Most Baruch graduates, he added, are making more money than their parents as soon as they start their first post-college job.

There is a real problem with the elite privates and flagship publics in not serving as many low-income students as they should,”

Dropout rates are high, saddling students with debt but no degree.

These students entered college poor. They left on their way to the middle class and often the upper middle class.

Most Baruch graduates, he added, are making more money than their parents as soon as they start their first post-college job.

Because the elite colleges aren’t fulfilling that responsibility, working-class colleges have become vastly larger engines of social mobility.

The unemployment rate for college graduates today is a mere 2.5 percent.

Baruch graduates, he added, are making more money than their parents as soon as they start their first post-college job.

There is a real problem with the elite privates and flagship publics in not serving as many low-income students as they should,”

was not willing to leave home at age 18 for an unfamiliar world. “I just didn’t feel like I was ready to go out to college on my own,” he said. “So I decided to stay home and save money.”

Graduates are also happier and healthier

debt but no degree

Lower-income students who attend elite colleges fare even better on average than low-income students elsewhere

On these more typical campuses, students often work while they’re going to college. Some are military veterans, others learned English as a second language and others are in their mid-20s or 30s.

It’s true in red states as well as in many blue and purple states

Other research that has tried to tease out the actual effects of higher education finds them to be large. And they’re not limited to money

Graduates are also happier and healthier. No wonder that virtually all affluent children go to college, and nearly all graduate.

He did well enough in high school to attend many colleges but — as frequently happens with low-income students — was not willing to leave home at age 18 for an unfamiliar world.

“The state does not recognize — and it’s not just in Texas — the importance that the investment in public education has for the economy and so many other things.

No wonder that virtually all affluent children go to college, and nearly all graduate.

Because the elite colleges aren’t fulfilling that responsibility, working-class colleges have become vastly larger engines of social mobility.

Even as heroin use has become an epidemic among adults in some communities, it has fallen among high schoolers over the past decade, the study found.

Dr. Volkow described interactive media as “an alternative reinforcer” to drugs, adding that “teens can get literally high when playing these games.”

disengage

Presidential biographies also provided context, countering the tendency to think “that whatever’s going on right now is uniquely disastrous or amazing or difficult,” he said. “It just serves you well to think about Roosevelt trying to navigate through World War II.”

Mr. Obama’s long view of history and the optimism (combined with a stirring reminder of the hard work required by democracy) that he articulated in his farewell speech last week are part of a hard-won faith, grounded in his reading, in his knowledge of history (and its unexpected zigs and zags), and his embrace of artists like Shakespeare who saw the human situation entire: its follies, cruelties and mad blunders, but also its resilience, decencies and acts of grace. The playwright’s tragedies, he says, have been “foundational for me in understanding how certain patterns repeat themselves and play themselves out between human beings.”

The writings of Lincoln, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, Mr. Obama found, were “particularly helpful” when “what you wanted was a sense of solidarity,” adding “during very difficult moments, this job can be very isolating.” “So sometimes you have to sort of hop across history to find folks who have been similarly feeling isolated, and that’s been useful.” There is a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address in the Lincoln Bedroom, and sometimes, in the evening, Mr. Obama says, he would wander over from his home office to read it.

During his eight years in the White House — in a noisy era of information overload, extreme partisanship and knee-jerk reactions — books were a sustaining source of ideas and inspiration, and gave him a renewed appreciation for the complexities and ambiguities of the human condition.“At a time when events move so quickly and so much information is transmitted,” he said, reading gave him the ability to occasionally “slow down and get perspective” and “the ability to get in somebody else’s shoes.” These two things, he added, “have been invaluable to me. Whether they’ve made me a better president I can’t say. But what I can say is that they have allowed me to sort of maintain my balance during the course of eight years, because this is a place that comes at you hard and fast and doesn’t let up.”

Mr. Obama sat down in the Oval Office and talked about the indispensable role that books have played during his presidency and throughout his life — from his peripatetic and sometimes lonely boyhood, when “these worlds that were portable” provided companionship, to his youth when they helped him to figure out who he was, what he thought and what was important.

If isolation and shame is the driver for people joining these types of groups,

she believed, was an effective way to make people think twice about being so bold with their racism.

Marla Wilson, 35, of San Francisco, said she was appalled when she saw white supremacists marching so brazenly in Charlottesville. Doxxing, she believed, was an effective way to make people think twice about being so bold with their racism.

“For a long time it was only a certain quarter of people on the internet who would be willing to do this,” Ms. Coleman said. “It was very much hinged on certain geek cultures, but there was an extraordinary quality to the Charlottesville protest. It was such a strong public display I think it just opened the gates.”

