作者揭示了傾聽之所以有效的心理機制：它創造了一個支持自主與促進連結的環境。在這個環境中，聽者的非評判性關注讓說話者感到安全與自由（自主性），而聽者的理解與重視讓說話者感到被接納與愛（關係性）。這種需求的滿足，不僅解釋了為什麼被人傾聽會讓人感覺良好，更解釋了為什麼傾聽能夠降低防衛、促進真實的自我揭露，並最終推動個人的成長與改變。
倾听者不是机器，也有个人喜好。比如对特定的议题、讲述者的认知层次、讲述者在意的细节背后体现的价值观等，有个人倾向。所以，倾听不仅是：
也与讲述者与倾听者的compatibility相关。
因此，傾聽透過協助說話者釐清思路、解決問題或確認自身影響力，間接地但有效地滿足了勝任感。
倾听者适时提出解决方案，并且给予鼓励，可以提升讲述者的competence。但是这个“适时”很难把握。很多倾听者只是想被理解，而不期待获得解决方案。
region=$LOCATION \
ISSUE!!!! japan won't work here!!
gcloud services enable run.googleapis.com
ran
gcloud auth login
easy
export PROJECT_ID=your-project-id export LOCATION=europe-west1 # or any location you prefer: https://cloud.google.com/run/docs/locations export CONTAINER_URI="gcr.io/deeplearning-platform-release/huggingface-text-embeddings-inference-cpu.1-6" export SERVICE_NAME="text-embedding-server" # choose a name for your service export MODEL_ID="ibm-granite/granite-embedding-278m-multilingual" # choose any embedding model
kushalchattopadhyay@Kunals-MacBook-Air-7 jp-kyouzai % export PROJECT_ID=jp-digital-478220 kushalchattopadhyay@Kunals-MacBook-Air-7 jp-kyouzai % export LOCATION=asia-northeast1 kushalchattopadhyay@Kunals-MacBook-Air-7 jp-kyouzai % export CONTAINER_URI="gcr.io/deeplearning-platform-release/huggingface-text-embeddings-inference-cpu.1-6"
kushalchattopadhyay@Kunals-MacBook-Air-7 jp-kyouzai % export SERVICE_NAME="sarashina-embedding-server" <br /> kushalchattopadhyay@Kunals-MacBook-Air-7 jp-kyouzai % export MODEL_ID="sbintuitions/sarashina-embedding-v1-1b"
Gobernanza de datos
Este componente nomqueda tan claro como los otros, en términos de líneas o acciones concretas de desarrollo. Me parece que puede ayudar la distinción entre el desarrollo de protocolos o modelos de gobernanza, y el foco en uso de información orientada a la toma de desiciones, por medio del desarrollo de estudios estratégicos.
Acceso y uso de datos secundarios: Dar recomendaciones de bases de datos secundarios disponibles acordes a los objetivos del estudio.
Esto está poco desarrollado. Acceso, desarrollo de manuales de uso, recomendaciones que aborden objetivos de estudios especificos, actividades de formación, etc.
FAIR
Explicar
Gobernanza de Datos
Un aspecto a destacar es el desarrollo de estudios estrategicos para la toma de desiciones.
Por ejemplo, DAMA (https://dama.org/about-dama/what-is-data-management/) es una asocación sobre Data Managment y sistematiza algo de lo que se presenta aquí.
Investigación
Creo que le falta al contexto los crecientes requerimientos de parte de las revistas científicas (datos, códigos reproducibles, preregistros, etc.)
Esta desconfianza se expresa en recortes presupuestarios, cierre o reducciones de programas académicos, así como un creciente escepticismo general respecto de los hallazgos, métodos y motivaciones de la comunidad científica
Citas
Formación
Las siguientes secciones parte con un párrafo fundamentado teoricamente sobre el problema en cuestion. Me parace que este debería iniciar igual. Fundamentar la importancia de la formación metodológica, usando el modelo de enseñanza de la Universidad (competencias) u otros modelos educativos que plantean de la necesidad de la formación en el uso de datos.
Apoyo, Impacto y Transferencia
Si se va a mencionar el colaboratorio, esta sería la sección adecuada para hacerlo. Aunque no se me ocurre como.
La brecha entre ambas facultades
Creo que los números me confunden, FACSO realizó 16 actividades y recibió 970 millones y FAGOB realizó 99 y recibió 2.4 millones. Tanto menos? y en que sentido sería una oportunidad para crecer? en el número de actividad, si, pero en $$ no?
legitimidad
legitimidad de qué?
socialmente significativo
Agregaría: en línea con estándares internacionales.
donde se identifican inconsistencias en el énfasis conceptual y en las herramientas utilizadas
Dar un par de ejemplos
Introducción
Me parece que falta mecionar en la introducción, al menos, un párrafo sobre el desarrollo de estádares en el manjo de datos a nivel global, como contraste de lo que ocurre en Chile (que está bien expresado). Por ejemplo, se hace mención a los principios FAIR recien en el componente de tranferencia. Me aprece que esto debería estar mencionado desde el inicio.
generación de evidencia y de metodologías, formación de capacidades humanas especializadas, desarrollo de estándares éticos y técnicos, incubación de soluciones innovadoras, y mecanismos de aseguramiento de la calidad que garanticen la confiabilidad y la trazabilidad.
Misma cosa sobre el orden de aparición
investigación, formación (en pregrado, postgrado y educación continua), gobernanza y gestión responsable de datos, innovación y transferencia, y certificación de la calidad de los datos sociales
Mantener el orden en que se presentan los apartados posteriormente.
producen
el concepto de producción de datos está muy vinculado a levantamiento. Para diferenciarse de esa actividad propongo matizarlo o sacarlo por ahora. Así, el foco estaría en: transformar la manera en que se gestionan, documentan y utilizan los datos sociales, asegurando que el conocimiento generado sea riguroso, transparente y socialmente relevante.
