Capital equals self-valorizing value. The "self" relates to labor-power qua capital purchased by the capitalist realized in the process of production. Therefore, "capital is money capital is commodities," as it uses, realizes, and incorporates money and the commodity of labor.

Exchange value appears as the property of a commodity that is exchangeable for other commodities. It also presupposes societies who produce commodities and exchange them. While all societies have things with use values, exchange value is relative to a specific time and place.

Additionally, exchanging commodities must also presupposes a way to determine proportionality between different commodities, so that they can be exchanged in the first place.

Exchange therefore requires some other measure that stands above the two commodities meant to be exchanged. If there were no ways in which iron and corn were found similar to a society, for example, then we would not exchange them and they would have no exchange value.

Marx will contend that what each commodity must contain crystalized within it is value (formally) and that the substance of value is labor (viz. the common factor of both iron and corn is labor). Marx will call this kind of labor abstract labor.

In the original German, 'prevails' is rendered "herrscht." Herrscht shares a common root with the ordinary German word Herr (Mister, or, more evocatively, Master). 'Lordship' (as, in the chapter of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, on 'Lordship and Bondage' is rendered Herrschaft.)

My own reading of Capital tends to center upon the question of domination in capitalist societies, and throughout chapter 1 (in particular, in The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof) Marx is especially attuned to the distinguishing how the forms of domination that are prevalent in capitalist societies are distinct from the relations of "personal dependence" that characterize pre-capitalist modes of production.

It seems prudent, therefore, to take note of the way that the seemingly innocuous notion of 'prevalence' is, for Marx, in his original formulation, already evocative of the language of mastery, domination, perhaps even something like 'hegemony'.

Furthermore, the capitalist mode of production prevails--it predominates. Yet, as Louis Althusser observes in his discussion of the concept of the 'mode of production' in On the Reproduction of Capitalism, every concrete social formation can be classified according to the mode of production that is dominant (that prevails--herrscht). In order to dominate, something must implicitly be dominated, or subordinate. "In every social formation," Althusser writes, "there exists more than one mode of production: at least two and often many more." Althusser cites Lenin, who in his analysis of the late 19th c. Russian social formation, observes that four modes of production can be distinguished (Louis Althusser, On the Reproduction of Capitalism, Verso 2014, p. 19.)

In our analysis of social formations, the concrete specificity of each can be articulated by carefully examining the multiplicity of modes of production that coincide within it, and examine the way in which capitalism tends to dominate a multiplicity of subordinate modes of production that, on the one hand, survive from past modes of production but which may also, on the other, be emerging in the present (i.e. communism). Thus even if capitalism tends towards the formation of a contiguous world-system dominated by its particular imperatives, this does not mean that this process is homogenous or unfolds in the same way in each instance.

For some commentators, capitalism is defined by the prevalence of wage labor and the specific dynamics that obtain therefrom. Yet this has often led to confusion over, whether, in analyzing the North American social formation prior to 1865, in which slavery coexists with wage-labor, the mode of production based on slave-labor is pre-capitalist. Yet as we find here in ch. 1, what determines the commodity as a commodity is not that it is the product of wage labor, rather that it is produced for exchange. As Marx writes on p. 131, "He who satisfies his own need with the product of his own labor admittedly creates use-values, but not commodities. Insofar as the slave-system in North America produced commodities (cotton, tobacco, etc.) for exchange on the world market, the fact that these commodities were produced under direct conditions of domination does not have any bearing on whether or not we identify this system of production as 'capitalist'. Wage-labor is therefore not likely the determinative factor; the determinative factor is the production of commodities for exchange. It is only insofar as commodities confront one another as exchange-values that the various modes of useful labor appear as expressions of a homogenous common substance, labor in the abstract

It is in this sense that we can observe one of the ways that the capitalist mode of production prevails over other modes of production, as it subordinates these modes of production to production for exchange, and thus the law of value, regardless of whether wage-labor represents the dominant form of this relation. Moreover, it provides a clue to how we can examine, for example, the persistence of unwaged work within the family, which has important consequences for Social Reproduction Theory.

