10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2025
    1. Objective proficiency measures included, besides the OPI, anddescribed in detail the following: (a) a fast administration versionof the MINT, that is, the MINT Sprint 2.0 (Gollan et al., 2023), (b) acategory fluency task, (c) a letter fluency task and (d) a lexicaldecision task (LDT)

      Objective tasks: they are all for different categories of letters, fluency, and lexical decision. This gives the researchers good construct validity.

    2. We recruited80 Spanish–English bilinguals from the undergraduate populationat the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). All participantswere tested via Zoom. Most undergraduates at UCSD learnedSpanish at birth but are English-dominant. To ensure we had atleast some representation in our dataset of different languagedominance profiles,

      Samples: Participants - limits generalizability because of convenience sampling.

    3. The OPI can be considered a gold standard because it has highface validity and is easily adapted for administration in manydifferent languages. However, even though the OPI is arguablythe best way to measure proficiency and degree of bilingualismaccurately, it is rarely feasible to administer in research or clinicalsettings due to time constraints and lack of individuals qualifiedto administer and score an OPI in both languages for bilinguals.This study was designed to determine which brief objectivemeasure(s) of proficiency, already widely used in research andin clinical settings, best predict(s) the gold standard.

      Setting up the aim of the research: self-report vs. OPI - important going forward

    4. Bilingualism can be defined in terms of proficiency, dominance and balance. Proficiencycorresponds to how quickly, accurately and easily a person can retrieve words and other linguisticstructures and the facility of language use across various communicative contexts (Hulstijn,2011). Proficiency spans four modalities: speaking, understanding, reading and writing. Dom-inance corresponds to which language is more proficient, and balance refers to relative profi-ciency in the two languages. This can vary with domain or context and can change over abilingual’s lifetime, depending on their experiences (Birdsong, 2014; Treffers-Daller & Silva-Corvalan, 2016). Among key variables that influence dominance are age of acquisition

      Important constructs: links to cognitive theories on bilingualism

    5. We investigated which objective language proficiency tests best predict the language dominance,balance, English and Spanish proficiency scores relative to Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI)scores (averaged across 5–6 raters). Eighty Spanish–English bilinguals completed OPIs, picturenaming, semantic and letter fluency, lexical decision tests and a language history questionnaire.Except for letter fluency, objective measures explained more variance than self-report variables,which seldom and negligibly improved proficiency prediction beyond objective measures inforward regression models. Picture naming (the Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) Sprint 2.0)was the strongest predictor for most purposes.

      Hypothesis: Measures that are objective will give a result better than self-reports.

    1. Metadata# In addition to the main components of the images, sound, and video data, this information is often stored with metadata, such as: The time the image/sound/video was created The location where the image/sound/video was taken The type of camera or recording device used to create the image/sound/video etc.

      This part got me thinking about how much invisible information we leave behind online. When I post a content, I usually only consider the image or video itself, not embedded details like the time, location, or device used. This metadata can easily be used to track or identify individuals, raising serious privacy and security concerns. So I am wondring if most social media users realize that deleting a post doesn't necessarily remove this hidden data.

    1. Is the quantum wave function real?  What does it mean to say that it’s real?

      Yes. Particles behave as waves until observed in a manner that directly causes it to collapse.

    2. How does quantum mechanics bear on the age-old philosophical debate between materialism and idealism?  Does it tip the scale in either direction?

      Quantum mechanics tip the debate to idealism, especially with concepts such as uncertainty and consciousness affecting reality. Quantum mechanics has a place for idealism.

    3. if you measure it twice, within a short span of time, you will find that it has the same value.

      Because the first measurement collapsed the wavefunction, so subsequent measurements will come to the same result in the case of a particle's eigenstate.

    4. the world of our perception is just a projection of an incredibly high dimensional configuration space.

      Like video game code, and what we see is the projection of the code

    5. Bohmian mechanics also postulates the existence of a hidden field that guides the particle configurations

      Pilot-wave theory. There is a wave that guides particles.

    6. But why treat particle configurations as special? One reason for thinking that particle configurations are always determinate is our eyes seem to tell us that this is the case!

      Why is knowing the specific position of particles so important to us? Because our eyes, what we see, is what is perceived as "real."

    7. Why would an electron have a state of motion, but not have a position?

      But only for that moment that is measured. Have they measured the same electron for another metric?

    8. So how are we to reconcile the fact that sometimes the electron doesn’t have a position with the fact that, whenever we look, it does have a position?

      It's like our brain uses something beyond frequency but the idea like a radio. It can tune into what it seeks to find.

    9. Whenever a conscious observer tries to determine the position of the electron, she will always finds that it does indeed have a position.

      Because we are tuned into that measurement.

    10. We’re saying that if the electron has some position, then it does not have any state of motion.

      So for every discrete moment, an electron is limited to what type of measurement it can be. A snapchat. But the next moment can it be a different type, right?

    11. There doesn’t seem to be any direct analogy between quantum reality and the reality we perceive with our senses.

      How about what's in between a person blind from birth and a person who was blind but now they see. The latter, although can no longer perceive sight, has knowledge of what is sight. Whereas the former has never had perception of sight. How you do explain to one who is blind how it is to see. By attempting to use sound, right--by taking, that is? So same in quantum mechanics. How do we know what we don't see? Well, let's see if another signal can give us insight.

    12. And we already knew that we are made of things that are too small for our eyes to see.

      We can't see things too small or not within the visible light spectrum for humans.

    1. However, the integration of AI into education presents new challenges, including the potential for cheating. Students may use AI to gain an unfair advantage over their peers, undermining the credibility of the education system.

      While there are many benefits to using AI, it also presents students with the opportunity to misuse it.

    2. AI algorithms can be trained to analyse medical records, identifying errors or potential risks such as misdiagnoses, incorrect treatments, or adverse events. This information can be used to help doctors prevent similar errors from happening in the future.

      AI can protect patients from errors and negligence, promoting a safe healthcare environment.

    3. One of the key benefits of AI in healthcare is the ability to provide personalized health information. By analysing patient data, such as medical histories and lifestyle factors, AI algorithms can provide patients with tailored recommendations for maintaining good health.

      AI can benefit patients by creating personalized healthcare plans based on their medical history.

    4. revolutionize the medical field.

      It definitely does feel like something big in history is happening with AI being a very big and present thing. It feels like there’s about to be really big changes but in a good way that could have the potential of creating and adding to the healthcare.

    5. AI algorithms can also be used to automatically detect lesions in medical images

      This helps so much catch what the human eye maybe can’t at some times. It is such a big modernized equipment that can even help with health related things.

    6. However, there are also concerns regarding the quality of AI-generated questions, unpredictability, lack of creativity, and ethical considerations. The utilization of AI algorithms in question generation can ensure fair, unbiased, and consistent evaluation of medical students' knowledge and skills

      Regardless of the potential of AI in helathcare, there are also flaws in the technology as explained. Even though it can be efficient, it lacks creativity and ethical considerations.

    7. Finally, the use of AI in medical radiology also has the potential to reduce radiation exposure to patients. AI algorithms can be used to optimize imaging protocols and minimize the amount of radiation exposure that patients receive during medical imaging procedures. This has the potential to significantly improve patient safety and reduce the risk of harm.

      AI could also help reduce unnecessary imaging by flagging when a scan might not even be needed, which lowers patient exposure. However, will doctors still have the final say or will this be too much of relying on AI that can make mistakes?

    8. Virtual consultations are another way in which AI is being used to improve the delivery of healthcare. By providing remote medical care, patients can receive medical treatment without having to travel to a healthcare facility. This can be especially beneficial for those who live in remote areas or who have mobility issues.

      I agree with this benefit, but it makes me wonder if all patients have reliable internet access to actually use virtual consultations.

    9. The application of AI in this area has the potential to bring about significant advancements in the accuracy of diagnoses, speed up the diagnostic process, and enhance the overall patient experience.

      This article highlights the potential of AI in the healthcare field. The efficiency in diagnostic processes with accuracy.

    10. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as perception, reasoning, and decision-making. In healthcare, AI is used to analyse large amounts of patient data, such as medical records, imaging studies, and laboratory results, to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.

      This source explains what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is and how it's being used in healthcare. It focuses on how AI can help doctors by analyzing patient data like medical records and lab results. The goal is to improve decision-making and help patients get better treatment. It's a helpful overview for understanding AI’s role in modern healthcare.

