The value was always in judgment. The valuable engineer is the one who sees the hidden constraint before it causes an outage.
这个观点突出了判断力在软件工程中的核心价值。
The value was always in judgment. The valuable engineer is the one who sees the hidden constraint before it causes an outage.
这个观点突出了判断力在软件工程中的核心价值。
When mobile phones became widespread, gathering data about people got much cheaper, but making use of that data remained difficult. Powerful LLMs could change that.
这里强调了LLMs可能改变数据利用难易度的观点,为读者提供了关于技术影响的深入洞察。
AI Startup Has Helped Reverse Thousands of Denied Health Insurance Claims
文章的核心论点是AI初创公司帮助逆转了数千起被拒绝的健康保险索赔,这一数据需要进一步核实以确认其准确性。
A new era of image generation
文章的核心论点是ChatGPT Images 2.0代表了图像生成的新时代,这可能需要进一步了解该技术如何改变现有的图像生成方式。
AI cannot replace human insight, creativity, and ingenuity
文章的核心论点之一,需要进一步了解AI在新闻业中的具体应用及其对人类工作的影响。
We hire the best and brightest talent to help defend America and its allies and to build and deploy our software to help governments and businesses around the world.
This statement from a Palantir spokesperson presents the company's mission, which contrasts with employee concerns and may require further analysis.
poorly organized code means agents need to read, "understand", and make changes to more files than necessary - polluting their context and costing you tokens.
【启发】技术债从「慢慢损害可维护性」变成了「立刻损害你的账单」。这是一个全新的技术债量化维度——不再只能用「未来的工时」来衡量,而可以用「每次 AI 调用的 token 超支」来实时计算。这为「说服管理层重视代码质量」提供了一个全新的、财务可量化的论据:烂代码不只是技术问题,它在每次 AI 执行任务时都在直接产生额外费用。
Non-deterministic software breaks the contract.
传统软件的确定性承诺被AI的非确定性打破,这是当前AI产品体验“滑溜”的根源。作者敏锐地指出,这并非单纯的模型缺陷,而是设计契约的失效。我们需要用界面设计来重塑这种可靠性,为不可控的输出建立护栏。
Exposure alone is a completely meaningless tool for predicting displacement
这一观点极具洞察力,打破了目前AI替代风险研究中仅凭“任务暴露度”来判断失业的简单线性逻辑。暴露于AI并不意味着工作必然消失,关键在于生产率提升后需求端的反馈,这才是决定劳动力去留的深层经济逻辑。
AI is here to stay. If used right, chances are it will make us all more productive. That, on the other hand, does not mean it will be a good investment.
这是全文最核心的论断:技术有用不等于投资有利可图。历史反复证明,革命性技术(如铁路、互联网)往往在初期引发过度投资和泡沫,最终造福社会,却让早期投资者血本无归。AI也难逃此律,生产力提升的公共收益与资本逐利的私人回报之间存在根本错位。
The question : how much electricity can we turn into useful work?
这一反问揭示了AI时代的底层逻辑转换:算力/电力的消耗直接等同于生产力。过去的优化目标是“节能”,而现在和未来的核心命题是“转化率”——如何将廉价的电力通过AI模型转化为高价值的认知与执行工作。这是对能源-智力转换效率的极致追求。
Ideas are cheap - execution is hard -and- the world ahead is ripe with opportunity.
这是早期互联网开放共享文化的基石假设。当“执行”作为护城河存在时,分享想法的风险为零。AI的出现彻底颠覆了这一前提:执行的边际成本趋近于零,导致公开分享从一种安全的多赢策略变成了致命的生存风险。
the LLM is rediscovering knowledge from scratch on every question.
传统RAG系统最大的痛点在于“无状态性”:每次查询都在原始语料上重新推导,缺乏知识的沉淀与复利效应。将LLM从检索器转变为知识库的持续构建者,是打破这一瓶颈的核心洞见。
a harness encodes an assumption about what the model can't do on its own
这一洞见是Agent工程演进的底层逻辑:脚手架是对模型当前能力边界的妥协。随着基座模型能力跃升,曾经的“必要组件”可能沦为冗余开销。因此,解构并剔除过时假设,是保持系统简洁高效的关键。
tuning a standalone evaluator to be skeptical turns out to be far more tractable
深刻揭示了LLM自我评价的局限性:生成器难以对自身工作保持批判性。通过解耦生成与评估,并刻意调优独立评估器的“怀疑态度”,能有效打破AI自嗨的闭环。这种对抗式架构是提升输出质量的强效杠杆。
There's an old saying that content is king. With agents, context is.
在 LLM 时代,这是对“上下文窗口”重要性最精辟的注解。Agent 不具备人类的隐性知识和环境感知能力,因此显式的上下文(如 context.json)成为了其行动的基石。这提醒我们,在设计 AI 辅助系统时,构建高质量的上下文生成机制往往比优化模型本身更为关键。
frontier AI companies can run more of the best AIs to speed up their own AI research, relative to their competitors.
【选择性乐观】文章把「AI 加速 AI 研究」的飞轮效应作为算力富方的额外优势轻描带过,却没有正视其对整体论证的颠覆性意义:如果这个飞轮真的即将起效,那整篇文章关于「蒸馏能缩小几倍差距」的温和结论就会被淘汰——差距将呈指数级加速扩大,任何追赶策略都将失效。作者一方面引入这个「wildcard」,另一方面却拒绝让它动摇核心结论,是一种论证上的选择性失明。
Thus, as pollinators decline, the availability and variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts could be significantly reduced. This not only affects our diets but also disrupts the livelihoods of farmers who depend on pollination services for their crops [07]. Aizen et al. [91] revealed that a complete loss of pollinators could reduce global agricultural production by 3–8%, requiring a significant increase in cultivated area to compensate, particularly in the developing world
The argument I specifically want to talk about is how their decreasing population impacts us. My main audience is going to be both people who may not believe in these issues and people who aren't educated on them. Or doesn't believe it matters because it doesn't impact them. So specifically arguing how it can and most likely will affect them will be my main goal.
Progressive opponents of UBI express concern that a universal program will direct resources to higher-incomehouseholds while potentially reducing the support available to people with significant need
rhetoric: counter-argument from the political left, that highlights the flaws and potential inequities for distributing via blanket model like UBI
inference: This is a great steelman addition to my argument against UBI -- this actually shows that both conservatives (fearing inflation) and progressives (fearing inequity) recognize the flaws of UBI. I can use this in my essay to help dismiss it as a viable solution for the displaced generalists.
