since thatmay be interesting students really need to make up their mind and have a sense of commitment thatmakes them read a convincing colour accompanying the initial amount of post with the one oncomprehensive solutions also links to the original effort. The quality of IPAL experieneces is
Paragraph seems to have been included by mistake. Needs to be omitted or re-written for clarity and readability
: Factors Enhancing IPAL
The pyramid makes it seem like there is some form of hierarchy to the promoting factors. Suggest changing the style
4.2 Participant Demographics
Would appreciate a table with other demographics: e.g., Age, sex, current year in the program, years of experience in research... These can be matched and aligned with the participant numbers used in reporting quotes in the results section
Inductive analysis revealed several themes and subthemes. However, there are a few themes -namely process, enhancing factors, and hindering factors, which were derived directly from the focus group guide. Asking questions regarding these 3 topic will almost certainly give you answers that belong under those themes. There are subthemes under them which were generated inductively. With that in mind, the inclusion of those 3 makes the analysis appear as hybrid. If that's the approach taken, then I recommend to rephrase the analysis section to portray this hybrid inductive-deductive approach.
3.15 Reflection on Personal Practice Before FGDs
Appreciate the section on reflexivity.
3.14 Pilot Testing
Pilot testing is important and more information about it are needed. How was it done? who carried out the interviews? who were the participants and how many were there? How similar were they to the study's population?
“Can you tell us now the processduring an IPAL session to learnessential research skills?”Prompt: How did you selectyour peer? How did you learn?
If the component of acceptability isn't included, this question should be mapped somewhere else
3.8 Sample Selection
The content of this section can be combined with the one before it. Both sections state the use of purposive sampling
Critical Appraisal
Table provides a description/summary of the included studies. Critical appraisal implies some form of evaluation or assessment in terms of the studies' validity or relevance to your topic. Recommend to either edit the subsection title or include study appraisal in the table
systematic way
This is a good approach, but kindly elaborate- what is the process of this systematic way? is it following a framework? using a website? doing initial searches?
Some studiesutilized quantitative methods to compare learning outcomes
Recommend to move the rest of this section elsewhere
over a period of
over a period of two months
or
over the period of Mar-May
1.3 Rationale
would benefit from paragraph breaks and re-organizing ideas for flow.
Questions I'm curious about and would like to see answered: Why research skills specifically? and why research skills /using/ IPAL particularly? if the core of IPAL is being informal, how would deciding on a process help?
Theoretical Framework:
Recommend combining with the first paragraph due to the shared core concepts
Undertake literature search on topics.
Bullet points typically do not have a period at the end
informallearning processes (Marsick & Watkins, 2001)
Intriguing. Elaborate, why informal as opposed to formal? (This is expanded on in later parts of the rational but including it at the start separate from this expansion leads to it coming across as incomplete)
the process of IPAL
Could use clarification. What is meant by the process? is it how the students do it? or is it more related to how much the benefit from it?
Research skills are key to facilitating evidence-based practice and research and innovation asmedical education continues to evolve to meet the demands of modern healcare services
could use a bit more elaboration on the significance of utilizing this for research specifically. Why does the author think research skills can be benefitted by IPAL?
IPAL is a form of PAL, which is a more loosely organised approach to peers learningtogether outside the classroom.
could start with this for the IPAL paragraph
This mutual engagement encourages learners to articulate their thoughts, consolidate theirunderstanding, and develop deeper cognitive processing of the subject matter. Additionally, itpromotes a sense of ownership, accountability, and motivation among learners, while fostering acollaborative academic culture that enhances both individual and group performance
clarify reference
IPAL refers to voluntary, student-initiated collaboration beyond formalinstruction, providing a flexible environment that could assist learners to cultivate fundamentalresearch competencies.
Starting with the definition could enhance readability
If they join a crowded subfield late, the low-hanging fruit is gone.
I read somewhere that great researchers never stay in a crowded place. They move on to the "next big thing". Related posts on low-hanging fruit: https://ai.engin.umich.edu/2023/08/17/eight-lessons-learned-in-two-years-of-ph-d/ https://www.notion.so/From-Michael-Nielsen-Principles-of-effective-research-25199f12ef0d8040be1ceb0d8b16cc67?source=copy_link#25199f12ef0d80649850edcef18f5519
Types of Learning
Learning is interaction between learner and environment
Supervised * Spam email detection * Labelled data
Unsupervised * No distinction between training and test data * Clustering data into subsets of similar objects
Reinforcement learning * Based on reward/punishment on the output result
Active learner * Interacts with the environment at training time * Pose queries or perform experiments
Passive learner * Observes information provided by the environment * Does not influence or direct it
Online vs Batch learning protocol * The key distinction between online and batch learning is whether the learner must respond immediately during the learning process (online) or can first process large amounts of data before outputting conclusions (batch).
We conclude that one distinguishing feature between the bait shyness learningand the pigeon superstition is the incorporation of prior knowledge that biasesthe learning mechanism
Prior knowledge biases the learning mechanism
This is referred to as inductive bias
formal-mathematical understanding ofthis concept,
He cut nine hairs out of the mole of her head for luck and went off happy.
He thinks of her as his good luck charm.
He spied the money while he was tying his tie. He took it up and looked at it out of curiosity and put it in his pocket to count it while he was out to find some fish to fry. When he found out how much it was, he was excited and felt like letting folks know who he was. Before he found the fish market he met a fellow he used to work with at the round house. One word brought on another one and pretty soon he made up his mind to spend some of it. He never had had his hand on so much money before in his life, so he made up his mind to see how it felt to be a millionaire. They went on out to Callahan round the railroad shops and he decided to give a big chicken and macaroni supper that night, free to all.
Even though the money wasn't his, he spent it anyway, also doesn't seem like a wise spender
“Ah see whut it is. You doubted me ’bout de money. Thought Ah had done took it and gone. Ah don’t blame yuh but it wasn’t lak you think. De girl baby ain’t born and her mama is dead, dat can git me tuh spend our money on her. Ah told yo’ before dat you got de keys tuh de kingdom. You can depend on dat.” “Still and all you went off and left me all day and all night.” “ ’Twasn’t ’cause Ah wanted tuh stay off lak dat, and it sho Lawd, wuzn’t no woman. If you didn’t have de power tuh hold me and hold me tight, Ah wouldn’t be callin’ yuh Mis’ Woods. Ah met plenty women before Ah knowed you tuh talk tuh. You’se de onliest woman in de world Ah ever even mentioned gitting married tuh. You bein’ older don’t make no difference. Don’t never consider dat no mo’. If Ah ever gits tuh messin’ round another woman it won’t be on account of her age. It’ll be because she got me in de same way you got me—so Ah can’t help mahself.”
I think he knows that Janie is insecure so he reassures her all the time
But oh God, don’t let Tea Cake be off somewhere hurt and Ah not know nothing about it. And God, please suh, don’t let him love nobody else but me. Maybe Ah’m is uh fool, Lawd, lak dey say, but Lawd, Ah been so lonesome, and Ah been waitin’, Jesus. Ah done waited uh long time.
Janie loves and cares for Tea cake so much that she really doesn't care about the money
Tea Cake must be hunting all over the city for that fish. She kept that thought in front of her in order not to think too much.
Janie wanted to trust him
That morning Tea Cake got up earlier than Janie did. She felt sleepy and told him to go get some fish to fry for breakfast. By the time he had gone and come back she would have finished her nap out. He told her he would and she turned over and went back to sleep.