    11. With advancements in AI technology and its integration into routine tasks, the field of healthcare and education is rapidly evolving. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of AI in these sectors and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of its integration.

      This article explores how AI is changing the fields of healthcare and education. It looks at both the positive and negative effects of using AI in everyday tasks. The author provides a detailed analysis of how this technology is being used and what that means for the future of these two important areas. It’s useful for understanding both the benefits and challenges that come with AI in real-life settings.

    12. AI algorithms can be used to evaluate the quality of tissue samples and improve the accuracy of diagnoses.

      This sentence from the article shows how AI may be able to help with diagnostic histopathology, by checking the quality of the tissue samples and also by reducing the mistakes that are made when reading them. AI can also heavily improve patient care and also help make medical decisions way more reliable by also help doctors diagnose patients more accurately.

    13. The article will also delve into the possibility of AI enabling new forms of publication and supporting reproducibility, helping to improve the overall quality of scientific publications.

      This sentence from the article shows how AI could possible change scientific publishing by making new different types of articles, like interactive or multimedia articles, and it could also help research be a lot more reliable and repeatable. The data verification and validation also help make published work more reliable and high quality, which will help resolve the concern about transparency and research integrity in academia.

    14. Finally, AI algorithms can also be utilized to increase efficiency in diagnostic histopathology. Automating routine tasks in this area can free up pathologists to focus on complex cases and speed up the diagnostic process.

      As someone who has studied histology before, at times tissue samples were very difficult to identify, so using AI's algorithms to correctly identify the samples is amazing. Like the article states, patients can receive care as quickly as possible this way so that pathologists can focus on more complex cases. Quality is the most important factor of care, so knowing that AI can make processes more efficient makes for a better experience.

    15. One of the key benefits of AI in healthcare is the ability to provide personalized health information.

      During last weeks discussion, I mentioned how AI can personalize care, recommendations, and activities on what patients should do in their daily routine. I didn't know AI was so developed that there are AI powered monitoring systems. Similarly, AI is making healthcare providers jobs easier by being able to track data itself.

    16. Quality control is also a crucial area in which AI is being utilized in diagnostic histopathology

      Quality control is known to be a process of testing products such as diagnostic testing and ensuring that they are properly working and giving accurate results. To ensure the quality of their analyses, medical laboratories periodically participate in external quality assessment programs and use internal quality control (Gruber et al., 2024). Quality controls may be performed daily, weekly, monthly, or annually. This will allow healthcare organizations ensure their products are effective. This is important for proper diagnosis and treatments.

      Gruber, L., Hausch, A., & Mueller, T. (2024). Internal Quality Controls in the Medical Laboratory: A Narrative Review of the Basic Principles of an Appropriate Quality Control Plan. Diagnostics, 14(19), 2223. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14192223

    17. With advancements in AI technology and its integration into routine tasks, the field of healthcare and education is rapidly evolving

      Artificial intelligence has been a key contributor in the evolution of healthcare and education. AI has helped educators navigate through curriculum requirements, while simplifying materials for students. AI technology such as computers, tablets, or phones, have allowed physicians and other health professionals with documentation into patient charts. With patient portals, families are able to see diagnosis, lab results, and further education on treatment plans.

    1. It feels as though you have direct access to the world through your senses.

      Quantum mechanics thooo. Does having direct access to something make it real.

    1. Open Structures, Constructs and Collaboration

      Not just Open Source

      but Open Sauce

      con-structs/stellations for

      • One Player-first
      • born Multi Player
      • cascades of scaling

      where computer support for individual work - is itself considered to be born collaborative, - where 1 player collaborates with their past selves

      born InterPersonal

      • In-fo/fra-structures

      that constitute and support - local-first -Web/Browser Native - InterPlanetary - Permanent - Evergreen

      named massive multiplayer

      • social networked dedicated Colaboratories for
      • individuals their connections and everyone who encounters their work and able to connect and have conversations that are continupus wihout being synchrionous and contiguous with the particiants entire work spaces

      • communities

      and networks of networks of those

    1. Taking a side or position on a controversial science issu

      I feel like this would be very easy to spark conversation in kids. They are very set in their ways and typically not scared to voice their opinions of what they think is right. The struggle would be to teach them that everyone’s opinions matter and how to disagree politely.

    2. Facilitating Meaningful Oral Discussion in the Science Classroom

      You could do this in many different ways. My first thought comes to think-pair-share or small group discussions before talking to the whole class. Randomized calling after a discussion has a better chance for participation in a non threatening way. You could also have students do sentence starters.

    3. Table 6.3 Scientific Design Principles for Multilingual Learner

      I feel like this goes for every student, not just ELL learners. This could go for general ed students or even special education. Science in the classroom should revolve around student curiosity and discoveries.

    4. Strategies for Moving Social Studies Learning Forward With Multilingual Learners

      I feel like most of the strategies for this are just going to be very similar to the other content areas. Such as teaching content vocabulary before teaching the lesson, connecting it to their real lives and using visual supports.

    5. Social studies textbooks and materials

      I wonder if you could use lower level textbooks or even kids books to help teach concepts to ELL students. That’s if they don’t need to memoize any names or dates but just for the concept or story that they need to know.

    6. Social studies is not treated in the same way as other content areas.

      Because it is not on most standardized tests, some teachers actually don’t teach it as much as they should or really at all. They use that time to focus on tested subjects like math or science, which is kinds awful.

  2. k51qzi5uqu5dgvbh9nhvfhg4g87zx7m6n9tl1l51mr6y978nitqq344e2bvmjm.ipns.dweb.link k51qzi5uqu5dgvbh9nhvfhg4g87zx7m6n9tl1l51mr6y978nitqq344e2bvmjm.ipns.dweb.link
    1. Open Structures, Constructs

      Weaving the Personal First interpersonal IndyWeb of

      Open Sauce con-structs/stellations for Person-first InterPersonal In-fo/fra-structures that constitute and support local-first WebNative InterPlanetary Permanent Evergreen named massive multiplayer social networked dedicated Colaboratories for individuals and communities

    1. If your scope isn’t clear, then readers will constantly wonder when you’ll address the larger topic–or even assume you simply forgot to do it.

      If your scope isnt clear readers get confused. They will constantly wonder when youll adress the main topic.

    2. Make sure you draw your readers in from the beginning and follow with interesting and supportive information. If readers are not intrigued from the very beginning of the piece, they will quickly become distracted and avoid reading any further.

      it is important to make sure that you hook the readers and keep them intrigued the whole way through the paper

    3. a writer might notice that one idea needs to be developed more thoroughly and another idea omitted. The writer might decide that rearranging paragraphs will provide clarity and support for their argument, strengthening the paper as a whole.
    4. successful writers rely on revising as an integral part of the writing process, and it is important for authors to spend the majority of their time revising their texts. Revising and editing are two separate processes that are often used interchangeably by novice writers. Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and includes fixing typos and grammatical errors.
    5. Answer: NO. Any experienced reader will instantly see through such a scheme and will likely become irritated by the resulting “fluffy” prose. If you are having trouble meeting the minimum word count, a far better solution is to add more examples, details, quotations, or perspectives.

      if you have trouble coming up with more examples than your thesis isn't strong enough

    6. Your introduction should state the issue at hand, establish your position regarding it, describe your paper’s organization, and identify the scope of your coverage.

      helpful checklist for introduction writing.

    7. read your paper aloud

      even if a friend or peer isn't around to do this for you, reading your paper aloud helps the overall flow and will help catch run ons as well as punctuation errors

    8. Ask your readers if everything is clear and easily understood, if phrases are worded correctly, if the document is logically sound, etc. If you have other specific concerns — Is the second example effective? Does my conclusion resolve the paper nicely? — ask your readers to direct their attention to those issues

      Sometimes asking peers for reviews can be intimidating but all it takes is one good, constructive comment to push me in the right direction.

    1. I will also add that for a military which has, for at least the last 165 years, distinguished itself by winning its wars through relentlessly superior logistics and organizing, the emphasis on chasing the mirage of ultra-masculine ‘strong men’ super-soldiers (at the expense of logistics, organizers and bureaucrats) strikes as almost absurdly historically illiterate. The United States military has spent more than the last century and a half mopping the floor with manly-man armies, be they the Flower of Southern Chivalry1 or the Nazi Übermenschen. Where it has failed (Afghanistan, Vietnam) it has not been fighting armies of body-builders but scrappy, under-fed, foreign-supported forces willing to be tactically and politically flexible, like a smaller boxer waiting for a larger one to ‘punch himself out.’

      interesting emphasis!