La necesidad de contar con una infraestructura robusta de datos sociales se vuelve aún más urgente en el contexto actual, dadas las transformaciones tecnológicas, sociales y políticas que enfrentan las sociedades contemporáneas. El conocimiento científico se ve amenazado por la crisis de confianza pública, la proliferación de desinformación y la creciente complejidad de los fenómenos sociales. Además los populismos y las crisis democráticas en la región subrayan la importancia de contar con datos sociales rigurosos y transparentes que permitan fundamentar decisiones públicas y fortalecer la participación ciudadana. En este escenario, las universidades tienen un rol crucial como productores y guardianes del conocimiento social, siendo responsables de garantizar que los datos generados sean de alta calidad, éticamente gestionados y accesibles para la sociedad.
Este párrafo es muy general. Funciona mejor como contexto amplio. Además, aparecen temas un poco descolgados como: los populismos o las crisis democráticas. ¿Cómo se conectan estos temas amplios con lo que se propone?
formación, apoyo
El título de formación requiere mayor detalle, parecido a los otros tres componentes: formación metodológica?
ABSTRACTSpatial ‘omics techniques are indispensable for studying complex biological systems and for the discovery of spatial biomarkers. While several current matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) instruments are capable of localizing numerous metabolites at high spatial and spectral resolution, the majority of MSI data is acquired at the MS1 level only. Assigning molecular identities based on MS1 data presents significant analytical and computational challenges, as the inherent limitations of MS1 data preclude confident annotations beyond the sum formula level. To enable future advancements of computational lipid annotation tools, well-characterized benchmark - or ground truth - datasets are crucial, which exceed the scope of synthetic data or data derived from mimetic tissue models. To this end, we provide two sulfatide-centered, biology-driven magnetic resonance MSI (MR-MSI) datasets at different mass resolving powers that characterize lipids in a mouse model of human metachromatic dystrophy. This data includes an ultra-high-resolution (R ∼1,230,000) quantum cascade laser mid-infrared imaging-guided MR-MSI dataset that enables isotopic fine structure analysis and therefore enhances the level of confidence substantially. To highlight the usefulness of the data, we compared 118 manual sulfatide annotations with the number of decoy database-controlled sulfatide annotations performed in Metaspace (67 at FDR < 10%). Overall, our datasets can be used to benchmark annotation algorithms, validate spatial biomarker discovery pipelines, and serve as a reference for future studies that explore sulfatide metabolism and its spatial regulation.Competing Interest StatementBruker Daltonics co-funded the BMBF-funded projects Drugs4Future and DrugsData within the framework M2Aind, as mandated by BMBF, but did not influence this study. All other authors declare no competing interests.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf150), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 2: Hikmet Budak
I believe that the dataset produced is a great contribution to the community. My major concerns are as follows: 1. The data described is good but please clarify how would be solution the discrepancy between the manual annotations and the computational annotations and annotations quality for he sulfatide-centered MSI dataset, challenges? 2. Please remove too old references unless they are pioneer and replace with the new ones. 3. Please try to add some of figures as supplementary instead of text, 4. algorithm is not fully optimized or not? 5. How did you recover the missing annotations? Please clarify/elabroate this
Would be happy to review after revisions.
ABSTRACTSpatial ‘omics techniques are indispensable for studying complex biological systems and for the discovery of spatial biomarkers. While several current matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) instruments are capable of localizing numerous metabolites at high spatial and spectral resolution, the majority of MSI data is acquired at the MS1 level only. Assigning molecular identities based on MS1 data presents significant analytical and computational challenges, as the inherent limitations of MS1 data preclude confident annotations beyond the sum formula level. To enable future advancements of computational lipid annotation tools, well-characterized benchmark - or ground truth - datasets are crucial, which exceed the scope of synthetic data or data derived from mimetic tissue models. To this end, we provide two sulfatide-centered, biology-driven magnetic resonance MSI (MR-MSI) datasets at different mass resolving powers that characterize lipids in a mouse model of human metachromatic dystrophy. This data includes an ultra-high-resolution (R ∼1,230,000) quantum cascade laser mid-infrared imaging-guided MR-MSI dataset that enables isotopic fine structure analysis and therefore enhances the level of confidence substantially. To highlight the usefulness of the data, we compared 118 manual sulfatide annotations with the number of decoy database-controlled sulfatide annotations performed in Metaspace (67 at FDR < 10%). Overall, our datasets can be used to benchmark annotation algorithms, validate spatial biomarker discovery pipelines, and serve as a reference for future studies that explore sulfatide metabolism and its spatial regulation.Competing Interest StatementBruker Daltonics co-funded the BMBF-funded projects Drugs4Future and DrugsData within the framework M2Aind, as mandated by BMBF, but did not influence this study. All other authors declare no competing interests.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf150), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 1: Morteza Akbari
This manuscript by Gruber et al. provides a Data Note detailing a high-value, sulfatide-focused benchmark dataset for the mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) community. The project is well thought out, technically advanced, and directly meets a major need for biologically relevant, deeply characterized ground-truth data to test MS1-level metabolite annotation software. It is a big technical achievement to create an ultra-high-resolution dataset (R∼1,230,000) with a 7T FT-ICR instrument. The use of isotopic fine structure (IFS) to boost annotation confidence is a major strength. Using QCL-MIR imaging strategically to guide the MSI acquisition is a smart and effective way to do things. It's great that the authors are committed to FAIR principles.
The writing in the manuscript is excellent, and the data is very good. It makes a big difference in the field. There are, however, several changes that should be made to make it clearer, more scientifically complete, and more useful as a stand-alone benchmark resource for the community. The following points are given to help make the manuscript stronger for publication.