Janie got used to sleeping in
Tea Cake was spending and doing out of his own pocket, so Janie never told him about the two hundred dollars she had pinned inside her shirt next to her skin. Pheoby had insisted that she bring it along and keep it secret just to be on the safe side. She had ten dollars over her fare in her pocket book. Let Tea Cake think that was all she had. Things might not turn out like she thought.
Janie was still very cautious maybe because of her last relationship and she didn't want it to be that way
But he done showed me where it’s de thought dat makes de difference in ages.
Janie trusts him, shows the kind of character Tea Cake is
t was after the picnic that the town began to notice things and got mad. Tea Cake and Mrs. Mayor Starks! All the men that she could get, and fooling with somebody like Tea Cake! Another thing, Joe Starks hadn’t been dead but nine months and here she goes sashaying off to a picnic in pink linen.
People are just jealous. They're so hypocritical. The men wanted to butter up Janie only 2 months after Jody was dead but now they mad she going on a picnic with someone younger after 9 months. They don't care about her feelings at all.
Pick a meaningful dimension of stress (tokens, latency, noise, compositional depth, generalization to new domains, etc.).
how to select out a "meaningful dimension" is an important follow-up question by it own. I have several points to add: - the dimension should also involve "feasibility" that fits our research condition - maybe to find out those "meaningful dimensions", we can look very top-down from applications. We can ask, if this dimension is extended, which kind of application can benefit. And with this, we quickly realize that "context length" is a super influential dimension, benefiting various applications. - how about borrowing from related domains like Jinwoo did in TokenGT?
Relevance to the field’s trajectory The capability should connect to active conversations in the community. Example: In 2020–2022, instruction-following was “in the air” because GPT-3 showed emergent abilities, but not controllability. So InstructGPT’s capability (follow human instructions) was both new and natural.
I guess ChatGPT can help me with identifying the next natural new AI capabilities to work on
In her heart she wanted to get his breakfast for him. But she stayed in bed long after he was gone.
I think she wanted to get used to the feeling of someone letting her rest as that was the kind of character Tea Cake was.
a pear tree blossom in the spring
Another reference to her idea of love.
At the newel post Janie whirled around and for the space of a thought she was lit up like a transfiguration. Her next thought brought her crashing down. He’s just saying anything for the time being, feeling he’s got me so I’ll b’lieve him. The next thought buried her under tons of cold futility. He’s trading on being younger than me. Getting ready to laugh at me for an old fool. But oh, what wouldn’t I give to be twelve years younger so I could b’lieve him!
She's really holding back her feelings because she knows through experience that men only treat you nice in the beginning and once they got a hold of you they throw you down.
“Mah likes and dislikes ought not tuh make no difference wid you, Tea Cake. Dat’s fuh yo’ lady friend. Ah’m jus’ uh sometime friend uh yourn.”
She's telling him that she knows or feels like she's just his friend and maybe using this moment to draw the line when things aren't so sure yet even though she likes him
She held her breath for the answer.
She likes him so much she wished he wasn't taken lol
anie wanted to ask Hezekiah about Tea Cake, but she was afraid he might misunderstand her and think she was interested. In the first place he looked too young for her. Must be around twenty-five and here she was around forty. Then again he didn’t look like he had too much. Maybe he was hanging around to get in with her and strip her of all that she had. Just as well if she never saw him again. He was probably the kind of man who lived with various women but never married. Fact is, she decided to treat him so cold if he ever did foot the place that he’d be sure not to come hanging around there again.
Janie was afraid that Tea Cake's kindness was all just a bluff so she kept making excuses to herself as to why she should stop her feelings
Globalization has expanded steadily over the last 50 years and has been a key driver in the growth of the Buffett Indicator over time, since US stocks have risen in value due to overseas activities
well
Text Title / Subject Summary & Description Path (= folder and file name) File name Message Headers Raw Data (e.g. low-level data from PST files, MS Office documents, vCards) Comments Authors & E-mail Addresses Each of the From, Sender, To, Cc and Bcc fields separately Export IDs (searches in the export IDs of the items that are part of any export set)
حداکثر ویژگی ممکن را داشته باشیم. اینکه داخل اکسپورت ها هم نتیجه را ارایه میدهد می تواند جذاب باشد که به کاربر کمک کند و بداند که بر روی این فایل نظر کارشناسی وجود دارد
f a query is more complex and takes more time to evaluate, then refreshing the page or closing the browser tab during this evaluation will cause the query to be cancelled and will disappear from results list.
باید این آپشن رو داشته باشیم
The Top 10 email addresses table shows the 10 email addresses with the highest number of emails in the case. Both the raw and deduplicated counts are shown. The top 10 is based on the raw counts.
اینجا هم اصرار دارد که تکراری ها را نمایش دهد. حداقل آمارش را
The GDPR section gives an overview of privacy-sensitive information encountered in the case. Examples of such information are person names, email addresses, phone numbers and other communication handles, credit card numbers, etc. Such information is important from a GDPR compliancy perspective, or similar legal frameworks in use around the world.
طبیعتا به این مفهوم نیاز داریم اما اینجا به دلیل اینکه روی صرفا یک پرونده میخاد اعمال کنه راحته ولی برای مفهوم پرونده با اینجا خیلی فرق داره و چالش مقیاس خواهیم داشت.
The Dashboard view is the default view that Intella Connect will display when the case is opened. It allows the user to see an overview of the case, particularly the kinds of data which are contained in it, overall progress of the investigation as well as individual activities of other investigators.
در مجموع تمام داشبورد ها می تواند برای ما هم وجود داشته باشد طبیعی است که باید ویژگی های مخصوص خودمان را در اینجا بگذاریم. مثلا پروسس هایی که فرد اجرا کرده. تاریخچه سرچ هاش. تعداد فعالیت هاش. لیست تگ. لیست پرونده..... طبیعی است که تمام ویژگی ها ی اینتلا به درد ما نمی خورد چون تمرکزش روی فارنزیک است ولی ما نه.
The options icon allows user to change the avatar picture the password two-factor authentication settings or log out from Intella Connect:
در مورد تایید دو مرحله ای باید با دوستان شبکه یک پروتکل خاص استفاده شه
Description
Hive Post Curation Tool (PCT) helps users find and curate quality posts. With enhanced search features. Such as word count filters and insights into post rewards. It highlights recent updates and encourages community feedback and donations to support ongoing development.
the meaning of orientalism
Description
The importance of personal branding within the Hive community. Learn how success comes from building a trustworthy and consistent presence. See mixed reactions to a recent discussion on earning automatic votes. Showing that effective personal branding is essential for monetizing content and achieving long-term goals on the platform.
Use case for the Zettelkasten | Writing Slowly<br /> by [[Richard Griffiths]] <br /> accessed on 2025-08-30T23:59:42
I found a way to create order from my jumbled ideas | Writing Slowly<br /> by [[Richard]] on writingslowly.com <br /> accessed on 2025-08-30T19:54:37
The structure of SOLO reminds me of the relationship of Bloom's Taxonomy and zettelkasten: https://boffosocko.com/2022/04/01/the-zettelkasten-method-of-note-taking-mirrors-most-of-the-levels-of-blooms-taxonomy/
Krajewski’s recent chapter “Intellectual Furniture: Elements of a Deep History of Artificial Intelligence.” sets Leibniz’s endeavours in the context of an intellectual history that stretches from the specialised furniture Leibniz acquired to arrange his notes, via the dawn of the computer age, all the way to the recent rise of artificial intelligence.
I love the idea of "intellectual furniture" though I've seen it in negative contexts before. Compare also with "books as wallpaper".