Nonetheless, we can say that insofar as commodities confront each other on the market in a scene of exchange that they implicitly contain some 'third thing' which enables us to compare them as bearers of a magnitude of value. This 'third thing', as Marx's demonstration shows, is 'socially necessary labour time', which anticipates the way that wage-labor will become a dominant feature of capitalist society.

Hall says the Natives are more willing to "work" but still "don't want to improve their lives"

according to Hall, most male Ojibwe see labor as a female or slave task

Mills is in charge of all the household affairs basically

It is ironic that Hall mentions this since all the missionaries have been asking for female help

Hall's opinion is that he is wasting his own time doing manual labor and not preaching

Town's chief complaint is too much manual labor

new clothing is the best payment method for Native labor

https://ewn.co.za/2019/01/14/spar-issues-ultimatum-to-franchise-owner-over-compliance-with-hr-audit Eyewitness News has learned that the organisation that runs the Spar supermarket franchise has instructed that a human resources audit be conducted at all the Spars owned by Chris Giannakopoulos, who has been accused of assaulting staff and unfair labour practice.

Giannakopoulos first started making headlines in October last year when he was accused of beating a female employee at the Food Lover's Market store in Hartebeespoort. He was scheduled to appear in court a week ago, but that the matter was struck from the role.

The Giannakopoulos Group owns and operates more than two dozen Spars and also has interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Foods.

Eyewitness News has seen a Spar guild letter to Giannakopoulos in which it states that he will no longer be allowed to play in role in the management and control of the Spars in the Giannakopoulos Group.

The guild says that a human resources audit will be conducted at their Spars twice a year and the group is to dispose of its interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Food.

The guild warns that if the Giannakopoulos Group fails to adhere to these instructions, it will remove all the Spars from the group.

Spar’s Mandy Hogan declined to answer questions related to the content of the letter but says the company does not condone criminal behavior by any person and will take appropriate action where a person is found guilty.

https://ewn.co.za/2019/01/14/spar-issues-ultimatum-to-franchise-owner-over-compliance-with-hr-audit

Eyewitness News has learned that the organisation that runs the Spar supermarket franchise has instructed that a human resources audit be conducted at all the Spars owned by Chris Giannakopoulos, who has been accused of assaulting staff and unfair labour practice.

Giannakopoulos first started making headlines in October last year when he was accused of beating a female employee at the Food Lover's Market store in Hartebeespoort. He was scheduled to appear in court a week ago, but that the matter was struck from the role.

The Giannakopoulos Group owns and operates more than two dozen Spars and also has interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Foods.

Eyewitness News has seen a Spar guild letter to Giannakopoulos in which it states that he will no longer be allowed to play in role in the management and control of the Spars in the Giannakopoulos Group.

The guild says that a human resources audit will be conducted at their Spars twice a year and the group is to dispose of its interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Food.

The guild warns that if the Giannakopoulos Group fails to adhere to these instructions, it will remove all the Spars from the group.

Spar’s Mandy Hogan declined to answer questions related to the content of the letter but says the company does not condone criminal behavior by any person and will take appropriate action where a person is found guilty.

https://ewn.co.za/2019/01/14/spar-issues-ultimatum-to-franchise-owner-over-compliance-with-hr-audit

EWN has learned that the organisation that runs the Spar supermarket franchise has instructed that a human resources audit be conducted at all the Spars owned by Chris Giannakopoulos, who has been accused of assaulting staff and unfair labour practice.

Eyewitness News has learned that the organisation that runs the Spar supermarket franchise has instructed that a human resources audit be conducted at all the Spars owned by Chris Giannakopoulos, who has been accused of assaulting staff and unfair labour practice.

Giannakopoulos first started making headlines in October last year when he was accused of beating a female employee at the Food Lover's Market store in Hartebeespoort. He was scheduled to appear in court a week ago, but that the matter was struck from the role.

The Giannakopoulos Group owns and operates more than two dozen Spars and also has interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Foods.