The ethics — and even the definition — of doxxing is murky. It is the dissemination of often publicly available information. And, some at the protest asked, are you really doxxing a person if he or she is marching on a public street, face revealed and apparently proud? It is not as though they are hiding their identities.

“People went berserk,” Ms. Coleman said. “That, to me, was this interesting turning point where it showed the general public would be willing to jump into the fray.”Charlottesville has made doxxing even more commonplace.“For a long time it was only a certain quarter of people on the internet who would be willing to do this,” Ms. Coleman said. “It was very much hinged on certain geek cultures, but there was an extraordinary quality to the Charlottesville protest. It was such a strong public display I think it just opened the gates.”

In short, once someone is labeled a Nazi on the internet, that person stays a Nazi on the internet.Internet vigilantism has a checkered history.

“Some of what is happening now will make these white supremacists realize why their grandparents wore hoods,” Ms. Wilson said. “At least then there was shame.”

But Tony McAleer, a former white supremacist leader who now runs Life After Hate, a rehabilitation program for neo-Nazis, called doxxing a “ passive aggressive violence.”

Now the online hunt to reveal extremists has raised concerns about unintended consequences, or even collateral damage. A few individuals have been misidentified in recent weeks, including a professor from Arkansas who was wrongly accused of participating in the neo-Nazi march.

The reason is clear. State funding for higher education has plummeted. It’s down 18 percent per student, adjusted for inflation, since 2008, according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. The financial crisis pinched state budgets, and facing a pinch, some states decided education wasn’t a WB_wombat_top priority.

Those college graduates have to come from somewhere, of course, and most of them are coming from campuses that look a lot less like Harvard or the University of Michigan than like City College or the University of Texas at El Paso.

More recently, these universities have seemed to struggle, with unprepared students, squeezed budgets and high dropout rates. To some New Yorkers, “City College” is now mostly a byword for nostalgia.

The

push many Americans into the middle class and beyond

Some public policy experts believe the definition should be narrowed for admissions and financial aid.

It may seem like hairsplitting

Depends on Who’s Asking

Colleges have always viewed their mission as promoting social mobility, but given rising income inequality and the skills needed to get high-paying jobs, they have intensified their efforts to enroll and lift disadvantaged students.

died when his son was a toddler

most first-generation students come from families with low incomes and minimal exposure to college.

he student had grown up in a household with little money and where college had never been discussed.

But shortly after its completion, Crawford returned to the United States and married Seeger.

“It insisted on becoming a string quartet.” With that new direction, she wrote, “the music came more easily, and after these six months of almost complete silence, it is such a relief.”

“To work alone: I am convinced this is what I should do, to discover what I really want,” she decided.

becoming a string quartet.

she avoided studying with the master of 12-tone composition.

master of 12-tone composition

the first woman to receive one

weave stratified contrapuntal textures

But upstart vanguardists like Charles Ives and Henry Cowell instead took an idiosyncratic and disharmonious approach that shirked European models.

The model female music career at the time was that of a “woman pianist”; she might achieve the status of a successful touring virtuoso and, if not, could settle for a comfortable income as a music teacher.

She acutely felt the pull between family and music, or what she once described in a letter as her “‘career vs. love and children’ battle.”

She was soon heralded by ultramodernists like Cowell, who praised her as a “completely natural dissonant composer.” He recommended that she study in New York with his former teacher Charles Seeger, who had begun to develop a new model for avant-garde composition. This theory of dissonant counterpoint would invert traditional rules of harmonic writing and, Seeger believed, create a musical language at once radically discordant and uniquely American.

A paternalistic figure who once said that “women can’t write symphonies,”

As a woman of that generation, she wrote this piece that’s so ahead of its time,” Austin Wulliman, one of the JACK violinists, marveled in a recent interview. “You see people dealing with these same musical ideas still, to this day.”

“Fear of having nothing to say musically, fear of not being able to say it, fear, fear, a whole web of it.”

“To work alone: I am convinced this is what I should do, to discover what I really want,” she decided.

she avoided studying with the master of 12-tone composition.

“composing babies.”

“String Quartet 1931,”

French Neo-Classicism was “sickeningly sweet inanity,”

“I believe I’m going to work again — more,” she wrote. “If I live to be 99 as my grandfather did, that gives me 48 more years.”

Crawford attempted to reconcile her folk present and her dissonant past with a second quartet, but no sketches for it survive.