What comes after Roam's renaissance? — LessWrong<br /> by [[Itay Dreyfus]]<br /> accessed on 2025-08-30T23:55:03
came to via: https://writingslowly.com/2025/08/24/use-case-for-the-zettelkasten.html
This study underscores the potential for hotel employees to resort to boycotting as a means to compete with AI machines and secure personal benefits. This unethical decision-making process is exacerbated when facing higher job requirements for innovativeness. Conversely, hotel employees can alleviate their workloads and enhance their recovery with the assistance of AI. Our research aims to offer valuable insights for future studies and organizational practices, promoting a nuanced understanding of the dynamics between competition and collaboration among hotel employees and AI, particularly in terms of resource conservation.
Overall, this article provides insights into why employees fear losing their jobs to AI, how this concern influences their behavior and increases job insecurity, while also acknowledging the potential benefits AI can bring to the hospitality industry.
The increasing prevalence of AI technologies, e.g. machines, robots and algorithms, in the workplace signals that they may potentially replace the employees’ roles in the future, resulting in a perceived sense of job uncertainty (Brougham and Haar, 2018; Kong et al., 2021). Currently, research on AI awareness is still in its early stages. Only a few studies have examined employees’ emotional (emotional exhaustion), psychological (job insecurity), motivational (intrinsic motivation) and behavioral reactions (work engagement and innovative behavior) to AI at the individual level (Liang et al., 2022; Koo et al., 2021; Yam et al., 2023). They indicate that AI awareness may have a dual-edged effect due to its dual attributes – challenging and hindering
Explains in more detail about employees stress regarding AI taking over their jobs
However, many researchers have highlighted the positive role of AI in assisting employees (Jia et al., 2024). AI applications can reduce workload by enabling human workers to focus on more valuable tasks (Osawa et al., 2017; Qiu et al., 2022) found that AI technology significantly alleviates the physical and psychological fatigue of frontline hotel employees, enhancing their positive emotions and service quality. Prentice et al. (2020) emphasized AI’s crucial role in improving the performance and retention of employees. Moreover, Kong et al. (2024) indicated that the work autonomy provided by AI can effectively foster the innovative capabilities of employees. Thus, AI alleviates employees’ workload, evoking job insecurity and prompting employees to seek alternative employment opportunities in the hotel industry.
Mentions more positives of AI supporting part of my argument
The double-edged sword effect of artificial intelligence awareness among hotel employees
Citation: Liu, S., & Cheng, P. (2025). The double-edged sword effect of artificial intelligence awareness among hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 37(3), 997–1015. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2024-0051
As the hospitality and tourism industries navigate the complexities of increasing staff shortages, technological developments offer a promising pathway to overcoming these challenges. Automation, artificial intelligence, robotics, and advanced data analytics each play a distinct role in enhancing operational efficiency, improving service delivery, and optimizing workforce management. By embracing these technologies, businesses can better cope with staffing deficits and position themselves for long-term success in a rapidly evolving environment. However, the integration of technology must be approached with a strategic mindset, ensuring that it complements human efforts and enhances the overall guest experience. As the industry continues to adapt to these changes, ongoing research and innovation will be crucial in shaping the future of hospitality and tourism in an increasingly technology-driven world.
Overall, this article argues that new technological advancements are enhancing operational efficiency, improving service delivery, and optimizing workforce management helping to address the ongoing issue of labor shortages. It also emphasizes that these advancements should be implemented strategically to complement human efforts and elevate the overall guest experience.
Technological innovations have begun to play a crucial role in reshaping the hospitality and tourism sectors. The integration of new technologies can help address staffing issues in various ways, from enhancing operational efficiency to creating new service delivery models. The scope of technological interventions spans a wide range of applications, including automation, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and advanced data analytics. These technologies not only promise to alleviate some of the pressures caused by staff shortages but also have the potential to transform the industry in profound ways.
Highlights the many positive ways in which new technologies are profoundly transforming the hospitality industry (different viewpoint/counter argument)
Labor Shortages in the Hospitality Industry:The Effects of Work-Life Balance, Employee Compensation,Government Issued Unemployment Benefits and Job Insecurityon Employees’ Turnover Intentions
Citation: Grigoryan, K. (2024, January). Labor Shortages in the Hospitality Industry: The Effects of Work-Life Balance, Employee Compensation, Government Issued Unemployment Benefits and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Turnover Intentions. Westcliff University .
For months,individuals were paid more than they wouldnormally get without even working, which couldpossibly discourage the majority of them fromlooking for jobs and rather remain unemployed.Therefore, the boosted unemployment benefitsmay be another major reason for individuals’unwillingness to return to work
Reasons for employees lack of motivation to work again
the hospitality industry is very demanding;the constant pressure, the new innovative trendsand constantly changing consumer preferencesare becoming too stressful for employees tohandle, affecting their behaviors andrelationships at home, creating conflicts
Highlights the impact that evolving employee behavior, emerging innovations, and constantly shifting consumer preferences have on the workforce."
It causes laborshortages in the country, making the labor marketextremely competitive with rising wages.According to Lock (2021), the total hospitality jobsin the United States (U.S.) increased to 13.13million as of December 2020. It is still not close toits pre-pandemic levels of 17 million. Per EDD’sindustry employment report (2022),accommodation and food services sectors
Discusses the labor challenges that emerged after the pandemic and notes that the industry has yet to recover to pre-pandemic employment levels
In the early millennia of their spread across the connected continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, modern humans lived mobile lives as hunter-gatherers. According to archaeologists, many left traces of their presence in the area north of the Black Sea from about 80,000 to about 50,000 years ago. Although they may have favored certain locations for long periods of time, ancient people were forced to follow the herds they hunted and to seek new food sources when conditions changed. Climate changed very slowly, but the cycle of glaciation was a factor in human development; especially the most recent ice age which began about 36,000 years ago and lasted until about 11,000 years ago. This ice age displaced both animal and human populations, and also allowed some people to migrate to the Americas, as we will see.
I find it very interesting that Africa is is mention in the migration of early/ ancient people. Given this information, it would be safe to say that all mankind are somehow inter relate. A person could Caucasian and have some black DNA. That is to say, we are all one regardless of your skin color.
Conclusion: addressing the labor shortage problem in the hospitality and tourism industries
Citation: Birdir, K., & Sahilli Birdir, S. (2024). Conclusion: addressing the labor shortage problem in the hospitality and tourism industries. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 16(5), 664–667. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-09-2024-0233
In their article, “Technological workforces of events: where and how to use them?” Dalgic and Demircioglu Dalgic (2024) explore how the available Technologies might be useful to organize events under labor shortage pressures. The authors discuss tha technologies such as robots/robotics, AI, IoT, and AR/VR can be utilized to manage participant registration, provide information on products and services, prepare and serve food and beverages, perform (e.g. as dancers or musicians), manage crowds, and ensure security, use the Technologies to design logos and developing promotional materials, marketing, and data analysis; use them in participant registration, check-in processes, venue climate control, heat mapping, and gathering preference data on products and activities, and use them for pre-event space visualization and arrangement, and enhance entertainment and experiences for the guests. The article “Exploring the Consequences of Automation in the Post-Pandemic Era: Hotel Labor Woes” by Erdem (2024) examines the potential short-term and long-term implications of automation on hotel workers and operators. The authors suggest that adopting a thoughtful and strategic approach to implementing these technologies could lead to the creation of new job opportunities and job security for hotel staff, as well as stability for hotel operators. The article “Adapting to the Skies: Evolution of Qualified Personnel in Airline Operations Amid Technological Advancements” by Akpur (2024) discusses that technological advancements in air transportation have led to significant changes in the way airlines operate. Specifically, the introduction of new technologies has reduced the need for human interaction and decreased the number of personnel required. The impact of these advancements has been most pronounced in three key areas: back offices, ground services, and flight operations. Looking ahead, experts predict that ground services will increasingly adopt self-service models, resulting in more efficient and error-free processes.
