Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is. For more help, see our handout on paraphrasing sources. Assess: After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of this source? For more help, see our handouts on evaluating resources. Reflect: Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?

an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation

place students' academic struggles in the larger context of social failure including health, wealth, and funding gaps that impede their school success.

I discovered a surprising number volunteering that what they liked most about reading in print was the smell of books.20

The more difficult the text, the more regressive saccades readers make. Also, as we might anticipate, we fixate longer on unfamiliar words than on words we easily recognize.

The problem? The new mass audience of readers might encounter vulgar materials, radical ideas, or unrealistic expectations for life’s possibilities. People could also suffer exhaustion, given all there now was to read.

the more exposure readers have to the written word, the better their overall language skills (including oral language, comprehension, word recognition, and spelling) through their years of formal schooling.

the idea of literacy has to go beyond reading and writing words.

That is, the ways we use our hands to interact with text on screens and in print are not the same.

the slow and meditative possession of a book. We don’t just read the words, we dream our lives in their vicinity.6

“Given a reading diet of appropriate length and complexity, reading has the potential to foster mental focus, patience and discipline, offers emotional and aesthetic experiences, increases linguistic knowledge and enhances economic and personal well-being. Skimming texts doesn’t bring such benefits.”

as well as whether screen reading and audio are suited to the task.

“affordances”.

The tool for accomplishing this task was called “close reading”.

Are we as likely to re-listen to an audiobook as to reread a text version?

The challenge of digital annotation has many faces.

A recent study found that 55 percent of faculty surveyed in the U.S. believed cost was the primary reason students didn’t procure textbooks.

Over the centuries, a more mentally engaging form of annotation has been marginalia, meaning writing your own comments in the margins.

One study we’ll mention showed that when students self-regulate, they tend to take less time with the digital task and do worse on comprehension.

The experiment bombed. No sign of distraction or multitasking on either task.

formal testing situations may not be the best measures of learning.

Is it important that students read fiction?

Good pedagogy suggests learning is cumulative and revisited, not one-off.

there’s evidence that both children and adults tend to find informational text harder to read than narrative, given the seeking, integrating, and interpreting skills that making sense of informational texts may demand.1

The most basic genre distinction is between stories and information.

Strategic planning that simultaneously integrates conservation objectives with the needs of the transitioning energy sector, setting clear limits on development within important conservation areas is urgently needed

Out of 12,658 large-scale renewable energy facilities distributed globally, we found that 2,206 (17.4%) currently operate inside important conservation areas (Table 1). Of these facilities, 1,018 overlap with 634 PAs (1.5% of the total number of PAs), of which 122 are classified as strictly managed PAs (IUCN Categories I–IV), where no development activity should occur (Table 2; Figure 1). These 122 strictly managed PAs contain 169 renewable energy facilities (Table 2). We identified 42 facilities overlapping with 25 contiguous wilderness areas (2.7% of total wilderness blocks), and 1,147 facilities within 583 KBAs (3.2% of the total number of KBAs). Wind power overlaps with the largest number of important conservation areas (n = 543 PAs, KBAs and wilderness areas combined).

Our results show that renewable energy development has already encroached on many of the world's most important places for conserving biodiversity, with 2,206 facilities already operational within PAs, KBAs and wilderness areas (Figure S2). Furthermore, the number of active renewable energy facilities inside important conservation areas could increase by ~42% by 2028, suggesting conflicts will likely intensify in the near future

Despite the strong and often negative feedbacks between biodiversity conservation and renewable energy expansion, policies to promote these two objectives are almost always planned separately (Koppel, Dahmen, Helfrich, Schuster, & Bulling, 2014)

Wind power turbines negatively affect birds and bats, which collide with the turbine blades, with ramifications for species in other trophic levels too, and they also modify the natural airflow of local climates (Arnett et al., 2016; Saidur, Rahim, Islam, & Solangi, 2011; Schuster, Bulling, & Koppel, 2015; Thaker, Zambre, & Bhosale, 2018; Zhou et al., 2012)

Both conservation action and renewable energy production can require large areas of land, with the latter requiring up to ten times more land area than fossil fuel thermal facilities to produce equivalent amounts of energy (Lee & David, 2018; Trainor, McDonald, & Fargione, 2016; UNCCD, 2018)

We identified 2,206 fully operational renewable energy facilities within the boundaries of these conservation areas, with another 922 facilities under development. Combined, these facilities span and are degrading 886 PAs, 749 KBAs and 40 distinct wilderness areas

Clinical significance

affirm their racial identity

What is your current understanding of the term microaggression?

Which could be a “comfortably uncomfortable” opportunity for you to try in the future?

The chart below explains a little about each category.

Think of a time when someone was singled out in a group as “other” in some way or another. How was that “othering” communicated? How did it make you feel at the time? How does it make you feel now?

Integrating TEK into scientific research might provide a more complete understanding of ecosystems.

Studies by Folke et al. (2003) have shown how TEK builds resilience in social-ecological systems by enabling a community to adapt to environmental change and uncertainty. This is a testament to the depth of ecological knowledge and the purposeful use of sustainable practices enshrined in TEK.

The role of TEK in contemporary environmental management is increasingly recognized in the academic literature. Agrawal (1995) criticizes the artificial dichotomy between traditional and scientific knowledge and refers to TEK as not inferior to scientific knowledge but supplementary.

Ethnic Studies exposes us to larger historical issues, broad socio-cultural topics, philosophies both inherited from our ancestors and rooted in our daily experiences, and the discipline helps us analyze and break down systems of power.

