Benefits!!!

Encourages beginners to start small, which aligns with the idea of short, consistent daily exercise. You don’t need to jump into long workouts to see benefits.

Even splitting exercise into shorter sessions can add up to the recommended 150 minutes weekly. Shows that daily short workouts are effective and realistic.

This article explains how adults can stay healthy and prevent chronic diseases through regular physical activity. It recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities at least two days a week. The article also points out that even short sessions of exercise are helpful and that moving throughout the day is better than sitting too much. For beginners or people coming back from injury, it suggests gradually increasing activity. Overall, it gives practical, easy-to-follow advice based on current health research.

I have never thought about STEM as something that required resourcefulness. I am curious about this and would love if the author game a specific example here.

I have never thought about science as relying on skepticism before. I like how this is frazed because I think it incapsulates what about the scientific mind can seem "cruel" or "cold". To be scientific you have to never give the benefit of the doubt.

This comment makes me think of all of the adults in my life with science carriers. There are admittedly not many, but those I do know personally all seem to take this mentality all throughout life, not just about work.

I know that ideally teachers understand that not all students are alike but I know we are still running into problems where students are being treated as though they are all alike. It feels like there are groups of teachers out there who don't feel like they need to think outside the box for students unless they have an IEP and even then I feel like it's equal to pulling teeth to get more than a bare minimum.

Why would nobody try and help it?

I think infinite scroll is one of the biggest reasons why people can’t stop watching short videos. When there is no pause, time passes very fast without us noticing. This is already hard for adults to control, and it is even harder for teenagers. I remember during one of our family dinners, I saw my 13-year-old cousin watching short videos on the sofa for the whole afternoon. This is really scary. Even when I used to be addicted to games, I never played for that long without stopping. I think people must quickly find ways to stop this kind of design from hurting teenagers.

This is one of my favorite movie scenes, sourced from social media. It marks the root of the conflict between Eduardo and Mark. Sean recognized Facebook's potential and immediately began sowing the seeds to push Eduardo out of Facebook.

The Wikipedia article on Social networking services traces how early online communities evolved from simple bulletin boards to complex social ecosystems. What stood out to me was how the article highlights the shift from chronological, user-driven spaces to algorithmic, engagement-driven platforms. This connects directly to the discussion in Section 5.6 about "friction" and "affordances"--as platforms became more automated, they started shaping our behavior through invisible design choices. Reading this made me realize that social media's design evolution isn't just technical progress; it's a history of how digital architectures have gradually gained power over attention and emotion.

I’ve actually seen that Drunk History episode about John Adams and Thomas Jefferson — it’s hilarious but also surprisingly informative. The way they mix comedy and historical storytelling makes the rivalry between the two feel way more human. I think that’s what makes the show valuable as a “source”: it uses humor to make history memorable. It’s not an academic source, obviously, but it helps people care about the story enough to maybe look deeper. It reminds me that education doesn’t always have to be serious to be meaningful.

I found point to be an interesting detail: "Over time, users of a personal social network build more connections and develop a history of posts and shared experiences, which they cannot easily transfer to another personal social networking provider". I wonder how often social media companies will deliberately make it difficult to transition for the sake of user retention.

I think combining both one-way and two-way connection types is a very good design. One-way follow means you support the creator, which helps high-quality content makers to get more exposure and possibly earn more. At the same time, when people follow each other back, it becomes a two-way connection, which keeps the social part of the app. Just like a chat app, two-way connection makes sure we don’t get disturbed by too many strangers. TikTok uses this kind of mixed design, and I think it is very useful and thoughtful.

I think the example of "friction" is fascinating because it shows how small design choices can completely change user behavior. The Twitter pop-up that asks users to read the article before retweeting might seem minor, but it introduces a brief comment of reflection that slows down impulsive sharing. As someone who often scrolls through social media quickly, I realized how little time I spend verifying what I see online. Adding friction can be an ethical design choice--not to frustrate users, but to protect them from misinformation and emotional manipulation. It makes me wonder whether platforms should use more friction, not less, in areas related to mental health or political content.

The use case I thought of was learning a new skill. And I thought YouTube would be the best social media platform to do this on. It would be relatively easy to do on almost every social media though too. The user would have to have created an account, provided age, email, and make a password. Then they would need to navigate to the search bar and look up a how to on the skill they want to learn. I think that success would look like finding a video that explains the skill in a way that the user can understand and implement. If I wanted to do this I would use YouTube because there are the most in depth videos on YouTube, but I could probably find something on instagram or tik tok that has a short video explaining the skill as well.

It’s kind of wild to think about how fast Facebook and YouTube took over once they launched. It’s like the early 2000s were this experimental stage where everyone was just figuring out what “social media” even meant — then suddenly, Facebook standardized connection and YouTube redefined entertainment. What strikes me is how each platform shaped the internet differently: Facebook made networking social, and YouTube made content social. I was too young to see the early chaos.