Mentions additional AI advancements
discusses to what extent the automation may help hospitality companies to overcome labor shortage problem in the industry and concludes that robots, artificial intelligence and service automation have substitution, enhancement and transformational effects on tasks and jobs and claims that the automatability of jobs depends on the automatability of the tasks they include.
Solution 2 addresses automation integration and how it may help with the shortage
The first article by Niyet et al. (2024) provides a comprehensive discussion on how 3D printing can be employed in food operations to address labor shortages in the hospitality and restaurant industries. The authors argue that 3D food printing technology is a viable solution to labor shortages in kitchens by automating labor-intensive tasks, enhancing labor efficiency, and enabling customized food production.
Presents one potential solution to address labor shortages in the hospitality and restaurant industries
Low pay(2)Irregular working hours(3)Poor benefits(4)Burnout and exhaustion(5)Stress(6)Mostly part-time and frontline positions(7)Unsophisticated or generic skillsets(8)The rise of the gig economy(9)Increasing demand for work flexibility(10)Better career opportunities in competing industrie
List of reasons for labor shortages
This conclusion draws upon the collective insights from the articles in this thematic issue, providing a comprehensive overview of the key findings and their implications. A thorough analysis and discussion of the results are presented, offering a synthesis of the research and its significance for the hospitality and tourism industry.
Methodology
annotations
test
cognitive
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought and senses
Yet beautiful and bright he stood,
Beautiful and bright used here to describe the young man, but they also tell us how the writer felt about the qualities this boy possessed. The qualities are “born to rule the storm”, “heroic blood”, “proud”, “brave despair”, “gallant child”, “noblest”, and “faithful”.
Shone round him o’er the dead
Here, the author is foreshadowing what will follow later on in the poem. She subtly emphasized “dead” by rhyming it with the second stanza’s “fled”. Of course, the poem did ended with the stanzas, “But the noblest thing which perished there, Was that young faithful heart.”, confirming that indeed the boy eventually lost his life along with the ship.
I can say before my Eternal father I am innocent, & God will clear my innocency Here is never a one in the Assembly but desires it, but if you be guilty Pray God discover you.
observation: she is declaring that she is innocent and the way she declares her innocent is of confidence and without hesitation and in the belief that everything will work itself out because she has god on her side. interpretation: this statement shows how strongly religion was influenced and involved throughout the witch trials and it also shows the fear that came with the witch trials.
Alternatively, armed with the knowledge gained from working on the first idea, you might move on to a different idea aligned with the same goal, with a higher chance of success.
so knowledge from working on the first idea leads to higher chance of success in the second idea? So I guess it's all about fail fast and then iterate?
If you are thinking in terms of ideas, you’d be easily frustrated and might give the idea a few more attempts before finally giving up and moving on to another, possibly unrelated idea, repeating the same process
"unrelated idea" is an important point
The main issue is that ideas have a very short lifespan; an idea is unlikely to work at first, might not be novel enough, might be easily scooped
elaborate
When you’re starting in a new area without a full understanding of the challenges or limitations, It is very tempting to run after a sole idea that you think will work.
why?
What Yang was talking about is reading enough papers to cover most of the literature in your area. Needless to say, it is not only about the paper count you read, although the paper count can serve as a good indicator of how well you are engaged with the literature in your research area.
the final goal is to cover understanding of your literature
I like the idea of Student Hour, because it gives us the opportunity of asking questions and getting the information that we need to complete the course.
Assignments
Just to make sure, all work will be submitted on the academic commons site? And grades will show up on bright space?
You must demonstrate a willingness and ability to constantly probe beneath obvious levels of analysis, to question assumptions and perceptions (both your own and those you encounter in your readings, to explore new intellectual territory, and to make discoveries about yourself and your environment.
I feel that this is a very reasonable qualification in order to receive an A in this class. I believe that it would allow us to demonstrate a genuine understanding in the class material, rather than just repeating or rephrasing material that we learn.
The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions.
Transverse plane
The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.
Frontal plane
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides.
Sagittal plane
A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.
Plane
Anterior (or ventral) describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot. Posterior (or dorsal) describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella. Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris. Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The pollex (thumb) is lateral to the digits. Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux (big toe) is the medial toe. Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium. Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur. Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.
Directional Terms
Weakening
For derivability weakening and stable is basically the same thing but for admissibility, weakening is true but stable is not. Because for admissiabilty context and Rule aren't of the same status.
“People aren’t looking for ways to not contribute to their community,” Isenberg said. “It’s just that cash allows them to name for themselves what that looks like for their lives.”
exactly, plenty of people want to contribute, and like we've seen in the article, have ambition and goals. but are held back by lack of resources or responsibilities that make it too expensive to pursue anything else
One participant in the $1,000-a-month group said that during the study, she took a pay cut for an entry-level position with significant promotion opportunities.
Agency is just as important as the money itself here. I think it was important to let people choose how to spend the money instead of setting strict restrictions.
The money also affected how much medical care people sought, how much they considered entrepreneurship or additional schooling and even the kinds of jobs they took
the money gave people access to opportunities and resources they might not have had access to before.
Some of the volunteers told the researchers that the money allowed them to stop living paycheck to paycheck and start imagining
this was a recurring idea in the experiment, people having the freedom to no longer live paycheck to paycheck gave them room to have lives outside of just working and paying bills
Now that you’ve been briefly introduced to some of the major areas within psychology, which are you most interested in learning more about? Why?
After being introduced to some of the major areas within psychology, I am most interested in learning more about Developmental Psychology. Developmental psychology is about the study of how we age, mature, and develop over time. This branch of psychology allows us to understand how we act the way we do at different ages, such as an infant to adulthood. It also goes in depth about how various skills, such as cognitive skills, social skills, and moral reasoning, evolve and change as we age. From this section, I started to realize how these various skills can evolve differently based on a person's environment. For example, two different parents can teach, train, or tell their child completely different ideas and thoughts. These actions influence their child to think and behave similarly to their parents, which allows everyone in the world to have different ideas, opinions, and perspectives regarding to different topics and ideas. Reading about this branch of psychology allowed me to learn a lot about the complexity of human growth and how our unique life experiences contribute to who be become.
Figure 1.11 When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically.
I have seen this optical illusion before, where a person might see a duck at first, then see a rabbit. Examples of sensation in this image are the lines, curves, and shades from the drawing, which are the same for everyone who looks at the image. However, the fact that people can either see the image as a duck and rabbit illustrates that perception is always changing. Perception is about how your brain decides what it sees and allows two people to see the exact same event, but interpret it differently.
For example, a song may be made up of individual notes played by different instruments, but the real nature of the song is perceived in the combinations of these notes as they form the melody, rhythm, and harmony.
This metaphor really helped me understand Gestalt Psychology. I was able to understand this example because when I listen to music, I don’t only focus on each separate note but rather on the overall sound and story the song tells me. Thanks to this great example, I understand how Gestalt Psychology mainly focuses on how people can organize and perceive things as unified thoughts rather than just separate parts.
new AI capabilities
this is too broad. Is there any constraints to narrow down the set of new AI capabilities that we should vision in the scope 2 years?
showing how to do X
so the problem of "making X works for the first time" is already resolved?
the ancient process of successfully adaptingto their worlds’ shifting threats and opportunities — innovating theapplication of best practices to suit complex and shifting flows
This highlights how survival and growth have always depended on adaptability. By recognizing shifting threats and opportunities, communities innovated and reshaped best practices to align with changing conditions. While ensuring resilience it reflects a timeless lesson of being innovative and evolving with the flow of change, or risk being forgotten and left behind.