    1. disciplines but also for navigating the complexities of daily life.

      Academic and studying skills can be applied to more than just educational situations, and that's why they're important skills to have. Problem solving skills and learning strategies can be applied to work life and everyday life, as well as academic life.

    2. ensuring one does not take information at face value. Instead, it prompts individuals to ask: "Why is that true? Why is that right? Why is this the only option?". This analytical approach is vital for establishing validity in any given situation.

      This is important for me because a lot of times we just assume what any teacher tells us is correct, but going deeper to understand the topic is important because the teacher might not always be right. Its important to understand something beyond the surface and to ask questions to totally know what is going on. it helps for us to understand other things too.

    1. HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME

      This line can be read in two ways (at least). On a first pass—at least this was very much the case for me—it reads with “please” as an adverb, as it is often used in requests or questions. There is a problem then with “its” which is read as “it’s” as in “it is time.” But this error feels fitting—the repetition of the line and its formatting in all caps create a sense of urgency, a rush from which this mistake could ensue. It feels that punctuation has been omitted in a similar fashion.

      But “its” could also be read as is, in which case it is a possessive pronoun—“time” belongs to “it.” “Please” is then an imperative verb. I am leaning towards this reading, as it feels slightly hidden (quite Eliot-like), and plays into the question of agency I have been exploring in a number of my annotations.

      So what is the “it”? I think “it” refers to some greater force, power, or overarching structure, and here it feels clear that this is the game of chess—which is often played with time constraints.

      Chess appears to be ruling this section of the poem, especially the parts pertaining to women. I find chess very interesting in that, in looking at its set-up, it is suggested that the queen, as the most powerful piece (being able to move as she does), should be the most secure. Yet the rules define winning as capturing the king. The queen’s role is one of sacrifice, to protect the king, and in doing so almost always meets her demise. The women referenced in “A Game of Chess” follow this arc. They hold the immense power of “love,” but somehow this is, in each case, twisted to serve men and then lead to their death. It seems that Lil will meet a similar end, with the last line on page 59 being a reference to (some of) Ophelia’s last words (where she is speaking about herself?). The ties to Middleton’s A Game at Chess and its sexual interpretations of the game link these two ideas more firmly.

      In Pound’s The Game of Chess there is a pattern of lines on the page that repeats four times. It is a sequence of one line and then the line below it being indented (a couple times?). The space, notably, forms a clear “angle” and an uppercase “l” if rotated 180°. This pattern/spacing, even exaggerated a bit, is replicated twice with lines 117-120 in “A Game of Chess.” This stands out against the formatting up to this point. Now the section is physically fitting into “the game.”

      Eliot made the title “A Game of Chess”—not “The Game of Chess” (Pound) or “A Game at Chess” (Middleton). “A Game of Chess” feels more open and less defining than “The Game of Chess.” There is some room. But “A Game at Chess” feels more action-oriented. As always with Eliot, I feel there is back-and-forth.

    2. Burning burning burning burning O Lord Thou pluckest me out O Lord Thou pluckest 310 burning

      In these stanzas, Eliot combines the burning of the “Fire Sermon Discourse" with Augustine’s confessions: effectively combining Christianity and Buddhism, and more largely eastern and western thought. “Burning” is a reference to the overwhelming nature of “passion, aversion, delusion, and suffering. The goal of the Buddha is freedom from “attachement” and deliverance of “depravities” (all tied to the humanness of the five senses and the mind), thus freeing them from the state of a “burning” mind, reaching “arahantship.” The repetition of the word “burning,” in this context compiles the preceding stanzas and references, begging for a rest from the overwhelming overextension of information – begging God or the readers for a second of mercy, for a respite from the polluted hellish landscape that defines “The Waste Land.” The lines “O Lord Thou pluckest me out/O Lord Thou pluckest” are a direct quote from Augustine’s confession 10.34.53, where he discusses the temptation of pride, even though God is the one true way. He says that “O Lord, Thou pluckest me out; because Thy loving-kindness is before my eyes” to showcase how vision and humanity are products of The Lord’s work, and, thus, humanity owes their creations and beauties to the Lord. In this line, by saying “Thy loving-kindness is before my eyes,” Augustine devalues the visual, instead suggesting that the only things that he must see and follow are the words of God. Similarly, The Blessed One in the Fire Sermon says that “‘The eye, O priests, is on fire…eye-conciousness is on fire,” also giving the sense that our senses (particularly the visual) are unimportant, and the only way to reach true spirituality is to forgo them. These details about vision, or the lack thereof, inexplicably tie these lines all the way back to the speaker of The Waste Land, “Tiresias,” who was blind and had been both male and female, giving him the power of the prophecy. Just like Tiresias, who lived between two ( seen as opposing) sexes, these two ideologies from eastern and western thought differ in ideology. However, the solace from the division is the opposite of our humanity and our vision. To unite humanity, we must relinquish that which makes us so, embracing divinity and the word of our gods, though they may present differently across cultures.

    3. To Carthage then I came

      Eliot's choice to directly quote Augustine's confession, "To Carthage then I came," brings forth the full context of that arrival, where Carthage is described as a place "where there sang all around me in my ears a cauldron of unholy loves." This directly relates to what Eliot has been showing throughout the poem, the degraded, mechanical relationships between men and women in the Wasteland. Just as Carthage corrupted Augustine to the point where his "soul was sickly and full of sores," the disesed relationships in The Wasteland also cause spiritual corruption, Eliot then follows with the repetition "Burning burning burning burning," directly referencing the Buddha's Fire Sermon, "With the fire of passion, say I, with the fire of hatred, with the fire of infatuation; with birth, old age, death, sorrow, lamentation, misery, grief, and despair are they on fire." Eliot's use of the fire insists that the people in the Wasteland haven't distanced themselves from their senses, and as a result they suffer. Eliot then uses another of Augustine's confessions, "O Lord Thou pluckest me out." Here Augustine admits that even though he recognizes how "those beautiful patterns which through men's souls are conveyed into their cunning hands, come from that Beauty, which is above our souls, which my soul day and night sigheth after," he still finds himself entangled in outward beauties, and needs God's mercy to repeatedly pull him free. By placing these two voices together, Buddha and Augustine, Eliot is suggesting that the people in The Wasteland are in need of saving. Regardless of the solution, whether it's distancing from their burning senses or God coming to pluck them. They must be saved from their unholy behavior.

    1. the reckoning with GenAI in writing education has been especially fraught

      Yes! There is a ton of research on how AI impacts/helps/supports/hinders writing - the other skills are not nearly as extensively studied.

    1. The complete citation information (in the format the assignment requires) A summary or paraphrase of the contents of the source in your words The direct quotations you may end up using (with page or paragraph numbers) Additional strategy notes about how you plan to use the source

      What is required in a citation.

    1. Although our role continues to evolve, the principles that guide our work are unchanged. Everything that we do must be honest, unbiased and unflinchingly fair. We deal with facts that are demonstrable, supported by sources that are reliable and responsible.

    1. Journalism seeks and imparts information and ideas that are crucial to the publicinterest. That role – of truth-teller and watchdog – sometimes conflicts with variouspublic and private interests, including those of sources, governments, advertisers and,on occasion, our employers. However, ethical journalism does not give favouredtreatment to those influences. It remains independent in service of the public interest.

    1. However, most societies do not value creative thinking and so our skills in generating ideas rapidly atrophies, as we do not practice it, and instead actively learn to suppress it11 Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Society, culture, and person: A systems view of creativity. Springer Netherlands. . That time you said something creative and your mother called you weird? You learned to stop being creative. That time you painted something in elementary school and your classmate called it ugly? You learned to stop taking creative risks. That time you offered an idea in a class project and everyone ignored it? You must not be creative. Add up all of these little moments and where most people end up in life is possessing a strong disbelief in their ability to generate ideas

      I agree with the idea that our society actively works to suppress creativity. This affirms my perspective that we often prioritize getting the right answers rather than thinking creatively in order to get a range of answers for a question. I think this because we, inherently, as humans think of things in black and white. If something isn't the "right" or "correct" idea, it is simply wrong. In reality, these answers may not be wrong and may just be different. Through my own experiences at school, I've seen how people are quick to shut down the idea generation process to just skip ahead to the solution. Especially with generative AI now, we're outsourcing our thinking. This is harmful because we need to be able to think. If we can't think, we can't create.