Eyewitness News has seen a Spar guild letter to Giannakopoulos in which it states that he will no longer be allowed to play in role in the management and control of the Spars in the Giannakopoulos Group.

The guild says that a human resources audit will be conducted at their Spars twice a year and the group is to dispose of its interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Food.

The guild warns that if the Giannakopoulos Group fails to adhere to these instructions, it will remove all the Spars from the group.

Spar’s Mandy Hogan declined to answer questions related to the content of the letter but says the company does not condone criminal behavior by any person and will take appropriate action where a person is found guilty.

https://ewn.co.za/2019/01/14/spar-issues-ultimatum-to-franchise-owner-over-compliance-with-hr-audit

SPAR ISSUES ULTIMATUM TO FRANCHISE OWNER OVER COMPLIANCE WITH HR AUDIT EWN has learned that the organisation that runs the Spar supermarket franchise has instructed that a human resources audit be conducted at all the Spars owned by Chris Giannakopoulos, who has been accused of assaulting staff and unfair labour practice.

Eyewitness News has learned that the organisation that runs the Spar supermarket franchise has instructed that a human resources audit be conducted at all the Spars owned by Chris Giannakopoulos, who has been accused of assaulting staff and unfair labour practice.

Giannakopoulos first started making headlines in October last year when he was accused of beating a female employee at the Food Lover's Market store in Hartebeespoort. He was scheduled to appear in court a week ago, but that the matter was struck from the role.

The Giannakopoulos Group owns and operates more than two dozen Spars and also has interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Foods.

Eyewitness News has seen a Spar guild letter to Giannakopoulos in which it states that he will no longer be allowed to play in role in the management and control of the Spars in the Giannakopoulos Group.

The guild says that a human resources audit will be conducted at their Spars twice a year and the group is to dispose of its interests in Food Lover's Market and OK Food.

The guild warns that if the Giannakopoulos Group fails to adhere to these instructions, it will remove all the Spars from the group.

Spar’s Mandy Hogan declined to answer questions related to the content of the letter but says the company does not condone criminal behavior by any person and will take appropriate action where a person is found guilty.

Divya Ahlawat was simply stating the facts - Liberal councillors did not vote to ban the event, nor did council - but Labor councillors have ensure a course of action which doesn't reflect the decision made by council.

And that's mainly to cover for the stuff up of a departed member of their dominant Left faction. Although he is attached to the hip with Mayor Laxale who has made unfortunate previous comments on social media.

It's amazing that you would have your male mates on one side partially geeing you up on social media to trick you into another story and then on the other hand, you've come along to the event - after pre-writing most of the story - only to hear the previous year's queen debunk the misinformation assembled by your mates.

And then, this year's winner's comments just didn't fit with the story you wanted to do (see further down).

This is for anyone who is looking deep in economics of artificial intelligence or is doing a project on AI with respect to economics. This paper entails how AI might effect our economy and change the way we think about work. the predictions and facts which are stated here are really impressive like how people 30 years from now will be lively with government employment where everyone will get equal amount of payment.

Hall is suggesting sending missionaries back to Boston for a few months to have them talk to the committee and obtain new people for labor

he also wants to keep the newly built houses in the hands of the committee and lend them to the Natives

All Northwest Missions, but especially Fond du Lac and Leech Lake, need more labor to sustain them

the women are the only ones who work the garden because the men find it degrading to use a hoe or axe

He is unclear about who performs the labor of unloading the canoes and pitching the tents while he walks

The Mothers are said to have done more work than any North English Yankee and even more than some of the shoulders - implied that they did the work while carrying their children

Schoolcraft gave gifts to the male and female Natives who helped carry supplies

squaw carries materials for the Native homes on her back (wood, kettles, drums, traps, axes, ladles, etc) AND ALSO she carries her nursing child the men rarely carry more than a pipe, tobacco, and a musket

Cradles are carried up the path as well as pork and flour The mothers can't just set their children down while they work, they are forced to carry their babies with them as they make trips to carry all the foodstuffs to the next point

Mr. David Aitkins (Brother of M Aitkins) visits Pombinaw often and says the population is 2000 and that they trade their labor

The practices and institutions that govern our daily lives

assigning different tasks to people to improve efficiency.