I'm really excited for the skills portion. I love getting my hands involved with biology. I love studying biology. now learning about anti bitotics is awesome i cant wait to see what we are gonna be learning about
The grading is new, and I'm excited to see how it works throughout the semester
Imagine the planning required to choreograph that sequence. Everything had to work like clockwork (pun intended). And yet nothing was sacrificed in terms of cinematic storytelling. Welles is able to move in and out of close-ups, medium shots and long shots, overhead crane shots and smooth tracking shots, directing our attention, revealing information and creating suspense. All without a single cut.
this is hard to achieve because you can't make a cut in the shots and you are having to move the camera in all sorts of angles and lengths.
an unmotivated camera move that isn’t serving the story reminds the viewer they are watching a movie. The move becomes visible instead of invisible, and usually, that’s the last thing a filmmaker wants. All of this is supposed to be invisible, remember?
this is important to know this difference between unmotivated camera and a motivated camera. If the camera is unmotivated it can cause the movie to becomes visible and directors do not want this.
But if you want the camera to actually move through the space, not simply move left to right or up and down, there are a few options. You could just pick it up and move it. That’s called, appropriately enough, a handheld shot. But if you want that movement to be more subtle, or at least a lot smoother, you’ll want more precise control over how the camera moves
this tells me that some shots can be hand held by the camera and moved to create different types of scenes.
But there is also the extreme close-up, medium close-up, medium shot, medium long, long etc. Each term means something specific in terms of composition. A medium long shot, for example, will typically compose a character from the knees up. A medium shot will be from the waist up. Having a specific term for a specific composition saves time (and money) on the set during production.
this explains how extreme or close up shots are taken and they can save time and money for the producers.
But just like three-point lighting, the rule of thirds is really just a starting point for understanding how composition can be used to help tell a cinematic story. Framing the shot is really about directing our attention, showing us where to look in the shot or scene, and ultimately how to feel about it. There are lots of ways to do this.
this is important to understand that framing a shot tells the audience where to look in a since scene.
rule of thirds. The idea is to divide the frame into thirds horizontally and vertically and line up areas of visual interest at the intersection of those points. Here’s an example:
rules of thirds puts the frame in a grid like format with horizontal and vertical lines. i never knew what this was called until now.
But before a cinematographer can start to think about how to properly compose a shot, they have one more decision to make: the shape of their frame. Okay, every frame (for now) is some variation on a rectangle. But the proportions of that rectangle will dictate how people, objects and setting are arranged within it.
this tells how how important the frame is in order to create a clear shot in the film. sometimes they have to edit a character on the screen and this is why framing is important.
Note how the figure of the man lighting his cigarette is isolated from the background, focusing our attention on the spark from the lighter. This is an example of narrow depth of field
i've seen this in a lot of film where they will blurr out the background and focus and one objects this is called depth of field.
Focal length determines both the angle of view and the magnification of the image. The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the smaller the magnification.
this tells me that magnification is focused on the angle view the shorter the length is the wider the angle view will be.
color temperature. Color temperature is measured in degrees Kelvin. The lower the degree Kelvin, the warmer, or more “red” the light. The higher the degree Kelvin, the cooler, more “blue” the light. The orange glow of a tungsten bulb is around 3200 Kelvin. Daylight is around 5600 Kelvin.
i never knew cold temperature resembles a blue light in films and red is for warm temperature this makes since though because this allows the audience to connect with the film.
Cinematographers can control the quality of light by adjusting the size of the light source and its distance from the subject. Typically, the smaller the light source and the closer to the subject, the harder the light:
this tells me the difference between hard and soft lighting hard lighting can be intense while soft lights is smooth and gradually transitions from light to dark.
nd artificial light refers to light generated from any number of different technologies, LED, incandescent, fluorescent, etc. Each source will have its own particular characteristics, exposing a shot in its own particular way. Artificial light allows a cinematographer an incredible amount of freedom to manipulate and shape the light.
i never knew artificial lighting was fluorescent and even created by LED.
Each new scene will require the cinematographer to consider their light source and how they want to shape it. And a big part of that calculation is intensity. How bright is the source and how is that going to affect exposure?
this tells me that lighting is a big part in a film for the sensitivity of how a film will be shaped.
But there are a number of reasons why a filmmaker might choose to film in black and white over color, even today. They may want to evoke a certain period or emulate some of those “old” movies.
This is important to understand that some films continue to use black and white color to represent the time period during that film.
Cinematographers can also manipulate the frame rate to render super sharp imagery. For decades, the standard frame rate for cinema has been 24 frames per second. That produces a familiar, cinematic “look” to the finished film in part because of motion blur, the subtle blurring that occurs between still images passing at 24 fps. But film shot and projected at 48 or 96 or even 120 frames per second renders an ultra-sharp image with almost no motion blur as our brains process far more detail between each individual frame
this tells me that cinemagropers can manipulate frame rate and this creates sharp still images in a film.
But aside from the esoteric lingo on the set, there are a few key terms everyone should know. The first is the shot, the most basic building block of cinematography. As mentioned in Chapter Two, a shot is one continuous capture of a span of action by a motion picture camera. A finished film is made up of a series of these shots, of varying length, that ultimately tell the story. But during production, each shot may need to be repeated several (or dozens or even hundreds of) times until everyone gets it right. Every time they repeat the shot, it’s called a take.
this is new information to me i never knew they added the first shots in the end of the scene. although i knew a repeat shot was called take i can't believe they have to film it 100 times until they get it right this could be very stressing for the actors.
The lighting department is, well, responsible for all the lights required to shoot a scene. As should be obvious, lights require electricity. And electricity can be dangerous. Especially when you have 100 crew people running around trying to get a shot before lunch. So, the head of the lighting department is a skilled electrician, known as the gaffer
the lighting department can be very dangerous someone could get electrocuted. i never knew that a skilled electrician is called a gaffer. Although this is why you need skilled electricians in the first place for safety.
There’s also the 1st assistant camera (1st AC), who is responsible for the camera components, swapping out lenses, and most importantly, keeping the camera in focus. Though that last job is sometimes given to another dedicated member of the team, the focus puller. Then you have the 2nd assistant camera (2nd AC) who assists the 1st AC and often operates the slate, or clapper (more on that later).
I never actually knew how many cameras were involved in making on shot for a film. i always thought there was just one camera for one shot.
Not to mention the importance of editing, sound and performance. Put it all together and cinematography becomes the anchor point to a much larger cinematic experience.
without cinematography a film would be plan and not make sense to the viewers. this tells me how cinematography is important to the development of films.
As the oceans warm and acidify, M. galloprovincialis may have the capacity to replace T. hirsuta as the dominant biogenic habitat on the Australian rocky shores. If such shifts in mussel habitat were to occur, it would result in different infaunal communities, characterised by a loss of infaunal molluscs. These findings suggest that climate change-related shifts in biogenic habitat can precipitate a “cascade of consequences” triggering changes in the local biodiversity.
Generally M. galloprovincialis has a thinner shell than the native T. hirsuta. This could weaken the mussel reefs ability to fight against storm surges and therefore have major effects on weathering of the landmasses that are typically protected by these reefs.
As the oceans warm and acidify, M. galloprovincialis may have the capacity to replace T. hirsuta as the dominant biogenic habitat on the Australian rocky shores. If such shifts in mussel habitat were to occur, it would result in different infaunal communities, characterised by a loss of infaunal molluscs. These findings suggest that climate change-related shifts in biogenic habitat can precipitate a “cascade of consequences” triggering changes in the local biodiversity.