Major Revisions
Provision of the "Ground Truth" Annotation List: The benchmark dataset is the most important part of this Data Note. The manuscript's supplementary information, on the other hand, doesn't seem to have the final, curated list of manual annotations that make up the "ground truth." For this dataset to be truly reusable for benchmarking third-party software, it needs another table. This table should show all of the manually annotated sulfatides for each replicate, along with their experimental m/z, proposed sum formula, lipid annotation, mass error (ppm), and a way to tell if IFS was used to confirm them.
Strengthening the "Ground Truth" Justification: The manuscript depends on an earlier publication (Ref) to validate the sulfatide structures using MS/MS. It is acceptable to reference previous work, but a benchmark Data Note should be as self-sufficient as possible. Please add a short paragraph to the "Data Validation and Quality Control" section that sums up the main MS/MS fragmentation evidence from Ref that backs up the sulfatide identifications. This will give users of the dataset a more complete and clear chain of evidence.
Deeper Analysis of Automated Annotation Discrepancies: The comparison with Metaspace shows how important this dataset is by showing that even a top-of-the-line tool can't annotate 14 high-confidence sulfatides. The discussion needs to be longer so that it can look at
why these failures could be happening. Please explain why Metaspace's scoring algorithm, which only looks at the four most intense isotopic peaks, might not work well with this kind of ultra-high-resolution data where low-intensity IFS peaks (like 34 S) are very important. Talking about how future algorithms could make better use of this information would make the paper much more useful and help with the development of new tools.
Minor Revisions
Clarification of Table 1: The row headers for the R2 dataset ("all" vs. "QCL-MIR-guided") are slightly confusing, as all R2 data is QCL-MIR-guided. Please revise these for clarity (e.g., "Total Annotations in ROIs" and "Annotations with Confirmed IFS Evidence").
Definition of "Internal Error": The legend for Figure 1g should include a brief definition or reference for how "internal error" was calculated to ensure the metric is fully understood.
Confirmation of Database Contents: In the Methods section, please add a sentence explicitly confirming that all manually annotated sulfatide species were included in the custom database file used for the Metaspace analysis. This is a crucial detail for a fair comparison.
Explicit Statement of Dataset Limitations: In the "Re-use Potential" section, it would be beneficial to explicitly state the inherent trade-off of the ultra-high-resolution approach. Please add a sentence acknowledging that the dataset is optimized for high-confidence annotation and that this comes at the cost of reduced sensitivity and comprehensive spatial coverage compared to a standard MSI experiment.
Link to Custom Database: The Methods section mentions the creation of a custom database of 780 theoretical sulfatides. Please explicitly state in the text that this database is available as Supplementary Dataset 3.
Addressing these points will significantly enhance the manuscript's value and ensure its lasting impact as a key resource for the computational mass spectrometry community.
ABSTRACTHigh-throughput technologies now produce a wide array of omics data, from genomic and transcriptomic profiles to epigenomic and proteomic measurements. Integrating these diverse data types can yield deeper insights into the biological mechanisms driving complex traits and diseases. Yet, extracting key shared biomarkers from multiple data layers remains a major challenge. We present a multivariate random forest (MRF)–based framework enhanced by a novel inverse minimal depth (IMD) metric for integrative variable selection. By assigning response variables to tree nodes and employing IMD to rank predictors, our approach efficiently identifies essential features across different omics types, even when confronted with high-dimensionality and noise. Through extensive simulations and analyses of multi-omics datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we demonstrate that our method outperforms established integrative techniques in uncovering biologically meaningful biomarkers and pathways. Our findings show that selected biomarkers not only correlate with known regulatory and signaling networks but can also stratify patient subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes. The method’s scalable, interpretable, and user-friendly implementation ensures broad applicability to a range of research questions. This MRF-based framework advances robust biomarker discovery and integrative multi-omics analyses, accelerating the translation of complex molecular data into tangible biological and clinical insights.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.FootnotesAuthor Name Correction and Documentation Update.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf148), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 1: Moran Chen
This manuscript presents a novel multivariate random forest (MRF) framework enhanced by the inverse minimal depth (IMD) metric for integrative multi-omics biomarker discovery. The authors clearly demonstrate the robustness and superiority of the proposed methods through comprehensive simulation studies and validation on TCGA datasets. The manuscript provides clear methodological explanations, offering valuable insights into its practical utility. I recommend accepting the manuscript after minor revisions. Minor Concern: 1. Biological Interpretation Depth: While the authors identified biologically relevant biomarkers, the biological interpretations remain somewhat superficial. A deeper exploration of novel or less-known biomarkers in the context of disease mechanisms would strengthen the biological relevance of the findings. 2. Sensitivity Analysis of Randomness: The authors should conduct and discuss sensitivity analyses regarding different random states or random seeds to assess the stability of the method's results. 3. Comparison with Existing Methods on Real Data: While the simulation studies provide thorough benchmarking, the manuscript could enhance its practical value by including detailed comparisons with methods such as SPLS, PMDCCA, and SGCCA using the real-world TCGA datasets. 4. Applicability to Other Diseases: The authors primarily focus on cancer datasets. It is recommended to discuss potential applicability to other disease contexts, such as neurodegenerative or immunological diseases, to illustrate broader utility. 5. Improved Visualization: Some figures in the manuscript have font sizes that are too small, which might impair readability. It is recommended to enlarge the text labels, legends, and axis annotations to ensure that all information is clearly visible and accessible. In Figure 8, the use of sub-labels (such as a, b, c) is mentioned in the text, but these labels are not visible in the figure itself.