Once you begin narrowing down your topic, depending on the type of paper, you may be ready to start drafting.

Once you begin narrowing down your topic, depending on the type of paper, you may be ready to start drafting. The best point to begin writing your draft also depends on the genre of essay you are writing. If you are writing a research paper, then you will need to follow more steps, which are covered in detail later in this book.

When activated, the extension button will darken and the Hypothesis side bar will appear collapsed

All you’ll need to sign up for a Hypothesis account is an email address and a username.

Condition of the colony

Landing on the island, part 1

Employees at the company misusing their access, like Facebook employees using their database permissions to stalk women

While we have our concerns about the privacy of our information, we often share it with social media platforms under the understanding that they will hold that information securely. But social media companies often fail at keeping our information secure.

9.2. Security# While we have our concerns about the privacy of our information, we often share it with social media platforms under the understanding that they will hold that information securely. But social media companies often fail at keeping our information secure. For example, the proper security practice for storing user passwords is to use a special individual encryption process for each individual password. This way the database can only confirm that a password was the right one, but it can’t independently look up what the password is or even tell if two people used the same password. Therefore if someone had access to the database, the only way to figure out the right password is to use “brute force,” that is, keep guessing passwords until they guess the right one (and each guess takes a lot of time). But while that is the proper security for storing passwords. So for example, Facebook stored millions of Instagram passwords in plain text, meaning the passwords weren’t encrypted and anyone with access to the database could simply read everyone’s passwords. And Adobe encrypted their passwords improperly and then hackers leaked their password database of 153 million users. From a security perspective there are many risks that a company faces, such as: Employees at the company misusing their access, like Facebook employees using their database permissions to stalk women Hackers finding a vulnerability and inserting, modifying, or downloading information. For example: hackers stealing the names, Social Security numbers, and birthdates of 143 million Americans from Equifax hackers posting publicly the phone numbers, names, locations, and some email addresses of 530 million Facebook users, or about 7% of all people on Earth Hacking attempts can be made on individuals, whether because the individual is the goal target, or because the individual works at a company which is the target. Hackers can target individuals with attacks like: Password reuse attacks, where if they find out your password from one site, they try that password on many other sites Hackers tricking a computer into thinking they are another site, for example: the US NSA impersonated Google Social engineering, where they try to gain access to information or locations by tricking people. For example: Phishing attacks, where they make a fake version of a website or app and try to get you to enter your information or password into it. Some people have made malicious QR codes to take you to a phishing site. Many of the actions done by the con-man Frank Abagnale, which were portrayed in the movie Catch Me If You Can One of the things you can do as an individual to better protect yourself against hacking is to enable 2-factor authentication on your accounts. { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { kernelName: "python3", path: "./ch09_privacy" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3' previous 9.1. Privacy next 9.3. Additional Privacy Violations By Kyle Thayer and Susan Notess © Copyright 2022.

“right to be forgotten”

such as if someone was sending us death threats.

For example, a social media application might offer us a way of “Private Messaging” (also called Direct Messaging) with another user. But in most cases those “private” messages are stored in the computers at those companies, and the company might have computer programs that automatically search through the messages, and people with the right permissions might be able to view them directly.

For example, a social media application might offer us a way of “Private Messaging” (also called Direct Messaging) with another user. But in most cases those “private” messages are stored in the computers at those companies, and the company might have computer programs that automatically search through the messages, and people with the right permissions might be able to view them directly.

For example, a social media application might offer us a way of “Private Messaging” (also called Direct Messaging) with another user. But in most cases those “private” messages are stored in the computers at those companies, and the company might have computer programs that automatically search through the messages, and people with the right permissions might be able to view them directly. In some cases we might want a social media company to be able to see our “private” messages, such as if someone was sending us death threats. We might want to report that user to the social media company for a ban, or to law enforcement (though many people have found law enforcement to be not helpful), and we want to open access to those “private” messages to prove that they were sent.

Pluralist and deconstructionist archival theorists havechallenged these dominant evidence-based definitions ofrecords. Indigenous Australian scholar Shannon Faulkhead,for example, offers a pluralist view of records as "anyaccount, regardless of form, that preserves memory orknowledge of facts and events. A record can be a document,an individual's memory, an image, or a recording. It canalso be an actual person, a community, or the landitself.'[xviii] For Faulkhead, the defining characteristicof a record is not its ability to serve as evidence, but asa springboard for memory.

What incentives do social media companies have to be careless with privacy?

What are your biggest concerns around privacy on social media?

. Were these ancient societies ‘nations’? Such divisions, where one group differentiates itself from and opposes another, continue at the beginning of the 21st century: both Chechens and Ukrainians consider themselves to be different from Russians; Kurds distinguish themselves from both Iraqis and Turks; the Taiwanese seek an existence separate from mainland China; Slovaks and Czechs have separated, forming distinct (page 4)p. 4national states; Kashmir is considered by some not to be part of India; and so on

Were these ancient societies ‘nations’? Such divisions, where one group differentiates itself from and opposes another, continue at the beginning of the 21st century: both Chechens and Ukrainians consider themselves to be different from Russians; Kurds distinguish themselves from both Iraqis and Turks; the Taiwanese seek an existence separate from mainland China; Slovaks and Czechs have separated, forming distinct (page 4)p. 4national states; Kashmir is considered by some not to be part of India; and so on

many search engines use a  language-based model generated by deep neural networks.