Some analysts express concern that inflation will result from a massive influx of disposable income increasing demand forgoods and services.
rhetoric: this is an appeal to macro econ theory (logos), citing 'expert analysts' that warn of the mathematical consequences of extra 'unearned' capital (without being tied to production) in the market.
inference: this is how I feel about the concept -- receiving money without earning it could lead to major issues down the road, especially if a large majority of the people decide to stop working in jobs that help to add value to society. Printing $$$ w/o corresponding human production (because the machine is doing the work) is a trap that dangerously increases the risk if price inflation (hyperinflation) and income stagnation, because it removes the motivation to continue adding value, and increases the incentive to essentially do nothing ('eat, drink, be merry'). This is one of the core arguments for my thesis, that humans are abdicating their agency, or at least at a very real danger of it, which leads to an infinite loop of "Workslop" ("Work slop" Medici)
Conservative opponents assert that the promise ofa guaranteed income would remove incentives to work or complete educational milestones, contributing to shortages in the labormarket.
rhetoric: summary of the counter-argument from the conservative side, using cause and effect reasoning/logic (that UBI causes loss of incentive)
inference: this is a major risk, and since these payments would be delivered to entire large economy, this could potentially cause the entire structure to collapse, because the productive class can very easily and quickly shrink, with a massive bill that the taxpayers (productive class) would need to cover.
The prospect of people forming intimate relationships with chatbots raises numerous concerns.Privacy is one of the most pressing.
McArthur understands that there are a lot of concerns people should be aware of when forming relationships with an AI chatbot, such as the privacy risk that comes with sharing details with an AI company.
hat's who captures the bureaucracy. And that is why the system is sclerotic. That is why the system is slow and broken and unanswerable to the people and not even thinking about the people.
for - adjacency - Nick Fuentes - argument against Trump - anti - elite grievances - like socialist-leaning liberals - Fuentes argument against Trump have the same talking points as a liberal argument. - This shows that the same pain points of inequity are at the root of both the left and the right - the left are slow to recognize the same grievances are behind MAGA, and so have been ineffective in winning these voters back
Call up her father
When Iago says "Call up her father," it is the beginning of his manipulation and how he gets others to be tools of his own cunning devices. On the surface, the line can be interpreted as simply an order, but in fact, it shows how cunning and devious Iago is. Instead of confronting Othello or Desdemona himself, he uses Roderigo to set things on fire for him. By waking Brabantio at midnight, Iago knows that he will be provoking anger, confusion, and fright, emotions that make humans vulnerable to manipulation. This is significant because it makes clear that Iago's evil does not result from aggression but from his ability to provoke reaction and manipulate feelings. He is aware of how to use timing and fright to make fighting break out in moments of peace, and this line alone is the start of that. It also shows one of the prevailing motifs of Othello: the idea that destruction is oftentimes started quietly in suggestion and manipulation and not in outright brutality. By having others "call up" the trouble for him, Iago gets to preserve his good name while the damage is being done, highlighting how risky lying can be when clothed in peaceful words.
What is your pleasure, madam? How is’t with you? DESDEMONA. I cannot tell. Those that do teach young babes Do it with gentle means and easy tasks. He might have chid me so, for, in good faith, I am a child to chiding. IAGO. What’s the matter, lady? EMILIA. Alas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhor’d her, Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her, As true hearts cannot bear. DESDEMONA. Am I that name, Iago? IAGO. What name, fair lady? DESDEMONA. Such as she says my lord did say I was. EMILIA. He call’d her whore: a beggar in his drink Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. IAGO. Why did he so? DESDEMONA. I do not know. I am sure I am none such. IAGO. Do not weep, do not weep: alas the day!
It seems to me that this passage reveals Desdemona’s complete innocence and emotional vulnerability. it also shows how her goodness and gentleness make her powerless in the face of Othello’s (rather misplaced) rage.
When Desdemona says, “He might have chid me so, for, in good faith, / I am a child to chiding,” she is expressing both confusion and humility, comparing herself to a child who deserves gentle correction rather than cruelty. Her tone shows that she cannot understand why she is being punished. This furthers the point that she is innocent and cannot understand why she is in "trouble." This childlike response highlights the tragedy of her situation, her patience and faith in love leave her defenseless against Othello’s false accusations.
“I have already chose my officer.” And what was he? Forsooth, a great arithmetician, One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, A fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife, That never set a squadron in the field, Nor the division of a battle knows
This sentence shows a deep theme for Othello and for Lago's character as a whole, the idea of jealousy. The way Lago describes Cassio is that of someone lesser than himself and maybe even lesser a person. Attacking his origin, a "Florentine" as some form of insult, calling Cassio not one of us. Also he attacks Cassios Battle knowledge saying he's "Never set a squadron in the field Nor the division of a battle knows". These remarks show Lagos jealousy as he try's to tear down Cassio to make himself feel better and look more suitable a lieutenant.
we still have basically one or two atmospheres. And I would really say one. And we've now gotten powerful enough to really screw it up, right? And so, through nukes or through carbon emissions, all three of those things
for - argument for finding another home for humanity - single atmosphere - 3 threats - Eric Weinstein
Even at the current level of about 1.5C, the impacts of warming are emerging on the worst side of the range of possible outcomes and there is growing concern of tipping points for the
Scientists warn that we are nearing or have already crossed several environmental tipping points (e.g. AMOC, Antarctic sea ice, coral reefs).
In his models, he does not account for climate damages to labour productivity, buildings, infrastructure, transportation, non-coastal real estate, insurance, communication, government services and other sectors.
Criticism of the economic models that ignore environmental externalities, like the true cost of greenhouse gas emissions.
We should never forget that the human brain is perhaps the most complicated system in the known universe; if we are to build something roughly its equal, open-hearted collaboration will be key.
arg symbols
Belittling unfashionable ideas that haven’t yet been fully explored is not the right way to go. Hinton is quite right that in the old days AI researchers tried—too soon—to bury deep learning. But Hinton is just as wrong to do the same today to symbol-manipulation.
argument symbols
For at least four reasons, hybrid AI, not deep learning alone (nor symbols alone) seems the best way forward:
arg symbols
n 1990, Hinton published a special issue of the journal Artificial Intelligence called Connectionist Symbol Processing that explicitly aimed to bridge the two worlds of deep learning and symbol manipulation.
argument example symbols
When deep learning reemerged in 2012, it was with a kind of take-no-prisoners attitude that has characterized most of the last decade. By 2015, his hostility toward all things symbols had fully crystallized. He gave a talk at an AI workshop at Stanford comparing symbols to aether, one of science’s greatest mistakes.
argument symbols
Symbolic operations also underlie data structures like dictionaries or databases that might keep records of particular individuals and their properties (like their addresses, or the last time a salesperson has been in touch with them, and allow programmers to build libraries of reusable code, and ever larger modules, which ease the development of complex systems. Such techniques are ubiquitous, the bread and butter of the software world.