ABSTRACTHigh-throughput technologies now produce a wide array of omics data, from genomic and transcriptomic profiles to epigenomic and proteomic measurements. Integrating these diverse data types can yield deeper insights into the biological mechanisms driving complex traits and diseases. Yet, extracting key shared biomarkers from multiple data layers remains a major challenge. We present a multivariate random forest (MRF)–based framework enhanced by a novel inverse minimal depth (IMD) metric for integrative variable selection. By assigning response variables to tree nodes and employing IMD to rank predictors, our approach efficiently identifies essential features across different omics types, even when confronted with high-dimensionality and noise. Through extensive simulations and analyses of multi-omics datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we demonstrate that our method outperforms established integrative techniques in uncovering biologically meaningful biomarkers and pathways. Our findings show that selected biomarkers not only correlate with known regulatory and signaling networks but can also stratify patient subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes. The method’s scalable, interpretable, and user-friendly implementation ensures broad applicability to a range of research questions. This MRF-based framework advances robust biomarker discovery and integrative multi-omics analyses, accelerating the translation of complex molecular data into tangible biological and clinical insights.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf148), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 2: Yun-Juan Bao
The article presents an Integrative Multi-Omics Random Forest Framework for Robust Biomarker Discovery. It addresses the challenge of extracting key shared biomarkers from multiple omics data types by introducing a multivariate random forest-based approach enhanced by an inverse minimal depth metric.
I have some concerns and comments below: 1. The new algorithm described in the study selected omics variables by assigning response variable to decision tree nodes. How the response variables relate to biological responses/outcomes? From the authors' description, it seems that the selected omics variables using the IMD are almighty, i.e., they can predict anything needed, such as prognosis, cancer types, and et al. Actually, the usual logic to select omics variables to predict prognosis is to evaluate the association between omics variables and survival time. 2. Following the discussion in 1, what is the biological meaning to extract shared biomarkers from multiple data layers? While it is straightforward to think that the shared biomarkers between multiple data layers or data types may induce the same biological responses, the unique biomarkers also matter depending on what biological responses we care. 3. The Introduction section is not sufficient. The biological significance and technical details of "extract shared biomarkers from multiple data layers" need to be explained in more details. 4. It is advised to provide some examples of the statement in the Introduction: "may fail to capture nonlinear interactions" of the current methods (sPLS, CCA). 5. It is also advised to explain and illustrate how the new method proposed in this study addressed the challenge of traditional methods for capturing nonlinear relationships. Ablation study could be one of the choices. 6. The authors showed that their new approach "uncovered known cancer biological relevant pathways". How about the functional enrichment of genes selected from traditional methods, such as sPLS, CCA? 7. The authors showed that the selected RNA-seq and ATAC-seq features using the new approach are able to capture the distinction between different cancer types (Figure 8). It is suggested to quantitatively evaluate this capability using metrics of recall, precision, and et al. to calculate how many samples are corrected classified and how many are mis-classified in comparison with other methods. 8. It is advised to re-find the Discussion. In what scenario their new method can be applied? What biological insights can be obtained and what can be missed by the new method? 9. The authors did not provide sufficient details about the datasets they used in the section Method. How many samples in TCGA? How many features did they use? How many features left after filtering? 10. Although the performance of the new approach showed some kind of superior in comparison with other methods, the authors only used the currently known databases. It is advised to apply their approach to additional testing datasets or real-world datasets to increase the confidence of the conclusion of this study. It is also observed that the performance of sPLS is better than others in some cases (Figure 4). 11. It is suggested to re-fine the figures. The labels and legends are too tiny to be seen. 12. There is no sub-figure labels a,b,c,d,e,f in Figure 8. The positions of sub-figure labels in Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 7 are not correct.
ABSTRACTHigh-throughput technologies now produce a wide array of omics data, from genomic and transcriptomic profiles to epigenomic and proteomic measurements. Integrating these diverse data types can yield deeper insights into the biological mechanisms driving complex traits and diseases. Yet, extracting key shared biomarkers from multiple data layers remains a major challenge. We present a multivariate random forest (MRF)–based framework enhanced by a novel inverse minimal depth (IMD) metric for integrative variable selection. By assigning response variables to tree nodes and employing IMD to rank predictors, our approach efficiently identifies essential features across different omics types, even when confronted with high-dimensionality and noise. Through extensive simulations and analyses of multi-omics datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we demonstrate that our method outperforms established integrative techniques in uncovering biologically meaningful biomarkers and pathways. Our findings show that selected biomarkers not only correlate with known regulatory and signaling networks but can also stratify patient subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes. The method’s scalable, interpretable, and user-friendly implementation ensures broad applicability to a range of research questions. This MRF-based framework advances robust biomarker discovery and integrative multi-omics analyses, accelerating the translation of complex molecular data into tangible biological and clinical insights.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf148), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 3: Yingxia Li
Summary: This manuscript presents a novel multivariate random forest (MRF)-based framework, incorporating the Inverse Minimal Depth (IMD) metric, for integrative multi-omics variable selection and robust biomarker discovery. The method is thoughtfully developed, rigorously evaluated through comprehensive simulations, and effectively demonstrated on TCGA datasets. The topic is highly relevant, and the manuscript is generally well-organized and clearly written.
Major comments: The proposed MRF-IMD framework demonstrates significant advantages in handling nonlinear relationships and high-dimensional data integration. However, a more comprehensive comparison with other nonlinear ensemble methods (e.g., gradient boosting or deep learning approaches) is recommended to highlight its uniqueness.
