TensionThe ability to see like a data structure afforded us the technology we have today. But it was built for and within a set of societal systems—and stories—that can’t cope with nebulosity. Worse still is the transitional era we’ve entered, in which overwhelming complexity leads more and more people to believe in nothing. That way lies madness. Seeing is a choice, and we need to reclaim that choice. However, we need to see things and do things differently, and build sociotechnical systems that embody this difference.This is best seen through a small example. In our jobs, many of us deal with interpersonal dynamics that sometimes overwhelm the rules. The rules are still there—those that the company operates by and laws that it follows—meaning there are limits to how those interpersonal dynamics can play out. But those rules are rigid and bureaucratic, and most of the time they are irrelevant to what you’re dealing with. People learn to work with and around the rules rather than follow them to the letter. Some of these might be deliberate hacks, ones that are known, and passed down, by an organization’s workers. A work-to-rule strike, or quiet quitting for that matter, is effective at slowing a company to a halt because work is never as routine as schedules, processes, leadership principles, or any other codified rules might allow management to believe.The tension we face is that on an everyday basis, we want things to be simple and certain. But that means ignoring the messiness of reality. And when we delegate that simplicity and certainty to systems—either to institutions or increasingly to software—they feel impersonal and oppressive. People used to say that they felt like large institutions were treating them like a number. For decades, we have literally been numbers in government and corporate data structures. BreakdownAs historian Jill Lepore wrote, we used to be in a world of mystery. Then we began to understand those mysteries and use science to turn them into facts. And then we quantified and operationalized those facts through numbers. We’re currently in a world of data—overwhelming, human-incomprehensible amounts of data—that we use to make predictions even though that data isn’t enough to fully grapple with the complexity of reality.How do we move past this era of breakdown? It’s not by eschewing technology. We need our complex socio-technical systems. We need mental models to make sense of the complexities of our world. But we also need to understand and accept their inherent imperfections. We need to make sure we’re avoiding static and biased patterns—of the sort that a state functionary or a rigid algorithm might produce—while leaving room for the messiness inherent in human interactions. Chapman calls this balance “fluidity,” where society (and really, the tech we use every day) gives us the disparate things we need to be happy while also enabling the complex global society we have today.

The neglect of the book is however not altogether advanta- 78geous.

The ‘size’ of facts served a dream of information recombination, and was served bythe card form. Other advocates of Zettelkasten like Johann Jacob Moser (1701–1785)remarked that fairly small facts meant the mass of information was broken down to itsindividual components and thus could be constantly reshuffled in a ‘game of cards’(Krajewski, 2011: 53-5).

Muchrecent scholarship on card indexes and factuality falls into one of two modes: first,scholars have excavated early modern indexes, catalogues, and the pursuit of ‘facts’to demonstrate information overload prior to the contemporary ‘information age’ as wellas the premodern attempts to counteract the firehose of books and other information(Blair, 2010; Krajewski, 2011; Mu ̈ ller-Wille and Scharf, 2009; Poovey, 1998;

Deutsch himself never theorized his index, treating it – like hiswhole focus on ‘facts’ – at face value.

Moreover, card indexes give further form to Bruno Latour’s meditations on writing: ifLatour described writing as a kind of ‘flattening’ of knowledge, then card indexes, likevertical files, represent information in three dimensions, making ideas simultaneouslyimmutable and highly mobile, and the smallness of ideas and ‘facts’ forced to fit onpaper slips allowed for reordering (Latour, 1986: 19-20).

However, the miniscule size of ‘facts’ did not neces-sarily reflect Deutsch’s adherence to any theory of information. Instead, it indicated hispersonal interest in distinctions of the smallest scale, vocalized by his motto ‘de minimiscurat historicus’, that history’s minutiae matter.

he spoke of the ‘historian’s credo’ that ‘the factscrubbed clean is more eternal than perfumed or rouged words’ (Marcus, 1957:466).17

