English professors, because literature provided teachable content, something to write about other limn oneself or arbitrarily chosen subjects in which the teacher was not an expert.

technology

relic of the outmoded classical curriculumT and in olhcrs it was absorbed into the study of classics.

When a real storm cloud thunders above him, he wraps himself in his cloak, and with slow steps he walks from beneath it.

Whenever, as was perhaps the case in an-cient Greece, the intuitive man handles his weapons more authoritatively and victoriously than his opponent, then, under favorable circum-stances, a culture can take shape and art's mas-tery owr life can be established.

it is like a servant who goes in search of booty and prey for his master.

n, as in a dream, any-thing is possible at each moment, and all of na-ture swanns around man as if it were nothing but a masquerade of the gods, who were merely amusing themselves by deceiving men in all these shapes.

tree can suddenly speak as a nymph,

regular web of concepts that the waking man clearly secs that he is awake;

t is always building new

imitation

If we arc forced powers which continuously break in upon him, to comprehend all things only under these forms, powers which oppose scientific ''truth" with then it ceases to be amazing that in all things we completely different kinds of "truths" which bear actually comprehend nothing but these forms.

If but for an instant he could es-ut" L· -~ \ cape from the prison walls of this faith, his "self ~1\C~ll.J consciousness" would be immediately destroyed.

His method is lo treat man as the measure of all things,

When someone hides st,."I\ something behind a bush and looks for it again in t&.K ~ the same place and finds it there as well, there is +\M.~ not much to praise in such seeking and finding.

one constructed of spiders' web

Here one may certainly admire man as a mighty genius A)J ·:.,,,.';. of construction, who succeeds in piling up an in-finitely complicated dome of concepts

exist

We speak of a "snake": this designa-tion touches only upon its ability to twist itself and could therefore also fit a worm.1 What, arbi-trary differentiations!

Schopenhauer

It is only by means of forgetfulness that man can ever reach the point of fancying himself to possess a "truth" of the grade just indicated.

nd besides, what about these linguistic conventions themselves? Are they perhaps prod-, ucts of knowledge, that is, of the sense of truth? Are designations congruent with things? Is Ian+ guage the adequate expression of all realities?

fatal curiosity

which is the means by which weaker, less robust individuals preserve them-selves-since they have been denied the chance to wage the battle for existence with horns or with the sharp teeth of beasts of prey.

Once upon a time, in some out of the way comer of that universe which is dispersed into number-less twinkling solar systems, there was a star upon which clever beasts invented knowing. That was the most arrogant and mendacious minute of

To examine a set of interpretations requires rhetorical analy-sis, and so it can be argued that Nietzsche's method is rhetorical as well.

Truth must be seen similarly us a convention of dis~ course, for there is no way to convert things directly into language.

Words arc signs of our im-pulses and do not represent "u many-sided, respectable knowledge of things.

Not only were his subjects idiosyncratic, but his style was poetic, aphoristic, dra~atic, and colorful.

It is Spencer (not Darwin) who coined the phrnse survival of 1l1e fittest,

imita-tive character,

Regarding language as an apparatus of symbols for the conveyance of thought,

"Gross vulgarity is a fault to be pre-vented; but the proper prevention is lo be got from habit-not rules." Similarly, there can be little question that good composition is far less dependent upon acquaintance with its laws, Chan upon practice and natural aptitude.

technical writing

echnical writing

This search focused on the structure of the mind and all but ignored language, let alone rhetoric.

people seek pleasure and avoid pain

substance

nd concluded that human nature could best be seen not in classical literature but in unsophisticated characters-leech-gatherers and idiot boys, for instance.

s Coleridge plainly put it, poetry i!. not rhetoric at all. Poetry. unlike rhetoric, is the expression of the poet's feelings. It is a mimetic art that medi-ates between people and nature. If poetry, like rhetoric, seeks to stimulate the emo-tions, it docs so for quite different reasons-poetry for contemplation, rhetoric for action.

mechanistic approach

adapting trnditional rhetoric

imitate

according lo social historian David Cressy, only 20 percent of women were sufficiently literate lo sign their names, even though the Renaissance had improved opportunities for their education (sec the introduction lo Part Three)

prima facie

testimony as a form of moral evidence. By testimony. Campbell means not only the assertions of witnesses in the courtroom, but any assertion about experience-the assertions, for example, that constitute an historical record.