    2. All of these strategies require some faith. You have to believe that you can generate things, you have to trust that surrounding yourself with the rich detail of the world that you will notice things, and you have to trust that by noticing many things, you’ll generate many ideas.

      I agree with this point, because without faith in the design process it becomes very easy to give up—even on an idea that has the potential to solve a real problem! Discouragement from external voices or internal self-doubt can make us abandon designs too early. That’s exactly why practicing the strategies mentioned in this chapter (finding the essence of something, building analogies, and training ourselves to notice details and externalize it) matters so much. I find this chapter useful because now I know how there is practical strategies to give me the confidence to push forward, refine ideas, and discover new possibilities. I feel like having faith is not blind optimism, but an essential mindset for transforming challenges into meaningful designs.

    1. Q2: What is the value of var2 after the following code executes?

      The values of a variable can change throughout the code. In this case, var2 holds 2 values, but whatever is the most recent value is the value that will get assigned to that variable

    1. The variable name 76trombones is illegal because it begins with a number. The name more@ is illegal because it contains an illegal character, @. But what’s wrong with class? It turns out that class is one of Python’s keywords. The interpreter uses keywords to recognize the structure of the program, and they cannot be used as variable names.

      these are wrong because one of the variables start with a number values/digit which violates the varible assignment rule

      The second variable is flagged and in violation because it contians an illegal charcter which is the @ sign

      The last variable "class" fooled me, but it this violates the variable rules because the term class is one of PYTHONS keywords!!! the interperater uses keywords to recognize the sturtues of the program --> therefore NONE of python's keywords can be used as variable names

    1. Not if the relationship is mutually beneficial and they love each other.

      This is the key to all of this relationship around user innovation and companies! I think a lot of these methods are being used in purely extractive ways and we as consumers and innovators don't always notice. Those who do and speak up are usually ignored.

    2. Not an example of a toolkit, necessarily, but example of a complex task that has been transformed for "normal people"

      This one is interesting because of the advancements of AI in this particular field. Computers are now quite good at this, but they can still get things wrong and rely on humans to verify and validate. How does AI play in the area of user-driven innovation?

    3. "Ok kids, the experts have arrived! To the side now, we will handle it for you!"

      I've been on both sides of this! It's annoying when it happens to you, but also humbling when you finally recognize you've done it to someone else.

    4. Have needs that foreshadow general demand in the marketplace

      This is one of my favorite aspects of attending conferences and working with individuals and teams using products I'm working on who are pushing the edges of the capabilities and frustrated with the limitations. They understand their problems and how to solve them, but just don't have the right tools yet, so they make due with whatever they have. Those almost always indicate there are tons of others in the space with the same problems who just aren't yet able to articulate it clearly enough for a business to hear it and respond.

    1. If students feel uncomfortable, allow them to leave. If they feel coerced into the conversation, then they are likely to withdraw from the conversation or guard closely what they say.

      What are other ways an educator can support a student to not make the student feel that their feeling are not relevant to the topic!?

    1. Each one would use different language and syntax to describe the concept, and as each student makes individual choices in language and syntax over a period of time, their readers will eventually associate those choices with particular writers — their unique writing accumulates to create an authorial voice.

      Presenters with different dialect and choice of words create their own style of speaking

    1. Moreover, the results revealed that the integration of a competitive element had a substantial impact on enhancing learners’ intrinsic motivation to develop their English language skills using LINE ChatBot.

      LINE ChatBot and motivation.

    1. That shouldn't be a surprise: It's exactly how nature works. Evolutiondoesn't linger on past failures, it's always building upon what worked. Soshould you.

      For me, this page from the book reminded me of the book Think Again.

    1. ned requirements) may not result in the best performance. The advantage of the proposed RPLS protocol over the existing ones relies on its ability of being an application-specific routing protocol and thus it meets the objectives and enhances the performance of the WSN application for which it is designed for. But the security problem requires even more effort to avoid false alarms and thus not affect network performance particularly in terms of energy and time.

      testn

    1. One region, the binding region, depicts locations at which the electron exerts a net binding effect on the new nuclei. Outside of this, in the antibinding region, the electron will actually work against binding.

      Bonding and antibonding electrons are denoted by their tendency to occupy a physical space that creates a repulsive effect between the electron and the hybridized orbitals, i.e. perpendicular or in larger molecules, areas that "push some functional groups or atoms away from the center of the molecule." This means that electrons must be considered as one piece of the electromagnetic binding forces. For practical purposes, understanding molecular geometry, hybridization, and resonance will help to comprehend the reactive properties of chemicals.

  3. drive.google.com drive.google.com
    1. We dug in. We ace everything there was to eat on the cable.We ate like there was no tomorrow. We didn't talk. We ace.We scarl'ed. We grazed chat table. We were into serious eating.The blind man had right away located his foods, he knew justwhere everything was on his place. I watched'wich admirationas he used his knife and fork on the meat. He'd cue two piecesof. meat, fork the meat into his mouth, and then go all outfor the scalloped potatoes, the beans next, and then he'd tearoff a hunk of buttered bread and eat chat. He'd follow chis upwith a big drink of milk.

      This paragraph is very interesting that the narrator says that the feast is so many but the ambience is empty.

    2. On her last day in the office, the blindman asked if he could touch her face. She agreed to this. Shetold me he touched his fingers to every part of her face, hernose---even her neck!

      I was surprised that the man has touched the woman’s face and even her neck. If I were the woman, I wouldn’t let the man touch it.

    1. Ethnic identity formation is an interactive process by which individuals engage with community members and others in society (Svensson, Berne, and Syed Citation2018). Identity formation begins at birth and continues throughout one's lifespan (Erikson Citation1994). Ethnicity is the product of shaping and reshaping ethnic and cultural activities of the place of origin that define one’s culture and identity.

      TERMS: * Ethnic identity formation * identity formation * ethnicity

    2. Enculturation is a lifelong and the most essential process that makes a person a social and cultural being. It is the degree to which a person adheres to the values and behaviours of an indigenous or ethnic culture (Del Prado and Church Citation2010).

      TERMS: * enculturation

    3. At present, the aspiration for higher education abroad has encouraged many Malayalee youths to find slots in educational institutions in North America, Europe, various regions of Asia, Australia, etc. (Zachariah and Sebastian Citation2016).

      High rates of youth leaving kerala

    1. "She shot out from the back bedroom with a howl, was through the living room and up into my arms, leaping up onto me, her arms locked around my neck, her legs wrapped around my waist, 95 pounds that felt no more than 30. She was crying into my hair, squeezing her legs tighter. It was not a greeting as much as it was a claim: She was staking out this spot on my chest as her own, and I was to hold her for as long as she wanted to stay." Observation: Ann Patchett recounts years of caretaking for Lucy — helping her recover from surgeries, managing finances, and emotionally supporting her through depression and addiction. Interpretation: This highlights a feminist issue of emotional labor, especially in female friendships. Ann gave more than companionship — she carried Lucy when the systems failed her. Connection: Feminist criticism often looks at how women are expected to care for others, even at the cost of their own well-being. Ann’s role brings attention to how friendship between women can become a form of unpaid emotional work.

    1. What do you think is the responsibility of tech workers to think through the ethical implications of what they are making?

      I believe the goal for tech workers is to develop technology safely. It seems like there is a slippery slope that we are inching closer than ever towards. At this point where we have, as Kumail Nanjiani mentions, altering videos that could affect the reputation of public figures. The goal of tech workers should be to create the technology at a rate that is beneficial towards society while preventing any type of danger faced. An example of this could be harvesting materials such as wood, the goal should be to replenish the trees that are being garnered by lumber companies and machines.

    1. "Mai Xia and I chatted "If I ,now," she told me "I' H . were,n t Hmong, I'd be finishing college· m mong and Im a mother."By February Mai Xia had quit her · ob L · . .before Georgina was born, Mai Xia cal/ed. o:' Iron. In Apnl, six weeks the ca l endar, counting but not th d agam. S he had been watchmg she figured, must have 'fin1·s h d l e ] ay bs to delivery. Her old girlfriends, S e co ege y now.he was twenty-three years old." **Observation: Sue Murphy Mote had direct access to Mai Xia Cha and could ask questions about culture, family, and values. Patchett wrote about Lucy from lived experience and memory. Interpretation: While Mote’s portrayal feels more “objective” or researched, Patchett’s account is deeply emotional and intimate. This reflects two types of storytelling: one as a journalist/observer and one as a participant. Connection: This reflects a larger feminist discussion about how women’s lives are recorded — through emotional truth (like memoirs) or cultural/historical documentation (like ethnography). Both are valid but serve different purposes in feminist literature. **

  4. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. W3Schools. Python Sets. URL:

      In those W3School, it all include how to use lists, tuples, sets in python. I choose the sets one, which said that A set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed. And do not allow duplicate values. Which I learned in class is un-mutable. It can used with dictionary, and clean data in order to have no repeat data. One of the detail in this reference is You can also use len() to check how long is this set. In the set it can contain different data type like string, int or True or False.