"them" referring to domestic work - chores.

Original definition.

I know we would like to think of the exploitation of child labor as some relic of Dickensian fiction, but the bosses still find ways to exploit. I've had many students over the years who worked jobs under management that forced them to work long hours, always at the expense of school work, etc. The policies today seem more concerned with immigration status than academic success. [https://www.employmentlawhandbook.com/wage-and-hour-laws/minimum-wage/new-laws-and-regulations-for-2019/]

Cf. Le Guin's discussion of gatherers and labor/leisure time

Wouldn't that ease of gathering only be viable for a certain amount of time, in certain areas? With larger populations and in scarcer areas, that time increases. I wonder what other statistics or sources provide similar or disparate numbers, and how those numbers change over time. When did gathering become less efficient?

Citing Weber (integrated with Marx), Adam describes how time is used to promote social inequity.

Taken for granted in a socio-economic system, time renders power relationships as invisible

Citing Marx' critique on how time is commodified for value, labor and natural resources.

I have a lot of criticisms of the self-occupation link. But this is really interesting connecting self-occupation-community-social contract.

It is the same as what we learnt before from British economy history. Under the rule of Mrs. Thatcher, through the destruction of labor movement and opening foreign competition to weak the forces of global trade. Inducing the heavy industry system, the large state-owned enterprises carry out radical privatization reform and other measures to complete the transformation of economic structure, So that the British from a traditional heavy industrial countries, into a service-oriented emerging economies. Mrs. Thatcher has focused on weakening public spending such as education, health care and social welfare, and she claims to "turn Britain from a society of interdependence to a self-sustaining society." Under her leadership, Britain has gradually become a country with relatively cheap labor and flexible labor. However, as it shows today, British people are facing an unreasonable high retirement age and suffering from dramatic social classes gap.

And the shortage of jobs will only increase with more automation.

This better defines the division of labors. People are divided by classes based on the number of properties they own.

This establishes the division of labor, since there's always the dominant class and the subordinate class in society. One class force exploitation on another class.

The distribution of peoples' labor in the productive process. Organization depends on tasks, skill sets of laborers, and available means of production.

This is a key component of capitalism that is unfavorable. Marx thinks this makes people estranged from the products they create and estranged from the process of production, thus causing the workers to no longer feeling associated with their labor. This also causes people to be less skilled, and not able to create whole products which thus makes them dependent on others. This can be connected as a mechanism of social control.

Persuasion

How much of this decline is due to an increase in the numbers of remote workers?

Because of State labor laws, stupid. They make it hard to change jobs, hard to fire workers and hence hard to hire workers. In a libertarian world this would in principle be much smoother.

Here and after the author treats as a libertarian problem what happens today under the rule of the State labor laws.

In a world without State labor laws, contracts would apply. Contracts could evolve and have all these situations expected in their clauses. Also, this seems to me to be a case for actually working law (which the criticism imagines as unexisting in a libertarian society): https://hypothes.is/a/PBirDvnYEeaWvjeIs4H9kg.

Protestant work ethic shit, undermining social safety nets for all.

While in the concentration camp you had to work for your food.

We can make the argument here that the University of North Texas, the Oklahoma Historical Society, and the Ethics in Journalism Foundation support de facto slave labor. Let's be honest here: "workers" = "prisoners"

Yes.

Hurts to read.

So glad we are talking about labor here, and the costs of digital labor. This ties into such a robust body of work by Gina Neff and others. And the connection to education can definitely be distilled into OLPC - see Anita Chan and forthcoming work by Morgan Ames

One of my most astute economist friends once opened my mind to the obvious fact that unions are the result of workers having power rather than the cause. I say this is "obvious" because an organization is created by its constituents and not the other way around. It's easy to forget, when one is entangled in rhetoric that treats unionization as an independent optimization goal, that the proper goal of the economic planner is a balance of power between capital and labor.

This is clever concept, good enough to get out of a financial hole, or get a startup to hum along!