AbstractThe processing and analysis of magnetic resonance images is highly dependent on the quality of the input data, and systematic differences in quality can consequently lead to loss of sensitivity or biased results. However, varying image properties due to different scanners and acquisition protocols, as well as subject-specific image interferences, such as motion artifacts, can be incorporated in the analysis. A reliable assessment of image quality is therefore essential to identify critical outliers that may bias results. Here we present a quality assessment for structural (T1-weighted) images using tissue classification. We introduce multiple useful image quality measures, standardize them into quality scales and combine them into an integrated structural image quality rating to facilitate the interpretation and fast identification of outliers with (motion) artifacts. The reliability and robustness of the measures are evaluated using synthetic and real datasets. Our study results demonstrate that the proposed measures are robust to simulated segmentation problems and variables of interest such as cortical atrophy, age, sex, brain size and severe disease-related changes, and might facilitate the separation of motion artifacts based on within-protocol deviations. The quality control framework presents a simple but powerful tool for the use in research and clinical settings.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf146), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 4: Laura Caquelin
Reproducibility report for: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Segmentation-Based Quality Control of Structural Magnetic Resonance Images Journal: GigaScience ID number/DOI: GIGA-D-25-00085 Reviewer(s): Laura Caquelin, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden [Worked on reproducing the results and wrote the report] Tobias Wängberg, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden [Worked on reproducing the results]
According to our assessment the primary objective is: to develop and validate a standardized framework for assessing the quality of structural (T1-weighted) MRI images, enabling the detection of artifacts on simulated data.
Outcome: Quantitative quality ratings derived from image properties such as noise-to-contrast ratio (NCR), inhomogeneity-to-contrast ratio (ICR), resolution score (RES), and edge-to-contrast ratio (ECR) and Full-brain Euler characteristic (FEC) combined into a Structural Image Quality Rating (SIQR).
Analysis method outcome: Not precised in the manuscript, but with the Matlab script we identified that the quality scores were correlated using Spearman's rank correlation, and statistical significance was assessed using p-values computed using MATLAB's built-in method.
Main result: Results are presented in Figure 5. "The evaluation on the BWP test dataset showed that most quality ratings have a very high correlation (rho > .950, p < .001) with their corresponding perturbation and a very low correlation (rho < |0.1|) with the other tested perturbations (see table in Figure 5A & C). This suggests considerable specificity of the proposed quality measures. The combined SIQR score also showed a very strong association with the segmentation quality kappa (rho = -.913, p < .001) and brain tissue volumes (rhoCSF/GM/WM = -.472/-.484/.736, pCSF/GM/WM < .001) (Figure 5B). […] The edge-based resolution measure ECR, on the other hand, generally performed better (rho = .828, p < .001), but was more affected by noise (rho = .306, p < .001) and inhomogeneity (rho = .223, p < .001) than other scores."
Computational environment of reproduction analysis
Operating system for reproduction: MacOS 15.5 (reviewer 1) and MacOS 15.1 (reviewer 2)
5.1 Original study results - Results 1: Figure 5 C (see screenshot)
5.2 Steps for reproduction
->Finding how to reproduce the results - Issue 1: The methods section lacks sufficient detail regarding the statistical methodology, and the relevant information is not fully provided in the GitHub repository. -- Resolved: A message has been sent to the authors requesting further clarification on the methodology and additional resources (scripts/data) needed to reproduce the results. The script to reproduce the results is "cat_tst_qa_bwpmaintest.m".
-> Reproduce the results using the "cat_tst_qa_bwpmaintest.m" script. - Issue 2: To run the script "cat_tst_qa_bwpmaintest.m", the "eva_vol_calcKappa" function is missing. -- Resolved: The script was shared and added to the Github repository. - Issue 3: While running the script, the following error message encountered: Assigning to 0 elements using a simple assignment statement is not supported. Consider using comma-separated list assignment.
Error in cat_tst_qa_bwpmaintest (line 481) default.QS{find(cellfun('isempty',strfind(default.QS(:,2),'FEC'))==0),4} = [100, 850]; -- Resolved: This error stops the execution of the script. After discussion with the authors, the exact cause of the error encountered at line 480 was not directly identified. We exchanged and compared our environments at the point just before the error occurred and observed notable differences between them. Our environment is almost empty. The authors identified that the default variable is missing from our environment, even though it is referenced at line 437 by a call to the cat_stat_marks function. We confirmed that all required dependencies were installed (including Statistics toolbox, SPM and CAT12), and that we had access to all the necessary data. To ensure the issue was not due to user error, the code was independently executed by two reviewers. The error was consistently reproduced in both cases. About the setup, I specified to the authors: "To summarize my setup: * I have installed SPM, CAT, and the Statistics Toolbox. * I downloaded all datasets from the GigaScience server. * I also downloaded the IXI T1 data, but I've only kept the version available on the GigaScience server in my working directory. Is the version from GigaScience sufficient? I had presumed that this dataset was pre-processed and ready to use, so I ignored the time-consuming pre-processing step. Your last email seems to confirm this point."
The authors answered that: « Yes, this is correct. However, both directories have to be combined so that the original IXI images and the processing files are included. »
In an attempt to proceed, we modified the portion of the code that triggered the error:
% FEC FECpos = find(cellfun('isempty',strfind(default.QS(:,2),'FEC'))==0); try warning off; [Q.fit.FEC, Q.fit.FECstat] = robustfit(Q.FECgt(M,1),Q.FECo(M,1)); warning on; if ~isempty(FECpos) default.QS{FECpos,4} = round([Q.fit.FEC(1) + Q.fit.FEC(2), Q.fit.FEC(1) + Q.fit.FEC(2) * 6], -1); end
catch Q.fit.FEC = [nan nan]; Q.fit.FECstat = struct('coeffcorr',nan(2,2),'p',nan(2,2)); if ~isempty(FECpos) default.QS{FECpos,4} = [100 850]; end end
Following this adjustment, the end of the script "cat_tst_qa_bwpmaintest.m" ran without issue and generated output results:
Finally, the error was identified after numerous exchanges with the authors. The function "cat_stat_marks", available in the Github repository, was not shared in the FTP server. With this function added, the script runs correctly. Please note that the link to the Github repository where the software code can be found is not specified in the manuscript.