But the children, who called her “Dio,” had little knowledge of their mother’s former life as a beacon of American ultramodernism

the couple became closely acquainted with the father-and-son folklorists John and Alan Lomax

Crawford was less vocal politically, but again put into practice her husband’s theories in the militant songs “Sacco, Vanzetti” and “Chinaman, Laundryman,”

She acutely felt the pull between family and music, or what she once described in a letter as her “‘career vs. love and children’ battle.”

Each movement is a miniature essay, bringing to visceral musical life the ideas of dissonant counterpoint.

Crawford and Seeger, who was an unhappily married father of three when they met, fell in love

She became indispensable to his work

She was soon heralded by ultramodernists like Cowell

Crawford found her compositional voice just as modernism was emerging in American music.

traveled to Chicago to study piano after showing musical promise

Environmentalists say they believe that the coal industry, having dealt with a sharp downturn in recent years and facing an aggressive investor divestment movement, may be shifting its views on climate change more for its own business interests than any newfound love for the environment.

“As a woman of that generation, she wrote this piece that’s so ahead of its time,” Austin Wulliman

And for the next two decades, before she died at 52 in 1953, she wrote only a handful of works.

But shortly after its completion, Crawford returned to the United States and married Seeger.

“Fear of having nothing to say musically, fear of not being able to say it, fear, fear, a whole web of it.”

“To work alone: I am convinced this is what I should do, to discover what I really want,” she decided.

the first woman to receive one

was a significant contribution to the canon of American modernism

Although residing in the same city as Arnold Schoenberg, she avoided studying with the master of 12-tone composition.

Though mostly oblivious to the political upheaval in Germany at the time

“In Europe one can work!”

The change, which will take effect in June 2018, was announced in a royal decree read live on state television and in a simultaneous media event in Washington. The decision highlights the damage that the ban on women driving has done to the kingdom’s international reputation and its hopes for a public relations benefit from the reform.Saudi leaders also hope the new policy will help the economy by increasing women’s participation in the workplace. Many working Saudi women spend much of their salaries on drivers or must be driven to work by male relatives.

In the 17 years I’ve spent covering Silicon Valley, I’ve never seen anything shake the place like his victory. In the span of a few months, the Valley has been transformed from a politically disengaged company town into a center of anti-Trump resistance and fear.

used the service to turn fake stories into viral sensations, like the one about Pope Francis’ endorsing Trump (he hadn’t)

if analysts stumble across evidence that an American has committed any crime, they will send it to the Justice Department.

There is a parallel debate about the FISA Amendments Act’s warrantless surveillance program. National security analysts sometimes search that act’s repository for Americans’ information, as do F.B.I. agents working on ordinary criminal cases. Critics call this the “backdoor search loophole,” and some lawmakers want to require a warrant for such searches.

But Patrick Toomey, a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union, called the move an erosion of rules intended to protect the privacy of Americans when their messages are caught by the N.S.A.’s powerful global collection methods. He noted that domestic internet data was often routed or stored abroad, where it may get vacuumed up without court oversight.

In its final days, the Obama administration has expanded the power of the National Security Agency to share globally intercepted personal communications with the government’s 16 other intelligence agencies before applying privacy protections.

a 23-page, largely declassified copy of the procedures.

Previously, the N.S.A. filtered information before sharing intercepted communications with another agency, like the C.I.A. or the intelligence branches of the F.B.I. and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The N.S.A.’s analysts passed on only information they deemed pertinent, screening out the identities of innocent people and irrelevant personal information.

I wanted to make something to dream about, not something real. Saint Laurent, when he started, did real clothes. Those real clothes are everywhere, in the stores, in Zara, everywhere. You dress like he predicted in the ’70s

His “Beat” line was the first couture collection inspired by the street, and foreshadowed the youthquake counterculture of the 1960s as well as punk.

Not only is Saint Laurent one of the most influential brands, creatively and culturally, but now, thanks to the success of Slimane, it’s also one of the biggest financially.

r, Hedi Slimane, determined the décor and the general ambience of sleek modernity and distinctly French formality. But Slimane was based in Los Angeles.

As all historians know, forgetting is as essential to public understandings of history as remembering.

Students certainly don’t need to strive obsessively for perfection, but I should have prioritized grades, not guys.

Drinking and smoking eased my social anxiety and seemed like fun. Until I couldn’t stop. Getting clean — smoke-toke-alcohol-free — led to a huge upswing in my life.

Yet as a teacher, I see that the students who come weekly, sit in front, and ask and answer questions get higher grades and frankly, preferential treatment

f a class was boring or it snowed, I’d skip.