As parts of a word, the total number of different tokens that need to be stored is reduced

“Index” by Ben Weiner is licenced under CC BY-ND 2.0. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/?ref=openverse. Once the data is tucked away in BigTables

Web crawlers are pieces of code that find and down

served as tools for the faithful to access the spiritual world—they served as spiritual gateways.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT:

ABSTRACT

applications and reactivity of the azulene derivatives accessiblethrough this methodology are currently ongoing in ourlaboratory

the prevailing functional character of AfricanAmerican artistic expression renders problematic any move to divorceits production and any criticism thereof from the realm of rhetoricalinquiry

“Black rhetoric, with its con-centration on Nommo, rhythmical patterns, audience assertiveness, andso on, cannot be dealt with by simply applying the conventional Eu

The civil-rights leaders faced a formidable rhetorical prob-lem; several questions about their persuasion had to be an-swered: To whom was their persuasion to be directed? Seg-regationists? Moderate whites? Negroes? What form shouldthe protest take? What effect would the persuasion have onthe audience?

ctions themselves weredecidedly rhetorical in that campaign; the sit-ins, freedom rides, picket-ing, marches, wade-ins, read-ins, and jail-ins were perhaps the moreeffective forms of persuasion.

TO ENCAPSULATE ALL THE VARIOUS EFFORTS IN THE SCHOLARLYstudy of African American rhetoric would be a task virtually as daunt-ing as if the object were to summarize all reportage and analysis of theBlack experience overall

He argues that while Black oratorsused the same degree of induction, deduction, and causal reasoningemployed by White rhetors of similar training and educational levels,

The harder taskis to fulfill the requirement that the rhetoric be consistent with or over-come an audience’s mythology.

certain critical sacrifices.

ave asserted their collective humanity in the face of an endur-ing White supremacy and tried to persuade, cajole, and gain acceptancefor ideas relative to Black survival and Black liberation.

We have been taught to have confidence in books. Publishers, librarians, professors and subject-matter special

An algorithm is a fixed sequence of instructions for carrying out a task. It breaks down the task into easy, confusion-free steps, like a well written recipe.

How does your message impact your receiver? Or, in other words, what’s in it for them?

What does your receiver need to know?

catalytic

similar

conditions

In most cases, this ring-opening transformation proceeds with highregioselectivity, favoring nucleophilic attack at the more substituted position of theepoxide

Upon treatment with a catalytic amount of BF3·OEt2

he reactionbetween azulene derivatives and epoxides efficiently affords azulenylethanolderivatives

and peace was restored between America and Great Britain, which diffused universal joy among all parties, except us, who had escaped from slavery and taken refuge in the English army; for a report prevailed at New-York, that all the slaves, in number 2000,

As I was at prayer on Sunday evening, I thought the Lord heard me,

Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil…

What kind of relationship do you have or want to have with your receiver?

What outcome do you want to achieve?

I am he who made heaven and earth, the trees, lakes, rivers, all men, and all that thou seest, and all that thou hast seen on earth

they know not how to provide so well for themselves generally; neither did they live so plentifully nor (many of them) so easily in their own country, where they are made slaves to one another, or taken captive by their enemies.

ou will be a vessel of wrath fitted to destruction

shall happen to be killed in such correction, it shall not be accounted felony; but the master, owner, and every such other person so giving correction, shall be free and acquit of all punishment and accusation for the same, as if such incident had never happened:

so many lashes as the said justice shall think fit,

pay to the church-wardens for the time being,

servants shall faithfully and obediently, all the whole time of their service, do all their masters’ or owners’ just and lawful commands. And if any servant shall resist the master, or mistress, or overseer, or offer violence to any of them, the said servant shall, for every such offence, be adjudged to serve his or her said master or owner, one whole year after the time, by indenture, custom, or former order of court, shall be expired.

no master or owner of any servant shall during the time of such servant’s servitude, make any bargain with his or her said servant for further service, or other matter or thing relating to liberty, or personal profit, unless the same be made in the presence, and with the approbation, of the court of that county where the master or owner resides:

Ether (ETH)

Be ye doers of the word, not hearers only.

'The vast majority of South Carolina says it's time to bringdown the flag now.

"outsiders and agitators"

4.1.2. Basic Data Types# First, we’ll look at a few basic data storage types. We’ll also be including some code examples you can look at, though don’t worry yet if you don’t understand the code, since we’ll be covering these in more detail throughout the rest of the book. Booleans (True / False)# Binary consisting of 0s and 1s make it easy to represent true and false values, where 1 often represents true and 0 represents false. Most programming languages have built-in ways of representing True and False values. Fig. 4.4 A blue checkmark is something an account either has or doesn’t so it can be stored as a binary value.# Booleans are often created when doing sort of comparison or test, like: Do I have enough money in my wallet to pay for the item? Does this tweet start with “hello” (meaning it is a greeting)? Click to see example Python code # Save a boolean value in a variable called does_user_have_blue_checkmark does_user_have_blue_checkmark = True # Save a boolean value in a variable based on a comparison. # The code checks if a wallet has more in it than the cost of the item # which will be True or False, and be saved in has_enough_money has_enough_money = money_in_wallet > cost_of_item # Save a boolean value in a variable based on a function call. # The code checks if the text of a tweet (stored in tweet_text) starts # with "Hello", which will be True or False, and be saved in is_greeting is_greeting = tweet_text.starts_with("Hello") Copy to clipboard Numbers# Numbers are normally stored in two different ways: Integer: whole numbers like 5, 37, -10, and 0 Floating point numbers: these can represent decimals like: 0.75, -1.333, and 3 x 10 ^ 8 Fig. 4.5 The number of replies, retweets, and likes can be represented as integer numbers (197.8K can be stored as a whole number like 197,800).