-> Compare the results reproduced and the original results - Issue 4: Discrepancy between reproduced results, output results provided by the authors and the original results shown in Figure 5C. -- Unresolved: We reproduced the figures and the corresponding output table using the modified "cat_tst_qa_bwpmaintest.m" script. We ran the script using the only default QC version selected in the script ("cat_vol_qa201901x"). By comparing our output with the result files shared by the authors, we were able to confirm that we had executed the correct pipeline. However, we encountered a discrepancy: neither the generated file in our run (tst_cat_col_qa201901x_irBWPC_HC_T1_pn9_rf100pC_vx200x200x200rptable.csv) nor the corresponding file provided by the authors (outputs from BWPmain_full_202504) matched the numerical values presented in Figure 5C of the manuscript. We contacted the authors to clarify whether the default QC version used in the script was indeed the one produce the figure. In response, they confirmed:
"All figures should show the results of this QC version although I had the plan to run a final check update after the reviewer comments (the figures are finally arranged in Adobe Illustrator)."
Therefore, although the correct version of the QC was used, the differences in the results shown in Figure 5C remain unexplained. This issue is still unresolved.
5.3 Statistical comparison Original vs Reproduced results - Results: Screenshot of reproduced tst_cat_vol_qa201901x_irBWPC_HC_T1_pn9_rf100pC_vx200x200x200_rptable.csv table
(Screenshot of Figure 5C)
(Screenshot of the original output corresponding to the Figure 5C)
the original results presented in figure 5C of the manuscript. Notably, the output file provided by the authors and the results in figure 5C do not match either, indicating potential errors or file versions mismatches. Additionally, many p-values in the reproduced results are equal to 0, which suggests a formatting issue or a problem in the script. Figure 5C also lacks a scale, legend detail, or supplementary data to make possible to verify p-values (assuming the color gradient represents the p-values).
Recommendations for authors We strongly recommend the authors to: -- Ensure all essential code and functions are included in the shared repositories. Some necessary files were not included in the FTP server provided with the paper. Although the GitHub repository (https://github.com/ChristianGaser/cat12) was shared with the journal, but it is not referenced in the manuscript, making it difficult for external users to locate. -- Add detailed documentation of the statistical methods: the current manuscript lacks sufficient information regarding the statistical methodology used, at least for the purpose of the reproducibility review. Please, include detailed explanation of statistical tests, packages and parameter settings (e.g. QC version) to improve reproducibility. -- Clarify the versioning and outputs for the figures: there is a lack of clarity regarding which specific data outputs were used to generate figure 5C. Providing metadata or links to the exact output file used would help to resolve this issue. -- Provide raw numerical data behind figures: figure 5C seems to display p-values using a color gradient but no scale or legend is provided. Sharing the raw data used would allow the comparison and the reproducibility of the figure. -- Improve the clarity of execution instructions and address potential p-values issues: the issue with p-values showing up as exactly 0 in the reproduced results might be caused by differences in the environment setup, such as missing variables, different software versions, or skipped steps before running the script. Improving the instructions for setting up the environment and running the would help prevent issues and facilitate reproducibility.
AbstractThe processing and analysis of magnetic resonance images is highly dependent on the quality of the input data, and systematic differences in quality can consequently lead to loss of sensitivity or biased results. However, varying image properties due to different scanners and acquisition protocols, as well as subject-specific image interferences, such as motion artifacts, can be incorporated in the analysis. A reliable assessment of image quality is therefore essential to identify critical outliers that may bias results. Here we present a quality assessment for structural (T1-weighted) images using tissue classification. We introduce multiple useful image quality measures, standardize them into quality scales and combine them into an integrated structural image quality rating to facilitate the interpretation and fast identification of outliers with (motion) artifacts. The reliability and robustness of the measures are evaluated using synthetic and real datasets. Our study results demonstrate that the proposed measures are robust to simulated segmentation problems and variables of interest such as cortical atrophy, age, sex, brain size and severe disease-related changes, and might facilitate the separation of motion artifacts based on within-protocol deviations. The quality control framework presents a simple but powerful tool for the use in research and clinical settings.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf146), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 3: Cyril Pernet
The paper describes an alternative way to QC T1w images with 2 major innovations: a different set of metrics not relying on background and a global score that combines those metrics. In addition, all of this is integrated in a well maintained toolbox allowing easy usage.
