- Feb 2023
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www.britannica.com www.britannica.com
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The prefrontal leukotomy procedure developed by Moniz and Lima was modified in 1936 by American neurologists Walter J. Freeman II and James W. Watts. Freeman preferred the use of the term lobotomy and therefore renamed the procedure “prefrontal lobotomy.” The American team soon developed the Freeman-Watts standard lobotomy, which laid out an exact protocol for how a leukotome (in this case, a spatula) was to be inserted and manipulated during the surgery. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now lobotomyThe use of lobotomy in the United States was resisted and criticized heavily by American neurosurgeons. However, because Freeman managed to promote the success of the surgery through the media, lobotomy became touted as a miracle procedure, capturing the attention of the public and leading to an overwhelming demand for the operation. In 1945 Freeman streamlined the procedure, replacing it with transorbital lobotomy, in which a picklike instrument was forced through the back of the eye sockets to pierce the thin bone that separates the eye sockets from the frontal lobes. The pick’s point was then inserted into the frontal lobe and used to sever connections in the brain (presumably between the prefrontal cortex and thalamus). In 1946 Freeman performed this procedure for the first time on a patient, who was subdued prior to the operation with electroshock treatment.The transorbital lobotomy procedure, which Freeman performed very quickly, sometimes in less than 10 minutes, was used on many patients with relatively minor mental disorders that Freeman believed did not warrant traditional lobotomy surgery, in which the skull itself was opened. A large proportion of such lobotomized patients exhibited reduced tension or agitation, but many also showed other effects, such as apathy, passivity, lack of initiative, poor ability to concentrate, and a generally decreased depth and intensity of their emotional response to life. Some died as a result of the procedure. However, those effects were not widely reported in the 1940s, and at that time the long-term effects were largely unknown. Because the procedure met with seemingly widespread success, Moniz was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (along with Swiss physiologist Walter Rudolf Hess). Lobotomies were performed on a wide scale during the 1940s; Freeman himself performed or supervised more than 3,500 lobotomies by the late 1960s. The practice gradually fell out of favour beginning in the mid-1950s, when antipsychotics, antidepressants, and other medications that were much more effective in treating and alleviating the distress of mentally disturbed patients came into use. Today lobotomy is rarely performed; however, shock therapy and psychosurgery (the surgical removal of specific regions of the brain) occasionally are used to treat patients whose symptoms have resisted all other treatments.
Walter Freeman's barbaric obsession and fervent practice of the miracle cure for mental illness that is the "transorbital lobotomy"
Tags
- psychosurgery
- Neurosurgery
- Walter Rudolf Hess
- Walter Freeman
- 20th Century Neuroscience
- Shock Therapy
- James W. Watts
- António Egas Moniz
- Nobel Prize
- 20th Century Medicine
- Electroshock
- Walter J. Freeman II
- Brain Surgery
- leukotome
- Prefontal Lobotomy
- 1950s
- Lobotomy
- 1940s
- mental illness
- neurology
Annotators
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- Aug 2022
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Numerous other technologies to produce booming detonations to disorient and frighten enemies were described in ancient Chinese war manuals. These explosive devices employed gunpowder, invented in China around A.D. 850, reaching Europe about 1250.
What does the history of shock and awe in history look like?
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- Mar 2022
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www.bbc.com www.bbc.com
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Russia also produces enormous amounts of nutrients, like potash and phosphate - key ingredients in fertilisers, which enable plants and crops to grow. "Half the world's population gets food as a result of fertilisers... and if that's removed from the field for some crops, [the yield] will drop by 50%," Mr Holsether said.
Geopolitical vulnerability of the existing dependency on Russian fertilizer.