Taking notes for historical writing .t3_185xmuh._2FCtq-QzlfuN-SwVMUZMM3 { --postTitle-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postTitleLink-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postBodyLink-VisitedLinkColor: #989898; } questionI'm trying to understand how to adopt parts of the Zettelkasten method for thinking about historical information. I wrote a PhD in history. My note-taking methodology was a complete mess the whole time. I used note-taking to digest a book, but it would take me two or three times longer than just reading. I would go back over each section and write down the pieces that seemed crucial. Sometimes, when I didn't know a subject well, that could take time. In the end, I would sometimes have many pages of notes in sequential order sectioned the way the book was sectioned, essentially an overlay of the book's structure. It was time-consuming, very hard, not useless at all, but inefficient.Now consider the Zettelkasten idea. I haven't read much of Luhmann. I recall he was a sociologist, a theorist in the grand style. So, in other words, they operate at a very abstract level. When I read about the Zettelkasten method, that's the way it reads to me. A system for combining thoughts and ideas. Now, you'll say that's an artificial distinction, perhaps...a fact is still rendered in thought, has atomicity to it etc. And I agree. However, the thing about facts is there are just A LOT of them. Before you write your narrative, you are drowning in facts. The writing of history is the thing that allows you to bring some order and selectivity to them, but you must drown first; otherwise, you have not considered all the possibilities and potentialities in the past that the facts reveal. To bring it back to Zettelkasten, the idea of Zettel is so appealing, but how does it work when dealing with an overwhelming number of facts? It's much easier to imagine creating a Zettelkasten from more rarefied thoughts provoked by reading.So, what can I learn from the Zettelkasten method? How can I apply some or all of its methodologies, practically speaking? What would change about my initial note-taking of a book if I were to apply Zettelkasten ideas and practice? Here is a discussion about using the method for "facts". The most concrete suggestions here suggest building Zettels around facts in some ways -- either a single fact, or groups of facts, etc. But in my experience, engaging with a historical text is a lot messier than that. There are facts, but also the author's rendering of the facts, and there are quotes (all the historical "gossip"), and it's all in there together as the author builds their narrative. You are trying to identify the key facts, the author's particular angle and interpretation, preserve your thoughts and reactions, and save these quotes, the richest part of history, the real evidence. In short, it is hard to imagine being able to isolate clear Zettel topics amid this reading experience.In Soenke Ahrens' book "How to Take Smart Notes," he describes three types of notes: fleeting notes (these are fleeting ideas), literature notes, and permanent notes. In that classification, I'm talking about "literature notes." Ahrens says these should be "extremely selective". But with the material I'm talking about it becomes a question. How can you be selective when you still don't know which facts you care about or want to maintain enough detail in your notes so you don't foreclose the possibilities in the historical narrative too early?Perhaps this is just an unsolvable problem. Perhaps there is no choice but to maintain a discipline of taking "selective" literature notes. But there's something about the Zettelkasten method that gives me the feeling that my literature notes could be more detailed and chaotic and open to refinement later.Does my dilemma explained here resonate with anyone who has tried this method for intense historical writing? If so, I'd like to hear you thoughts, or better yet, see some concrete examples of how you've worked.

t may be that in using his system hedeveloped his mind and his knowledge of history to the point wherehe expected his readers to draw more inferences from the facts heselected than most modern readers are accustomed to doing, in thisday of the predigested book.

The biological sciences have undergone a corresponding extension. Medical art has attained a new level of efficiency, so that in all the modernizing societies of the world the average life is prolonged, and there is, in spite of a great fall in the birth rate, a steady, alarming increase in the world's population. The proportion of adults alive is greater than it has ever been before.

These outcomes are often achieved in the face of non-trivial levels of defection, free-riding, and other bad-actor patterns.

Vehicular traffic comprises millions of objects, each weighing up to several tons, moving at high speeds in close proximity. Yet traffic is able to flow reasonably safely thanks to a relatively small set of rules, starting with a consensus about which side of the road to drive on.2.

Joseph Lister

And it constitutes an important but overlooked signpost in the 20th-centuryhistory of information, as ‘facts’ fell out of fashion but big data became big business.

to heaven. I see that if my facts were sufficiently vital and significant,—perhaps transmuted more into the substance of the human mind,—Ishould need but one book of poetry to contain them all.

Theunavoidable conclusion is that once technological design mediates tasks, the technol-ogy becomes not just a vehicle of instruction or delivery, but instead spearheads a setof new demands and actions which in and of themselves become target tasks – andhence part of the curriculum

thequestion of how to integrate new technologies and language tasks into an organic andmutually informative whole remains thus far largely under-researched

no matter how exciting new technologies for language learning may seem,they can become nothing more than entertainment unless their design, use, and evalu-ation are guided by viable educational and language developmental rationales.

unequal access to new technologies

how to save our planet the facts

Fact-based disciplines such as natural sciences have less potential for deeply linked, atomic zettel notes than arts and humanities. There is not much to discuss about or 'generate insight' on photosynthesis, algebra or network protocols if you are not a scientist.

He felt that the Beards had gonetoo far in making their facts "generally incidental to some conclu-sion that has pre-determined their selection and arrangement." 1

"Say what one may of historical philos-ophy," he wrote in 1926, "history is a matter of facts; and theestablishment of facts, desiccated as they may be, is the chief func-tion of the genuine historian."

A note system, he told his stu-dents, should permit rearrangement and study of notes in differentrelationships "until the fact itself is brought out against the back-ground in all its important details."

In his delightful autobiography, Memories Migrating, the late John Burrow records his perplexities when this injunction was conveyed to him by his graduate supervisor, George Kitson Clark: ‘I brooded on this. What was a fact? And what made it one fact? Surely most facts were compound. How would I know when I had reached bedrock, the ultimate, unsplittable atomic fact?’

Deutsch’s focus on facts was commonplace among professional US historians atthis time, as was his conception of the ‘fact’ as a small item that could fit onto the sizeof an index card (Daston, 2002).

Mere paraphrasing the work of an-other is as offensive as direct copying. The discovery of ma-terials, the research, the oqanization of the material, theplan of treatment, and the literary composition should eachbe strictly the independent work of the student. H e shouldlearn not merely to collect facts on paper but also to as-similate them in his own mind 4then express them interms of his own thinking, while adhering to strict accuracyin the statement of facts.