He was 18. He came to school and was invited to a party his first weekend, and he didn’t know anybody. So he started to drink. He drank way too much and ended up lying on a bench in his residential hall, feeling very sick. Nobody stopped and said, ‘How are you doing? Are you O.K.?’ And he felt so isolated. When he came in to speak with me the next day, the thing that struck him — what he said — was, ‘There I was, alone, with all these people around.’ ”

he technology that keeps them connected to parents and high school friends only reminds them of their physical separation from just about everyone they know best.

In my own life I made bad choices that went far beyond spray paint. I flunked out of college and at various points narrowly dodged jail time. When I think back to those mistakes, I’m horrified and chastened. I feel fortunate to have survived, to have had the privilege to make amends.

Because in 1985, a college student could get a little self-righteous, make a bad decision, face consequences and then go home, having learned a “valuable lesson.”

Social scientists have found that this misperception causes black children to be “pushed out, overpoliced and underprotected,” according to a report by the legal scholar Kimberlé W. Crenshaw.

The minstrel version of Topsy, a character in “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” turned into the pickaninny.

In one study, people overestimated their ages by 4.5 years. This contributes to a false perception that black boys are less childlike than white boys.

But only white kids were allowed to be innocent. The more that popular writers, playwrights, actors and visual artists created images of innocent white children, the more they depicted children of color, especially black children, as unconstrained imps. Over time, this resulted in them being defined as nonchildren.

tears.

The association between childhood and innocence did not always exist. Before the Enlightenment, children in the West were widely regarded as immodest beings who needed to be taught to restrain themselves. “The devil has been with them already,” the Puritan minister

Topsy was at heart an innocent child who misbehaved because she had been traumatized, “hardened,” by slavery’s violence.

ore adultlike

George Zimmerman admitted at his 2012 bail hearing that he misjudged Trayvon Martin’s age when he killed him. “I thought he was a little bit younger than I am,” he said, meaning just under 28. But Trayvon was only 17.

the more they depicted children of color, especially black children, as unconstrained imps.

The program’s services closely track people’s conditions using two standard questionnaires filled out each week of treatment — one for depression and one for anxiety — and log the findings in a government database (clients are anonymous in those reports).

She did, in time, improve, and is very grateful for the treatment. The same cannot be said with any certainty about the 40 percent of people who the data show were lost to the program after the initial assessment phone call. About two-thirds of them were not depressed or anxious enough to qualify for the therapy, or decided it wasn’t for them

For those outside England trying to improve access to mental health care, these problems pale in the face of untreated emotional problems, which are most common in young people.

Oliver’s condition was judged serious enough that he got in to see a therapist face to face fairly quickly, within a few weeks. He learned he had obsessive-compulsive disorder. People with O.C.D. have a consuming fear — of germs, say, or, in Oliver’s case, of misbehavior. They escalate that fear by repetitively trying to soothe it, for example by washing their hands or checking that they’ve done nothing wrong.

This so-called stepped care approach is similar to the triage most clinics traditionally do, only it is more rigorously standardized and monitored, saving the high-intensity, face-to-face treatments for more severe problems — a system intended to contain costs.

This first call is more than a scheduling exercise. It is an initiation of therapy, a partly scripted, hourlong evaluation to determine how safe the new client is, how desperate and why. The staff members, known as psychological well-being practitioners, decide in that initial call if low-intensity phone therapy is appropriate, or if the person should be moved up the ladder, to group or individual therapy.

Oliver might have gotten a drug and, possibly, some general psychological guidance and support. But he had never sought mental health treatment before, and he most likely would have gone years before getting any talk therapy because he had no idea it was available. The area where he lives had scores of practicing therapists but no centralized system for ensuring that people got scientifically backed approaches tailored to their specific problem.

It set up 35 clinics covering about a fifth of England and trained 1,000 working therapists, social workers, graduates in psychology and others. The program has continued to expand through three governments, both ideologically left and right leaning, with a current budget of about $500 million that is expected to double over the coming few years.

The enormous amount of data collected through the program has shown the importance of a quick response after a person’s initial call and of a triage-like screening system in deciding a course of treatment. It will potentially help researchers and policy makers around the world to determine which reforms can work — and which most likely will not.

Mental health professionals also say the program has gone a long way to shrink the stigma of psychotherapy in a nation culturally steeped in stoicism.

The demand in the first several years has been so strong it has strained the program’s resources. According to the latest figures, the program now screens nearly a million people a year, and the number of adults with common mental disorders who have recently received some mental health treatment has jumped to one in three from one in four and is expected to continue to grow.

Mental health care systems vary widely across the Western world, but none have gone nearly so far to provide open-ended access to talk therapies backed by hard evidence.

