value proposition is about solving a problem or a need for a customer

Vöhringer, H. S., Sanderson, T., Sinnott, M., De Maio, N., Nguyen, T., Goater, R., Schwach, F., Harrison, I., Hellewell, J., Ariani, C. V., Gonçalves, S., Jackson, D. K., Johnston, I., Jung, A. W., Saint, C., Sillitoe, J., Suciu, M., Goldman, N., Panovska-Griffiths, J., … Gerstung, M. (2021). Genomic reconstruction of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England. Nature, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04069-y

Jeffrey Barrett. (2021, October 19). Proportion of AY.4.2 (now on http://covid19.sanger.ac.uk) has been steadily increasing in England, which is a pattern that is quite different from other AY lineages. Several of them rose when there was still Alpha to displace, but none has had a consistent advantage vs other Delta. Https://t.co/mD5gQzKxgV [Tweet]. @jcbarret. https://twitter.com/jcbarret/status/1450408485829718039

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, June 14). RT @AdamJKucharski: Compare relationship between R and proportion of sequences consistent with the B.1.1.7 variant in autumn 2020 (below le… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1404604886117797888

Matschke, X., & Rieger, M. O. (2021). Kisses, Handshakes, COVID-19 – Will the Pandemic Change Us Forever? Review of Behavioral Economics, 8(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1561/105.00000132

Adam Kucharski. (2021, April 14). If populations are highly vaccinated, we’d expect a higher proportion of future cases to have been previously vaccinated (because by definition, there aren’t as many non-vaccinated people around to be infected). But what sort of numbers should we expect? A short thread... 1/ [Tweet]. @AdamJKucharski. https://twitter.com/AdamJKucharski/status/1382242089673617417

Ashish K. Jha, MD, MPH. (2020, December 1). There is something funny happening with COVID hospitalizations Proportion of COVID pts getting hospitalized falling A lot Just recently My theory? As hospitals fill up, bar for admission rising A patient who might have been admitted 4 weeks ago may get sent home now Thread [Tweet]. @ashishkjha. https://twitter.com/ashishkjha/status/1333636841271078912

Golding, N., Russell, T. W., Abbott, S., Hellewell, J., Pearson, C. A. B., Zandvoort, K. van, Jarvis, C. I., Gibbs, H., Liu, Y., Eggo, R. M., Edmunds, J. W., & Kucharski, A. J. (2020). Reconstructing the global dynamics of under-ascertained COVID-19 cases and infections. MedRxiv, 2020.07.07.20148460. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.20148460

Exchange value appears as the property of a commodity that is exchangeable for other commodities. It also presupposes societies who produce commodities and exchange them. While all societies have things with use values, exchange value is relative to a specific time and place.

Additionally, exchanging commodities must also presupposes a way to determine proportionality between different commodities, so that they can be exchanged in the first place.

Exchange therefore requires some other measure that stands above the two commodities meant to be exchanged. If there were no ways in which iron and corn were found similar to a society, for example, then we would not exchange them and they would have no exchange value.

Marx will contend that what each commodity must contain crystalized within it is value (formally) and that the substance of value is labor (viz. the common factor of both iron and corn is labor). Marx will call this kind of labor abstract labor.