I never experienced that phase myself, but my parents did. They loved posting on blogs, writing thoughtful, lengthy entries sharing deep reflections or life stories. Readers back then were more patient in understanding each other's perspectives—they didn't jump to judge or criticize others' views as readily as people do today.

Clearly from the nice agreement in Fig. 5, the SAE reconstructions do an excellent job at reconstructing the residual representation at each layer. I am curious about the magnitude of the reconstruction MSE for the hyperparameters covered in Fig. 8. Are there any results you've shared about the SAE training?

There is a tradeoff between reconstruction error and L0 sparsity, but at what point are you learning more about only the SAEs than ESM2 itself?

InterProt is an amazing tool for sorting through all of these findings.

The Fig. 3C plot is also very nice for a global view of the learned latent features. What do you think about the relatively small fraction of "interesting" features (the "structural", "amino acid", "alpha helix", etc., top features on InterProt) compared to the total number of latents? Do you think this is more about our lack of knowledge of protein structure, or are the "uninteresting" latents just generally at a lower conceptual level (like point residue features) than what we find interesting (motifs with structural effects)?

Our house value jumped 50% in 20 months between late 2020 and early 2022

Yep, this is a problem. You stop building housing supply but allow in the new data centers.

I'd also love to see grid capacity included in development plans too, at least if commercial/industrial projects exceed a certain power consumption.

One should be naturally skeptical of the reasons why people looking to make a fortune on speculative land development give for why their aspirational project hasn't moved forward. Is it water, or lack of demand, or the fact that they can't raise the capital to do it, or that it was actually a play to get acquired by a larger company?

There's a long history of trying to build subdivisions far from the urban core because developers assumed that people would buy houses far away almost no matter what (build it and they will come; see the "land fraud" he mentioned above) or that was simply the only parcel of land they could acquire, only to see a few houses and streets go up and the remainder never materialize.

Or, you see that the way for a develop to make the profit margin work is to build a big (more expensive) house but on a smaller lot, where you're only feet from your neighbor. But people are willing to live waaay outside of services only if they can get a big house with a sizeable yard—they are willing to trade convenience if it gets them something that's otherwise far outside their price range in the city, especially if they also believe (or are told) that things will fill in quickly and that they're getting in before things boom and will have a great house and eventually all the other things they want too.

runaway growth = 3%

80,000 home lots approved (much different than to be built this year, or this decade, or even ever built), which sounds like a lot until you consider that there's more than 2 million already here. So, up to 3%.

A problem across many states, but this makes it sound like a sensational issue that's unique to Phoenix and has never been seen before. Just saw an article last week that Houston was the worst in the country for this.

I volunteered for this campaign a little (I was primarily working on another ballot initiative that cycle, focused on the independent redistricting commission).

This was essentially a "Don't Become LA" campaign, which resonated well, especially as the influx of Californians arrived. Tucson complains about Phoenix, Phoenix complains about LA, I'm not sure who you guys complain about.

It's framing like this that I find super annoying. The notion is that as Phoenix has grown, its water use has similarly skyrocketed unabated.

Waaaaay wrong. Extremely misleading.

The important context not mentioned is that overall water use today is about the same as it was in 1950. And since 1990, per capita use is down by 30-something percent.

Of course, this is a very much a national problem, but that context is completely missing here. Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, Maryland, Texas, Idaho...I mean, the list goes on and on. I'm just always frustrated when these issues are written in a way that implies they're unique to Phoenix when they're often not uncommon problems.

Also, no mention of the broader context—that the largest city, by far, in the metro area (Phoenix) doesn't need to pump much groundwater at all? Only 2% of Phoenix's water use. And no mention that 3.6 million acre feet of water have been pumped back into the ground for water banking, a rainy day water fund? Nope, instead the lack of that context makes the reader assume that groundwater pumping is emblematic of the primary municipalities as well, not just some edge communities.

Of course, this naturally results if lots of people are moving here. Of course construction costs are going to be higher in a palce that is building lots of new houses compared to olde cities where they aren't building. If the masses slowed their migration, we'd naturally build fewer new homes and other industries would suddenly take up a larger percentage of the economy, even if they didn't at all expand during that time. But that doesn't matter to the pro-growth folks who routinely trot this out like construction is the only industry Phoenix can succeed at, or that it's especially important. Nah, it's big only because so many people want to move to Phoenix.

I found many of these articles personally frustrating.

There were two ways to view this: an indictment of Phoenix (can you believe it's gotten so bad that Phoenix had to do this??? I'm sure glad I don't live there, they must be in real trouble), or as a smart innovation (whoa, unlike most other cities in the US, Phoenix is actually taking real and meaningful action to preserve its water sources!). I think you can guess which route virtually every article took.

Totally get this sentiment, but also...everyone knew that area was gunning to be developed. There are literally signs everywhere about new developments and its constantly the talk of the area. That new homes would be going in is not a surprise; the surprise here is that they haven't already gone in.