Dictionaries# The other method of grouping data that we will discuss here is called a “dictionary” (sometimes also called a “map”). You can think of this as like a language dictionary where there is a word and a definition for each word. Then you can look up any name or word and find the value or definition. Example: An English Language Dictionary with definitions of three terms: Social Media: An internet-based platform used for people to form connections to each other and share things. Ethics: Thinking systematically about what makes something morally right or wrong, or using ethical systems to analyze moral concerns in different situations Automation: Making a process or activity that can run on its own without needing a human to guide it. The Dictionary data type allows programmers to combine several pieces of data by naming each piece. When we do this, the dictionary will have a number of names, and for each of those names a piece of information (called a “value” in this context). Dictionary: Name 1: Value 1 Name 2: Value 2 Name 3: Value 3 So if we look at the example tweet, we can combine all the data in a dictionary. Fig. 4.9 A tweet with photos of a cute puppy! (source)# Dictionary (with some of the data): user_name: “WeRateDogs®” user_handle: “@dog_rates” user_has_blue_checkmark: True tweet_text: “This is Woods. He’s here to help with the dishes. Specifically the pre-rinse, where he licks every item he can. 12/10” number_of_replies: 1533 number_of_retweets: 26200 number_of_likes: 197800 Click to see example Python code # Save some info about a tweet in a variable called tweet_info tweet_info = { "user_name": "WeRateDogs®", "user_handle": "@dog_rates", "user_has_blue_checkmark": True, "tweet_text": "This is Woods. He’s here to help with the dishes. Specifically the pre-rinse, where he licks every item he can. 12/10", "number_of_replies": 1533, "number_of_retweets": 26200, "number_of_likes": 197800 } Copy to clipboard Note: We’ll demonstrate dictionaries later in Chapter 5: History of Social Media, and Chapter 8: Data Mining. Groups within Groups# We can use dictionaries and lists together to make lists of dictionaries, lists of lists, dictionaries of lists, or any other combination. So for example, I could make a list of Twitter users. Each Twitter user could be a dictionary with info about that user, and one piece of information it might have is a list of who that user is following. List of users: User 1: Username: kylethayer (a String) Twitter handle: @kylemthayer (a String) Profile Picture: [TODO picture here] (an image) Follows: @SusanNotess, @UW, @UW_iSchool, @ajlunited, … (a list of Strings) User 2: Username: Dr Susan Notess (a String) Twitter handle: @SusanNotess (a String) Profile Picture: [TODO picture here] (an image) Follows: @kylemthayer, @histoftech, @j_kalla, @dbroockman, @qaxaawut, @shengokai, @laniwhatison (a list of Strings)

3.4. Bots and Responsibility# As we think about the responsibility in ethical scenarios on social media, the existence of bots causes some complications. 3.4.1. A Protesting Donkey?# To get an idea of the type of complications we run into, let’s look at the use of donkeys in protests in Oman: “public expressions of discontent in the form of occasional student demonstrations, anonymous leaflets, and other rather creative forms of public communication. Only in Oman has the occasional donkey…been used as a mobile billboard to express anti-regime sentiments. There is no way in which police can maintain dignity in seizing and destroying a donkey on whose flank a political message has been inscribed.” From Kings and People: Information and Authority in Oman, Qatar, and the Persian Gulf by Dale F. Eickelman1 In this example, some clever protesters have made a donkey perform the act of protest: walking through the streets displaying a political message. But, since the donkey does not understand the act of protest it is performing, it can’t be rightly punished for protesting. The protesters have managed to separate the intention of protest (the political message inscribed on the donkey) and the act of protest (the donkey wandering through the streets). This allows the protesters to remain anonymous and the donkey unaware of it’s political mission. 3.4.2. Bots and responsibility# Bots present a similar disconnect between intentions and actions. Bot programs are written by one or more people, potentially all with different intentions, and they are run by others people, or sometimes scheduled by people to be run by computers. This means we can analyze the ethics of the action of the bot, as well as the intentions of the various people involved, though those all might be disconnected. 3.4.3. Reflection questions# How are people’s expectations different for a bot and a “normal” user? Choose an example social media bot (find on your own or look at Examples of Bots (or apps).) What does this bot do that a normal person wouldn’t be able to, or wouldn’t be able to as easily? Who is in charge of creating and running this bot? Does the fact that it is a bot change how you feel about its actions? Why do you think social media platforms allow bots to operate? Why would users want to be able to make bots? How does allowing bots influence social media sites’ profitability? 1 We haven’t been able to get the original chapter to load to see if it indeed says that, but I found it quoted here and here. We also don’t know if this is common or representative of protests in Oman, nor that we fully understand the cultural importance of what is happening in this story. Still, we are using it at least as a thought experiment. { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { kernelName: "python3", path: "./ch03_bots" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