Again this brings up my previous concerns regarding the potential hazards of a new species becoming the dominant shellfish.
Aqua One Thermosafe, suitable for tanks up to 150 L)
It's worth noting these heaters can fluctuate quite a bit. This isn't deadly and may have very little effect on the experiment but notable.
Obedience, not knowledge, is the “sole object” of revelation, and even here revelation is needed only when dealing with the dull-witted masses.
speaking on revelation isnt actually giving it credit
he natural light of reason, for those skilled in its use, is sufficient to show us “the true way of salvation.”
reason can have the same use as religion
vulgar” popularization of freethought as a greater threat to the religious and political status quo
more accessible freethought=more chance the average person is influenced
A miracle, if reported by a divinely inspired prophet, was deemed authentic;
Moses gave the pentetuch credibility
We should not begin with the assumption that the Bible is divinely inspired and then afford it special treatment when we encounter stories that we would reject in any other history. Rather, we should examine biblical accounts with the same rational objectivity and critical attitude that we would apply to any other book.
sort of confirmation bias that the bible has
According to the December Job Openings and Labor Turnover Summary released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2021a), the number of job openings in the USA reached 11 million as of the last business day of October 2021, of which the accommodation and food services sector took the lead and added 254,000 jobs. Meanwhile, there were only 6.9 million unemployed workers in November 2021, about 542,000 fewer than the previous month (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021b). That means, even if all unemployed workers found a job in November, there were still about 4.1 million unfilled positions in the market. On top of that, a trend called “Great Resignation” emerged. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2021a) reported a record-high number of people quitting jobs, at 4.5 million in November 2021, with the largest increase from the accommodation and food services sector (+159,000). H&T companies have had to compete with one another and firms in other sectors to attract and retain top talent. This critical reflection will assess the labor shortage challenge facing the H&T industry from both the demand and supply perspectives, aiming to address:
Provides specific statistics regarding unfilled positions and workforce turnover.
Businesses have been presented with many unprecedented challenges because the pandemic hit the global economy. Non-essential business activities were suddenly put on hold because of massive lockdowns, mask mandates and strict enforcement of social distancing measures for consumers and workers. When people stopped traveling and dine-in services were restricted, the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry collapsed (Kwok et al., 2021). Furlough or layoff was one immediate action businesses took to reduce labor and operational costs (Baum et al., 2020). Starting in the summer of 2020, selected markets and sectors in the H&T industry began showing signs of recovery. Airbnb, for example, laid off 25% of its workforce or 1,900 employees in May 2020 but had already observed growth in year-to-year gross-booking value over the weekend of June 5–7 in 2020 (Bosa, 2020). Gradually, companies resumed hiring more staff to meet the growing demand. It did not take long for businesses across different sectors to realize that they needed to deal with another new challenge from the COVID-19 crisis – labor shortage.
Highlights the impact of the pandemic on the growing labor shortage in the hospitality industry.
L »I2'8
If we can assume by the sign-off that he began his book in 1938, and then published in 1944, that would place us in Switzerland during Nazi Germany and the beginning of WWII. I wonder if any of his writings in this book were influenced by current events and if he considered war strategy as a form of play. It is easy for us to think of war as play, but for those who lived through it, it may have seemed like an outrageous statement.
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These three questions happen to contain three very different examples of play that show us a wide range from harmless and innocent to extremely harmful and maladaptive. A baby enjoying a game is both normal and great for her positive development, but the gambler who is "losing himself" in his passion is quite literally ruining his life. It's interesting how different forms of play can have very different effects on the player's life
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I wonder: does the level of sophistication of a species' play correspond with the species level of intelligence? It seems like this is the case. After all, both puppies and human toddlers can enjoy chasing a ball or playing tug of war, but the toddler can go beyond that and play complex games of pretend, where the puppies do not have that creative capacity
3.2 Study design
Recommend justifying the use of cross-over design over other designs
Figure 6
Nice figure and awareness of other podcast-related variables to control for.
Right now, this figure depicts the variables as if they are unrelated. How would this look like if it showed the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
INTRODUCTION
Well written; Could use editing the paragraphs to enhance and clarify flow
Would be helpful to discuss the what the data is on podcasts alone and/or concept maps VS infographics
Additionally, Rational could use more info about why the intervention could affect critical thinking specifically (could use some of the literature mentioned in the discussion)
ONCEPT MAPS VERSUSINFOGRAPHICS AS VISUAL AIDS WITH AUDIOPODCASTS
Intriguing topic! there might be a better way to express the podcast part of the title- had to read the abstract to realize podcasts are on both sides
Sounds like (concept maps) VS (infographics and podcasts)
Would be informative to include cross-over in the title too
The study provides a data driven framework for enriching medicaleducation through structured, evidence-based visual augmentation
Thank you for your efforts!
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
You already provide discussion supporting your findings. Considering some of the points below might strengthen your discussion/limitations section (some of them mentioned in more details in later comments):
-Why analysis did not yield between-subjects differences
-Any other confounding factors you might've missed or can't control (e.g., factors related to the individuals or content or media)
-Expanding on how the controlled conditions might've affected how useful podcasts or both formats are (e.g., being in a class in front of others, knowing there's a test after, just getting this for 10 minutes, not being able to repeat or pause as you might usually do with podcasts)
-The inherent and design-related differences between the two formats (e.g., color coding and interactive element in skeleton concept maps), and how these might've affected the findings
-By extension, how those formats might have had subtle differences depending on the topic.
-lastly, since you state that the findings in round 2 might be because of carry-over effect, might be useful to dedicate a paragraph discussing why this would / or wouldn't be the case (as detailed below)
this grouphad already used concept maps in Round 1, potentially benefiting from prior schema formationand mental model development that carried over into Round 2 performance.
Interesting thought. Similar to the comment above: These students might've been exposed to concept maps and/or infographics before your study (and even if they didn't), would be helpful to elaborate on the specifics of this carry-over effect and how your wash-out period relates to that.
Additionally, there could be other reasons for the infographics' group getting a higher score in round 2: Maybe infographics are more suitable for the second topic, the students might've had a better day, or they might've accustomed to listening to podcasts or the exam technique. Considering this point, acknowledgement and further discussion on those scenarios would add to this thesis
thereafter
The use of thereafter suggests a carry-over effect, which undermines your wash-out period. /if that's the case, should mention this in the discussion
The significant Time × Group interaction
within subjects
over time
would omit as it doesn't match the wording of the original hypothesis and put it in a separate sentence
This was particularly evident i
The way this paragraph is written, the finding about both formats having statistical significance might fit more here compared to concept maps vs infographics
deeper processing of clinical information
this is not necessarily demonstrated but suggested by the scores
The findings strongly suggest that when podcasts are designed usingevidence-based strategies for effective multimedia instruction, they have the potential tosignificantly enhance the critical thinking skills of undergraduate medical students (Chaiklinet al., 2023)
Could use to support the rartional
This supports the interpretation that the observed benefits of Concept Maps are notabout producing inflated scores at a single moment, but about influencing the pattern ofimprovement and retention across time
Would help to elaborate further
4.5 Mixed ANOVA/Split Plot ANOVA
Kindly include abbreviations under the tables
On average, essays written with assistance from InstructGPT showed significantly more homogenization than essays written without any assistance—or, interestingly, essays written with assistance from GPT-3 (the “base” model). Further, essays written with assistance from InstructGPT also involved more repetition of the same sequences: that is, two randomly sampled essays from the InstructGPT were more likely to contain the same 5-word sequence than were two randomly sampled essays written without LLM assistance.There are some clear limitations to this work (like the fact that the models used are now outdated, and the fact that the CoAuthor interface seems pretty different from contemporary LLM usage), but one interesting conclusion is that there’s something about fine-tuning the model specifically that leads towards homogenization
Can the base model do a final paraphrasing step without needing the finetuning to perform?