    2. Thomas T. Hills. The calculus of ignorance. Behavioural Public Policy, 7(3):846–850, July 2023. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioural-public-policy/article/calculus-of-ignorance/14E02A10E307E3FDEFE0E7C86D9E4126 (visited on 2024-04-01), doi:10.1017/bpp.2022.6.

      A detail from this source I found interesting was the implication that "ignorance has costs and benefits." The author argues that being unaware of some things allows us to live a life of joy; however, it also puts us in danger of being unable to understand new ideas and be successful as a society.

    1. The PBS series, Tending The Wild, reveals the environmental knowledge of Native people across California and explores how they have actively shaped and tended the land for millennia, developing a deep understanding of plant and animal life. This documentary series reveals the balance between nature and how traditional practices can inspire a new generation of Californians to live sustainably within their environment.

      It sounds like Native Americans were some of the original proponents of sustainability. That seems like more of a buzzword these days as many organizations, hotels, restaurants, etc. talk about saving water, recycling paper or reducing carbon footprints. It seems many tribes only used resources from the earth when absolutely necessary and even then they used as much of the animal or resource as possible, discarding as a little as possible.

    2. Indigenous ways of knowing refers to the way of knowing that a band or tribe of people accumulates over generations of living in and experiencing a specific environment, resulting in them making sense of their world. Indigenous ways of knowing inform decision-making about fundamental aspects of day-to-day life.

      This explanation of "Indigenous ways of knowing" is helped by the real-life example offered from one of the several hundred tribes present in the United States. Being able to explain the origin story of your people seems to be a common thread across humanity. Indigenous ways of knowing also seems to connect past, present, and future in ways that protect the people, plants, animals and planet from destruction.

    1. So all data that you might find is a simplification. There are many seemingly simple questions that in some situations or for some people, have no simple answers, questions like:

      I really agree of what it said, since like in 4.2.3, if we search and turn something into data we might lose some specific details or background of the data. All we want is to let it turn into simple. When I ask the question of what country are I am from, I will answer that I am from China Chongqing, However, I lived Beijing for 13 years, and now I study in Seattle US. I spend more time in places other than Chongqing which is my hometown. If it turn into data, it might just include China. When I answer the question like how many people live in this house, I will said three people. But I will say more about our room like, it is 4b2b, however one of the student just leave and there is no more people come in, so it turn into 3b2b. But the data might just include 3. For the question how many words in this chapter, the data might just include a number, however, as for me I will introduce more content of each parts.

    1. Student activism focused attention on the inequity evident in the low enrollment and success rates of Black, Chicano, Asian American and American Indian students on college campuses as well as the lack of coverage of these core groups within the college curriculum.

      I'm glad that the movement for Ethnic Studies (and Native American Studies within it) was inclusive to groups that are often overlooked or underrepresented. The horrors of colonization should be discussed in the context of history. The goal moving forward should be to acknowledge this harm and continue trying to make things right especially when treaties are still being broken, the horrors of the missions are barely being revealed, and the Indigenous are still trying to guard the sanctity of the earth from fracking and pollution.

    2. It is imperative that faculty, staff, administrators and students at your college know whose tribal land you occupy to recognize local tribal sovereign rights to the land in order to begin the work to decolonize your campus and community.

      I work in a college environment. I make a point to request a land acknowledgement at the beginning of events and meetings and that we are intentional on any harm we might perpetrate against the humans who originally occupied the land, the animals and plans that occupy the land, and the land itself.

    1. All presidents have lived in the White House. (Major premise) George Washington was president. (Minor premise) George Washington lived in the White House. (Conclusion)

      My philosophy class touched on this last unit, we talked about how you can have arguments that have no logical meaning, but are sound or unsound.

    2. Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices: secretaries, business men and women, military and federal workers, moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge—huge structures collapsing have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong. A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America.

      Terrorist attacks usually aim to strike fear, and cause destruction and pain, and they succeed in the pain and destruction, but generally they fail when it comes to causing fear. They solidify the country and cause patriotism and strength to blossom despite tragedy.

    1. preserved almost to the crux of adulthood (17.4 years old) and then declines steadily

      "critical period" ends at 18ish? but how long to learn...peak performance may decrease well before

    1. In other words, you might ask what are the “secrets” of polyglots. The simple answer to this question is that they are not wizards or inherently gifted with a language DNA. They are like all of us who equally find language learning overwhelming and are willing to take this challenge

      Someone who is a polyglot has the same motivation for learning one language as they do for all the languages they want to learn. I am not a polyglot and don't want to be one there's really only two languages I want to learn and that is Russian and Spanish. I don't have the same motivation for French and even for Russian as I do fro Spanish I really like Spanish.

    1. Ignore your mental and physical health needs. If you feel you are on an emotional rollercoaster and you cannot find time to take care of yourself, then you have most likely ignored some part of your mental and physical well-being. What you need to do to stay healthy should be non-negotiable. In other words, your sleep, eating habits, exercise, and stress-reducing activities should be your highest priorities.

      I loved this point, education is important, but you can't truly learn much or do your best when you aren't taking care of yourself too. It's easy to overlook these things; they might seem small or insignificant, but these are our needs, and even neglecting the smallest thing can throw our entire system off. Taking care of yourself and your needs is so important, and I'm so happy that they brought this out.

    2. Returning to our example of the classroom-presentation assignment, you can see that the types of learning activities in college can be very different from what you have experienced previously. While there may have been similar assignments in high school, such as presentations or written papers, the level of expectation with length and depth is significantly different in college. This point is made very clear when comparing facts about the requirements of high school work to the type of work students produce in college. One very strong statistic that underscores this comes from a study conducted by the Pew Research Center. They found that 82 percent of teens report that their typical high school writing assignments were only a single paragraph to one page in length.2 (Writing Technology and Teens, 2004, Pew Research Center) This is in stark contrast to a number of sources that say that writing assignments in lower-level college courses are usually 5–7 pages in length, while writing assignments in upper-level courses increase to 15–20 pages. It is also interesting to note that the amount of writing done by a college student can differ depending on their program of study.

      This particular passage stood out to me because it outlines some major differences between college courses and lower level courses. I believe it is very important for every student to understand these differences, especially since some areas of study require more complicated classes.

    1. Remember that language is a social activity; while it is fine to start with some ‘should-dos’ (some basics ‘rules’ of the language), it is equally important to discover some ‘could-dos’ (creative possibilities for using the language)

      I feel like basic learning of a language should use the should dos but once it gets more advanced its important to learn slang and blend in more with native speakers.

    2. Imagine you are traveling to a different country in a month and you are motivated to learn some basic expressions in order to communicate with people. This upcoming trip will likely motivate you to make more consistent efforts to learn the language than if you were not traveling.

      It will be a lot easier to learn a new language if it's a language you are quite interested in for sure. I am very interested in Spanish and I would want to learn it whereas Russian I think is cool but it isn't cool enough for me

    3. More than aptitude, motivation plays a key role. If you have a strong desire to learn, you’ll learn faster than someone who simply has more aptitude, just like learning any other skill such as cycling, knitting, or baking.

      I agree that motivation is a key role in learning a new language. You will never learn a language if you are forced to, rather than when your motivated to and are having fun with it. When your motivated you will put more practice and time into learning the new language.

    1. You’ve just bought a brand-new appliance. Maybe it’s a sleek, modern refrigerator, a high-efficiency washing machine, or a powerful new oven. The box arrives, and you’re excited to get it running. You think, “How hard can it be? I’ll just install it myself and save some money.”

      Need dishwasher repair services in Sydney? Best Repairs offers quick diagnostics, skilled technicians, and reliable fixes to restore your appliance and prevent damage

    1. Even if the person arguing is hypocritical, they may still be making a sound argument.

      The argument assumes that hypocrisy only raises suspicion and not refutation. We may wonder whether hypocrisy sometimes directly undermines credibility.