Side note: cattle don't below in creosote flats like this area. That is very much NOT a feature worth keeping in that area.

Sure, new supplies would be great. But also, we can cut out some of the stupid waste we have right now. I'd love to follow Vegas's lead in banning useless grass landscaping around commercial developments, medians/street edges, and so forth. Vegas was the worlds biggest water waster for most of its history, then cut its use quickly by just stopping doing stupid shit.

Not to mention the fact that you probably can't sell. Who is going to buy?

Yep, exactly. There's no way the nation's fifth largest city is disappearing because of water capacity, especially in a place where solar can power so much.

Desalination is costly, at least at the moment, but it primarily just requires cheap energy. Well, we have a lot of cheap energy potential here—especially if you cover those canals and pipelines with linear solar.

Excellent point

A highly speculative move, that's for sure (who wants to rent houses in the middle of nowhere with a low quality of life, especially when those are already the cheapest to buy?). Sorry that you didn't do enough research and that your bet didn't pan out—but that's capitalism for ya.

Part of this is migration from more expensive markets. Developers cater to building larger houses than you'd find elsewhere, as someone selling their LA/SF house will look for lots more space than they need since they have more buying power. Every Californian that moves here tells his new neighbor that he can afford almost twice the house for nearly half the price here—so that's what gets built.

This is also my neighborhood, which is still IN THE DAMN CITY. You can do suburban life without moving to the middle of the desert. I'm not sure why I hear this so often from people who got a house on the edge of the city.

Yup. My ex-wife moved into my Tempe apartment after one month of dating because while she was at work one day, her parents bought a cheap house even further west than the Sun Valley Parkway mentioned above. It was an untenable situation, given that she went to school at ASU almost an hour away, and worked an extra 25 minutes beyond that. I had her move in when she fell asleep driving home one night after work.

Haha, yep—that was my point above.

A nitpick here, but this isn't true. But saying it helps establish that frame above.

This is arguable the most volatile out of the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental & Legal). Politics is a social science and is dictated not on just fact but also opinion. Currently the united states is a perfect example, they are ignoring the scientific community, or pre existing systems of government in favor of a religious driven movement that focuses on the idea that there country is the only that matters or nationalism, this has resulted in country's looking to export/import from other country's or just raise prices to offset any change in policy due to the current administration.

Arguably this could be associated with economics due to my focused on trade but the political aspect just don't affect trade but how business practices perfectly legal and reasonable 1 year could become illegal due to public perception and passed into law due to opinion instead of fact.

Wow, this is really powerful, it shows how the message spread quickly and inspired people in Galilee and beyond. But it also caused fear among some leaders, kind of like when a new idea or movement challenges the way things have always been. It reminds me of how big changes in history often start with messages that make people both hopeful and uneasy at the same time.

Wow, this is so dramatic. Cleopatra really knew how to stay connected to power! First she sided with Caesar’s supporters during the civil war, and then she started a relationship with Marc Antony. It’s kind of like how powerful people today form alliances to keep their influence strong, Cleopatra was doing the same thing, but with huge political stakes and empires on the line.

Americans relates Africa to famine because we see various people reaching out asking for donations to help these people who are actually experiencing famine and not the rest of Africa as well

The reason that those are the words Americans relate to Africa is because we see many images on TikTok or instagram that only show famine, disease, poverty and large wild animals.

This statement insightfully highlights how UX design isn’t just about functionality or aesthetics it’s a form of communication. As designers, we constantly speak to users through interfaces, layouts, and interactions. Understanding rhetoric helps us recognize that every design choice conveys meaning and influences behavior, making the designer’s role not just technical but deeply persuasive and communicative.

Something I find interesting about language is how the author discusses it going beyond verbal form. People often only think about verbal communication, but often times body language is just as important. It can show emotion even more than language. This is interesting to apply to UX, as it can show how in language can be applied to influence a user's experience outside of only words.

This is probably my favorite part of the article. It doesn't matter if you have blank screens/pages, this ultimately communicates something, whether intentional or not. This is the main underpinning of the entire article. UX and rhetoric are deeply connected, focusing on communication to an audience.

The author defines rhetoric as a universal framework that shapes all disciplines, not just language.

Overall, this article does bring up an interesting Idea between the nature of how regardless of it's advancement there are certain aspects of the human nature that will always bleed through.

All websites communicate a kind of language to each user. This language can help guide users and add accessability for some, but might be less engaging for others. UX design needs to utilize this language to communicate to the user how to use the site or app.

This is the first time in the article that mentions the definition of Rhetoric. If I were to paraphrase, Rhetoric is the structured process of bridging your ideas across to another group in the hopes of persuading that other group with your ideas.

UX design is meant for the user experience to have a good and nice experience using your technology. People like using a nice easy to use UI

I never considered that this could be seen as a science. However, that does make sense. You can experiment with rhetoric, test the limits of it, and see results and discover laws that it abides by. However, it is also an art form, which requires practice and nuance. I wonder whether it should be considered more of an art or a science? within science we believe there are universal facts and kernel of truths that we should all believe. In art, there are arguments about whether a singular truth exists, or if the truth varies by perspective and opinion.