argument example symbols
If symbols are so critical for software engineering, why not use them in AI, too?
arg symbolsItalic
lassical computer science, of the sort practiced by Turing and von Neumann and everyone after, manipulates symbols in a fashion that we think of as algebraic, and that’s what’s really at stake. In simple algebra, we have three kinds of entities, variables (like x and y), operations (like + or -), and bindings (which tell us, for example, to let x = 12 for the purpose of some calculation). If I tell you that x = y + 2, and that y = 12, you can solve for the value of x by binding y to 12 and adding to that value, yielding 14. Virtually all the world’s software works by stringing algebraic operations together, assembling them into ever more complex algorithms.
argument symbols
A lot of confusion in the field has come from not seeing the differences between the two—having symbols, and processing them algebraically. To understand how AI has wound up in the mess that it is in, it is essential to see the difference between the two.What are symbols? They are basically just codes. Symbols offer a principled mechanism for extrapolation: lawful, algebraic procedures that can be applied universally, independently of any similarity to known examples. They are (at least for now) still the best way to handcraft knowledge, and to deal robustly with abstractions in novel situations.
argument symbols
And yet, for the most part, that’s how most current AI proceeds. Hinton and many others have tried hard to banish symbols altogether.
arg symbols
f scaling doesn’t get us to safe autonomous driving, tens of billions of dollars of investment in scaling could turn out to be for naught.
arg scaling
scaling starts to falter on some measures, such as toxicity, truthfulness, reasoning, and common sense.
argument scaling
There are serious holes in the scaling argument. To begin with, the measures that have scaled have not captured what we desperately need to improve: genuine comprehension. Insiders have long known that one of the biggest problems in AI research is the tests (“benchmarks”) that we use to evaluate AI systems
arg scaling
hat should we do about it? One option, currently trendy, might be just to gather more data.
arg scaling
Current deep-learning systems frequently succumb to stupid errors like this. They sometimes misread dirt on an image that a human radiologist would recognize as a glitch.
arg error
The car failed to recognize the person (partly obscured by the stop sign) and the stop sign (out of its usual context on the side of a road); the human driver had to take over. The scene was far enough outside of the training database that the system had no idea what to do.
arg point 1
it occasionally confuses baby photos of my two children. But the stakes are low—if the app makes an occasional error, I am not going to throw away my phone.
arg
cellule familiale, déjà bien secouée depuis la fin des Trente Glorieuses
Le vocabulaire sélectionné pour évoquer la famille s'inscrit dans le registre de la tradition et de l'austérité "cellule familiale". Il contraste fortement avec le registre de la modernité évoqué par "la révolution numérique". L'idée que la famille soit "déjà bien secouée" évoque un mouvement négatif, qui semble s'inscrire dans une opposition ou une contestation face au changement des traditions.
Enfin, l'évocation des "Trente Glorieuses", qui fait référence aux trente années suivant la deuxième guerre mondiale, semble s'adresser particulièrement à un lectorat ayant soit vécu cette époque soit en ayant une bonne connaissance. L'article semble s'adresser à un lectorat plutôt âgé.
Le programme du candidat Hamon, prévoit d’ailleurs une reconnaissance du burn-out.
Le burn out peut être reconnu comme MP si on prouve: - une incapacité de travail de 25% - en lien direct avec le travail (preuve du lien à apporter) Il n'est pas dans le tableau des MP reconnues d'office. Hamon veut supprimer le taux de 25% mais pas l'inscrire dans le tableau https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/propositions/pion3506.asp
Le climat conjoncturel restant grevé par une forte incertitude, les ménages privés ne devraient quasiment pas réduire leur taux d’épargne, qui passerait de 11,4 % à 11,2 % entre 2024 et 2026.
When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights, are considered more important than people
capitalistic society
e must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society.
materialist society
Soon we would be paying almost the full costs of this tragic attempt at recolonization.
argument
social change comes most meaningfully through nonviolent action. But they ask -- and rightly so -- what about Vietnam? They ask if our own nation wasn't using massive doses of violence to solve its problems, to bring about the changes it wanted.
Third argument: How can we solve issues peacefully if America resorts to violence.
Rien qui ressemble à ce qu’on appelle une “évaluation par les pairs” n’aura jamais croisé sa trajectoire
Je me fais l'avocate du démon mais même l'évaluation par les pairs peut avoir ses manques en terme de fact checking. C'est peut-être un tout autre contexte de dérives de publication mais il y a aussi ces universitaires qui se s'auto-publient en vase clos, relus par leurs très chers amis.
We argue that adopting a pluralistic and contextual perspective on epistemology, as advanced by feminist theorists can provide clarity in understanding these patterns.
Hesaw through everybody, but he saw through them precisely because the firstthing he looked for in people was the very thing he had seen in himself andmay not have wished others to see
Does this support the idea of Narcissus? Yes, it means he sees his own reflection in others and understands others only because he knows himself. Demonstrates maturity
I would have blushed, and blushed because I had blushed, fuddledwith words and ultimately broken down—and then where would I be? Whatwould he say?Better break down now, I thought, than live another day juggling all ofmy implausible resolutions to try again later
Shows that true identity is most transparent (Cor cordium; heart of hearts) through the expression of the body. The body never lies. The blushing and the fuddling would have given it all, and therefore is the basis of bodily continuity
I always tried to keep him within my field of vision. I never let him driftaway from me except when he wasn’t with me. And when he wasn’t withme, I didn’t much care what he did so long as he remained the exact sameperson with others as he was with me. Don’t let him be someone else whenhe’s away. Don’t let him be someone I’ve never seen before. Don’t let himhave a life other than the life I know he has with us, with me
Perhaps this goes to show how he sees Oliver as himself. Thus proving his hypothesis on the "Twisted Skein of Desire" where to be and to have are the same things, but on opposite sides of the river.
And his insecurity blooming from not knowing who Oliver is when he's gone reflects his insecurity in not fully defining himself. It shows his immaturity and instability
It was not only thenational hymn of their southern youth, but it was the best they could offerwhen they wished to entertain royalty.
Show of his maturity by being called "royalty" because of his extensive knowledge that came from experimentation and not limiting oneself to a standard view of identity
After the two lovers have at last slept together, we learn that what each perceived as theother’s indifference and dislike had actually been signs of their affection all along. In fact, welearn that the signs they misunderstand are largely signs that each himself uses to conveyaffection, so that they are almost literally in love with their own reflections.
"The signs they misunderstand are largely signs that each himself uses to convey affection, so that they are almost literally in love with their own reflections."
Firstly, what does this mean, and how do we know?
Does this show a disconnect between understanding one's own identity as he misunderstands Oliver's coldness which is actually affection? Elio does not have a grasp on himself because he misunderstands his own reflection, although he does come to understand him more as the story progresses.