I only have suggestions (ie it does not have to be all done) as the overall paper is well written, easy to follow and analyses well conducted. P6 NCR: it can be nice to demonstrate how it performs compared to traditional CNR (mean of the white matter intensity values minus the mean of the gray matter intensity values divided by the standard deviation of the values outside the brain) -- differs markedly because of background difference for sure, since you have plenty of test images you could show that more clearly (later in the method, based on what criteria/reason 'local' is defined as 555?) P7 ECR should capture something similar to Entropy Focus Criterion, would be nice to provide a direct comparison P8 typo, you meant equation 2 P8 SIQR I'm guessing you have experimented with the power function - maybe a side note to share your experience of why or how it works better than eg square
Dr Cyril Pernet
AbstractThe processing and analysis of magnetic resonance images is highly dependent on the quality of the input data, and systematic differences in quality can consequently lead to loss of sensitivity or biased results. However, varying image properties due to different scanners and acquisition protocols, as well as subject-specific image interferences, such as motion artifacts, can be incorporated in the analysis. A reliable assessment of image quality is therefore essential to identify critical outliers that may bias results. Here we present a quality assessment for structural (T1-weighted) images using tissue classification. We introduce multiple useful image quality measures, standardize them into quality scales and combine them into an integrated structural image quality rating to facilitate the interpretation and fast identification of outliers with (motion) artifacts. The reliability and robustness of the measures are evaluated using synthetic and real datasets. Our study results demonstrate that the proposed measures are robust to simulated segmentation problems and variables of interest such as cortical atrophy, age, sex, brain size and severe disease-related changes, and might facilitate the separation of motion artifacts based on within-protocol deviations. The quality control framework presents a simple but powerful tool for the use in research and clinical settings.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf146), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 2: Oscar Esteban
Technical Note GIGA-D-25-00085 introduces a segmentation-based quality control (QC) framework for T1-weighted structural MRI integrated into the CAT12 toolbox. The approach defines five interpretable image quality metrics—noise-to-contrast ratio (NCR), inhomogeneity-to-contrast ratio (ICR), resolution score (RES), edge-to-contrast ratio (ECR), and full-brain Euler characteristic (FEC)—which are combined into a composite Structural Image Quality Rating (SIQR). The tool aims to provide a standardized, interpretable scoring system for identifying poor-quality scans, with validation across simulated datasets and real-world imaging data.
The manuscript addresses a critical need in neuroimaging by presenting an automated, interpretable, and practical framework for quality control of T1-weighted structural MRI. By integrating multiple segmentation-derived metrics into a single Structural Image Quality Rating (SIQR), the approach enables fast, standardized assessment of image quality. The tool is embedded in the widely used CAT12/SPM ecosystem, facilitating adoption, and it is validated across a range of synthetic and real-world datasets. The scoring system is designed with user accessibility in mind, offering a clear grading scale and robust detection of motion-related artifacts, making it particularly well-suited for use in large-scale research and clinical imaging settings.
I was given access to the supporting data but chose not to proceed with reproducibility checks at this stage, as the manuscript does not currently meet GigaScience's basic standards for code and data transparency. I look forward to reviewing a revised version that clearly defines the scope of the method, improves methodological transparency, and brings the manuscript into compliance with the journal's reproducibility and FAIR data principles.
Best regards,
Oscar Esteban, Ph. D. Research and Teaching FNS Fellow Dept. of Radiology, CHUV, University of Lausanne
AbstractThe processing and analysis of magnetic resonance images is highly dependent on the quality of the input data, and systematic differences in quality can consequently lead to loss of sensitivity or biased results. However, varying image properties due to different scanners and acquisition protocols, as well as subject-specific image interferences, such as motion artifacts, can be incorporated in the analysis. A reliable assessment of image quality is therefore essential to identify critical outliers that may bias results. Here we present a quality assessment for structural (T1-weighted) images using tissue classification. We introduce multiple useful image quality measures, standardize them into quality scales and combine them into an integrated structural image quality rating to facilitate the interpretation and fast identification of outliers with (motion) artifacts. The reliability and robustness of the measures are evaluated using synthetic and real datasets. Our study results demonstrate that the proposed measures are robust to simulated segmentation problems and variables of interest such as cortical atrophy, age, sex, brain size and severe disease-related changes, and might facilitate the separation of motion artifacts based on within-protocol deviations. The quality control framework presents a simple but powerful tool for the use in research and clinical settings.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
This work has been peer reviewed in GigaScience (see https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giaf146), which carries out open, named peer-review. These reviews are published under a CC-BY 4.0 license and were as follows:
Reviewer 1: Chris Foulon
The article presents a valuable effort towards standardising quality control methods and their evaluation. However, too many choices seem arbitrary without sufficient justification, and too many sections are unclear. Overall, the quality of the work cannot be fully assessed in the current state of the manuscript, and major revisions are needed to correct that. There is also not enough comparison (one) with other methods and no way of evaluating whether these measures are relevant to actual downstream imaging uses. Additionally, the article's goal is highly unclear and led me to think the segmentation measures were part of the QC pipeline until I read the discussion ... Nothing until the discussion explains that the segmentation measures are used to evaluate the single SIQR score output of the QC pipeline.
Comments: "All measures and tools are part of the Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT; https://neuro-jena.github.io//cat, Gaser et al., 2024) of the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm, Ashburner et al. 2002) software and also available as a standalone version (https://neuro-jena.github.io/enigma-cat12/#standalone)." I cannot really expect everyone to avoid Matlab tools. Still, Matlab is a drag to the development of scalable tools nowadays (every system admin's nightmare is to have to try to make Matlab tools run on high-performance computing servers).
"such as noise, inhomogeneities, and resolution (Figure 1B)." At this point in the article, it's a bit unclear how that works in Figure 1B.
"It is assessed within optimized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white matter (WM) regions." Then, the NCR relies on the segmentation, right? What if the segmentation fails?
Oh, most of the measures actually rely on the segmentation. Are segmentation errors accounted for in the tool? I am thinking specifically about "abnormal" brains that can be difficult for segmentation algorithms. At least at this point of the article, it's not clear.
"To accommodate various international rating systems, we have adopted a linear percentage and a corresponding (alpha-)numeric scaling." this doesn't match the complexity of the following explanation about the rather arbitrary range. I think a much more international and understandable rating would have been a 0 to 1 range. A 0.5 to 10.5 range is not helping users at all. As the rating is linear, I am struggling to see the added value of this choice.
"Although the BWP does not include the simulation of motion artifacts, these are in general comparable to an increase of noise in the BWP dataset by 2 percentage points." Maybe that should be justified with a reference? "in general" might be a bit light to justify not having a direct measure for something presented as important (motion artefacts) in the introduction and goal of the tool. I think the absence of a noise estimation in the QC ratings should be more thoroughly justified.