3.1. Definition of a bot# There are several ways computer programs are involved with social media. One of them is a “bot,” a computer program that acts through a social media account. There are other ways of programming with social media that we won’t consider a bot (and we will cover these at various points as well): The social media platform itself is run with computer programs, such as recommendation algorithms (chapter 12). Various groups want to gather data from social media, such as advertisers and scientists. This data is gathered and analyzed with computer programs, which we will not consider bots, but will cover later, such as in Chapter 8: Data Mining. Bots, on the other hand, will do actions through social media accounts and can appear to be like any other user. The bot might be the only thing posting to the account, or human users might sometimes use a bot to post for them. Note that sometimes people use “bots” to mean inauthentically run accounts, such as those run by actual humans, but are paid to post things like advertisements or political content. We will not consider those to be bots, since they aren’t run by a computer. Though we might consider these to be run by “human computers” who are following the instructions given to them, such as in a click farm: Fig. 3.1 A photo that is likely from a click-farm, where a human computer is paid to do actions through multiple accounts, such as like a post or rate an app. For our purposes here, we consider this a type of automation, but we are not considering this a “bot,” since it is not using (electrical) computer programming.# { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { kernelName: "python3", path: "./ch03_bots" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3' previous 3. Bots next

9.3. Additional Privacy Violations# Besides hacking, there are other forms of privacy violations, such as: Unclear Privacy Rules: Sometimes privacy rules aren’t made clear to the people using a system. For example: If you send “private” messages on a work system, your boss might be able to read them. When Elon Musk purchased Twitter, he also was purchasing access to all Twitter Direct Messages Others Posting Without Permission: Someone may post something about another person without their permission. See in particular: The perils of ‘sharenting’: The parents who share too much Metadata: Sometimes the metadata that comes with content might violate someone’s privacy. For example, in 2012, former tech CEO John McAfee was a suspect in a murder in Belize, John McAfee hid out in secret. But when Vice magazine wrote an article about him, the photos in the story contained metadata with the exact location in Guatemala. Deanonymizing Data: Sometimes companies or researchers release datasets that have been “anonymized,” meaning that things like names have been removed, so you can’t directly see who the data is about. But sometimes people can still deduce who the anonymized data is about. This happened when Netflix released anonymized movie ratings data sets, but at least some users’ data could be traced back to them. Inferred Data: Sometimes information that doesn’t directly exist can be inferred through data mining (as we saw last chapter), and the creation of that new information could be a privacy violation. This includes the creation of Shadow Profiles, which are information about the user that the user didn’t provide or consent to Non-User Information: Social Media sites might collect information about people who don’t have accounts, like how Facebook does

Unclear Privacy Rules: Sometimes privacy rules aren’t made clear to the people using a system. For example: If you send “private” messages on a work system, your boss might be able to read them. When Elon Musk purchased Twitter, he also was purchasing access to all Twitter Direct Messages Others Posting Without Permission: Someone may post something about another person without their permission. See in particular: The perils of ‘sharenting’: The parents who share too much Metadata: Sometimes the metadata that comes with content might violate someone’s privacy. For example, in 2012, former tech CEO John McAfee was a suspect in a murder in Belize, John McAfee hid out in secret. But when Vice magazine wrote an article about him, the photos in the story contained metadata with the exact location in Guatemala. Deanonymizing Data: Sometimes companies or researchers release datasets that have been “anonymized,” meaning that things like names have been removed, so you can’t directly see who the data is about. But sometimes people can still deduce who the anonymized data is about. This happened when Netflix released anonymized movie ratings data sets, but at least some users’ data could be traced back to them. Inferred Data: Sometimes information that doesn’t directly exist can be inferred through data mining (as we saw last chapter), and the creation of that new information could be a privacy violation. This includes the creation of Shadow Profiles, which are information about the user that the user didn’t provide or consent to Non-User Information: Social Media sites might collect information about people who don’t have accounts, like how Facebook does

It explodes the myths and deplores the chicanery. This is just a brief synopsis of his long survey.

Editing and proofreading can work well with a partner. You can offer to be another pair of eyes for peers in exchange for them doing the same for you. Whether you are editing and proofreading your work or the work of a peer, the process is basically the same.

s of a working draft of the play (foul papers), with the last page blank. Two or three of the original leaves have been torn out, and seven leaves and two smaller pieces of paper have been inser

When you are ready to write your introduction, there are multiple strategies available to help you craft a great first paragraph. Ideally the end of your first paragraph will clarify the thesis statement you will support in the rest of your paper. The video provides a quick overview of how to create an effective introduction.

advancing technology

In such a community oflearning there is no fail-ure.

The Thinker.

The additional funding sources and high likelihood of successful prosecution drove police forces toward more aggressive and inequitable tactics. After training by the Drug Enforcement Agency, police forces around the country began racial profiling in a focused, consistent manner. Black and Hispanic people were many times more likely than White people to be pulled over for routine traffic stops. Local police forces focused on patrolling minority-inhabited neighborhoods, resulting in more arrests and prosecutions of Black and Hispanic people (Harris

The motivation behind hate crimes can arise quickly, singling out specific groups who endure a rash of abuses in a short period of time. For example, beginning in 2020, people increasingly began committing violent crimes against people of Asian descent, with evidence that the attackers associated the victims with the coronavirus pandemic (Asian American Bar Association 2021).