This was important as the quote means to show that any gesture or sign communicates meaning. In terms of UX every aspect of design speaks for itself.

UX designers can channel the emotional energy of communication through the subtle visual language of their interfaces, like how some shapes, colors, and other design elements are associated with certain emotions. Some types of designs may promote users to 'communicate' with the product through this emotional design, evoking emotions that compel people to communicate.

Even silence, (a missing button, unclear/feedback/missing portions of the page) sends a message to the user, everything in design communicates something.

They both trying to get the message out there to the users that will meet the goals of the brand/company. As designers, we must think what will the users want to see and how it will appeal to them to get them to click the link and check out the company.

This idea highlights how communication are embedded in everything humans create. The takeaway is that intentionality matters, creators should always be aware of the messages their work sends and how others might interpret them.

UX design mirrors this, designs are intentional, user centered/focused, and aimed at influencing user behavior

Rhetoric relates to UX because both involve intentional, persuasive communication shaped by human motives and audience needs. UX designers, like rhetoricians, plan with purpose crafting interfaces that influence user behavior and understanding.

The article’s author argues that UX design is not just about crafting interfaces, but also about engaging in a form of rhetorical discourse with users. Rhetoric’s foundations are explained through communication, language, and discourse. Furthermore, the aims of rhetoric (persuasion, clarity, mutual understanding) are applicable to UX design. Because every interaction communicates meaning, designers are using rhetoric, shaping how users interpret and respond to digital products. Studying rhetoric can enrich how designers think about intent, structure, and the ethical dimensions of design.

James A Herrick had the captivating thought with rhetoric comprising of persuasion, clarity, beauty, and mutual understanding. This sentiment mirrors the five canons of rhetoric. James A Herrick was a studious member of Hope College and extended his stories in rhetoric along with writing books revolving around rhetoric and augmentation. These books would revolve around history and the enterprise of revolutionary moments in history.

https://hope.edu/news/2024/campus-life/retired-communication-professor-james-herrick-dies.html

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/James_A._Herrick#:~:text=He%20has%20written%20extensively%20on%20the%20history%20of,practices%20of%20the%20seventeenth-%20and%20eighteenth-century%20English%20Deists.

This shows how design goes beyond visuals and becomes its own kind of language. I like how it distinguishes between simple communication and true rhetorical discourse, reminding us that meaning in design only becomes rhetorical when it’s intentional, persuasive, and structured with purpose.

This ties back to the discussions of accessibility by having an accessible design that all users can enjoy and gain from the UX it makes a statement that the designer cares about their topic and cares the same amount or more about their users.

This is a good point. Although some user experiences are not trying to present an argument (like filling out a document), even the way we design these contribute to the reputation or purpose of the company, even if that's just making the user say "that wasn't as hard as I thought it was going to be."

This statement ties in well with the design process for applications. There is a lot of planning that goes on before even thinking about how to code a program. Yet, UX designers are "dependent on the audience" as their design approach is molded by their discussions with the people they're designing for.

This shows that communication isn't just about persuasion but about shaping how we relate to each other. It some what reminds us that our words have the power to strengthen the bonds within society.

I really connected with the idea that rhetoric exists everywhere, even in the things we create like apps, music, or architecture. It shows that design is never neutral because everything we make communicates a message or emotion to someone. This part made me think about how important it is for designers to be intentional since users will always interpret meaning from our work whether we plan it or not.

This made me think about everything we interact with on a daily basis. When you do something like interact with an app for example. That is an exchange of your time and energy. Now multiply this by every user that opens the app. This scenario makes it possible for technology to continue advancing.

Is this the origin of what we know of as threads today? (not the social media site, but rather the feature.) If so, this is a pretty cool detail

Main issue is that kids can't truly consent, which is why all permissions go through their parents. It literally can’t be voluntary.

This whole part is very interesting and quite a story! The town created on the plateau is impressive.

I find the story of Cleopatra very intriguing and sad.

This is very interesting also. The horse in the picture is stunning and looks like it is built for speed.

I find the Silk Road interesting. It also is a very long trail!

Wow!! He started ruling at a very young age and for a very long time!

This is interesting. I have seen the statue of the female wolf and the two babies before, but I never knew the possible background story to it.

This is very interesting. The site that they found is super interesting too.

These look like coins like we have for money. It also looks like they are stamped.

I find these pictures from Egyptian drawings interesting. Especially the fact that most of them have heads of different animals.

This would be really cool if it is actually what happened!

This is interesting because the writing does not look like any kind that I have seen before, yet somehow, they may have depicted what it says.

This is interesting because usually back in history and even now, many places have a 'ruler.'

I always find pyramids fascinating because I cannot imagine how long it took to build these with just the soil, water, and hardworking people.