Assuming a conservative annual growth of digital content creation of 1%, using (3), we estimate that it will take around ∼3150 years to produce the first cumulative 1 kg of digital information mass on the planet and it will take ∼8800 years to convert half of the planet’s mass into digital information mass

is the the um the writing by hand um because you know you can you can certainly write by hand and write down facts you know as well um 00:30:36 and uh and so yeah but i but what i what i do hold is that it's way way harder to uh store a lot of facts in 00:30:49 you know an analog settle costin because there's no copy paste you actually have to write out the facts by hand and as a result of that i think there are more benefits over digital in that you 00:31:02 are writing down uh neuro imprinting you know facts onto your mind that you can later recall more rapidly and stuff and um i think that's a benefit

Even thoughelaboration works verifiably well for deep understanding, it might notbe the best choice if you just want to learn isolated encyclopaedicfacts (Rivard 1994).

Academic writing in itself is not a complicated process thatrequires a variety of complicated tools, but is in constant danger ofbeing clogged with unnecessary distractions. Unfortunately, moststudents collect and embrace over time a variety of learning andnote-taking techniques, each promising to make something easier,but combined have the opposite effect.

If shallow depth is your priority, our Jump Note technique will be a better fit. This technique is for when we're thinking fast like if we're exploring a new topic or slowing down to take more thoughtful notes isn't preferable or practical.

have only your own ob- jective before your eyes, without regard to that of the author which may be quite different.

AS TO THE FACTS

16      By judgment of 6 April 2017, the Viru Maakohus (Court of First Instance, Viru, Estonia) imposed on H. K. a custodial sentence of two years for having committed, between 17 January 2015 and 1 February 2016, a number of thefts of goods (of a value ranging from EUR 3 to EUR 40) and cash (in amounts between EUR 5.20 and EUR 2 100), used another person’s bank card, causing that person a loss of EUR 3 941.82, and performed acts of violence against persons party to court proceedings concerning her.17      In order to find H. K. guilty of those acts, the Viru Maakohus (Court of First Instance, Viru) relied, inter alia, on several reports which were drawn up on the basis of data relating to electronic communications, as referred to in Paragraph 1111(2) of the Law on electronic communications, that the investigating authority had obtained in the pre-trial procedure from a provider of electronic telecommunications services, after having been granted several authorisations for that purpose by the Viru Ringkonnaprokuratuur (Viru District Public Prosecutor’s Office, Estonia) in accordance with Paragraph 901 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Those authorisations, granted on 28 January and 2 February 2015, 2 November 2015 and 25 February 2016, related to data concerning several telephone numbers of H. K. and various IMEI codes of hers, in respect of the period from 1 January to 2 February 2015, of 21 September 2015, and of the period from 1 March 2015 to 19 February 2016.18      H. K. brought an appeal against the judgment of the Viru Maakohus (Court of First Instance, Viru) before the Tartu Ringkonnakohus (Court of Appeal, Tartu, Estonia), which dismissed the appeal by judgment of 17 November 2017.19      H. K. lodged an appeal on a point of law against the latter judgment before the Riigikohus (Supreme Court, Estonia), contesting, inter alia, the admissibility of the reports drawn up on the basis of the data obtained from the provider of electronic communications services. In her submission, it follows from the judgment of 21 December 2016, Tele2 Sverige and Watson and Others (C‑203/15 and C‑698/15, ‘Tele2’, EU:C:2016:970), that the provisions of Paragraph 1111 of the Law on electronic communications which lay down the obligation on service providers to retain communications data, as well as the use of such data for the purpose of her conviction, are contrary to Article 15(1) of Directive 2002/58, read in the light of Articles 7, 8 and 11 and Article 52(1) of the Charter.20      According to the referring court, the question arises whether the reports drawn up on the basis of data referred to in Paragraph 1111(2) of the Law on electronic communications may be regarded as constituting admissible evidence. That court observes that the admissibility of the reports at issue in the main proceedings as evidence depends on the question of the extent to which the gathering of the data on the basis of which those reports were drawn up was in conformity with Article 15(1) of Directive 2002/58, read in the light of Articles 7, 8 and 11 and Article 52(1) of the Charter.21      The referring court considers that, in order to answer that question, it needs to be determined whether Article 15(1) of Directive 2002/58, read in the light of the Charter, must be interpreted as meaning that the access of State authorities to data making it possible to identify the source and destination of a telephone communication from a suspect’s landline or mobile telephone, to determine the date, time, duration and type of that communication, to identify the communications equipment used and to establish the location of the mobile communication equipment used amounts to interference with the fundamental rights at issue which is so serious that such access should be restricted to combating serious crime, regardless of the period in respect of which the State authorities have sought access to the retained data.22      The referring court takes the view, however, that the length of that period is an essential factor for assessing the seriousness of the interference represented by access to traffic and location data. Thus, where that period is very short or the quantity of data gathered is very limited, the question should be raised whether the objective of combating crime in general, and not only combating serious crime, is capable of justifying such an interference.23      Finally, the referring court has doubts as to whether it is possible to regard the Estonian public prosecutor’s office as an independent administrative authority, for the purposes of paragraph 120 of the judgment of 21 December 2016, Tele2 (C‑203/15 and C‑698/15, EU:C:2016:970), which is capable of authorising access of the investigating authority to data relating to electronic communications such as the data referred to in Paragraph 1111(2) of the Law on electronic communications.24      The referring court states that the public prosecutor’s office directs the pre-trial procedure, while guaranteeing its lawfulness and effectiveness. Since the objective of that procedure is, inter alia, to gather evidence, the investigating authority and the public prosecutor’s office verify the circumstances incriminating and exonerating any suspect or person accused. If the public prosecutor’s office is satisfied that all the necessary evidence has been gathered, it brings the public prosecution against the accused. The powers of the public prosecutor’s office are exercised in its name by a public prosecutor who carries out his or her duties independently, as follows from Paragraph 30(1) and (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Law on the public prosecutor’s office.25      In that context, the referring court observes that its doubts as to the independence required by EU law are principally attributable to the fact that the public prosecutor’s office not only directs the pre-trial procedure, but also represents the public prosecution at the trial, that authority being, pursuant to national law, party to the criminal proceedings.26      It was in those circumstances that the Riigikohus (Supreme Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:‘(1)      Is Article 15(1) of Directive [2002/58], in conjunction with Articles 7, 8, 11 and 52(1) of the [Charter], to be interpreted as meaning that in criminal proceedings the access of State authorities to data making it possible to establish the source and destination, the date, the time, the duration and the type of the communication, the terminal used and the location of the mobile terminal used, in relation to a telephone or mobile telephone communication of a suspect, constitutes so serious an interference with the fundamental rights enshrined in those articles of the Charter that that access in the area of prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences must be restricted to the fighting of serious crime, regardless of the period to which the retained data to which the State authorities have access relate?(2)      Is Article 15(1) of Directive [2002/58], on the basis of the principle of proportionality expressed in the judgment of [2 October 2018, Ministerio Fiscal (C‑207/16, EU:C:2018:788)], paragraphs 55 to 57, to be interpreted as meaning that, if the amount of data mentioned in the first question, to which the State authorities have access, is not large (both in terms of the type of data and in terms of its temporal extent), the associated interference with fundamental rights is justified by the objective of prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences generally, and that the greater the amount of data to which the State authorities have access, the more serious the criminal offences which are intended to be fought by the interference must be?(3)      Does the requirement mentioned in the judgment of [21 December 2016, Tele2 (C‑203/15 and C‑698/15, EU:C:2016:970)], second point of the operative part, that the data access of the competent State authorities must be subject to prior review by a court or an independent administrative authority mean that Article 15(1) of Directive [2002/58] must be interpreted as meaning that the public prosecutor’s office which directs the pre-trial procedure, with it being obliged by law to act independently and only being bound by the law, and ascertains the circumstances both incriminating and exonerating the accused in the pre-trial procedure, but later represents the public prosecution in the judicial proceedings, may be regarded as an independent administrative authority?’