The discrepancy is due to many factors: very few people actually report hate crimes for fear of retribution or

Attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics are known as hate crimes. Hate crimes in the United States evolved from the time of early European settlers and their violence toward Native Americans. Such crimes weren’t investigated until the early 1900s, when the Ku Klux Klan began to draw national attention for its activities against Black people and other groups. The term “hate crime,” however, didn’t become official until the 1980s (Federal

Driving with a blood alcohol percentage over the state’s limit is a crime. Like other forms of deviance, however, ambiguity exists concerning what constitutes a crime and whether all crimes are, in fact, “bad” and deserve punishment. For example, during the 1960s, civil rights activists often violated laws intentionally as part of their effort to bring about racial equality. In hindsight, we recognize that the laws that deemed many of their actions crimes—for instance, Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a White man—were inconsistent with social equality. As you have learned, all societies have informal and formal ways of maintaining social control. Within these systems of norms, societies have legal codes that maintain formal social control through laws, which are rules adopted and enforced by a political authority.

FunctionalismAssociated TheoristDeviance arises from:Strain TheoryRobert MertonA lack of ways to reach socially accepted goals by accepted methodsSocial Disorganization TheoryUniversity of Chicago researchersWeak social ties and a lack of social control; society has lost the ability to enforce norms with some groupsConflict TheoryAssociated TheoristDeviance arises from:Unequal SystemKarl MarxInequalities in wealth and power that arise from the economic systemPower EliteC. Wright MillsAbility of those in power to define deviance in ways that maintain the status quoSymbolic InteractionismAssociated TheoristDeviance arises from:Labeling TheoryEdwin LemertThe reactions of others, particularly those in power who are able to determine labelsDifferential Association TheoryEdwin SutherlandLearning and modeling deviant behavior seen in other people close to the individualControl TheoryTravis HirschiFeelings of disconnection from society Table 7.2

Sutherland’s theory may explain why crime is multigenerational. A longitudinal study beginning in the 1960s found that the best predictor of antisocial and criminal behavior in children was whether their parents had been convicted of a crime (Todd and Jury 1996). Children who were younger than ten years old when their parents were convicted were more likely than other children to engage in spousal abuse and criminal behavior by their early thirties. Even when taking socioeconomic factors such as dangerous neighborhoods, poor school systems, and overcrowded housing into consideration, researchers found that parents were the main influence on the behavior of their offspring (Todd and Jury 1996).

Under the Fourteenth Amendment, states are allowed to deny voting privileges to individuals who have participated in “rebellion or other crime” (Krajick 2004). Although there are no federally mandated laws on the matter, most states practice at least one form of felony disenfranchisement. Is it fair to prevent citizens from participating in such an important process? Proponents of disfranchisement laws argue that felons have a debt to pay to society. Being stripped of their right to vote is part of the punishment for criminal deeds. Such proponents point out that voting isn’t the only instance in which ex-felons are denied rights; state laws also ban released criminals from holding public office, obtaining professional licenses, and sometimes even inheriting property (Lott and Jones 2008).

Labeling theory examines the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society. Thus, what is considered deviant is determined not so much by the behaviors themselves or the people who commit them, but by the reactions of others to these behaviors. As a result, what is considered deviant changes over time and can vary significantly across cultures.

The student is reprimanded frequently by teachers and school staff, and soon enough, develops a reputation as a “troublemaker.” As a result, the student starts acting out even more and breaking more rules; the student has adopted the “troublemaker” label and embraced this deviant identity. Secondary deviance can be so strong that it bestows a master status on an individual. A master status is a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. Some people see themselves primarily as doctors, artists, or grandfathers. Others see themselves as beggars, convicts, or addicts.

Conflict theory was greatly influenced by the work of German philosopher, economist, and social scientist Karl Marx. Marx believed that the general population was divided into two groups. He labeled the wealthy, who controlled the means of production and business, the bourgeois. He labeled the workers who depended on the bourgeois for employment and survival the proletariat. Marx believed that the bourgeois centralized their power and influence through government, laws, and other authority agencies in order to maintain and expand their positions of power in society. Though Marx spoke little of deviance, his ideas created the foundation for conflict theorists who study the intersection of deviance and crime with wealth and power.

High rates of poverty and single-parent homes correlated with high rates of juvenile violence. Research into social disorganization theory can greatly influence public policy. For instance, studies have found that children from disadvantaged communities who attend preschool programs that teach basic social skills are significantly less likely to engage in criminal activity. (Lally 1987)

: Those who conform choose not to deviate. They pursue their goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means. Innovation: Those who innovate pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means. Ritualism: People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These members of society focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream. Retreatism: Others retreat and reject society’s goals and means. Some people who beg and people who are homeless have withdrawn from society’s goal of financial success. Rebellion: A handful of people rebel and replace a society’s goals and means with their own. Terrorists or freedom fighters look to overthrow a society’s goals through socially unacceptable

which notes that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates. From birth, we’re encouraged to achieve the “American Dream” of financial success.

For example, in large, industrialized societies that were largely bound together by the interdependence of work (the division of labor), punishments for deviance were generally less severe. In smaller, more homogeneous societies, deviance might be punished more severely.

u Bois continues to affirm these imaginative possibilities through the graphical innovation of the second series of charts, which focuses on the “condition of the descendants of former African slaves now resident in the United States of America,” as its introductory chart explains. In this series, Du Bois was also joined by his students as co-designers, as a later section of this chapter will further explore. Here, what is significant is how, in documenting the upward progress of Black Americans in a national and international context, Du Bois and his students make use of comparisons to other populations—and to other charts—in order to affirm a narrative of progress and possibility with respect to Black Americans' social, intellectual, and economic lives.

about

come California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. This vast acquisition of land would have thousands of Mexicans faced a choice of leaving their land and homes to move within the new borders of their nation or remaining where they were to become Americans.