    2. But it's popularity does not prove its validity.

      The author is saying the assumption that popularity equals truth, then dismantles it. The argument is based on the idea that popularity never proves validity, but this is not entirely true.

    3. An appeal to a shared identity that is not really shared or an appeal to a shared value that the writer does not really hold is certainly a breach of trust.

      The argument assumes that audiences will always notice when appeals to shared identity are insincere.

    4. Here are three questions to ask about the legitimacy of any appeal to trust: Does the attempt to get the reader to trust suggest an idea that is not logical or not true?

      This piece clearly articulates the case that not all appeals to trust are legitimate.It gives readers three guiding questions.

    1. Choose a topic that is current. Not current. People should use seat belts. Current. People should not text while driving. Choose a topic that is controversial. Not controversial. People should recycle. Controversial. Recycling should be mandatory by law. Choose a topic that meaningfully impacts society. Not as impactful. Superman is the best superhero. Impactful. Colleges and universities should adopt zero-tolerance bullying policies. Write a thesis statement that is clearly argumentative and states your stance. Unclear thesis. Homeschooling is common in the United States. Clear, argumentative thesis with stance. Homeschooling does not provide the same benefits of traditional education and should be strictly monitored and limited.

      Choosing a topic that has already been discussed, is obvious, or is only impactful for a small group is difficult to persuade because the audience won't stay interested. Also, not on topic, but as someone who was previously homeschooled, it gave me more opportunities to grow than any public school would.

    1. Unfortunately, teachers are so used to the conventions of their discourse communities that they sometimes don’t explain to students the reasons behind the writing conventions of their discourse communities

      I struggle with attending classes, and the teachers use terms I am unaware of! It makes me think I'm in the wrong place, but I manage to adapt by asking my peers around me.

    1. In college, academic expectations change from what you may have experienced in high school. The quantity of work you are expected to complete increases. When instructors expect you to read pages upon pages or study hours and hours for one particular course, managing your workload can be challenging. This chapter includes strategies for studying efficiently and managing your time.

      I find it challenging to balance classes (especially online) with work, so I hope to learn how to make the most of my time eventually.

    1. Dr. Ducker bites, grimly, into the sandwich.

      The detail of mentioning the peanut butter sandwich at the beginning and end of the story is memorable, as it serves as an intimate detail. In my opinion, aside from the tragedy and tension of the story, this small detail creates a distinct tonality for the ending.

    1. it is not essential to all communication. When you are learning a language, you can still communicate,  no matter your current level.

      I agree, in my own first hand experience I have been able to get around Mexico fine just by using basic phrases and small conversations. I would definitely want to be able to speak very fluently but the communication was there

    2. Communication means different things to different people across diverse settings. However, one thing that is non-negotiable about human communication is that it is not limited to words, signs, or sounds

      When people think of communication I think they think of speaking and talking to each other right off the bat. I can even be guilty of that too, where I wont think of other ways of communication for different people. I think it is important to be aware of different communication ways so we can be respectful to each other and their communication styles.

    1. How might social annotation fit into your course? For what pur-poses might you begin conversations in the margins of the textsyou read with your class?

      When in Rome do as the romans do! Let discussion flow, allow critical thinking to fill the mind. Social annotations are a great way to allow mingling of thoughts and ideas amongst introverts and extroverts alike! As was stated earlier learn is social.

    2. Describe your workflow for reading and annotating this chapter.What worked well? What might you change to be more strategic?

      I started by reading everything then re-reading it once more and began annotating what I felt could do with some clarification. This strategy worked well for me because I felt I could absorb the information presented. I would change the fact I did not at least highlight what it is I wanted to annotate.

    3. How would youannotate differently for the two audiences?

      It depends on the audience(s). Some may prefer to arrive at the answer themselves and do not know how or even what kind of question they need to ask to get to their answer. Then there are some who prefer to have clarified, plain answers so minimal thinking is involved, and they may continue on to the next annotation or continue reading the text.

    4. When might you choose to share annotations with your class andwhen might you make your annotations public?

      In any attempt to share my annotations is the effort to clarify something or to remove any confusion. I would share my annotations with my class at the same time as I would with public because I was able to simplify or add enough context to remove any misunderstandings.

    1. Identifying the use or function of an object, item, or idea is also a short way of defining. We may think we already know the use and function of most of the things we interact with regularly.

      The text says that defining through synonyms, antonyms, and etymology helps audiences better understand concepts. I connected this to how English teachers often explain new vocabulary by using familiar words or their origins. Learning that “assassin” came from “hashish-eater” makes the concept more memorable than just a dictionary definition. This shows how history and language can make information stick with an audience.

    2. Television chefs are excellent examples of speakers who frequently inform through demonstration. While many of them make the process of speaking while cooking look effortless, it took much practice over many years to make viewers think it is effortless.

      The section about informing through demonstration made me think of YouTube tutorials. The book mentions that TV chefs multitask by cooking and explaining, which is very similar to how online creators show and narrate at the same time. It’s a reminder that good demonstrations require careful planning, not just knowledge of the steps. If I were to do a demo speech, I’d probably practice a lot so I don’t lose my audience.

    3. Avoiding information overload requires a speaker to be a good translator of information. To be a good translator, you can compare an unfamiliar concept with something familiar, give examples from real life, connect your information to current events or popular culture, or supplement supporting material like statistics with related translations of that information.

      The text warns that speakers sometimes overwhelm audiences by giving too much detail. This connects to my own experience in classes where professors overload PowerPoint slides with data—it’s hard to follow along, and I end up tuning out. The book suggests aiming slightly below the audience’s knowledge level, which makes sense because people don’t mind review, but they do mind confusion. This is a good takeaway for planning any presentation.

    4. Aside from finding credible and objective sources, informative speakers also need to take time to find engaging information. This is where sharp research skills are needed to cut through all the typical information that comes up in the research process to find novel information.

      The section about “novel information” stood out because it says audiences get more engaged when they hear something unexpected. This makes sense because I usually pay attention more in class when a teacher shares surprising trivia instead of repeating things I already know. It’s a reminder that even a simple topic can be made interesting with the right research. For my own speeches, I should aim to find unique angles instead of just the obvious facts.

    5. Informative speeches about processes provide a step-by-step account of a procedure or natural occurrence. Speakers may walk an audience through, or demonstrate, a series of actions that take place to complete a procedure, such as making homemade cheese. Speakers can also present information about naturally occurring processes like cell division or fermentation.

      The text explains that informative speeches can be categorized into various types, including objects, people, events, processes, concepts, and issues. This reminds me of how TED Talks cover these same categories but make them relatable through storytelling. I think this shows that choosing a category isn’t just about the topic, but about how it can connect to the audience. Picking the right category makes it easier to organize and engage people.

    1. when a professor shared stories of their own struggles learning to code and emphasized that persistence and effort mattered more than innate talent

      I agree, learning Java for the first time was also hard to comprehend during my AP Comp Sci class. I dont think I followed well with my teacher's teaching style. However, persistence was essential to having success in that class.

    2. The logic did not come easily, and she began to doubt her abilities.

      I feel that people who often have a fixed mindset if they are put into this situation. This causes them to believe that they can do anything and then realize that they were not open to trying a new perspective of approaching something later in the future.

    1. But the pages of e-books are themselves likely to become the sites of conversations. Already readers ofmany e-books-on the Kindle, the Nook, and other e-readersshare comments and highlight

      this is kind of what we are doing now with Hypothesis.

    1. it isthe tools and artifacts, and/or the learning environments that must be reorganized in waysto encourage deep learning

      It is more important to focus on the strengths, experiences, and interests of a student rather than forcing them to bottle up what makes up their identity.

    Annotators

    1. The needy drew down whatever savings they had, turned to their families, and sought out charities for public assistance. Soon they all were depleted. Unemployed workers and cash-strapped farmers defaulted on their debts, including mortgages. Already over-extended banks, deprived of income, took savings accounts down with them when they closed. Fear-stricken observers went to their own banks and demanded their deposits. Banks that otherwise might have endured the crisis fell prey to panic, and shut down as well.

      It seems like history is repeating itself these days with how bad the economy is

    1. Common limitations across all AI tools included alack of specificity and transferability. Most interventionplan outputs were described as too general and lackingclient-specific detail

      Not necessarily written from a specific point of view but the article goes from present to past tense as it walks the readers through the experiment and then walks through the results after the experiment.