According to Nishant, what I agree with, the truly successful people are MASTERS in their craft. They have committed to lifelong learning.
"Your learning capability decides your earning capacity."
See also: Ultralearning, Scott H. Young, and Deep Work, Cal Newport... The argument is the same: your ability to adapt in a complex rapidly changing information economy, and to master material determines how much you can earn.
One day I saw Oliver sharing the same ladder with the gardener, tryingto learn all he could about Anchise’s grafts, which explained why ourapricots were larger, fleshier, juicier than most apricots in the region.
When the apricots represent Oliver's deepest and most hidden fragments of identity, and Oliver "trying to learn all he could about Anchise's grafts" shows his determination in understanding his contradictory bits of himself, that don't meet his confident, tan caubois mannerisms. Furthermore, the apricots were "larger, fleshier, jucier than most apricots in the region". Indicating his understanding of his identity allowed him to mature into such a beautiful fruit.
I was seventeen that year and, being the youngest at the tableand the least likely to be listened to, I had developed the habit of smugglingas much information into the fewest possible words
Couple things: Elio ties the transition between immature to mature as the acceptance of a elongated, convoluted, and contradictory identity that cannot be condensed into words. Elio also displays this immaturity through one key behaviour: His "smuggling"of as much information into the fewest possible words, indicating his desire to condense his identity. Thirdly, in the next line, what that gives him in terms of appearance, he is unconfident and that juxtaposes him with Oliver
nd you’re basically scrambling to come toterms with something, which, unbeknownst to you, has been brewing forweeks under your very nose and bears all the symptoms of what you’reforced to call I want.
"Forced to call I want", implies societal pressure to put labels on feelings... What does Elio think of this? Assigning definitions based on symptoms. Based on others telling you -- this is the transition that Elio takes to become Oliver.
Will he eventually not want him? And how does this prove identity is contradictory!?
soles, of his throat, of the bottom of his forearms, which hadn’t really beenexposed to much sun. Almost a light pink, as glistening and smooth as theunderside of a lizard’s belly. Private, chaste, unfledged, like a blush on anathlete’s face or an instance of dawn on a stormy night. It told me thingsabout him I never knew to ask
Motif of skin introduced in CMBYN, where Oliver's duality of skin, tanned, and pink and untouched represents the multidimensionality of identity, and the contradictions that exist within him -- which is what fascinates Elio. The coexistence of both contradictions in such a beautiful, whole, masterpiece who has affinities leaping out of him is enlightening for Elio. Elio may see Oliver as an Elio who he wishes to mature into.
I could grow to like him, though. From rounded chin to rounded heel.Then, within days, I would learn to hate him.
Does this foreshadow the duality and complexity of their relationship? Because there is a period of time when Elio is in an internal conflict with his desire and lack of desire for Oliver.
No name added, no jest to smooth out the ruffled leave-taking,nothing. His one-word send-off: brisk, bold, and blunted—take your pick,he couldn’t be bothered which.
Can this characterise Oliver as someone who doesn't believe in the constructed identities of individuals, seeing as he says to all, "Later!" without naming? Or characterise him as someone who has no respect for societal obligations and is simply true to himself in such way?
this is more of a unfair competition 00:10:36 issue I think as a clearer line than the copyright stuff
for - progress trap - Generative AI - copyright infringement vs Unfair business practice argument
Dans cette deuxième partie de l’article, nous étudions la version 3 de l’éditeur de texte sémantique Stylo afin d’observer le fonctionnement de l’écriture lorsque l’on y saisit un texte.
je rappellerai ici ce que tu as dit en premier temps pour rappeler ta problématique
Dès lors, il devient possible de mesurer des distances ou des écarts entre des lettres, des mots ou des concepts, des données d’un environnement.
trop rapide speedy : faut pas lâcher ça comme ça à ton lecteurice
Notre propos consiste à redonner une juste place à ces oscillations électriques
c'est très mystérieux les vibrations dont tu parles, presque du spiritisme... peut-être avant de donner ton objectif de lecture, tu pourrais expliciter de quelles vibrations tu parles
ce biais je vous laisse méditer 2 secondes sur cette image cette image ce sont deux hommes préhistoriques qui tirent une charrette avec des roues carrés et il fait un 00:32:15 collègue qui leur dit elle est rourronde et ils disent non on a pas le temps d'installer les roues rondes ça c'est exactement le syndrome de ah je vais continuer à faire à la main c'est pas grave et puis en fait je perds 20 minutes chaque jour au lieu de passer une fois une heure et puis c'est fait
Knowing is not a rationale for not acting. Can we doubt that knowl-edge has become a weapon we wield against ourselves?
But many other people who know about the dangers still seemstrangely silent. When pressed, they trot out the “this is nothing new”riposte—as if awareness of what could happen is response enough.They tell me, There are universities filled with bioethicists who studythis stuff all day long. They say, All this has been written about before,and by experts. They complain, Your worries and your arguments arealready old hat.
For so many issues we face the "nothing new" argument seems to abound. It's not just the bioethics issues Joy points out, but even things like fascism and Nazism.
How to better argue these points for society so we aren't always having to re-hoe the same row?
We proved ourselves to be resourceful, tough, adaptable—able toaccomodate ourselves to the tactics of an enemy who was ruthless, relentless, and at timesbarbarous.
This seems to summarize Bailey's view of the US and Japan.
The fanatically resisting Japanese, though facing atomization, did not surrender.
Bailey is arguing that the atomic bombing of Nagasaki was necessary to make the Japanese surrender. Do most historians agree with this argument?
The Washington authorities, fearing that these peoplemight act as saboteurs for the Mikado in case of invasion, decided to herd them together inconcentration camps, though about two-thirds of the victims were American-born citizens. Thisbrutal precaution turned out to be unnecessary
Interesting that Bailey calls the camps "concentration camps" yet he doesn't address the racism that led to the creation of these camps. Was Japanese American loyalty and combat service necessary to prove this was unnecessary?
, Washington wisely adopted the grand strategy of"getting Hitler first."
Was this the best strategy? What about all the Chinese that were killed?
To keep Britainfrom collapsing, the Roosevelt administration felt compelled to extend the unneutral aid thatinvited attacks from German submarines. To keep Japan from expanding, the Washingtonofficials deemed it necessary to cut off vital Japanese supplies and invite possible retaliation.Rather than let democracy die and dictatorship rule supreme, a strong majority of the Americanpeople were evidently determined to support a policy that might lead to war. It did.
This is a good summary of Bailey's argument.
while Tokyo was deliberately prolongingnegotiations in Washington. Japanese bombers, winging in from distant aircraft carriers,attacked without warning
Bailey is arguing that while US leaders might have expected war to begin, Japanese leaders still deceived US officials and "attacked without warning."