I find this interesting because even now we do farming. So, in this case, not much changed in different areas except we have tractors and technology to help.

I find this interesting and exciting because this would take a lot of courage and strength. Bison are a very tough animal, and they can tear things up.

I think this is very interesting and a fun way to live (except for the bears and such). I like camping and many outdoor activities so I like to learn more about how these people lived.

I found this interesting to learn more about and how they are some of the oldest sites found.

best to do a lot of research before you write and essay on a specific topic.

better to learn the skill.

"thesis"

I wonder if Portuguese came to be in Brazil by similar means.

Discusses the many facets of Portuguese indentureship in Guyana in the mid-to-late-1800s. This ultimately lead to the formation of one of Guyana's six peoples.

I think these temples that are covered in moss look super cool. I would love to visit one but that might never happen.

This tomb is fascinating and kind of gross at the same time.

This is impressive considering the lack of technology they had back then. I think it is also a really cool city.

This is interesting. The carving is also very interesting.

dont point out the obvious make an argumentative thesis and have valid points to back it up

asking a question makes the reader intrigued before they fully understand the topic.

for the reader to get a better understanding or to create a interest in the writing before reading the full thing.

for - paradigm shift - anomalies reaching threshold - John Vervaeke

for - quote - minds occupying platonic space - Michael Levin - I think that some of the more complex high agency patterns from the space are behavioral propensities - aka kinds of minds. - I think that's what minds actually are - they're actually the inhabitants of that of that space. - adjacency - claim - minds in Platonic space - spirituality - Michael Levin

for - to - platonic space symposium - https://hyp.is/N9oZJIwoEfC99VP017xTLg/thoughtforms.life/symposium-on-the-platonic-space/

for - adjacency - questioning evolution - xenobots - anthrobots - Michael Levin - Is Levin's lab experiements bringing evolution's primacy into question? Is there an even MORE fundamental foundation for life? - Is the platonic form more fundamental than evolution?

for - definition - electric face - electric profiling of early embryos - that predict facial features - platonic?

for - quote - platonic patterns are now actionable - Michael Levin - I've been thinking about this stuff for decades, and I had not broached the topic of platonic patterns until this year. - And that's because I think it is now actionable. - question - progress trap - moral questions and alarm bells? playing God? - Michael Levin

for - opinion - mutant life - possible - Michael Levin

for adjacency - goal - memory

for - Michael Levin - experiment - normalized cancer cells

for - interlevel communication - Michael Levin - What he's really saying is that we have to find the RIGHT LANGUAGE to speak to the agents at that different level - This is an important lesson for interlevel communication in social systems! - comparison - interlevel comm - cells vs societies

for - adjacency - not micromanaging the cell - high level instruction - Michael Levin

for - quote - Michael Levin - what is a good story? - the question is: Why didn't that biochemical story get you to this (new) discovery? - adjacency - good models - predictive power - good story - a good model is a good language - new words frame the world in new ways, - it allows us to divide reality in different ways - and can lead us to look in places we otherwise might now - and that can lead to new observations

This is interesting that they can find evidence of different happenings through carvings from a long time ago.

I agree with this. As much as I’ve learned from my parents, they always tell me they learn from me too. I didn’t really understand that when I was younger because I was just a kid. But later, I realized that raising a child comes with a lot of responsibility. Parents are not just teaching, you’re also helping them grow. As kids grow and learn, parents are learning and growing too, because parenting is something they also experience for the first time.

I think it’s interesting that some jobs or government programs don’t give benefits to unmarried couples, even if they live together and love each other. But yet it made me question, What should count as a family in today’s society?

for - definition - Platonic Space - a structured, non-physical space of patterns, - such as the properties of mathematical objects, - perhaps other, higher-agency patterns that we detect as forms of - anatomy, - physiology, and - behavior - in the biosphere. - Thus, the contents of this space may inform (in-form) events in our physical world (constraining physics, and enabling biology).

for - source - telegram channel - Michael Lennon - Forms of Life, forms of mind - Michael Levin and Hananel Hazan-led weekly symposium exploring platonic space - from - youtube - interview - Michael Levin - John Vervaeke - https://hyp.is/H727RKOrEfC5IAN-dmo5uw/www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwOJ9PWcPmo

I think it's actually really surprising that this is becoming such a normal thing to do that people are making TikTok videos about it to try and help other people do the same thing. I think this also is a very common theme and something that happens a lot with our generation. People will go on TikTok and share information with the world and it actually gets them into a lot of trouble. I imagine people charing how to cheat their way into a job on TikTok most likely won't be able to get a job in the future.

I think that companies using AI to look at resumes is both good and bad. I think that it does remove the bias that can happen when humans are reviewing them but I do also think tha mistakes can happen and the AI might filter through a resume it shouldn't have and then the company looses a really good candidate. I think this is also a downside the fact that candidates realize AI is used and then they cheat their way through the system.

I found this very interesting that this is where the tapioca from boba comes from.

I found this very interesting.