A final piece of evidence regarding the distinctiveness of LLM-generated text comes from this very recent (May 2025) paper exploring whether people can accurately distinguish human-authored vs. synthetic text. The authors recruited 9 annotators and asked them to read 30 human-written and 30 LLM-generated articles, indicating for each text whether they believed it was written by a human or LLM.6 Of these 9 annotators, five frequently used LLMs for writing tasks, while the other four had only limited experience. The authors found that the four with limited experience achieved an average accuracy of 56.7%—roughly random chance—though they nonetheless reported high confidence in their decisions. The five that frequently used LLMs achieved an average accuracy of 92.7%; moreover, the majority vote of these five achieved almost perfect performance (99.9%), which was considerably better than any of the automatic detection methods tested. Expert annotators also retained high accuracy in the face of various adversarial methods, including paraphrasing the LLM-generated text and attempting to “humanize” it (which involved explicitly instructing an LLM to avoid certain “tells”).
iykyk
eight basic components of the communication process (i.e., source, receiver, message, channel, feedback, environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction occurs within the individual
So communication involves eight key elements working together, but instead of happening in a straight line, they overlap and influence each other. All of this exchange takes place within each person as they talk and listen, shaping how the interaction flows.
but while she was asleep the very place sunk down towards the dark world.
The woman from the upper world layed down and started to sink towards the dark world.
The woman was in a painful condition during the time of their disputes, and the infants entered the dark world by compul- sion, and their parent expired in a few moments
The mother of the children then died after being in excruciating pain.
now moon)
He then used the rest of the deceased mother's body to create another orb, this time being the moon.
he created an orb
ENIGORIO then created his way of light into the darkness of the world by using his deceased mother. He used the head to create an orb. It created the sun.
was named ENIGONHAHETGEA, i.e. the bad mind.
The other twin that was born was named : ENIGONHAHETGEA which was the bad one.
named ENIGORIO,i.e. the good mind.
One of the twins was named ENIGORIO, which is the good one.
one of the infants in her womb was moved by an evil opinion and he was deter- mined to pass out under the side of the parent’s arm,
In the woman's womb, one of the twins was moved by such evilness and was in the process of passing out.
except a large turtle came forward and made proposal to them to endure her lasting weight
The turtle gathered beneath where she was going to land, and the woman came in touch with the turtle, allowing it to slowly become part of the island of Earth, which was then covered in small bushes.
hydatidiform mole: a tumor develops in the uterus as a result of a nonviable pregnancy
The investigation of domain-specific effects represents another critical frontier for future research.
I agree with this! It would be interesting to see if there were specific disciplines in which AI usage was more beneficial than in others.
The reliance on self-reported measures, despite their established validity, introduces potential common method variance that may artificially inflate observed relationships
This is another important point. I think that this article's emphasis on self-reported information makes it more challenging to trust its conclusion.
The practical implications of this research span multiple levels of educational implementation. Firstly, the findings offer actionable insights for educators aiming to integrate generative AI tools into curricula to enhance both innovation capability and digital literacy.
While I still have questions about this study and I think there are some fundamental gaps left in this article, I do think the authors are correct in this respect. If educators can help students develop ways to use AI as a tool but not a substitute, I think it can be a strong asset.
The creative problem-solving dimension exhibited the strongest factor loading (λ = 0.948, t = 78.466, p < .001), suggesting that generative AI particularly excels in fostering divergent ideation processes.
I could see this being the case in regard to students potentially being exposed to ideas they had not previously considered, but this does not seem to suggest that it helps the students themselves solve problems creatively--if anything, would it not excuse them from having to go through the creative process to develop a solution?
Perhaps most theoretically significant is the bidirectional relationship between innovation capability and digital literacy (β = 0.791, p < .001), which reveals a synergistic interaction between these competencies in AI-enhanced educational contexts.
This, as noted in the abstract, is another key point of the article. I could see how as students develop digital literacy, they may also develop a stronger capacity for innovation. The more access they have to digital tools and information, the more they can do in/with digital spaces.
The observed association between AI application and innovation capability (β = 0.862, p < .001) empirically substantiates the transformative potential of AI-enhanced learning environments in cultivating higher-order cognitive competencies.
I would have liked to seen this expanded on. How did the authors determine this?
The generative AI application scale integrates behavioral indicators of technology use with attitudinal measures, employing precisely calibrated five-point Likert-type items.
I think this is an important point, as it establishes how the authors collected their data (measuring both information on how participants use AI and their attitudes towards it). After looking it up, the Likert scale for questionnaires allows participants to report to what degree they feel a statement applies to them (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree).
This could be problematic for how trustworthy the data is, though, as it seems more subjective. It would be interesting to see teachers also answer the same questions.
The sampling framework employed a multistage stratified random sampling procedure to ensure comprehensive representation across educational contexts. Initial stratification criteria included grade level (junior and senior secondary), school type (public and private institutions), and geographic location (urban and suburban areas), with probability proportional to size sampling within each stratum.
Another option for a follow-up article could be to delve into these categories; it would be interesting to see what differences, if any, exist regarding AI application in secondary education contexts.
3. Research methodology
I found this section the most challenging, just since it uses a lot of terminology specific to research design and required additional research to try to make sense of. Additionally, I would have liked to see examples of the questions they asked participants. It seems as though the authors primarily used a survey/questionnaire to collect their data, but it is unclear how/if they controlled for potential biases--I would imagine if you ask students to report on how they use and feel about a form of technology that makes completing assignments easier (but does not necessarily maintain rigor) and whether it had a positive or negative effect on their education, they would be more likely to report favorably than not.
The conceptualization and empirical measurement of innovation ability has emerged as a critical domain within educational research, particularly regarding technological integration.
I think that this, as one of the three points of interest identified in this study, is a key point. It is important for students to be able to use and adapt technology in any field. While AI may have negatives, I would argue it is more important to find effective ways to integrate it into the classroom instead of just hoping students will not use it.
Contemporary research has particularly emphasized distance learning applications, as evidenced by Mijwil et al.‘s [27] mixed-methods investigation of AI-enhanced remote education.
I presume the implication is that in instances where students cannot engage in a face-to-face classroom experience, AI may be able to help with learning and answer questions on-demand. However, I definitely think this presents an equal number of challenges as it does opportunities--as AI is known to have "hallucinations" and cite nonexistent sources or present false information, how would students be able to verify what they read? Will students using AI in these contexts undermine research skills? How can these challenges be combated?
The findings hold particular relevance in the current educational context where generative AI technologies are rapidly transforming pedagogical practices and learning modalities, offering a timely contribution to both the scholarly discourse and educational practice.
While I agree that this article is timely, I wonder how research into this topic will evolve over time since it is still relatively new. I think this leaves room for follow up once more data can be collected and the long-term implications can be more clearly determined.
I think this would be the author's "best sentence," as it concisely gives the overarching reason this topic is important.
Within this context, generative AI—defined as AI systems capable of producing, manipulating, and analyzing content across multiple modalities—represents a fundamental paradigm shift in educational technology [6]. This shift manifests in the transformation of how students interact with information, construct knowledge, and develop critical competencies, necessitating systematic examination of educational innovations [7].
I think this sentence is a key point and introduces why this is a relevant and necessary topic of study for education.
enhancing critical thinking, creative problem-solving, and adaptive learning processes
I am curious as to how the authors of this study measured this--a major concern regarding AI usage is that it might prove detrimental to critical thinking skills, in particular.