No one in high authority in Washingtonseems to have believed that the Japanese were either strong enough or foolhardy enough tolash out at Hawaii
So, Bailey is arguing that the US expected an attack but not in Hawaii.
The Japanese leaders were faced with two painful alternatives.They could either knuckle under to the Americans, or break out of the embargo ring by adesperate attack on the oil supplies and other riches of Southeast Asia
Sounds like Bailey is arguing that Japanese actions were understandable.
Congress, respondingto public pressures
Weren't there still isolationists who wanted to avoid war?
The inevitable clashes with submarines ensued
This is the second time he uses the word "inevitable." He seems to be arguing that war could not be avoided.
Phenomenologyexplains that consciousness, treated as an object, limits this pretension: human subjectivity is thefoundation of all scientific knowledge. Therefore, there is a logical error in trying to explain thefoundation through what it has founded.
for: scientific naturalism - circular argument, logical error, subjectivity - explanation, quote, quote - studying consciousness
quote: consciousness
author: Doris Elida Fuster Guillen
comment
COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of care and calls for a change in how it is valued and prioritized
crisis point, now care crisis has come into focus. i like how she didn't focus just on this but took into account long-term systematic problems with the UK's social care system. but not so convinced by the suggestions because the analysis is specific but suggestions are ideological and vague rather than practical.
s-subsidization from more productive parts of the economy and public investment in the care sector
suggestion of what to do, are there any more?
"asset-based approaches," which view communities and individuals as having valuable skills and abilities that can contribute to the community.
suggestions?
"co-production" in social care, which involves involving different stakeholders in the production of care outcomes
Advice given to healthcare workers focused on self-care,
self-care as a type of get of jail free card, could be expanded more
Social care workers had higher mortality rates than healthcare workers.
Black and minority ethnic groups had higher infection and mortality rates due to underlying health conditions, lack of healthcare access, living conditions, and being essential workers.
intersectionality
Care workers received little support during the pandemic and are dealing with increased stress and exhaustion.
e crisis highlighted the importance of essential workers like supermarket cashiers and care workers, but these workers are often undervalued, especially those who are women or people of color.
back to be undervalued now but were semi valued- performative, article on clap for the NHS
exploitation of domestic workers and the need for fair pay and working conditions.Many nannies lost their jobs and housing
structural changes to address the housing crisis, such as banning real estate speculation and building more affordable housing.
The social structures and inequalities in society determine who is most vulnerable to the virus.
concept of interdependence
The focus on profit-making and cost-efficiency meant that there were no reserves or adequate supplies of protective equipment.
profit comes at the expense of lives- should have made this more prevalent throughout the argument
hlighting issues such as underfunding, lack of protective equipment, and the increase in unpaid carers. It also mentions the impact on refuge vacancies, food distribution, and the lack of occupational sick pay.
It mentions the disproportionate impact on disabled individuals and minority ethnic groups.
Self-care can involve setting up supportive networks and making connections between personal experiences and broader social structures.Taking care of oneself is an act of resistance against societal messages that devalue certain lives.
also acknowledges the other side of the self-care coin!
demands of work and personal life are becoming blurred
lost balance of work and personal life, I would argue that the media are trying to encourage this FIND EXAMPLE
sure comes from a fear of job insecurity and a lack of support from welfare systems.
not so sure, links everything back to capitalism??
neoliberal regime that values productivity and growth.
complex needs behind
exclusion of marginalised groups due to technology in social care
the pursuit of a "reliable body" in an uncertain world.
link to no space for female bodies
orthorexia, an eating disorder characterized by an obsession with healthy eating.
disproportionately affects women, interesting that self-care is considered as part of social care- self- reliance
arguing that care is often subordinated to the demands of capitalism.
creates a care vs capitalism narrative which is a little reductive?
t financialisation, the process of allocating resources through financial instruments, can worsen inequality and social issues.
cerns that easy targets are prioritized over more challenging cases, and the costs of implementing and scaling these projects may outweigh any potential savings
SIBs not very effective
Critics argue that this system allows private investors to profit from cost savings that should benefit society.
criticises capitalism
social impact investing, where investors provide funding for projects that have a social impact.
o reduce staff costs by 30 per cent through wage reductions, changes to bank holiday pay or reductions in staffing level
Personal budgets create extra work and potential exploitation for care recipients who become employers when hiring personal assistants.
improve communication and support for those in need of care, but it has economic implications, such as charging fees or relying on volunteers.
Decisions about technology in care are influenced by politics, economics, and cultural contexts.
more severe in social care due to its lower status compared to healthcare.
The adult social care system is facing a perfect storm of increased demand, workforce shortages, and funding gaps.
assroots social movements and self-help groups can often provide better care than professional services, while creating alternative structures that promote mutual aid and reduce reliance on expensive commodities.
supports charity but acknowledges that it can't be good without gov funding for everyone- unsure?
"landscapes of care" in everyday places where people gather, such as homes, cafes, community centers, and parks.
informal social care system- not just a political problem, personal is political
quality and safety of services provided by untrained volunteers.
link to Tory austerity- Big community, reliance on charity and volunteers rather than public services
Household work is often invisible and paid domestic work is characterized by informality and lack of social protection.
exploitation of 'female' careers
The text discusses various aspects of care work, including the impact of contracts on unpaid care, the gendered effects of these contracts, the increase in unpaid care work, the rise of informal carers, the financial struggles of carers, the rise of young carers, the reliance on volunteers in the care sector, the dilution of the nuclear family, and the need for collective care that challenges structural inequalities.
The Institute for Fiscal Studies has reported that a 30 per cent reduction to social care spending for people over the age of sixty-five, between 2009 and 2016, led to a significant rise in visits to A&E by the same cohort, signalling increased costs for hospital emergency departments.
lack of routine social care increases the need for crisis services, so it doesn't really help much by cutting these services
policies undermine social cohesion and exacerbate social divisions.The text discusses how negative stereotypes and stigmatization of welfare recipients have been perpetuated by government campaigns and media portrayals.
media and social divisions- sociological approach
The United Nations has criticized the British government's austerity measures, calling them punitive and mean-spirited.
uses IOs to reinforce the situation.
cuts in social services and benefits, affecting the most vulnerable populations.
non proportional affecting of all areas of the population, marginalised people are marginalised by policies
care
lack of care in social services- key component, she critiques economic focus
A survey carried out across EU countries in 2016 found that among respondents, 44 per cent of women and 30 per cent of men found it difficult to combine paid work with caring responsibilities.8
uses personal stories, stats and ideology to explain which is quite convincing
Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, with austerity measures disproportionately affecting certain groups
certain groups of people were excluded from the welfare state, such as women, people of color, migrants, LGBTQIA communities, and those with mental health or disability issues.