Rhetoric must prove the truth thus discovered to people who have ( ri...,t-o~ = ca,. not themselves made the discovery.

Whately picks up the domi-nant trends of the day

The works of Blair and Campbell were often used together as course texts, and most new textbooks simply rang changes on their ideas and materials.

, including some works in Latin am.I Greek. Composition in the vernacular replaced Latin composition throughout the Continent, and Latin dis~ appeared almost completely from the public primary schools.

If he b brief, it is because few words suffice;

substantive and verh.

the art

rhetoric is not a science but an art

impressively complained,

Most include a handbook or grammar as the basis for correct and clear composition. All included an analysis of style

She will show you some interest-ing experiments, blackboard exercises and charts.

not 10 strike back when one is struck

Hardened, materialistic mule congre-gants will listen to the mother-minister because of their memories of their own lov-ing mothers

ust b~cause .it was () · the expected thing to do.

a move she resisted

Another remedy is to look carefully at the exact meanings of words used to describe women's activities in the early Christian Church. Willard gives further examples of readings in which literal and loose inter-pretations are irrationally mixed

exploded

Practical advice

conciliatory

Mattingly has shown, Willard and the temperance women who followed her lead also made heavy use of tmditional cultuml references, especially to the Bible and American history, to identify their reforms with accepted values.

not flamboyant but utterly sincere and able to convince her hear· crs that she cared deeply about them even when the audience was large.

Alcohol became big business.

o.1\ \-\.;<, 0~ 0. \lpt,V\.C,\1,--Af\-W~II ~t,lh;(}' ;V\S\d..l, f;o~VU. c,lS

The propositions, "Twelve arc a dozen," "twenty are a score," unless considered as explications of the words dozen and score, arc equally insignificant with the former. But when the thing, though in effect coinciding, is consid-ered under a different aspect; when what is single in the subject is divided in the predicate, and con-versely; or when what is a whole in the one is re-garded as a part of something else in the other; such propositions lead to the discovery of innu-merable and apparently remote relations. One added to four may be accounted no other than a definition of the word Jive, as was remarked above. But when I say, "Two added to three arc equal lo five," I advance a truth, which, though equally clear, is quite distinct from the preceding.

Now, it is by the sense that rhetoric holds of logic, and by the expression that she holds of grammar

some expressive features, not decorated as for show (all ostentation being both despicable and hurtful here), but such as appear the natural exposition of those bright and deep impressions, made by the subject upon the speaker's mind; for here the end is not pleasure, but emotion.

power over the thoughts and purposes of his audience.

As in this exhibition, the task of the onuor may, in some sort, be said, like that of the painter, to consist in imitation, the merit of the work results entirely from these two sources; dignity, as well in the subject or thing imitated, as in the manner of imitation; and resemblance, in the portrait or per-formance.

By reputable, he means the generally accepted usage of ed-ucated people and particularly of well-regarded writers. National means usage and pronunciation that are most widely understood throughout a country-again, usu-ally among the educated class. And present refers both lo "not absent" (that is, not foreign or faddish) and to "not obsolete."

being

If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell

they were edited again before being published; antislavery tracts might furnish material for speeches.

white ghost wriler

"All that I know I have·s1olen,"

read the Bible and keep reflective journals

Cicero il; hardly to be reckoned among the num· ber; for he delighted so much more in the prac-tice, than in the theory, of his art, that he is per-petually drawn off from the rigid philosophical analysis of iL,; principles, into discursive decla• mations, always eloquent indeed, and often highly interesting, but adverse to regularity of system, c,4.,~ and frequently as unsatisfactory to the practical .5-"~'"~ student as to the Philosopher.

Logic

providing standard textbook advice on perspicuity and cor-rectness.

Sometimes persuasion accords with logic, sometimes not.

"progressive approach"

systematic

Ifhumanistswanttoremainperpetualchildren,thentheirpoetrywill,touseBentham'salliterativepairing,neverbeanybetterthanpushpin,willindeedbetaughtasifitwerepushpin

Conspiracy theories include claims that a major drug company hid reports stating that its leading anti-inflammatory drug caused heart attacks and strokes (Specter 2009) and that environmental scientists have conspired to keep refereed journals from publishing papers by researchers skeptical that global warming is a crisis (Hayward 2009; Revkin 2009).