As generative artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly transforms educational landscapes, understanding its impact on students’ core competencies has become increasingly critical for educators and policymakers.
I think AI has definitely become an important consideration in the classroom regardless of subject area. As with the introduction of more affordable handheld calculators into schools, I think teachers will have to make room for AI so that students can learn to use it appropriately and effectively as a tool, as opposed to a substitute, for learning.
The investigation of domain-specific effects represents another critical frontier for future research.
I agree with this! It would be interesting to see if there were specific disciplines in which AI usage was more beneficial than in others.
The reliance on self-reported measures, despite their established validity, introduces potential common methodvariance that may artificially inflate observed relationships—a limitation that future research should address throughmethodological triangulation incorporating behavioral assessments and performance-based measures of both innovationcapability and digital literacy
This is another important point. I think that this article's emphasis on self-reported information makes it more challenging to trust its conclusion.
The practical implications of this research span multiple levels of educational implementation. Firstly, the findings offeractionable insights for educators aiming to integrate generative AI tools into curricula to enhance both innovation capa-bility and digital literacy.
While I still have questions about this study and I think there are some fundamental gaps left in this article, I do think the authors are correct in this respect. If educators can help students develop ways to use AI as a tool but not a substitute, I think it can be a strong asset.
The creative problem-solving dimension exhibited the strongest factor loading (λ = 0.948, t = 78.466,p < .001), suggesting that generative AI particularly excels in fostering divergent ideation processes.
I could see this being the case in regard to students potentially being exposed to ideas they had not previously considered, but this does not seem to suggest that it helps the students themselves solve problems creatively--if anything, would it not excuse them from having to go through the creative process to develop a solution?
Perhaps most theoretically significant is the bidirectional relationship between innovation capability and digital literacy(β = 0.791, p < .001), which reveals a synergistic interaction between these competencies in AI-enhanced educationalcontexts
This, as noted in the abstract, is another key point of the article. I could see how as students develop digital literacy, they may also develop a stronger capacity for innovation. The more access they have to digital tools and information, the more they can do in/with digital spaces.
The observed association between AI application and innovation capability (β = 0.862, p < .001) empirically substantiatesthe transformative potential of AI-enhanced learning environments in cultivating higher-order cognitive competencies.
I would have liked to seen this expanded on. How did the authors determine this?
3. Research methodology
I found this section the most challenging, just since it uses a lot of terminology specific to research design and required additional research to try to make sense of. Additionally, I would have liked to see examples of the questions they asked participants. It seems as though the authors primarily used a survey/questionnaire to collect their data, but it is unclear how/if they controlled for potential biases--I would imagine if you ask students to report on how they use and feel about a form of technology that makes completing assignments easier (but does not necessarily maintain rigor) and whether it had a positive or negative effect on their education, they would be more likely to report favorably than not.
The generative AI application scale integrates behavioral indicators of technology use with attitudinal measures,employing precisely calibrated five-point Likert-type items.
I think this is an important point, as it establishes how the authors collected their data (measuring both information on how participants use AI and their attitudes towards it). After looking it up, the Likert scale for questionnaires allows participants to report to what degree they feel a statement applies to them (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree).
I think this could be problematic for how trustworthy the data is, though, as it seems more subjective. It would be interesting to see teachers also answer the same questions.
When Do We Need Machine Learning?
Tasks that are too complex to program * Driving * Speech recognition * Image recognition
Task beyond Human Capabilities * Astronomical Data * Turning medical archives into medical knowledge * Weather prediction * Analysis of genomic data
Adaptivity: Can change over time by adapting to the changes in environment they interact with
Suppose we would like to program a machine thatlearns how to filter spam e-mails
Human behavior today can appear utterly transformed by digital technologies. When we look more closely, there are many moments today that echo behaviors of the past before digital technology played a key role
I definitely agree with this. I think a lot of times we try to blame technology for our issues as a way to not take responsibility for our behavior. While I do agree that technology has it's share of problems, I don't think it is solely to blame in most situations. A lot of todays issues are unfortunately not unique to the modern day. I think especially in the US we tend to repeat history and then act like it is a new thing and use technology as a scapegoat. I think those societal problems have always been there, technology just makes it much more known because we have so much access to information in a way we didn't in the past.
This student found both online and offline life led to disillusionment with government, until developing a strategy of targeted searching for civic organizations. How has strategic searching helped you feel differently about an issue, or find better information?
I think that this is a smart way to approach issues. So much of what is on the internet is misinformation and toxicity. I think that this has been on the rise in recent years. I went through something similar to this case study. I was not quite old enough to vote in 2020 but I was able to vote in 2024. My parents have always tried to teach me to research things thoroughly before establishing opinions. During that whole campaign cycle I tried to especially focus on local issues. I think so much of media today focuses on these massive elections that it makes people forget that local ones matter too. It was concerning to me that so many things that were on the ballot for my local election I had heard very little about. It took a lot of research to find anything about what the pressing issues were locally. I think that a lot of people would benefit from strategic searching when it comes to politics and especially when it comes to staying aware of local issues.
, ‘Hey girls, will you help me? If Idon’t like it there, will you help me to come home? Help me pay for my return?’ Theyagreed
Sort a touhcing story throughout of gendered support. I'm sure the bracerro program ghas also been studied. I wonder if the support was the same.
social capital through interactions with theiremployers and other women working in the same household or neighbourhood
Previous reading
When one of them, Teresa,returned to visit the family, Nachita recounts that she ‘wore shoes and a pretty dress.And I thought, well I can work too and have shoes too!’
Nachita told me about howyoung girls, mostly the poorest of the poor, migrated for work.
What did they do with the money? Was it sent back for remitences or were they familially unattached and financially independent?
While post-revo-lutionary nationalist discourses and policies celebrated women as wives and mothers,domestic workers were expected to remain childless to better serve their employers.They were the invisible support aiding the growth and coherence of middle-class,mestizo, families
More of a review of the first section
For instance, the Fed crew pushed aggressively for intertwining cryptocurrencies into the banking system. It was “hand-to-hand combat” for 18 months among regulators, with the Fed and officials Nellie Liang and Janet Yellen at Treasury pushing a bill, along with the most bank-friendly Senator, Pat Toomey, that would have given access to Fed facilities to stablecoin issuers. Fortunately, they lost after Sam Bankman-Fried’s FTX blew up spectacularly, and the Fed finally flipped its position by issuing a statement opposing crypto coming into regulated banking. (Of course, the embarrassment never ends, some dingbat regulator at the Fed, supported by SF Fed President Mary Daly who also screwed up on SVB, had allowed FTX to buy a bank charter, and get access to the payments system and a Fed backstop.)
! did not know this
Both treatment- and non-treatment-seekers noted theincreased speed and ease of online gambling, whichnow enables instant access from anywhere at any time
It is precisely the convenience of online gambling that leads customers to lose more money in such activities.
Increased industry competition has spawned the inten-sification of advertising for online gambling. This adver-tising is extensive in social media, online channels, anddirect messaging via emails, texts and push notifica-tions [43–45].
Online gambling advertisements can attract customers more easily, as users only need to click a link to start gambling.
Consumers have widely adopted extensive innova-tions in bet types. Bets can now be placed before andafter match commencement and on numerous in-matchcontingencies, such as half-time scores, increasing eachevent’s betting market
The rise of online gambling stems from sports betting.
Combined with 24/7 access, custom-ers can now watch and bet on a near-unlimited array ofdomestic and international events across time zones
Online gambling can save on labor costs and allow betting from anywhere in the world.