    2. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric analysis wereutilized to summarize the basic features of the data acrossthe six AI tools.

      Use of jargon and technical language.

    3. Using a mixed design including both quantitative and qualitative analy-

      Qualitative and quantitative analysis was used. This method of research is most efficient for this research question because they are trying to determine how the quality of the AI generated lesson plans and the average scores and standard deviations.

    4. Namhee Kim, a Mercy Homer,a and Hyeju Jangba California Baptist University, Riverside b Indiana University Indianapolis

      There are three different authors each from different universities, two of them are from the same university and collaborated outside of their university.

    5. Two versions of ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI,were included. ChatGPT-3.5 was chosen because it is oneof the most widely used and freely accessible generativeAI tools (OpenAI, 2023). ChatGPT-4o, OpenAI’s latestand more advanced paid version, was selected for itsenhanced performance compared to the free version(OpenAI, 2024). Both ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4oshare similar training data sources, but ChatGPT-4ointroduces multimodal capabilities and includes data up toApril 2023, whereas ChatGPT-3.5 has a cutoff date ofJanuary 2022 (OpenAI, 2024)

      This section presents the rationalization of choosing each form of AI and how it was applicable to the creation of clinical treatment plans.

    6. This study compared the performance of outputsgenerated by six LLM-based AI tools across three fic-tional clinical cases.

      This article is formatted as an IMRaD format and this is a description of the method they are using.

    7. hey are not capable of producing transferable and clini-cally relevant plans that address individual needs

      The research found that AI was a valuable resource but not the most dependable.

    8. currently available for clinical writing in the fieldof speech-language pathology. This study aims to evaluate the potential appli-cations and limitations of these AI tools, as well as their ability to provide rele-vant and reliable information for developing intervention plans

      The intended audience for this article would be clinicians because it is focused on treatment plans.

    9. This study aims to evaluate the potential appli-cations and limitations of these AI tools, as well as their ability to provide rele-vant and reliable information for developing intervention plans.

      The topic being discussed is how AI could be utilized in the realm of speech pathology

    1. In addition to presenting a higher risk of malnutrition, the prevalence ofcognitive deficits and other neurological disorders is high among home care older adults.The findings of this review regarding the association between nutritional status and depres-sion and subsequent cognitive performance are somewhat limited and should thereforebe interpreted with caution.

      This section highlights the importance of taking caution when looking at medications within the elderly community. As this generation ages, it is more common for them to take in less calories leading to malnutrition and it can be affected by cognitive disabilities like dementia, depression, etc. It is important to be looking into the possible reasoning for the malnutrition.

    1. parse recordsimpede calculations of slave deaths prior to this period; however, estimates are in the hun-dreds of thousands (Handler 1999, 13)

      Hundreds of thousands?! This is crazy, and for such a small island.

    2. ‘some slaves are interred in the parish churchyard, others in theirusual burying places on the estates’

      It baffles me how many ways colonialists were able to segregate Black communities. Not just throughout their life, but beyond. This also reminds me of the mass-burial of Indigenous children in Canada's history.

    1. 🌌💬HyperPost 🚧Development 🤝ColabSpace

      create/curate slef-documenting information pertaining to all development by the indy.player/actor 🎭/gyuri/ within the Web Hosted directory for the Peergos account: ♖/hyperpost part of on going 👨‍💻development ♒stream

      :created: 2025-09-22

    1. .work.how

      in this folder I maintain the following initial structure to ensue that all activities I engage here are manually mapped and organized, with a view to eventual automation whenever possible starting from this point 1 is invited to self-create/curate intentionally transparent self-archiving-describing-organizing structures

    1. New teachers typically require some school-level institutional support—such as help in understand- ing the school’s teacher evaluation process and the subtleties of the school culture—as soon as they begin teaching, particularly during the initial anticipation and survival phases of first-year teaching

      This is so true! The first year is overwhelming, and a teacher benefits greatly from support within the building to understand the building culture, school processes, evaluation processes and more.

  5. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. How does social media influence our world and us, in good and bad ways?

      Good ways social media influence our world and us are:

      1. Able to express oneself to the world, show them your strengths, talent, interests, personality, etc.
      2. Able to find others who are like you and who knows you might be able to get connected and be friends.
      3. lastly, depending on what social media you are using you maybe be able to earn money, like for me I mostly use TikTok just to watch shorts, but I am pretty sure you earn money by posting videos / shorts. There is even live streaming, where you can be gifted money by people watching your live.

      Bad ways social media influence our world and us are:

      1. Catfishing, people in the internet may hide their true identity and trick people to do things that they may regret after.
      2. Cyber bullies, there are cases where someone who is just trying to express their selves gets shutdown by hate comments and may cause them to harm themselves.
      3. Risky, by expressing yourself in social media means you are publicly announcing "I am here", yes that is good but if you attract the wrong attention your life may change for example: A stalker finding interest on your profile.

      "There are more things to consider about good and bad in social media but that is all the points I will make."

    1. Immunoprecipitation of CTNS-FLAG and the K->A mutant revealed that WT CTNS-FLAG is modified by HA-Ubiquitin, but the K->A mutant is not. Additionally, after normalizing for the reduced abundance of CTNS-FLAG in JIP4 KO cells, CTNS-FLAG was more ubiquitylated in the absence of JIP4

      It looks like in figure 3b that the K->A mutations blocking ubiquitination also rescued the levels of CTNS in the JIP4 KO cells, right? The phrasing here is maybe a bit confusing.

    2. his pulse-chase strategy revealed that CTNS-RUSH initially trafficked similarly in both WT and JIP4 KO cells as it sequentially exhibited an ER-like distribution before biotin+CHX, a Golgi-like distribution after 1h with biotin+CHX, and a predominantly endosome-like punctate distribution after 2h biotin+CHX. However, after 4h, CTNS was abundant on lysosomes in WT cells but difficult to detect in JIP4 KO cells (Fig. 2k-m). This result indicated that, in the absence of JIP4, CTNS is rapidly degraded upon arrival at lysosomes.

      Does this mean that WT and JIP4 KO cells had similar levels of initial expression of CTNS? No defects in transcription/translation/etc.? I assume yes, but may be worth explicitly saying, because since JIP4 is somewhat related to the MAPK pathway, my first thought was that this was related to signaling.

    3. ystine, the oxidized form of the amino acid cysteine that is predominantly found in lysosomes, accumulated in JIP4 KO cells by over 10-fold, and cysteine accumulated by over 5-fold (Fig. 1e-g; Schulman et al., 1969; Gahl, Bashan, et al., 1982; Abu-Remaileh et al., 2017). However, no other metabolites showed comparable changes.

      This figure is super striking!

    4. These findings broaden understanding of lysosomal function, define a new pathway that results in lysosomal storage disease and shed light on how aberrant cystine storage may contribute to human disease arising from JIP4 loss-of-function mutations.

      This is a really interesting mechanistic dissection of the underlying cause of CTNS-involved defects that includes the uncovering of a potential novel disease driver and target, JIP4! Very thorough study and lots of useful information!

    1. IRF2 limits IRF1 activity under homeostatic conditions but is displaced during an immune response, allowing IRF1-dependent gene programs central to innate immunity and autoinflammation

      Congratulations on the elegant and thorough study! I was curious if there are there mutations in IRF2 coding or non-coding regulatory sequences that may link IRF2 with disease states/indications?

    1. But if the government be national with regard to the OPERATION of its powers, it changes its aspect again when we contemplate it in relation to the EXTENT of its powers.

      Observation: Madison believes that the government affects people directly like a national government yet when you change perspectives you'll see that it acts as a federal government due to limitations. Interpretation: To me Madison is saying that the government will look different depending on how you look at it but all in all it will be a mix of both national and federal. Connection: This quote entails that the Constitution was created to balance power between the national government and the states. He is trying to get at the point that there will be characteristics from the Federal and Anti- Federal side; a stronger government would be created but their power would not be limitless- there would still be rules and regulations. Complexity: As we know things are always easier said than done. In his writing Madison explains it to be a perfect balance, yet in real life there could be times where the national government can become stronger at one point, causing the states to push back or vice versa.

    1. Just like if you were exploring a new city alone, feeling anxious, it’s important to remember there are other people around you who can guide you

      I think it is important to go through a learning journey with a friend, because then you can practice with each other, travel with each other, and it will jut motivate you. If you are alone through your journey though, going and meeting people who are already fluent or going down the same path as you can be important, because if you don't, you will defiantly want to give up when it gets hard. So with aquatints, you will stay motivated and get practice and help that you need.