Panel Aalso shows that farm value was not affected by tax policy. Overall, thereis little evidence that tax policy broke up farms or lowered farm value

exactly the opposite effect of thetax policies advocated by black politicians.

$0.96 in 1870 to $0.98 in1880, while for counties with black politicians, revenue went from $1.56in 1870 to $0.89 in 1880.

This is the first quantitative evidence suggesting a strong effect of blackpolitical leadership on local public finance.

0.0993*** 0.0993*** 0.0986*** 0.0925**

far above estimates of literacy for the black population as a whole.

he existing scholarship about the known black politicianswas often incorrect and narratives about the illiteracy and poverty of theblack politicians was repeated in the historical narrative until the archivalwork in Foner (1996) and other histories were compiled. Indeed, thehistories of Reconstruction that noted black officials often did so deri-sively.

20 percent and expendi-tures per pupil declined by 60 percent from 1871 to 1880.

notes that while some white officials sought to drasti-cally reduce all education expenditures after Redemption, the popularityof public schooling among whites led to fewer reductions in educationalexpenditures for whites

Southern whites began a widespreadcampaign to undo the Congressional Reconstruction process

In Alabama, a property tax was proposed; inTexas, the sale of public lands was offered; in Maryland, changes to thestate tax code to allow local taxation were put forth; in South Carolina,Murray suggested that unclaimed Civil War bounties could be used; andNorth Carolina debated a specific consumer tax for education. GovernorHarrison Reed’s plan in Florida was to increase land assessments to fundpublic goods, and this model was followed in other Southern states byblack political leaders

Southerners of both races noted that the low taxes in the antebellumera encouraged the acquisition of unimproved land by wealthy land-owners

The results here show that black political leadershipis an important and omitted factor in black socioeconomic outcomes afterthe Civil War.

Put another way, the tax effects of black poli-cymakers left no lasting effects on local public finance.

0.62 standard deviations

You never saw a people more excited on the subject of politics than are thenegroes of the South. They are perfectly wild

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When you interact with your classmates in your English class and learn the language of writing processes, for example, determining your rhetorical situation, you are participating in a specific discourse community

In this textbook, we’ll cover the conventions of writing, and we’ll also cover some of the resources available to you as a CNM student. And since this book is free and available on the internet, you can keep it…forever!

Has meaningful experience(s)/insight to working on a team with examples

No meaningful experience working in a team/no insight without examples

Clearly states how their qualities, skills and experiences would make them an outstanding Peer Advisor/how they will add to the Peer Advising Program. Provided specific examples.

Does not clearly state how their qualities, skills and experiences would make them an outstanding Peer Advisor/how they will add to the Peer Advising Program. Did not provide specific examples.

Clearly states why they would like to become a Peer Advisor, what aspects of the position they find most appealing, and what they hope to gain from the position. Provides specific examples.

This announcement of 15 May 2024 raised my curiosity. I found a review for the concert reporting that the CBS Sunday Morning segment on the song was featured on a big screen in-between songs (Anderson). Subsequently, Dupré “performed ‘Where That Came From,’ pausing to allow the audience to take in the rebirth of the Grammy winner’s soothing sound for a portion of the track” (Anderson).

The media coverage of “Where That Came From” during the two-week period spanning the song’s release follows a clear and consistent pattern, and closely follows the narrative arc provided by the promotional strategies of Travis and Warner Nashville. In this dominant framing, the making of the song is reported as a human-interest story about how Travis was, after years, “given back” his voice, thanks to cutting-edge AI techniques. As I argue with the help of studies of similar dynamics in relation to technological advances in the field of biotechnology (Dow; Estreich), such a framing of the story as a human-interest story contributes to the normalization of AI, as it provides readers and viewers with a familiar point of reference for a new and potentially disruptive or controversial technology.

For anyone familiar with Travis’s life story, the significance of this pledge was immediately apparent, considering the singer had been left with irreparable damage to the parts of the brain that are needed to sing or speak after a serious stroke in 2013. “Where That Came From” marks his first release of newly recorded music in over a decade.

Other concerns remain implicit in the reporting of the case; for instance, how this initiative is used by the record company to position itself as a key player in the development of ethical and responsible uses of AI, or how it may be integrated into lobbying efforts for further regulation of AI. In other words, we are witnessing here what Crawford has argued to be true for AI in general: that artificial intelligence involves an interplay of “technical and social practices, institutions and infrastructures, politics and culture” (8), but also a tendency to downplay the social and political interests that are at stake. With the help of work at the intersection of disability studies and sound studies (Friedner and Helmreich; Mills), I have argued that we are likely dealing with a case where a technology, which was originally presented with the promise of helping to compensate for a disability, will end up preparing the ground for other uses of the technology that are stripped of such lofty promises. To return to Mara Mills’s notion of an “assistive pretext” to describe this type of dynamic, one may wonder what this specific assistive pretext of helping the singer who had lost his voice to sing again, may turn out to be a precursor to. In the long run, after all, it seems unlikely that use of similar applications of AI will be limited to recreating the voices of singers who have lost their ability to sing, but not their ability to make public appearances affirming their consent.