 VK is a party in appeal proceedings before the Supreme Court (Ireland) concerning determination of liability for the costs of judicial proceedings relating to the planning permission granted for the construction of a fallen-animal inspection unit close to his farm.8        The background to this reference for a preliminary ruling is a dispute in which the Supreme Court made an earlier reference for a preliminary ruling which gave rise to the judgment of 17 October 2018, Klohn (C‑167/17, EU:C:2018:833).9        Before the Supreme Court, VK had decided to conduct his own defence.10      Before the Court of Justice, he was represented by Ms O, Rechtsanwältin (lawyer), who is established in Germany.11      Following the delivery of the judgment of 17 October 2018, Klohn (C‑167/17, EU:C:2018:833), the case returned to the Supreme Court in order for it to rule on the appeal brought by VK in the light of the interpretation of the relevant EU law provisions resulting from that judgment.12      It is in that context that VK wished to engage Ms O, who is not established in Ireland, with a view to representing him in those proceedings before the Supreme Court.13      The referring court is uncertain whether Regulation 6 of the 1979 Regulations is compatible with EU law in so far as it requires a visiting lawyer to use the services of a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question, including in proceedings in which a party is entitled to conduct his or her own defence.14      Specifically, the referring court questions how it should interpret the judgment of 25 February 1988, Commission v Germany (427/85, EU:C:1988:98), in which the right of a Member State to require that a visiting lawyer work in conjunction with a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question was examined. That court asks, in essence, whether the interpretation adopted in that judgment precludes obliging a visiting lawyer to work in conjunction with a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question in all circumstances where his or her client would, in accordance with national law, be entitled to conduct his or her own defence.15      In that regard, the referring court states that the obligation to work ‘in conjunction with’ is limited. The lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question therefore does not need to be the lawyer on record or the lawyer who presents the case in court. It is appropriate to leave to the two lawyers concerned, namely the visiting lawyer and the lawyer entitled to practise before the judicial authority in question, the task of defining the precise role each of them is to play. The role of the lawyer entitled to practise before the judicial authority in question consists, in general, in assisting the visiting lawyer in the event that adequate representation of the client and the proper fulfilment of obligations towards the judicial authority in question require knowledge or advice on national law, practice and procedure or ethics. Accordingly, the extent of that cooperation will depend heavily on the circumstances of each individual case, given that there is a real risk that a visiting lawyer might, inadvertently, fail in his or her duties to his or her client or to the judicial authority in question in the absence of assistance, in those areas, from a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question.16      Finally, the referring court notes that one of the ethical obligations that has to be complied with by any lawyer representing a party before the Irish courts lies in the obligation to research all relevant areas of the law and to bring to the attention of the judicial authority in question any legal element, whether legislative or case-law-based, liable to have a bearing on the proper course of the procedure. That obligation applies even if those elements are unfavourable to the cause defended by the lawyer in question. That is a feature of proceedings in common-law countries, where the bulk of the research necessary for a judicial authority to rule on the questions of law before it is carried out by the parties rather than by the judicial authority itself. The matter would be different only if they were conducting their own defence. In that situation, the judicial authorities themselves would have to assume responsibility in dealing with the legal issues.17      In those circumstances, the Supreme Court decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:‘(1)      Is a member state precluded from exercising the option to be found in Article 5 of Directive [77/249] which permits a member state to impose a requirement on a lawyer who is engaged in the activity of representing a client in legal proceedings “to work in conjunction with a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question”, in all circumstances where the party whom the visiting lawyer wishes to represent in such proceedings would be entitled to self-represent?(2)      If the answer to question 1 is no, by reference to what factors should a national court assess whether it is permissible to impose a requirement to “[work] in conjunction with”?(3)      In particular, would the imposition of a limited obligation to [work] “in conjunction with”, in the manner described earlier in this order for reference, amount to a proportionate interference in the freedom of lawyers to provide services so as to be justified, having regard to the public interest involved being both the need to protect consumers of legal services and the need to secure the proper administration of justice?(4)      If the answer to question 3 is yes, does that position pertain in all circumstances and, if not, what factors should a national court take into account in determining whether such a requirement can be imposed in a particular case?’