It is useful to think of conspiracy theorizing as a meme, a cultural invention that passes from one mind to another and thrives, or declines, through a process analogous to genetic selection (Dawkins 1976).

convincing answers to all questions.

ollow the crowd blindly. :I'w-, "'•'" ,_"i"'i.A t¼i

True criticism is a lib-eral and humane art. It is the offspring of good sense and refined taste. It aims at acquiring a just discernment of the real merit of authors.

pri-vate application and study

hetoric and criticism have some-times been so managed as to tend to the corrup-tion, rather than to the improvement, of good taste and true eloquence. But sure it is equally possible to apply the principles of reason and good sense to this art, as to any other that is culti-vated among men.

Be/le,1· let1res

Blair shifted the attention of educators "away from deliberative, forensic, and epideictic discourse and toward poetic discourse,"

Astell recommended that women study virtually every subject that men studied ex-cept for classical languages

have taught them perhaps to repc.1l their Calechism and a few good Sentences, to read a Chapter and say their Prayers, tho perhaps with as little Understanding as a Par-rot, and fancied that this was Charm enough to se-cure them against the temptations of the present world and lo waft them to a better

Serious

Now, since sounds have no natural connection with our ideas, but have all their signification from the arbitrary imposition \ l .;.s.~l' of men, the doubtfulness and uncertainty of their signification,

this is { ~~­chiefly done by an agreement in the use of certain ~ signs, it is no matter what those signs are; there -~~ being little or no naturnl connection, between any ' , V verbal signs and our ideas,

But when a man has got so far, as I can see no reason that he should stop there, or that he should not farther endeavour, lo make himself master of every thing, which 1:an add grace, or force to his delivery;

forget, if possible, my individual being and my peculiar circumstances.

But allow him to acquire experience in those objects, his feeling becomes more exact and nice: He not only perceives the beauties and defects of each part, but marks the distinguishing species of each quality, and assigns it suitable praise or blame.

practice

If some negligent or irregular writers have pleased, they have not pleased by their transgressions of rule or order, but in spite of these transgressions: They have possessed other beauties, which were conformable to just criticism; and the force of these beauties has been able to overpower cen-sure, and give the mind a satisfaction superior to the disgust arising from the blemishes.

An explanation of the tenns commonly ends the controversy; and , the disputants are surprized to find, that they had been quarrelling, while at bottom they agreed in their judgment.

Moreover, Blair enacts Hume's argument that good taste, based as it is on experience, can be learned.

noting that rigid adherence to rules does not guarantee favorable re-sponse and that deviating from rules often produces wonderful results.

.;.

ambiguities through excessive ornamentation.

'>yllogism

pointing to the moment of its historical origin

milieu

Rhetoric might simply be a term for the intersection and articulation of divergent connections, regardless of their vocabulary or their "traditions" (and this "theoretical" point might have many "practical" implications, from the way we pose—or don't pose—the problem of rhetoric/composition to the strategic demands of placing a paper at any particular journal or conference (Farris), to the function of implicit and explicit citations in our writing).

The power of strong words to guide the soul constitutes rhetorical essence.

intertwinement

A second notebook should be kept for gathering information in such a way that it is possible simultaneously to keep all the items in a chronological order aml to dispatch them into categories which will evolve later into more and more refined files and subfiles. There exists lots of software nowadays that maintain this contradictory specifica-tion, but older hands like me have benefited enormously from the tedious rewriting of data onto cards.

keep track of all our moves

So,atleast,SteinerconjecturesthatBluntmighthavethought.HeistryingtofindanexplanationthatwillmakeBluntaheroalongthelineslaiddownbyAllanBloom,toputhimagainontherightside,asa"manofthe-ory,"sothatthishorriblesplitwillbeamistakeormisunderstanding,notabetrayal.

Ifyouseparatethedisciplineofdiscourseintoessenceandornament,intophilosophyandrhetoric,andmakeeachaseparatediscipline,itmakesthemeasiertothinkabout.Thusbeginsmoderninquiry'slonghistoryoflookingforitslostkeysnotwhereitlostthembutunderthelamppost,wheretheyareeasiertofind.