The lens of social reproduction helps to identify the unpaid work that is necessary for the production of economic value in a capitalist economy.
challenges capitalist way of thinking- challenges status quo through lens of social reproduction, Marxist, women's role in the home that contributes to production
Care can be provided for free or bought and sold as a commodity, but it is best understood as a configuration of social relationships that are politically and economically conditioned
Sue feels isolated and wishes she had more support in her life.
uses real life examples that people like my mum can relate to
consumer culture
anti-capitalist
interdependence of our lives
communism??
he welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.
ecorded 20 per cent increase in female labour-force participation in OECD countries over the last thirty years.31
reports by the charity organisation Age UK and the Care Quality Commission, the public body that inspects and regulates health and social care in Britain, one in seven older people (1.4 million) were not receiving the care they needed in 2018.5 The Care Quality Commission also reported in 2019 that the number of children with mental health disorders accessing social services had increased by 50 per cent in four years.6
evidence
non-academic audience and aims to contribute to the political debate on the topic.
accessible
criticizes the neoliberal ideology that promotes individual responsibility and privatization of care, arguing that caring for others should be a collective and public responsibility.
challenges neoliberalism- theoretical and practical text with applications. links political theory to the real world
crisis of care is influenced by material conditions, ideological assumptions, and inequality
lobal crisis of care, where a growing number of people are unable to access the care and support they need.
Privatization of health and social care services has led to financial difficulties and debts for care home providers.
capitalism
Access to care is becoming more dependent on financial ability,
impact of capitalism driving down value of care
f elderly people not receiving necessary care is increasing, and there has been a significant rise in children with mental health disorders accessing social services.
issues such as the lack of care facilities for an aging population, reduced mental health services, cuts to disability care budgets, and overworked doctors and nurses
Bash doesn't do word expansion on quoted strings in this context. For example: $ for i in "a b c d"; do echo $i; done a b c d $ for i in a b c d; do echo $i; done a b c d
According to the pragma-dialectical theory of vanEemeren and Grootendorst, Blair noted, "sufficiency is a function of appropriatelymeeting the critics' challenges to premises and inferences" (p. 3 32) . Blair alsonoted that this means that an argument can rightly be said to be sufficient for itsconclusion in this sense when it meets its burden of proof3 relying on "what maybe presumed without or accepted without further question" (p. 333)
According to this type of analysis, each of the types of argumentation modelled will have a distinctive argumentation scheme (structure, form) that allows itto function as a way of making a point or shifting a burden of proof in a dialogue.
Instead, we hope to show, theseargumentation schemes can best be revealed as normatively binding kinds ofreasoning when seen as moves, or speech acts in the setting of dialogue. In thispragmatic framework, two participants are reasoning together in a goal-directed,interactive, conventionalized framework called a dialogue. An argument is evaluated as good (correct, reasonable) to the extent that it contributes to the goal of thedialogue. An argument is evaluated as bad (incorrect, fallacious) to the extent thatit blocks the goals of the dialogue.
Here are the main arguments I’ve heard for SMS 2FA: SMS 2FA can prevent phishing. SMS 2FA can’t prevent phishing, but it can prevent “credential stuffing”. We have data proving that SMS 2FA is effective. I’ll cover some other weaker arguments I’ve heard too, but these are the important ones.
Don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good. Seat belts aren’t perfect either, do you argue we shouldn’t wear them? Etc, etc. This argument only works if what you’re defending is good. As I’ve already explained, SMS-2FA is not good.
Unlike stacks and platforms, protocols tend to define and regulate flows of codified behaviors rather than stocks of technological artifacts.
does this feed into improvisational ability? Because it's about flow more than artifact, it can more easily substitute or replace one artifact with another? This means the process is easier to replicate with other means when one becomes defunct or there is a better or more suited way?
What is the relationship between protocols and agency? Do protocols assume or require a set of participating agents with autonomy or free-will?
Initial thoughts — review later I mean, if I had to pull in some Bandura, it's bi-drectional determinism? Right? So it's influencing behaviour as an environmental factor that could also be done by thinking?
If I think about Csikszentmihalyi in Good Business on culture as a game, perhaps rules are to games what protocols are to culture? If culture is a set of norms that keep you from anomie / entropy and make spaces for alienation, then the agency of the individual may be developed over time (control over consciousness) that may allow for greater expression over agency to follow or not follow protocols. In this sense, protocols would be the default, and intentionally not following protocols (probabilistically not by chance) might require agency? That is if we are following the definition that good protocols have the Schelling point or become default and are almost invisible untill they break.
Bureaucracy may be an example of a deeply frustrating protocol?
gloom and doom which often accompanies theoretical views and cultural commentary.
Not sure which theoretical views and cultural commentary is predominantly gloom and doom. Would associate conservative statements (rather than extreme valence) with theory, perhaps this is relating to more popular media like internet bloggers and news sources / op-eds & opinions? twitter? Are these sources too ephemeral to take seriously?
Unsure.
built around default expectations of obviously worse outcomes dominating obviously better ones, and worst-case behaviors driving systemic outcomes.
this feels immediately like it might hold some water, not sure if because it's similar to entropy or because of... Not sure whether to trust feelings of agreement This is an interesting statement to me. Perhaps it's because it seems to bridge between catastrophising (which is arguable pathological), and risk management (which acknowledges there is infinite down side and limited upside) Also wonder how trust factors into this and context?
Concern here is: using emotion to get logical buy in, which is fair, but worth knowing that this is a feels like not an is
Wonder if this might also relate to play and the 3Cs
Structure Notes are not limited to hierarchical structures like the nested list from above. Structure notes can also have sequential structures. Imagine the following line of argumentation: a -> b -> c, therefore a -> c. A Structure Note could capture this sequence and link each step of the sequence to a Zettel which expands on it. An example, with annotations to point out each step: (a) The stimulation of surface cold receptors is (b) the main driver of cold adaptation.[[202005201056]] Cold showers stimulate the surface cold receptors sufficiently.[[202005201057]] Therefore, (c) cold showers are a viable method of practicing cold adaptation training.[[202005201058]] The links via [[ID]] refer to Zettels that are compilations of evidence for each statement. The structure of the arguments guides this Structure Note.
So this is a way to abstract elements in Toulmin's approach to argument construction from the data which instantiates the specific point being argued.
It is necessary that the student be alert to reason as the speakerreasons. It is very dangerous to jot down the results of reasoning if youhave not followed it in your own mind.
Dramatically important in mathematics, but also in every other area.