Nationale Loterij is a limited company governed by public law established in Belgium, where it is responsible for organising public lotteries. By an application to the Rechtbank van koophandel te Antwerpen, afdeling Antwerpen (Commercial Court, Antwerp, Antwerp section, Belgium), it sought inter alia a declaration that the Lucky4All scheme is a prohibited pyramid promotional scheme, or at least a misleading commercial practice.

K lives in an apartment which he owns, located in the building M5A. At the request of certain co-owners of that building, the association of co-owners adopted, at a general assembly held on 7 April 2016, a decision approving the installation of video surveillance cameras in that building. 15 In implementation of that decision, three video surveillance cameras were installed in the common parts of the M5A building. The first camera was pointed towards the front of the building, whereas the second and third cameras were installed, respectively, in the ground-floor hallway and in the building’s lift. 16 TK objected to that video surveillance system being installed, on the ground that it constituted an infringement of the right to respect for private life. 17 Having found that, notwithstanding the numerous steps undertaken by him and the written acknowledgment of the association of co-owners that the video surveillance system installed was unlawful, that system continued to operate, TK brought an action before the referring court requesting that the association of co-owners be ordered to remove the three cameras and to take them out of operation definitively, failing which a penalty payment would be imposed.

On 29 October 2012, Y, a company established in Austria, made an application to the Federal Central Tax Office for a refund of the VAT credit at its disposal for the period from July to September 2012, by means of the electronic portal made available to it in its Member State of establishment. 19 In the application form filled in by Y, the numbers referred to as invoice numbers consisted, for each of the goods or services in question, not of a sequential number of the invoice, but of another number, which was in reference to the invoice. 20 By a notice of 25 January 2013, the Federal Central Tax Office rejected the refund applications corresponding to the invoices mentioned in the previous paragraph. 21 On 8 February 2013, Y challenged that notice. 22 That challenge was rejected by the Federal Central Tax Office by decision of 7 January 2014. 23 In the reasoning for that rejection, the Federal Central Tax Office stated that Y had not submitted a refund application in compliance with the legal requirements within the set deadline, that is, before 30 September 2013. In that respect, the Federal Central Tax Office stated that, on three occasions and prior to the expiry of that deadline, it had informed Y that the invoice numbers referred to in its application were not compliant with the legal requirements.

How many people die planetwide every year?

The press release also quoted a UA assistant provost for institutional research who explained that while the swipes of student ID cards were not used in the current student retention analytics, about 800 other data points were

The researcher noted that the data she had used had been anonymized before she was given access to it—however, she added that if/when her research might inform the ongoing efforts to improve student retention, the student’s personal details would be “shared” with the students' academic advisers.

She then used that data to create large networks mapping which students interacted with one another and how often.

On the university’s website, a press release

At the University of Arizona, for example, a researcher analyzed the swipes of student ID cards at locations across campus, “to see what they reveal about students' routines and relationships, and what that means for their likelihood of returning to campus after their freshman year.”

Maersk reports being responsible for 20% of global shipping capacity.  Roughly translated, that means a Maersk ship is entering a port somewhere in the world every 15 minutes, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.

They may skim books for what they’ll “need to know.” They’re less likely to wonder, say, “How can we be sure that’s true?” than to ask “Is this going to be on the test?”

And please stop saying that there are bugs everywhere except your code, we are both developers and may make a mistake in our code, so I prefer to investigate firstly and then say where the problem is.

a new generation of dictionaries that were based on real examples of English - the type of English that people speak and write every day

We value truth seeking over cohesion.