The rapidly growing initiative, which has gotten little publicity outside the country, offers virtually open-ended talk therapy free of charge at clinics throughout the country: in remote farming villages, industrial suburbs, isolated immigrant communities and high-end enclaves. The goal is to eventually create a system of primary care for mental health not just for England but for all of Britain.

England is in the midst of a unique national experiment, the world’s most ambitious effort to treat depression, anxiety and other common mental illnesses.

These forces should also help reduce local air pollution in countries like China and India, which is why their leaders are getting behind these technologies in a big way. Government incentives have turned China into the biggest market for electric vehicles. And an Indian government minister says his country wants all cars sold there by 2030 to be electric. France says it wants to end sales of new diesel and gasoline cars by 2040, while Norway’s goal is 2025.

The potential environmental benefits of electric vehicles are huge. The transportation sector accounts for 14 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and 27 percent of emissions in the United States. Moreover, countries have found it much more difficult to reduce planet-warming gases from transportation than from power plants

$100 per kilowatt-hour,

The skeptics, however, have consistently been overly pessimistic about this technology.

wishful

emission

models

cheaper

mainstream

gas-guzzling

“Students who are worried about debt sometimes work more and then reduce their course load,”

Graduating from a four-year college in four years may sound like a fairly straightforward venture, but only 41 percent of students manage to do it.

(One U.S.F. effort: an app called “Cold Turkey” that blocks social media for an hour or two so students can study without disruption.)

Nearly 40 percent of them get no credit for any of the courses they have completed and lose 27 credits on average — or about a year of school, according to a 2014 federal study.

25 hours can get in the way of passing classes

but fail to take the right courses in the right order

Many of those who finish in five or six years have either unnecessarily drained their parents’ bank accounts or end up in a lot more debt.

Graduating from a four-year college in four years may sound like a fairly straightforward venture, but only 41 percent of students manage to do it.

generation

hairsplitting

other definitions

How much first-gen status really matters for college admissions is unclear.

Pitzer College has a few endowed scholarships. The University of Wisconsin just began offering free tuition for first-gen transfer students, while Duke last year created one of the most generous, comprehensive programs of all.

“First gen” may be the latest buzz phrase in higher education but its import is not just academic.

Some support groups and scholarship organizations define the term broadly to be more inclusive

To figure out what first generation really means, he said, it’s important to step back and examine the goals of higher education. “What,” he asked, “are we trying to do with the definition?”

Many education experts even use the terms “first gen” and “low income” interchangeably.

Conceivably, one can be both first gen and legacy.

neither parent can have a bachelor’s, even if they didn’t raise the child.

given rising income inequality and the skills needed to get high-paying jobs, they have intensified their efforts to enroll and lift disadvantaged students.

Whether used as code for “low income” or “underprivileged” or as a proxy for affirmative action, the label comes with assumptions: that the student’s parents have little or no experience navigating the academic, financial and cultural barriers to higher education, including an application process that stymies even the most savvy parent.

three different ways: the legislative definition (no parent in the household has a bachelor’s degree) and the two used for research (no education after high school; no degree after high school).

she was given a firm no,

o figure out what first generation really means, he said, it’s important to step back and examine the goals of higher education. “What,” he asked, “are we trying to do with the definition?”

Colleges don’t typically check information. But consultants urge their clients not to lie. Cyndy McDonald, a consultant in Visalia, Calif., encourages students to write essays about their first-generation backgrounds, even if they don’t meet a college’s definition.

It’s the same as the one used by the engineering school that Ms. Weingarten called — neither parent can have a bachelor’s, even if they didn’t raise the child.

Filling out financial aid forms can be a nightmare, especially when parents don’t speak English, Ms. Weingarten said.

With so many variations on what constitutes higher education and even more assortments of family structures, it’s no wonder there are lots of ways to slice and dice the label.

make degrees more affordable.

Many education experts even use the terms “first gen” and “low income” interchangeably.

They also try to make degrees more affordable.

they have intensified their efforts to enroll and lift disadvantaged students.

stymies

ways: the legislative definition (no parent in the household has a bachelor’s degree) and the two used for research (no education after high school; no degree after high school)

It will select 240 first gens to attend for free all four years; they will receive a computer, books and travel between semesters at no cost.

the legislative definition (no parent in the household has a bachelor’s degree) and the two used for research (no education after high school; no degree after high school)

fuzziest

most first-generation students come from families with low incomes and minimal exposure to college

increase their recruiting of first-generation students this year

In fact, the boy was first gen, at least according to the Higher Education Act, which says that, for federal programs, only the education level of parents who regularly live with a student should be counted.

To me, that boy was first gen all the way. He wasn’t raised by his father.”