé physique satisfaisante.<br>

• 59 % rapportent un bon niveau de bien-être émotionnel.<br>

• Sentiment de solitude et plaintes récurrentes (nervosité, irritabilité, sommeil) : 21 % des collégiens, 27 % des lycéens.<br>

• Risque élevé de troubles anxio-dépressifs : 14 % des collégiens, 15 % des lycéens.<br>

• Pensées suicidaires (12 derniers mois) : 24 % des lycéens.<br>

• Passages à l'acte auto-agressifs dans l'année : 13 % (3 % d'hospitalisations). | | Étude EnfAnCE | Enfants de 3 à 11 ans (Maternelle au CM2) | Co-construite (enseignants, parents, experts), 706 écoles, 4 classes/école |

• 13 % des enfants (1 sur 8) présentent des troubles de la régulation émotionnelle.<br>

• Le bien-être général augmente avec l'âge en primaire, sauf pour l'estime de soi et le bien-être à l'école. | | Baromètre Santé Publique France | Jeunes adultes (18–24 ans) | Enquêtes itératives en population générale |

• Doublement de la prévalence des troubles en l'espace de 4 ans. | | Réseau OSCOUR | Population pédiatrique (11–17 ans) | Surveillance des motifs de recours aux urgences et hospitalisations |

• Maintien de taux d'hospitalisation très élevés en 2024 (comparativement aux années pré-COVID).<br>

• Pics de recours constatés au printemps et en hiver (en lien avec le calendrier scolaire). |

Différenciation des Profils selon le Genre

• Adolescentes et jeunes femmes (15–25 ans) : Groupe le plus vulnérable face aux syndromes anxio-dépressifs, à la solitude (proportions 3 fois plus élevées que chez les garçons dans l'étude EnClass), aux idées suicidaires et aux passages à l'acte.

• Répartition des troubles chez l'enfant (3–11 ans) :

  • Filles : Prédominance de troubles internalisés (anxiété, dépression).

• Garçons : Prédominance de troubles externalisés (comportements d'opposition, instabilité motrice, TDAH).

4. Modélisation des Trajectoires et Recommandations

Modélisation des Troubles du Comportement et Interactions Précoces

La grille d'analyse développée par Fairchild montre que les troubles des conduites à l'adolescence ne surviennent pas de manière brutale.

Ils s'inscrivent dans une trajectoire développementale continue dont les déterminants remontent à la petite enfance, voire à la période prénatale.

[ Facteurs Endogènes (Biologie / Génétique) ] + ===> [ Maturation Cérébrale & Interactions ] ===> [ Trajectoire Développementale ] [ Facteurs Exogènes (Environnement / Attachement) ]

• Déterminants précoces : La maturation cérébrale du nourrisson est façonnée par la qualité des interactions précoces avec son entourage (dialogue, synchronies sensori-motrices, réactivités contingentes).

• Effet de rupture : Des défauts d'accordage précoce et des anomalies d'attachement dans la première enfance constituent le lit de vulnérabilités émotionnelles ultérieures (troubles anxieux ou de l'humeur à l'adolescence).

• Plasticité : La prise en compte des trajectoires typiques et atypiques démontre que la biologie n'est pas un destin figé ; l'action sur les facteurs de protection environnementaux permet de modifier favorablement ces trajectoires.

Recommandation Stratégique Finale

À l'issue des présentations, la recommandation synthétique formulée pour guider les politiques de l'Éducation nationale et du ministère de la Santé s'articule autour d'une chaîne d'actions graduées :

« Mieux comprendre pour mieux repérer, mieux repérer pour mieux évaluer, et évaluer pour mieux intervenir. »

Cette démarche vise à mettre en place des mesures de protection, de pédagogie positive et de prise en charge précoce, capables de réduire durablement les coûts humains, sociaux et médico-économiques liés aux troubles mentaux des jeunes.

i like how in this story it is formed as animals communicate like humans but in their own way

DWeb Virtual Meetup—DWeb Camp JOMO, Part II (September 2026) Thu, Sept. 24, 2026