Amazing Facts about Logo Design that Might Shock YouSushmachoudharyJan 7 · 4 min readGraphic Design is one of the best methods for getting your brand recognized all over the world. Many startups and businesses invest heavily in their graphic design to ensure that they get the best graphics.A single design has a potential of conveying unspoken words, which makes it one of the most prominent way that brand uses to market their business. Since, Logo design is an essential element of branding therefore, it becomes important to know the facts about logo design and the famous logos.Pepsi paid $1 Million for Getting a Golden Ratio LogoPepsi hired designers and spent an estimated amount of $1 million dollar in designing their logo. It took around 5 months time to redesign the icon. Pepsi spent several million dollars to change their custom logo design from billboard, vehicle wrap, and other advertising campaigns.The reason for changing Pepsi logo to match the golden ratio proportion is because golden ratio proportion is considered to be the most attractive and harmonious designs to look at.Nike Logo Swoosh is Actually an Goddess’s FeatherNike is named after the Goddess with the same name Nike. The goddess personified victory and often portrayed with wings. These wings became the inspiration for Nike, Inc. Nike logo is one the most recognized logos in the world with an estimated worth of $26 Billion alone.In 1983, the designer Carolyn Davidson, also known as “The Logo Lady” was gifted with a golden Swoosh ring with an embedded diamond and 500 shares (Worth $1,000,000 as of 2015) of Nike stock to express his gratitude.Starbucks Logo Takes Inspiration from Greek MythologyStarbuck logo represents a mermaid holding two tails. She was a siren in Greek mythology that lured the sailors. Alternatively, she was connected with European folktale Melusine, who married a human. The logo of Starbucks was changed throughout the years. The most recent version of the logo is more friendly and recognizableBaskin Robbins Has “31” Masked in their LogoBaskin Robbins is an ice cream and cake chain company having various branches throughout the world. The company began its operation in 1945 with 31 flavors of ice cream. You can find the number “31” concealed in their logo.Apple LogoThe Apple logo was created back in 1977 with analogous tools, therefore, needed an update. It took $50K to digitize the apple logo.McDonald's Logo Has a Hidden MeaningMcDonalds Logo does not just represent the word “M” but resembles female breasts. In 1962, the logo for McDonald's was re-designed. They hired a psychologist named Louis Cheskin who suggested them to use golden arcs making an “M” which would make them remind them of their childhood.BMW Logo Is Not a PropellerThe BMW logo is not a propeller it was popularly known for, but represents the flag of Bavaria.BMW LogoBavaria FlagTwitter LogoTwitter logo was bought for just $15 when the company was launched. The designers of the twitter logo, Simon Oxley received just $6 for selling the logo. Later, Twitter hired renowned designers to redesign the same bird logo.If you are a business and want to get your logo, organizing a graphic design contest is the best option.MGM Logo used 7 different LionsMGM logo uses 7 different lions for their iconic logo. The Lions were trained to roar on cue to get the right mascot logo.An image was circulated on the internet depicting the lion being ill treated for getting the right logo but, it's fake, the image was photoshopped and the lion was going through an MRI scan.

We’ll make sure that decisions that need to be made post-launch are informed by actual facts of user behavior, not just best guesses.

This being the City of Ryde, political vendettas are never far from the surface.

For the uninitiated, Granny Smith was Maria Ann Smith, a resident of the area who in 1868 "accidentally" grew the first batch of green apples that now bear her name.

Estimated % of all deaths from cancer in 2019 6.1%

he question arises as to what kind of individuals benefitfrom the introduction of ridesharing.Smith(2016) provides some survey evidence on this issue. In 2015, the Pew Research Center surveyed 4,787 adult Americans on issues related to the digital economy. Part of the survey was focused on ridesharing. The survey found three interesting statistics:(i) about 15% of Americans use ridesharing apps, but one-third do not know about these services; (ii)the use of ridesharing platforms is more popular among young adults who live in urban areas who are well educated; and (iii) frequent users of ridesharing services are less likely

They estimate that Uber’s basic ride service (UberX) generated about $2.9 billion in consumer surplus for New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco in 2015(in 2015 dollars). Extended to the country as a whole, the authors estimate that consumer surplus gains would be about $6.8 billion. This consumer surplus value is larger than the current annual revenues of Uber worldwide, anddoes not include the benefits

Uber has attracted dramatically increased the number of new “driver-partners” for the basic ridesharing service, from fewer than 1,000 in January 2013 to almost 40,000 new drivers starting in December 2014 (Hall and Krueger, 2015).5Currently, more than half of American adults have heard of ridesharing apps like Uber and Lyft, with 15% actuallyusingthe services (Smith, 2016). In China, Didi facilitates 7 million rides per day (Floyd, 2016)

World Health Organization Officially Declares Bacon is as Harmful as Cigarettes

we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium

predictive analysis

The fact that stimuli that have high association values are easily learned and remembered means that it is easier to learn new meanings for stimuli that already have multiple meanings;

it is much easier to remember places, objects, or rooms in a building by name than by number, because names have higher association values than numbers.

We now have influential partisan media outlets that help people believe what they want to believe, irrespective of factual accuracy. Inconvenient facts are labeled “fake news” and disregarded. In a nutshell, we no longer inhabit a shared reality, and as a result, major problems are going unaddressed because a segment of Americans rejects inconvenient truths

there will come a generation that had got beyond facts, beyond impressions, a generation absolutely colourless, a generation seraphically free From taint of personality,

When he read the Web address, http://pubweb.northwestern.edu/~abutz/di/intro.html, he assumed that the domain name “northwestern.edu” automatically meant it was a credible source. He did not understand that the “~” character, inserted after the domain name, should be read as a personal Web page and not an official document of the university.