I find this interesting. I have heard this a different time before but it is interesting to know that even people from history knew that animals needed different things in order to be domesticated.

Wow!! I love to see different things that historians have found.

I find this interesting that they found the history to go all the way back about 1.8 million years ago.

Pro-active: tell us the rules instead of punishing us for not following them...give students chances to REVISE their work, if there was a question of unfair use...

This is the big question in my classes right now...

I love all the images and graphs in this article...they are a different way to process the information/knowledge

I think this story is optimistic. it shows that even though people might try to enforce and keep gender norms the same. That does not allow people to grow in the ways they should best. At first that was very difficult for the parents to see, but I think they grew into it. A moment I see optimism is in the paragraph before this, where X says its a Y.

this ties into the continuous theme of using language as a tool no matter what language that may be it's always used in the same way, to get around and communicate.

I think this line ties everything together and shows the authors true feelings towards the topic, and how much it means to him that students are taught ASE, but not because he thinks everyone should know English, because he knows the potential that someone who knows ASE has in the world.

The values of middle-class culture are regarded as the standard. Students from low-income families and those from minority groups will be punished or marginalized if they do not conform to these values.

This reminds me that the oppression within the education system is often intertwined, but the societal response is not balanced. Racial discrimination involves overt confrontation and cultural forces, while class discrimination is more silent and shameful.

This passage makes me feel the hidden pressure of economic inequality on university campuses. Although classroom assignments seem to be "equal for all", in daily life, social interactions and consumption, poor students are constantly reminded of what they lack.

This line reveals how schools often value obedience over critical thinking, especially for students from marginalized backgrounds. By teaching compliance as the path to success, the system discourages questioning and resistance, the very skills needed to challenge inequality. What seems like discipline or respect can actually become a tool of social control, training students to fit into systems of power rather than transform them.

This line underscores how inaction sustains inequality. When educators ignore the invisible privileges that benefit wealthier students, like prior academic preparation, confidence, or access to resources, they allow those advantages to persist unchallenged. True equity requires conscious effort: teachers must not only support low-income students but also critically examine the systems and assumptions that favor others. Equality in education isn’t passive—it demands awareness and action.

This line exposes the double standard in how schools interpret student behavior through the lens of privilege. When marginalized students speak up, their actions are often labeled as disrespectful or disruptive, while similar behavior from privileged peers is praised as confidence or leadership. It shows how bias operates subtly in classrooms, rewarding conformity from some students and punishing it from others, revealing that equity in education requires not just fairness in grading, but fairness in how voices are heard.

This line reveals that schools don’t just teach academics; they teach conformity to the norms of those in power. Students who already fit the dominant culture’s expectations are rewarded, while those who express different cultural identities or resist assimilation are punished or overlooked. It shows how “success” in education often depends less on talent or effort and more on how well a student mirrors the values of those running the system.

This line exposes how education systems privilege the cultural traits of wealthier students while overlooking the resilience and emotional intelligence that often come from growing up with less. It challenges the idea of “merit” by showing that schools don’t operate as neutral spaces. They value certain behaviors and backgrounds over others. True equity in education would mean recognizing and rewarding the diverse strengths that students from low-income backgrounds already possess.

This passage combines the theory of capital with Chantelle's actual situation, allowing me to have a clearer understanding of how structural inequality operates in schools.

Jennifer's experience highlights the inequality of educational resources: students with private tutors tend to make greater academic progress and gain more confidence, while those without additional resources may struggle.

The conversation highlights the different paces at which students progress in their mathematics learning: some students need to repeatedly study basic algebra to lay a solid foundation, while others have to return to lower-level courses in high school due to course scheduling or衔接 issues.

This line shows how inequality in education isn’t just about course titles, it’s about the quality of teaching and expectations students experience. Advanced classes often receive more engaged instruction, motivated peers, and higher academic standards, while “regular” courses can unintentionally reinforce low expectations. This separation shapes how students see themselves and their potential, illustrating how tracking subtly trains some students for success and others for disengagement.

This line exposes how inequality becomes institutionalized early in education. Even when schools appear fair, by mixing students in some classes, subtle tracking systems in subjects like math or science sort students by background in ways that shape their future opportunities. It shows that inequality doesn’t always stem from explicit bias but from structures that quietly reinforce privilege and limit mobility for marginalized students.

This line highlights how privilege often multiplies through the intersection of wealth and connections. Jennifer’s family’s money (economic capital) bought not just academic help but insider knowledge (social capital) that aligned perfectly with the school’s system. This shows how inequality can persist even in seemingly merit-based environments. Students like Jennifer benefit from invisible advantages that the system itself rewards, while others like Chantelle are left outside those networks of support.

This line shows how schools can either reproduce or resist inequality depending on their internal structures. While educators can’t change a student’s socioeconomic background, they can reform tracking systems, counseling access, and resource distribution to create fairer opportunities. It emphasizes that inequality isn’t inevitable. Schools themselves can either maintain privilege or become tools for equity, depending on how intentionally they are structured.