What does 'passing an argument' mean in programming?You have a grinder that will grind anything that you pass on to her. You give her Rice. She grind it. You give her wheat. She grind it. You give her a Justin Bieber song CD. She grind it. She grinds every thing that you hand over to her. In programming, we create function that does the stuff we need. Say add, subtract, multiply or print the stuff that you pass on to it. Then we pass on stuff upon which the function will operate and return us the results. This process of passing the 'stuff' to be processed is referred to as passing an 'argument' in programming. Thank You.
An argument is a way for you to provide more information to a function. The function can then use that information as it runs, like a variable. Said differently, when you create a function, you can pass in data in the form of an argument, also called a parameter.
argument and parameter
It will doubtless be objected that to encourage young persons at the Pert Ageto browbeat, correct, and argue with their elders will render them perfectlyintolerable. My answer is that children of that age are intolerable anyhow;and that their natural argumentativeness may just as well be canalised togood purpose as allowed to run away into the sands.
HA!
Notion – The all-in-one workspace for your notes, tasks, wikis, and databases. (n.d.). Notion. Retrieved 14 February 2022, from https://www.notion.so
Mehdi Hasan to share tips on “How to Win Every Argument.” (2021, December 2). Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/mehdi-hasan-to-share-tips-on-how-to-win-every-argument/2021/12/02/e15f658a-5374-11ec-83d2-d9dab0e23b7e_story.html
Corner, A., Hahn, U., & Oaksford, M. (2011). The psychological mechanism of the slippery slope argument. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(2), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.10.002
Eswird also nicht dafür argumentiert, dass man als Mensch philosophierensollte. Es wird nur dafür argumentiert, dass man in der Schule Philoso-phieren durch Kompetenzorientierung verhindert
Analog dazu könnte ich sagen, dass ich nicht dafür argumentiere, dass Menschen sich mithilfe von PLN unter bestimmten Bedingungen bilden sollen und dadurch die Möglichkeit zu Mündigkeit eröffnen sollen, sondern nur, dass und wie Bildung und Mündigkeit in der Digitalität mithilfe von PLN möglich sind.
Aristotle actually identified a third form of argumentthat may surprise you: narrative.
In addition to deduction and induction, narrative, as identified by Aristotle, can be a form of argument.
Now I'm puzzled by the apparently biggest obstacle to implementation of this feature: possible misuse. I love ruby community, but sometimes saving the dummies' asses goes a bit too far.
If you assume cops are basically good and just need help doing their job better, then body cameras make sense.
This is a deductive argument, but I believe theres no error in the way it's used
On the whole, the popularizing of "logical fallacies" has been a net negative for debate. instead of recognizing a strawman and saying "youre not accurately representing my position, heres clear evidence why", the conversation devolves into a juvenille meta-argument that adds no value.
ReconfigBehSci [@SciBeh]. (2021, October 2). @alexdefig I literally only responded to one point in your overall argument/set of tweets. You somehow seem to assume that it is not possible to try to accumulate facts in order to come to a decision, [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1444361490786492418
ReconfigBehSci. (2022, January 4). @STWorg and what is even more surprising is that it is popping up in a discourse between extremely educated individuals who think and argue about complex issues for a living [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1478346691073949702
ReconfigBehSci. (2022, January 4). 2/2 it seems to be being advanced as part of an argument against measures to reign in rampant infection rates (as a kind of undercutting defeater). Arguments where its hard to tell whether they are meant as arguments for or against a position seem cases of “poor argument” [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1478340071027888132
wisdom transcends all kinds of learning, secular, objective and esoteric; it is subtler than all these and is rooted in the awareness of the atma that is central in all creation
...in order to not involve in the trouble that is happening in front of the eyes, whether he is a wise person
A hallmark of a successful disinformation campaign is adaptation — when proponents of the campaign adjust their tactics to get around efforts that journalists, government officials or tech companies have taken to stem its spread. On Oct. 16, campaign operators began adapting to Twitter’s curbs.
The more people hear something, the more likely they are to believe it, whether it’s true or not. And false news can spread further and faster than the truth, especially on social media. Mr. Trump seems to understand this.
Despite the hashtag’s popularity on the right, it received little notice in the mainstream media. This is known as “hidden virality,” meaning something extremely popular in one part of the internet is going unnoticed by the mainstream news media.
For more than a year, right-wing media and partisans have pushed “Biden crime family” as a viral slogan. Media manipulation campaigns are usually conjured in small, hidden spaces by a few operators with an agenda. But in this case, it was influential media and political personalities who got the ball rolling.
In any manipulation campaign, the second stage involves campaign operators strategically spreading the hashtag across the media ecosystem.
Constant repetition makes the charge sound true, and blunts accusations of unethical behavior against Mr. Trump’s own children.
The hashtag took a complicated issue with legitimate questions about Hunter Biden’s business dealings with Ukraine and China — and reduced it to a slogan that could also be used to spread falsehoods about Joe Biden.
Des initiatives pour protéger ces espaces :
Arg3: Malgré les risques environnementaux qui pèsent sur les EM, il existe des initiatives pour protéger ces espaces
des espaces menacés par les effets du changement climatique
Arg2: Le réchauffement climatique est une menace pour les EM
La pollution plastique Consommation = 8M tonnes déchets / an => Formation d'une "soupe de plastique" / "continent de plastique" Risque pour biodiversité marine, espèces ingèrent le plastique
Les marées noires constituent un risque pour les EM 2010: Explosion de la plateforme "Deepwater" = marée noire sur les côtes de la Louisiane = EU conflits d'usage entre compagnies pétrolière, pêcheurs et employés du tourisme .
des ressources surexploitées :
Arg1: Il est nécessaire de protéger les EM car des ressources sont surexploitées
L'enjeu de la surpêche selon ONU: 1975 - 2021: 10% => 30% des ressources halieutiques surexploitées 90% des espèces maritimes peches ne se renouvellent pas assez vite naturellement Mer Noire, Méditerranée = Peche industrielle, technique du chalutage
La pêche illégale et la pêche d'espèces protégées Espèces en voie d'extinction: grand requin: ailerons, chair, thon rouge Surexploitation des ressources maritimes, selon FAO 26M tonnes = 15 % prises totales.