But let's properly define the problem. History and experience tell me it's not a post-truth era: Facts have always been hard to separate from falsehoods, and political partisans have always made it harder. It's better to call this a post-trust era.

Center for Union Facts

Center for Union Facts

Center for Union Facts

Center for Union Facts

Center for Union Facts

Center for Union Facts

But six of the cases got their measles-mumps-rubella vaccine—the MMR shot—and still managed to get infected.

as long as you are willingto pay extra, someone will offer you an option to enjoy an extra

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etition. Customers, as long as they are promised low rates, do not seem to mind.

into the genealogy of the term point

the liar, whom no one trusts and everyone excludes.

hus "truth" is u rhetorical construction arising from the creative use of lan-guage to make an effective social arrangement.

however, seem not so much to have disagreed in their conceptions of the nature of the same thing, as lo have had dif-ferent things in view while they employed the same term.

being

“kernel of truth”

Rather, taste is the basis of judgments not only about what is beautiful (or personally pleasing) but also about what is virtuous.

applies the words of any language to ideas different from those to which the common use of that country applies them, however his own understanding may be filled with truth and light, will not by such words be able to convey much of it to others, without defining his terms.

He explained millennials grew up in an environment where 'every child wins a prize' only to find the 'real world' after school is much different.

al telephone.

Helen Keller became a member of the Socialist Pary in 1909 and by 1912, she had become a national voice for socialism and working class solidarity.

I am not religious. I do not believe that personhood is conferred upon conception. But I also do not believe that a human embryo is the moral equivalent of a hangnail and deserves no more respect than an appendix. Moreover, given the protean power of embryonic manipulation, the temptation it presents to science, and the well-recorded human propensity for evil even in the pursuit of good, lines must be drawn. I suggested the bright line prohibiting the deliberate creation of human embryos solely for the instrumental purpose of research -- a clear violation of the categorical imperative not to make a human life (even if only a potential human life) a means rather than an end.

facts, which are simply “path equivalences” in an olog. It isthe notion of path equivalences that make category theory so powerful.Apathin an olog is a head-to-tail sequence of arrows

Python is in fact compiled to bytecode

A now-famous early usage of Python was in 1996: Google’s first successful web crawler.

A woman was denied an abortion by a doctor afraid to violate a Texas criminal statute prohibiting abortions except "for the purpose of saving the life of the mother." The Federal District Court ruled the statute unconstitutional; there was a direct appeal by Texas to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Facts: Pinpoint the determinative facts of a case, i.e., those that make a difference in the outcome. Your goal here is to be able to tell the story of the case without missing any pertinent information but also not including too many extraneous facts either; it takes some practice to pick out the determinative facts, so don’t get discouraged if you miss the mark the first few times. Above all, make sure you have clearly marked the parties’ names and positions in the case (Plaintiff/Defendant or Appellee/Appellant).

Facts of the Case

MINTURN, J. The plaintiff occupied the position of a special police officer, in Atlantic City, and incidentally was identified with the work of the prosecutor of the pleas of the county. He possessed knowledge concerning the theft of certain diamonds and jewelry from the possession of the defendant, who had advertised a reward for the recovery of the property. In this situation he claims to have entered into a verbal contract with defendant, whereby she agreed to pay him $500 if he could procure for her the names and addresses of the thieves. As a result of his meditation with the police authorities the diamonds and jewelry were recovered, and plaintiff brought this suit to recover the promised reward.

antive issue : A substantive statement of the issue consists of two parts -- i. the point of law in dispute ii. the key facts of the case re lating to that point of law in dispute (legally relevant facts) You must include the key facts from the case so that the issue is specific to that case. Typically, the disputed issue involves how the court applied some element of the pertinent rule to the facts of the specific case. Resolving the issue will determine the court’s disposition of the case.

b. Identify legally relevant facts, t hat is, those facts that tend to prove or disprove an issue before the court. The relevant facts tell what happened before the parties enter ed the judicial system. c. Identify procedurally significant facts. You should set out (1) the cause of action (C/A) (the law the plaintiff claimed was broken), (2) relief the plaintiff requested, (3) defenses, if any, the defendant raised.

Identify the relationship/status of the parties (Note: Do not merely refer to the parties as the plai ntiff/defendant or appellant/appellee; be sure to also include more descr iptive generic terms to identify the relationship/status at issue, e.g., buyer/seller, employer/employee, landlord/tenant, etc.)

F a c t u a l c o m p i l a t i o n s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , m a y p o s s e s s t h e r e q u i s i t e o r i g i n a l i t y .