This line exposes how access to private tutoring and insider knowledge reinforces educational inequality. Jennifer’s success isn’t just due to effort, but rather it’s supported by resources that connect her to the very system evaluating her. Her tutor’s familiarity with the school’s materials gives Jennifer an advantage that many students, like Chantelle, simply can’t access. This shows how inequality is subtly structured within schools, where privilege often operates through networks, familiarity, and access to guidance rather than overt discrimination.

This explains how the income gap translates into the education gap: From an economic perspective, it focuses on material conditions (food, education, housing, community), while from a psychological/sociological perspective, it emphasizes the quality of family relationships.

This passage highlights the significant impact of family income on academic performance: At the beginning of their education, children from wealthy families already have significantly higher reading and writing scores, with the gap being so large that it is comparable to an entire year's worth of learning outcomes

National data indicates that income disparity is a key factor influencing children's academic performance.

This passage, by comparing Alexander and Anthony, highlights how education and social environment profoundly influence the life paths of young people.

This line highlights how poverty’s impact goes beyond material hardship as it reaches into the emotional lives of families. When parents face chronic stress or depression from financial strain, their ability to nurture and engage with their children can be compromised. This shows that breaking cycles of poverty isn’t just about providing money, but also supporting mental health and emotional stability within families. Economic stress and psychological distress form a feedback loop that affects both generations.

This line powerfully illustrates how poverty can physically manifest in a child’s body and brain. Environmental hazards like lead exposure aren’t simply bad luck; they’re symptoms of structural inequality that trap families in cycles of disadvantage. Children’s developmental setbacks, then, are not the result of personal failure but of social neglect, showing how deeply poverty and environment intertwine to shape opportunity and success.

This line reveals how economic inequality extends beyond academics to affect emotional and social development. It suggests that wealth provides not only material advantages but also psychological stability and a sense of security that helps children focus and participate positively in school. Poverty, on the other hand, can create stressors that interfere with learning and behavior, showing that education gaps are deeply tied to social and mental well-being, not just access to resources.

This line highlights how economic privilege directly influences educational opportunity. Alexander’s access to enrichment activities, like tutoring, music lessons, and extracurriculars, reflects how wealth can buy not only academic resources but also cultural and social advantages that compound over time. The contrast to Anthony’s situation shows that academic success is not simply a matter of effort or intelligence, but also of the unequal distribution of resources that shape a child’s environment from an early age.

This passage describes the immigration experience of Clara's family: from their village in Mexico to the United States, they initially settled in the impoverished Watts neighborhood in Los Angeles.

This passage depicts the living conditions of a typical middle-upper class family, while also highlighting the differences across generations.

This passage highlights the significant disparity between the two schools: students at Santa Ana are mostly poor Latinos with poor academic performance and high dropout rates; while students at Troy are more affluent and ethnically diverse, with outstanding academic achievements that rank among the best in the country. This reflects educational inequality.

There is a significant disparity within Orange County, with a clear social and economic divide.

This statement highlights that Orange County has undergone significant changes over the past 40 years due to a dramatic increase in population, and its original image no longer aligns with the current reality.

The correct order is: Anna H. Bailes, Chi-Hung Shu, Alan Chang, Sahrish Masood, Nicole Jehl, Aliyah Davis, Jeremy Giberson, Casey Cashman, Allison Hill, Javed Gill, Ryan S. McGinnis, Ellen W. McGinnis, Nima Aghaeepour, Laura E. Simons

The correct order is: Anna H. Bailes, Chi-Hung Shu, Alan Chang, Sahrish Masood, Nicole Jehl, Aliyah Davis, Jeremy Giberson, Casey Cashman, Allison Hill, Javed Gill, Ryan S. McGinnis, Ellen W. McGinnis, Nima Aghaeepour, Laura E. Simons

When Creole says that ' blues weren't anything new' ,is it because the music they play all derived from their past feelings and emotions? or is it telling us that sonny's expressing his life? ( But I think both are things he wanted to tell us)

the narrator's reaction to Sonny's music shows howdleeply it moves him. I think it's also a turning point where he finally begins to understand Sonny.

It shows how trapped he felt by his environment. Harlem represents pain , poverty , and a cycle he wants to escape. This highlights a main theme of the story - how hard it is to break free from suffering.

The narrator's mother, by charging him watching over Sonny, is asking him to serve as his brother's keeper. Another passage about the obligation toward brotherly love.

'Sunday dinner' and 'church' are strongly associate with the Black culture in the US, representing a traditional rooted in the resilience of African Americans during and after slavery.

The speaker, as someone who has tried heroin before , must have a remarkably stable mind to avoid being controlled by the drug. I strongly agree with the line,'He wants to live. Don't nobody want to die, ever.' It reveals the underlying reason why many people become addicted; they long to escape a reality that they cannot bare living.

I think ' a teacher ' might refer to the narrator himself; otherwise , why is it every ' now and again'?