La lutte contre les trafics illégaux
Arg3: Les Etats tentent également de lutter contre les trafics illégaux
Lutte contre la pêche illicite Selon FAO = 15 et 20 % des prises => 23 Milliards $ /an Moins de préservation du stock renouvelable = surpêche Concurrence déloyale = pecheurs + respect quotas
Lutte contre le trafic de cocaïne 2017 - 2019: Cocaïne saisie à bord d'embarcations commerciales x3 = 73 tonnes Moyens ? Sous marins artisanaux, Ou ? Antilles = plaque tournante Quelles saisies ? 3 tonnes sous marins par police espagnole en 2019
Lutte contre le trafic des déchets Cout traitement + législation contraignante = Etats exportent leurs déchets / filières illégales ==> Pays d'Asie et d'Afrique: ++ déchets électroniques Malaisie => FR: 43 conteneurs de plastique illégaux
La lutte contre la piraterie maritime
Arg2: les EM sont confrontés à de la piraterie maritime à laquelle les Etats tentent de faire face
Les espaces maritimes, des espaces de plus en plus militarisés
Arg1: La militarisation des EM
l'hégémonie américaine EU: 10 portes avions + bases militaires + 7flottes = forte capacité de projection
le rattrapage chinois et russe CHINE: 2 portes avions -Liaoning et Shandong depuis Décembre 2019) = Sécurisation Nouvelles routes de la Soie + enjeux M de Chine méridionale et orientale RUSSIE: Forces navales car coopération militaire (Syrie) et ambitions (Arctique). Nouveau SNLE en Mer Blanche (Mai 2018)
les puissances émergentes Iran, Inde, Turquie, Brésil (commande de 4 SNA à Naval Group - Décembre 2020)
Des espaces qui suscitent des litiges et des contentieux
Arg3: Les EM sont au coeur de tensions géopolitiques entre les Etats qui se disputent l'accès aux ressources halieutiques, hauturières et aux routes maritimes
Mer de Chine méridionale Chine // Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Indonésie, Malaison "langue de boeuf" => Archipel des Spratleys + Îles Paracels Zone de trafic CMM Territorialisation , militarisation des EM Mars 2020: percussion bateau de pêche vietnamien
Mer de Chine Orientale Chine // Japon Îles Senkaku et Diaoyu COVID19: Liaoning traverse ZEE jap
Mer méditerranée Turquie // Grèce // Chypre // Israël // Liban EM triangulaire de 850km² = réserves de gaz ?
Une délimitation héritée de la Convention de Montego Bay
Arg1: La délimitation des ZEE est héritée de la Convention de Montego Bay
En 1982 est adoptée la CNUDM, réègles internationale utilisation, exploitation, circulation des espaces maritimes
Eaux territoriales: droits souverains de l'Etat jusqu'à 22km
La ZEE: droits souverains de l'Etat à des fins d'exploration, d'exploitation, de conservation et de gestion des ressources naturelles jusqu'à 200 miles / 370 km.==> 350 km si extension avec le plateau continental selon Convention de Genève (1958)
Haute mer: 64% surface des MO, "bien commun de l'humanité" - Résolution 2749 de l'ONU, Arvid Pardo (1970) Exploitation= licences Autorité Internationale des Fonds Marins (AIFM) // liberté de circulation, survol, recherche sc, pose pipe line, cables, ... ==> Mare liberum car "terra nullius"
liberté de circulation, "mare liberum" De la liberté des mers, Grotius, XVIIe Un Etat ne peut pas restreindre la circulation d'un navire étrangers hors de ses eaux territoriales. Idem Etats proches d'un passage stratégique
Des frontières maritimes non figées
Arg 2: Les frontières maritimes ne sont pas figées
ZEE = modèle théorique difficilement applicable contentieux entre pays cotiers: Cour Internationale de Justice (1945), Cour permanente d'arbitrage (1899) EX: Fixation ZEE, Ghana - Côte d'Ivoire (2013)
ZEE : demande prolongation Demande extension du plateau continental
Des espaces inégalement intégrés
Arg1: Certaines façades maritimes sont inégalement intégrées au processus de mondialisation
Concentration sur certains littoraux = pôles de M° Amérique du Nord, Europe, Asie de l'Est (16/20 ports) 11e: Rotterdam 17e: Los Angeles
Des Etats tentent de s'intégrer dans les échanges mondiaux Inde, Vietnam, Maroc = 3e terminal construit au port de Tanger.
certains espaces demeurent marginalisés isolation des principales routes maritimes (Amérique du Sud, Afrique) territoires enclavés = dépendance échange: PMA (République centre africaine), Afghanistan
e tourisme de croisière
Arg6: le tourisme de croisière reste un enjeu économique majeur
Un secteur en essor 2019 - 30M de personnes croisière Caraïbes, Mer Méditerranée, Asie Pacifique
Qui est marqué par une forte concurrence et de lours freins Multinationales: Carnival, Royal Caribbean, MSC Emissions CO2, risques accidents + COVID19: mauvaise réputation
Les ressources génétiques marines
Arg5: Les fonds marins regorgent de ressources génétiques marines
Les ressources minérales
Arg4: Les ressources minérales sont également très convoitées
les utilisations technologiques minerais: Cobalt, cuivre, nickel, or, diamant terres rares: cérium, scandium Nodules polymétalliques = hautes technologies (tel, odrinateurs)
jeu géopolitique dps 2010's fouilles Etat // monopole chinois Chine = 90% terres rares M
Les ressources énergétiques
Arg3: les ressources énergétiques sont également exploitées dans les Mers et les Océans
espaces inexploités: conditions extrêmes (Arctique), fonds marins profonds = ++ pression (Brésil qui se lance dans l'exploitation d'hydrocarbures au dela du plateau continental)
les énergies renouvelables off shore Usines marémotrices: UM de la Rance (Côtes d'Armor, FR) Parcs éoliens off shore: projets aux îles de Lérons, Europe = 1er prod mondial électricité = 5000 éoliennes off shore (Mer du Nord ++)
les avancées scientifiques possibles Bathymétrie est mal connue = couts ++ 90% des espèces marines resteraient à découvrir
Les ressources halieutiques Ŕ doc 1 p. 62 sur l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques
Arg2: les ressources halieutiques constituent un enjeu économique majeur
La pêche et l'aquaculture subviennent aux besoins énergétiques et protéiniques de la population 1950 - auj = production halieutique*8 1950 - 2016 = 19M tonnes - 170M tonnes (dont 150M pour conso° humaine directe) 1980 - 2016 = 4,5M - 80M de tonnes prod° aquaculture
les ressources halieutiques sont exportées 27% prod° halieutique = int 143 Milliards $ = CA
des intérêts économiques vitaux pour les Etats 60M travailleurs = secteur de la pêche situations précaire = 95% des pêcheurs vivent en Afrique ou en Asie
Selon l’OCDE, les mers et les océans rapportent chaque année près de 1500 milliards de dollars
Les bénéfices économiques de l'économie bleue
Economie bleue - Bertrand Blancheton, Introduction aux politiques économiques (2020)
Mers et océans rapportent 1500 Milliards $/an 3000 Milliards en 2030 "Qui tient la mer tiens le commerce du monde, qui tient le commerce tient la richesse, qui tient la richesse tient le monde lui-même", Walter Raleigh => Halford Mackinder