C e n s u s t a k e r s , f o r e x a m p l e , d o n o t " c r e a t e " t h e p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s t h a t e m e r g e f r o m t h e i r e f f o r t s ; i n a s e n s e , t h e y c o p y t h e s e f i g u r e s f r o m t h e w o r l d a r o u n d t h e m . D e n i c o l a , C o p y r i g h t i n C o l l e c t i o n s o f F a c t s : A T h e o r y f o r t h e P r o t e c t i o n o f N o n f i c t i o n L i t e r a r y W o r k s , 8 1 C o l u m . L . R e v . 5 1 6 , 5 2 5 ( 1 9 8 1 ) ( h e r e i n a f t e r D e n i c o l a ) . C e n s u s d a t a t h e r e f o r e d o n o t t r i g g e r c o p y r i g h t b e c a u s e t h e s e d a t a a r e n o t " o r i g i n a l " i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s e n s e . N i m m e r § 2 . 0 3 [ E ] . T h e s a m e i s t r u e o f a l l f a c t s — s c i e n t i f i c , h i s t o r i c a l , b i o g r a p h i c a l , a n d n e w s o f t h e d a y . " [ T ] h e y m a y n o t b e c o p y r i g h t e d a n d a r e p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c d o m a i n a v a i l a b l e t o e v e r y p e r s o n . " M i l l e r , s u p r a , a t 1 3 6 9 .

I t i s t h i s b e d r o c k p r i n c i p l e o f c o p y r i g h t t h a t m a n d a t e s t h e l a w ' s s e e m i n g l y d i s p a r a t e t r e a t m e n t o f f a c t s a n d f a c t u a l c o m p i l a t i o n s . " N o o n e m a y c l a i m o r i g i n a l i t y a s t o f a c t s . " I d . , § 2 . 1 1 [ A ] , p . 2 - 1 5 7 . T h i s i s b e c a u s e f a c t s d o n o t o w e t h e i r o r i g i n t o a n a c t o f a u t h o r s h i p . T h e d i s t i n c t i o n i s o n e b e t w e e n c r e a t i o n a n d d i s c o v e r y : T h e f i r s t p e r s o n t o f i n d a n d r e p o r t a p a r t i c u l a r f a c t h a s n o t c r e a t e d t h e f a c t ; h e o r s h e h a s m e r e l y d i s c o v e r e d i t s e x i s t e n c e . T o b o r r o w f r o m B u r r o w - G i l e s , o n e w h o d i s c o v e r s a f a c t i s n o t i t s " m a k e r " o r " o r i g i n a t o r . " 1 1 1 U . S . , a t 5 8 . " T h e d i s c o v e r e r m e r e l y f i n d s a n d r e c o r d s . " N i m m e r § 2 . 0 3 [ E ] .

T h e r e i s a n u n d e n i a b l e t e n s i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o p r o p o s i t i o n s . M a n y c o m p i l a t i o n s c o n s i s t o f n o t h i n g b u t r a w d a t a — i . e . , w h o l l y f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n n o t a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n y o r i g i n a l w r i t t e n e x p r e s s i o n . O n w h a t b a s i s m a y o n e c l a i m a c o p y r i g h t i n s u c h a w o r k ? C o m m o n s e n s e t e l l s u s t h a t 1 0 0 u n c o p y r i g h t a b l e f a c t s d o n o t m a g i c a l l y c h a n g e t h e i r s t a t u s w h e n g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r i n o n e p l a c e . Y e t c o p y r i g h t l a w s e e m s t o c o n t e m p l a t e t h a t c o m p i l a t i o n s t h a t c o n s i s t e x c l u s i v e l y o f f a c t s a r e p o t e n t i a l l y w i t h i n i t s s c o p e

i t i s b e y o n d d i s p u t e t h a t c o m p i l a t i o n s o f f a c t s a r e w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f c o p y r i g h t . C o m p i l a t i o n s w e r e e x p r e s s l y m e n t i o n e d i n t h e C o p y r i g h t A c t o f 1 9 0 9 , a n d a g a i n i n t h e C o p y r i g h t A c t o f 1 9 7 6

T h i s c a s e c o n c e r n s t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t w o w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d p r o p o s i t i o n s . T h e f i r s t i s t h a t f a c t s a r e n o t c o p y r i g h t a b l e ; t h e o t h e r , t h a t c o m p i l a t i o n s o f f a c t s g e n e r a l l y a r e . E a c h o f t h e s e p r o p o s i t i o n s p o s s e s s e s a n i m p e c c a b l e p e d i g r e e . T h a t t h e r e c a n b e n o v a l i d c o p y r i g h t i n f a c t s i s u n i v e r s a l l y u n d e r s t o o d . T h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l a x i o m o f c o p y r i g h t l a w i s t h a t " [ n ] o a u t h o r m a y c o p y r i g h t h i s i d e a s o r t h e f a c t s h e n a r r a t e s . " H a r p e r & R o w , P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . v . N a t i o n E n t e r p r i s e s , 4 7 1 U . S . 5 3 9 , 5 5 6 ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

how persuasion can be produced from the facts themselves.

The second is how to set these facts out in language.

We are not to make long narrations, just as we are not to make long introductions or long arguments. Here, again, rightness does not consist either in rapidity or in conciseness, but in the happy mean; that is, in saying just so much as will make the facts plain, [1417a] or will lead the hearer to believe that the thing has happened, or that the man has caused injury or wrong to some one, or that the facts are really as important as you wish them to be thought: or the opposite facts to establish the opposite arguments.

Enthymemes are based upon one or other of four kinds of alleged fact: (1) Probabilities, (2) Examples, (3) Infallible Signs, (4) Ordinary Signs.