In the social media campaign leading up to the release of the song in early May 2024, Travis reassured his fans: “In the meantime, just know that when it comes to me singing songs for you, there’s always more where that came from” (qtd. in Bartiromo and Petrulis)

In developing my analysis, I will draw on insights from the academic fields of sound studies and popular music studies, concerning ongoing developments and challenges related to the application of AI tools to the production of music (Keith et al.; Sterne and Razlogova; Bonini and Magaudda), the use of sound in assistive technologies for people with disabilities (Friedner and Helmreich; Mills), as well as notions of aesthetics and authenticity in country music (Peterson; Pecknold; Stimeling; Malone). Additionally, I will make use of scholarship in the field of science and technology studies (STS), which have studied similar dynamics in relation to new and controversial technologies not only in artificial intelligence (Gray and Suri; Crawford), but also in domains such as biotechnology (Dow; Estreich).

often require manual intervention or complex mapping logic in Clickpipes to prevent the pipeline from breaking.

atency between a write in Postgres and its visibility in ClickHouse), meaning analytical queries may reflect stale data compared to the live transactional state.

These are not anomalies. The National Institutes of Health has stated, “Therapeutic development is a costly, complex and time-consuming process. The average length of time from target discovery to approval of a new drug is about 14 years. The failure rate during this process exceeds 95 percent, and the cost per successful drug can be $1 billion or more.”12

lacks the modicum of creativity necessary to transform mere selection into copyrightable expression

"the existence of . . . intellectual production, of thought, and conception."

These choices as to selection and arrangement, so long as they are made independently by the compiler and entail a minimal degree of creativity, are sufficiently original

Originality is a constitutional requirement

g Hypothes.is

Wer glaubt, kleine Airdrops oder Staking-Erträge auf dezentralen Plattformen (DeFi) blieben unsichtbar, unterschätzt die neuen Forensik-Tools der Steuerfahndung, die Geldflüsse auf der Blockchain heute präzise mit realen Identitäten verknüpfen.

Das Kryptowerte-Steuertransparenzgesetz, das Ende 2025 in Kraft trat, breitet sich auf über 30 Seiten aus und bietet ein Regelwerk zur Melde- und Dokumentationspflicht, wie es sich für einen bürokratischen Apparat gehört.

Erhebungsdefizit bei Krypto-Gewinnen 97% unversteuert 3% 97% unversteuert 3% korrekt versteuert Experten schätzen, dass bislang nur etwa 3 % der Krypto-Gewinne korrekt versteuert wurden. Die Steuerfahndung NRW hat im September 2025 rund 4.000 Konto-Datensätze einer Kryptobörse übernommen. Quellen: Finanzministerium Hessen, Stellungnahme Deutsche Steuergewerkschaft & Crypto Tax Report 2025 Germany

Aber, wenn du dachtest, Bitcoin & Co. seien nur was für Tech-Geek-Memes und Tesla-Jünger, dann aufgepasst: Rund zwölf Prozent der Deutschen besitzen Kryptowährungen. Das sind rund 7 Millionen Menschen. Und allein 2024 realisierten diese Krypto-Nutzer geschätzte 47,3 Mrd. Euro Gewinn. Eine ordentliche Summe, an der das Finanzamt durchaus interessiert ist.

6.000 Datensätze von Social-Media-Influencernwerden aktuell analysiert 300 Mio. € strafrechtlich relevantesSteuervolumen Quelle: Landesamt zur Bekämpfung der Finanzkriminalität NRW

Wir haben deshalb die kritischsten Schnittstellen identifiziert, an denen Algorithmen heute Unstimmigkeiten finden, und erklären, wie du diese entschärfst.

Countdown zur Transparenz: Wie sich das digitale Netz des Fiskus schließt Januar 2023 PStTG tritt in Kraft Juli 2024 Erste Meldepflichten greifen Juli 2025 Kryptowerte-Steuertransparenzgesetz Dezember 2025 Technische Schnittstellen finalisiert 31. Januar 2026 Erste Meldefrist unter neuem System März 2026 ELSTER-Update / Datenintegration Mitte 2026 Flächendeckende Auswertung startet Januar 2027 Automatischer Datenabgleich vollständig aktiv Viele technische Schnittstellen zwischen dem Bundeszentralamt für Steuern (BZSt) und den Landesfinanzbehörden werden erst im Laufe des Jahres 2025 finalisiert, sodass die flächendeckende Auswertung im Veranlagungszeitraum 2026 Premiere feiert.

hollowing out of middle-skill jobs described by Autor (2019)

differences in the composition of income growth and its translation into housing demand—as opposed to differences in housing supply—can explain both the higher average price growth and low growth in quantity in some metro areas

the term ‘civil society’ refers to the broad network of community and voluntary organisations and associations that operate neither as part of government, nor as private market organisations (S

due to growing animosity towards NGOs, the Commission’s perception of CSOs as sources of legitimation has been altered; the Commission is now more suspicious of their capacity to enhance the democratic credentials of the EU. However, the Commission has framed CSOs as important contributors to the output legitimacy of EU policies, emphasising the role of civil society in the implementation of migration policies through socioeconomic reforms, providing services and ‘debunking’ migration-related information.

Moreover, while in 2013 and 2014 the Commission frequently associated civil society with democracy in its documents, the frequency of these associations has plunged since the populist turn. These findings may indicate that the Commission – following the populist turn and growing animosities towards NGOs – indeed uses civil society less as a legitimising tool understood in terms of input legitimacy and the contribution of CSOs to EU democratic governance.

hus, this article is concerned with the question of whether civil society is still performing a legitimising function in the new context characterised by the growing animosity against CSOs. We expect the Commission to use to a lesser extent CSOs as an input legitimacy source; however, in the specific context of the refugee crisis, we expect the Commission to rely on CSOs when it comes to output legitimacy,

A cursory AI-groking