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- Aug 2020
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Chang, R., & Velasco, A. (2020). Economic Policy Incentives to Preserve Lives and Livelihoods (Working Paper No. 27020; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27020
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Ludvigson, S. C., Ma, S., & Ng, S. (2020). Covid19 and the Macroeconomic Effects of Costly Disasters (Working Paper No. 26987; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26987
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Céspedes, L. F., Chang, R., & Velasco, A. (2020). The Macroeconomics of a Pandemic: A Minimalist Model (Working Paper No. 27228; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27228
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Alstadsæter, A., Bratsberg, B., Eielsen, G., Kopczuk, W., Markussen, S., Raaum, O., & Røed, K. (2020). The First Weeks of the Coronavirus Crisis: Who Got Hit, When and Why? Evidence from Norway (Working Paper No. 27131; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27131
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., & Terry, S. J. (2020). COVID-Induced Economic Uncertainty (Working Paper No. 26983; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26983
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Bianchi, F., Faccini, R., & Melosi, L. (2020). Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Times of Large Debt: Unity is Strength (Working Paper No. 27112; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27112
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Guerrieri, V., Lorenzoni, G., Straub, L., & Werning, I. (2020). Macroeconomic Implications of COVID-19: Can Negative Supply Shocks Cause Demand Shortages? (Working Paper No. 26918; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26918
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- Jul 2020
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Aucejo, E. M., French, J. F., Araya, M. P. U., & Zafar, B. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Experiences and Expectations: Evidence from a Survey (Working Paper No. 27392; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27392
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Jinjarak, Y., Ahmed, R., Nair-Desai, S., Xin, W., & Aizenman, J. (2020). Pandemic Shocks and Fiscal-Monetary Policies in the Eurozone: COVID-19 Dominance During January - June 2020 (Working Paper No. 27451; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27451
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Rojas, F. L., Jiang, X., Montenovo, L., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020). Is the Cure Worse than the Problem Itself? Immediate Labor Market Effects of COVID-19 Case Rates and School Closures in the U.S. (Working Paper No. 27127; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27127
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Caballero, R. J., & Simsek, A. (2020). A Model of Asset Price Spirals and Aggregate Demand Amplification of a (Working Paper No. 27044; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27044
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Alfaro, L., Becerra, O., & Eslava, M. (2020). EMEs and COVID-19: Shutting Down in a World of Informal and Tiny Firms (Working Paper No. 27360; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27360
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Baqaee, D., & Farhi, E. (2020). Nonlinear Production Networks with an Application to the Covid-19 Crisis (Working Paper No. 27281; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27281
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osf.io osf.io
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Bogliacino, F., codagnone, cristiano, Montealegre, F., Folkvord, F., Gómez, C. E., Charris, R. A., Liva, G., Villanueva, F. L., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Negative shocks predict change in cognitive function and preferences: Assessing the negative affect and stress hypothesis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown mitigation strategy [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qhkf9
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osf.io osf.io
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Codagnone, C., Bogliacino, F., Cangrejo, C. E. G., Charris, R. A., Montealegre, F., Liva, G., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvord (Frans), F., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/x9m36
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wp.nyu.edu wp.nyu.edu
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Acknowledgments
”Blasphemy” and “irony” are mentioned--and continued through Kafer--to connote less math and masculinity and more--frankly--code, spoken from reclaimed empowerment. I couldn’t digest Haraway’s prose--within the coming Information Age she concentrates a lot of terms like machine parts herself--”Star Wars,” “Magic Mountain,” even “goddess” (Haraway 57). I wished for her own Dictionary.com to identify what these references meant to her.
Did she mean to confound us for shock-factor’s sake? Because within her text that I could decipher I felt a postgendered, post-species, colorblind coalition that I couldn’t fully find affinity within, as much as the vague image of the Cyborg tantalizes me. For unity did she mean to catalyze divisiveness through language?
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zoom.us zoom.us
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The Adaptable Animal - Webinar
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- Apr 2020
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Ting, C., Palminteri, S., Lebreton, M., & Engelmann, J. B. (2020, March 25). The elusive effects of incidental anxiety on reinforcement-learning. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7d4tc MLA
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www.onlinejacc.org www.onlinejacc.org
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In severe cases, COVID-19 may present as pneumonia, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with or without both distributive and cardiogenic shock, to which elderly populations with preexisting medical comorbidities are the most vulnerable
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- Dec 2019
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- Apr 2019
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evidence of a racial transfer gap for historically underrepresented minority students
Is this "racial transfer gap" on top of the phenomenon of "transfer shock"?
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- Oct 2014
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ac.els-cdn.com ac.els-cdn.com
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In the present study, the impact of PC on the activity and feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) impaired in depression has been studied in the model of shock-induced depression in rats.
Shock induced depression
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