I don't think that only boys at that age would be on drugs. Girls might tool. Also, I quite like the way that the narrator describes addictive products as 'darkness' and something they 'dreamed' - it's truly a kind of lust.

When giving an understanding of curriculum integration, how doses educators develop the themes to bring a connection to their students? Does curriculum integration mean to pair subjects of learning with each other? Is there a school system that was created by education integration?

This term "desire setting" is so interesting to me. Archives as paces shaped by longing, imagination, and human action. The word "desire" immediately opens up a more emotional, even poetic dimension. It reminds me of the Gumby chapter, where his scrapbooks functioned in a similar way. His scrapbooks were creative and imaginative, as well as political and queer. He archived what mattered to him, what he felt should be remembered. In that way, his scrapbooks became a kind of desire setting, they reflected both a yearning for representation and a refusal to let certain stories disappear.

This is so important to note. Throughout our life we were promised hard work pays off. In my life I've seen so many people work so hard and still be stuck in the same place for the rest of their life. It is a false reality to keep people working for the people exploiting them for profit.

This is capitalism. It is supposed to make people assume that they have options because they have "free individuality" but it comes at a bigger, more expensive and oppressive cost than assumed. (environmental, 1% of wealthy people having majority of the wealth in the nation, redlining, etc)

This makes so much sense. We have seen, especially in the current administration that has been making people pit against each other, distracting them from the fact the biggest war they are in, is the people in power.

He saw a higher power that plays out in the shadows and oversees the power and capitalist system that the world has.

They use the title of American dream as like a dream statement to say when you live happily but for a lot of people in the world nowadays the "American Dream" ain't realistic at this point.

They live in a economic pyramid, which sounds like if they don't make enough they aren't as "valuable" as someone who makes a lot of money.

Pause

PRINT

what's the issue

* Naughty = Travieso * The more = cuanto mas. * Partner = pareja.

brendan enmity

Nate H

old man. CAROLINE

islamic society

Wow, it's the heat of the air that causes the combustion?

(update: no it's not. You still need sparks to start it, which come via a sparkplug)

Half of US power demand growth from AI, according to the IEA

Gas firms commission study to say people should use more gas

for - comparison - multi-level agents - scaffolding

for - definition - level environment - the level environment for each agent at that respective local level of a multi-level, hierarchical intelligent system

for - key insight - whole system behavior emerges form the emergent coordination of all the agent interactions at different levels

for - definition - TAG - Tame AGent framework

for - adjacency - inter level communication - environmental steering - this is very interesting (and obvious) but far from trivial. - adjacency - meditation - interlevel communication - enlightenment? - could we naturalistically frame meditation that leads to non dual awareness, or enlightenment - as being a way for higher level agents - to get in touch with / communicate with - lower level agents - in a multi-agent environment?

question - could we interpret enlightenment as an ecosystem goal of intentional whole system environmental steering? This suggests a new term: - new definition - intentional whole system environmental steering - when environmental steering is intentional done at the highest level for the wellbeing of every level - The author uses the example of hunger as being a high level experience driven by lower level needs - This could qualify as an intentional whole system environmental steering so the term doesn't distinguishing enlightenment drive as anything special. We need some other distinguishing quality

✅ In short: Your understanding of society is a mental reflection of real social life; even if abstract, it is part of being socially human.

eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into the role of polyUbiquitination in neurodegenerative diseases, elucidating how pUb promotes neurodegeneration by affecting proteasomal function. The findings not only offer a new perspective on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases but also provide potential targets for developing new therapeutic strategies. The experiments in the revised submission provide solid evidence to support the conclusions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript discusses the role of phosphorylated ubiquitin (pUb) by PINK1 kinase in neurodegenerative diseases. It reveals that elevated levels of pUb are observed in aged human brains and those affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as in Alzheimer's disease (AD), aging, and ischemic injury. The study shows that increased pUb impairs proteasomal degradation, leading to protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. The authors also demonstrate that PINK1 knockout can mitigate protein aggregation in aging and ischemic mouse brains, as well as in cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor. While this study provided some interesting data, several important points should be addressed before being further consideration.

Strengths:

(1) Reveals a novel pathological mechanism of neurodegeneration mediated by pUb, providing a new perspective on understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

(2) The study covers not only a single disease model but also various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, aging, and ischemic injury, enhancing the breadth and applicability of the research findings.

Comments on revisions:

This study, through a systematic experimental design, reveals the crucial role of pUb in forming a positive feedback loop by inhibiting proteasome activity in neurodegenerative diseases. The data are comprehensive and highly innovative. However, some of the results are not entirely convincing, particularly the staining results in Figure 1.

In Figure 1A, the density of DAPI staining differs significantly between the control patient and the AD patient, making it difficult to conclusively demonstrate a clear increase in PINK1 in AD patients. Quantitative analysis is needed. In Fig 1C, the PINK1 staining in the mouse brain appears to resemble non-specific staining.