    1. Eukaryotic cells experience stress during different stages of their growth and reproductive cycles.

      Great work on mapping how yeast organelles respond to stress — the breadth of your imaging survey is impressive! Have you considered quantifying some of these changes (e.g., % of cells with fragmented mitochondria, puncta counts, intensity ratios)? It would be especially interesting to quantify, for instance, the vacuole fusion you observed, as it might provide a more thorough account of how this varies across strains.

      Additionally, making the image data (raw or processed) publicly available would be a valuable resource for others who may want to analyze or build upon your work.

    1. These issues have proven extremely complex, context-specific and demand advanced understandings of ever-changingdigital technology coupled with strong collaborations with informedcommunities.

      The industry of archaeological regulations fascinates me. How do legal structures outline the rights of the dead, and how do they protect the nature of their history?

    2. the public nature of cemeteries haslong been a benefit. L

      This has to be one of the few industries where professionals can study subjects through publicly available means.

    1. A recent study [14] compared bacterial communities in formula- and breast-fed infants, clock-time based assessments revealed this rhythm, yet without accounting for the timing of stool samples in relation to other potential zeitgebers, which may not fully capture drivers of microbial rhythmicity.

      How did the present study account for the type of food (formula-, breast-, and combo-fed) in infants or the timing of introduction of solid food?

    2. Specifically, we highlight a microbial diversity increase with longer wake periods, indicating that microbial diversity benefits from resumed physiological processes during the waking period

      What type of physiological processes might increase microbial diversity during infant wakefulness? Do you think that longer wakefulness is correlated with higher sampling of the environment (ingesting microbes) and that increases microbial diversity?

    1. Can you think of an example of pernicious ignorance in social media interaction? What’s something that we might often prefer to overlook when deciding what is important?

      One example of pernicious ignorance that often comes from a place of good intention is sharing videos of violence in the name of spreading awareness, which can be psychologically damaging to those watching. During the height of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, this happened a lot. Many people, often white Americans, would reshare documentation of police brutality in an attempt to garner recognition for the cause, not considering the emotional and mental effects this would have on their African American friends or followers watching this footage. This specific example is a complex and often debated one, but it does show a lack of awareness of how this might affect some viewers.

    1. To investigate how the salinity stress alters the predator-prey dynamics, we grew the rotifers and green algae with and without salinity stress (C medium with 0.06M NaCl and 0M NaCl, respectively) for seven days.

      Curious to know if these effects are concentration dependent, particularly in Chlorella Vulgaris which seem to be phenotypically similar with/without .06M NaCL

    1. Of the 39 unique key RBPs (the union of the top 20 motif-enriched RBPs from each tissue), only five (ESRP1, FUS, MBNL1, PCBP2, RBM8A) overlapped with a previously curated list of genes whose expression correlates with MLS9.

      It could be useful to also assess proteomic data for these RBPs, as RNA abundance often doesn’t correlate with protein abundance, especially in the context of aging.

    2. although alternative first exon (AF) was the second most frequent AS event, averaging 22.8% in a single species, comparable to cassette exon (Fig. 1b), none of these were conserved

      Since maximum lifespan is not a conserved phenotype, it would be interesting to see if other types of splicing events (e.g. alternative first exons) are enriched for specific biological functions, irrespective of their conservation.

    1. 👐 Open hands Emoji

      👐

      .4 care the generative principle

      named interest/prusuance

      ☑️ setup new work flows like - do/👐/<name whatever 1 cares about> - in its 0 (meta subfolder describe what it is and tell everything that is needed to now about that interest

    1. To reduce sequence redundancy, we cluster all Swiss-Prot sequences with a length of 1022 residues or fewer at 30% sequence identity using MMseqs2 (mmseqs easy-cluster swissprot.fasta session tmp --min-seq-id 0.3 -c 0.9 -s 8 --max-seqs 1000000 --cluster-mode 1) (Steinegger & Söding, 2017). Given the low sequence identity between clustered sequences, we perform a random train-test split for classification evaluation.

      How worried are you about data leakage influencing classification performance? Does classification accuracy vary with the sequence ID% % used?

    1. 2.3 Lysostilbene-4 selectively disrupts lysosomes and induces irreversible lysosomal damage

      Lysostilbene-4 is really impressive compared to either parent compound. Have you thought about testing a CQ + DHS co-treatment, just to underline that the benefit comes specifically from conjugation

    1. An ethical burden is the weight an archaeologist must give to whetherany given thing is ethically appropriate, or inappropriate. As an example, theethical burden of a trowel is typically low for archaeologists; it is regularly anecessary tool to be used in the process of excavation. However, if the use ofthe trowel in an excavation would disenfranchise indigenous peoples throughunwanted exhumations of human remains, the ethical burden of the trowelbecomes much greater.

      I find it very interesting to see how the ethical tolls shift between different sites due to historical implications. I believe it would be very easy for modern digital archaeologists to disregard these facets that could potentially be influenced by personal belief. It is integral that the protections of indigenous people are upheld in all ways, but especially in matters of archaeology.

    2. This does not mean that digital archaeologists should operate without ethicaloversight though! Digital archaeology has expanded into mainstream archaeol-ogy, and the ethics of practice of that expansion have just not been kept up withby the professional organizations in their documentation (Dennis 2020)

      If digital archaeology has not been given a code of ethics "yet," it risks possible misuse. While our world is constantly evolving around digital technology, the development of regulations and codes of ethics for all sciences should be pithy. Without the quick responses of industries to outline codes of ethics, it risks the mistreatment of archaeological information.

    3. these ethics are not static. As the discipline of archaeology haschanged, so have the accepted ethical practices, as archaeologists have dealtwith profound changes in the context of archaeology and profound changes inethical concerns (Wylie 1996)

      As archaeological ethics have shifted, I wonder how they have shifted in alignment with our history and political backdrops. Have the ethics shifted with the changes in authority? And have these changes impacted the way that societies interact with ethics as a whole? While archaeology does not directly correspond with political/societal science, they do intersect in the ways of behavioural shifts in nations. The more progressive a society.. the stronger ethical grounds they consider. I would image that archaeological ethics have progressed greatly since the 20th century.

    1. please, sister,do not exclude me from the rightto die with you and share our brother's requiem

      o: i feel as if this was a really important part of the play because Ismene is offering herself to die with her sister

    1. And although they are considered "minor", this is not to say that these problems are not potentially very uncomfortable.

      I have seen many instances where women that are in pain and are looking for treatment are often thought to be just overreacting. The word "minor" is listed here in reference to side effects, but it is acknowledged that the effects can be uncomfortable. I feel that pregnancy is a beautiful thing, but in many cases, it is miserable and painful process. I am not sure if I am looking into this sentence too much, or if the word "minor" was placed here due to a repeating pattern of women not taken seriously about their pain or discomfort levels.

    2. A teenage mother is at a greater risk for having pregnancy complications including anemia, and high blood pressure. These risks are even greater for those under age 15

      If a teenager happens to go through pregnancy, it's important to support the individual through the process. Pregnancy on a younger person is already very difficult, and many health and safety risks are at hand. Having social services and accessible healthcare is very important for the individual in order to support them in the best way possible.

    1. alleviating the phenomenon of “Lost in the Middle

      Is this still an issue with current models? Haven't looked into it recently but haystack evals would make me think now.

    2. GPTCache [39] addresses theissue of high latency when using the LLM APIs by buildinga semantic cache for storing LLM responses

      Database of frequent responses? Hey you asked a thing almost identical to this other person, "joop" here's your answer.

    3. In logit-based RAG, generative mod-els integrate retrieval information through logits during the

      This is one of those things that at the surface I think I get, but really don't make sense in practice. Missing something. What is even the benefit of doing this? Directly affecting the logit outputs? This would require a specially trained output model, or retrieval model to make any sense.

    4. In the image domain, several studies [103]–[106] employcross-attention mechanisms to fuse retrieval results by inte-grating their latent representations. Conversely, Li et al. [107]implement a text-image Affine Combination Module (ACM)that directly concatenates hidden features.

      Model integrated image combine? IPAdapter related at all? https://github.com/tencent-ailab/IP-Adapter/

    1. You will not be required to purchase any set text or software.

      A prof who truly cares about the learning experiences and understands the economic status of students. Thank you.