"To balance the sensitivity to different quality measures while ensuring that the necessary quality conditions are met, we apply an exponentially weighted averaging approach — similar to the root mean square (RMS) but using the fourth power and fourth root." Why is there no justification or references for these arbitrary choices? Why not the fifth root or tenth root? Why the square root and not an exponential or any other function?
"Sample Normalization for Outlier Detection" It is unclear whether this is systematically applied or not. Is it a separate measure, or is it aggregated into another score? That measure could be relevant in many cases but could also be really bad in some specific cases (for example, historical data where the "ideal" quality would probably be well below standards.
"raw (co-registered)" Well, it is not raw if it's co-registered. I suggest reformulation to avoid confusion with actual raw images.
The "Evaluation Concept and Data" section is very unclear. The need for a training-testing scheme is not explained, and the scheme itself is very arbitrary (choosing odd and even numbered files ordered by filenames). How does that splitting strategy help with generalisation? Why that specific split? Why not another? How do we know that split is not biased? Finally, the selection of 6 scans also seems completely arbitrary. Overall, this section does not provide enough information to justify the seemingly arbitrary choices.
"Of note, obvious subject/scan-specific motion artifacts generally increase the scans' rating for about 1 grade, which corresponds to a decrease of 10 rps (and +0.5 grade / -5 rps for light artifacts), in comparison to the typical rating achieved by the majority of scans of the same protocol." This is incredibly vague! How are readers supposed to evaluate the quality control measures with this information?
Discussion: "as this is more relevant for segmentation and surface reconstruction (Ashburner et al., 2005)." A lot of work has been done in these domains in 20 years; this reference, however solid, is not enough to justify that choice. This might not be relevant with the methods developed in the last 20 years.
"with a power of 4 rather than 2, to place greater emphasis on the more problematic aspects of image quality." Still not enough to justify that choice. The authors failed to convince me that one single score is better than reporting all the measures significantly, as different quality measures will influence different tasks. A very practical example is the fact that the vast majority of acquisitions in clinical settings, the resolution is anisotropic (though less with T1 images nowadays, historical datasets will still have it). This anisotropy is not necessarily an issue for human diagnosis, for example; however, aggregating all the scores in one might hide that a low-quality measurement might not affect the specific downstream task. Coupled with the lack of justification for the factor scalings, this choice of a single score is a significant negative point for the tool.
Data availability: Where can the sources of these specific tools be accessed?
hypothesis
Martin → chrisaldrich Yes, Chris, I even came across this site. Porstmanns Karteikunde was actually the publication that inspired my early Zettelkasten activities back when I was still a schoolboy, nearly half a century ago. And of course, Luhmann would have learned this kind of administrative practice in his first job, since it was widely used in offices at the time. I’ve always wondered whether he ever taught anything about it while working in Speyer.
Martin reports having used Porstmanns Karteikunde in his youth circa 1975 when it was widely used in offices.
Open question: Did Luhmann teach zettelkasten practices while at Speyer?
Frank, Adam. 2025. “The Truth Physics Can No Longer Ignore.” The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/2025/12/physics-life-reductionism-complexity/685257/ (January 4, 2026).
the sole agreed-upon source of general intelligence: life.
Complexity, by contrast, recognizes that once lots of particles come together to produce macroscopic things—such as organisms—knowing everything about particles isn’t enough to understand reality. An early pioneer of this approach was the physicist Philip W. Anderson, who succinctly framed the nascent anti-reductionist perspective with the phrase “More is different.”
This one is very tasty. Smooth on the tongue, not much burn. I can almost taste the brown butter.
Here, the authors extend the argument to a more speculative level. If AI stabilizes societies and extends lifespans (or even immortality), there will be fewer “shocks” (wars, deaths, disasters) that traditionally reset inequality. Without those resets or widespread redistribution, the existing wealth concentration could persist and deepen indefinitely. Hence, they argue that a global tax on capital might be the only effective check on rising inequality in a fully automated, AI-driven world.
Because labour is free and the only thing now remaining is capital.
What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?<br /> by [[Stephen Wolfram]]<br /> accessed on 2026-01-04T16:29:29
2.2. Getting Started with BookNLP
BookNLP apparently incompatible with newer Python versions and libraries. Works under Python 3.9 and NumPy 1.26.4.
.readers
?
I don’t really even want to watch those videos, I’m just drawn to them as a way of avoiding the discomfort of knuckling down to work
this is exactly me... i need to put my phone to somewhere i cant see or touch
I will stop procrastinating and get on with my work
people keep saying this but they still make no actions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7ydo7H_1TA Starts out with details for properly threading film projector
“NFORMATION RETRIEVAL” 1961 IBM BUSINESS COMPUTER PROMO MAINFRAME PUNCHCARD COMPUTERS SM10435<br /> by [[Periscope Film]] on YouTube <br /> accessed on 2026-01-04T15:56:12
Some great visuals hiding in here.<br /> Starts out with details for properly threading film projector<br /> keywords - indexing methods<br /> Key Word in Context (KWIC)<br /> inverted file (aka lookup file)<br /> Notice this is a few years after Desk Set (1957)<br /> Selective dissemination of information<br /> Fake company name: Alamer
" KEYS TO THE LIBRARY " 1950s EDUCATIONAL FILM CARD CATALOGS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS & DEWEY DECIMAL XD71644<br /> by [[Periscope Film]] on YouTube<br /> accessed on 2026-01-04T15:53:51
And the Fetish of the Year Is...Gooning! By Kayla Kibbe for Cosmopolitan Published: Dec 9, 2025
“This is the true joy in life, the being used for a purpose recognized by yourself as a mighty one; the being a force of Nature instead of a feverish, selfish little clod of ailments and grievances complaining that the world will not devote itself to making you happy. “ “I am of the opinion that my life belongs to the whole community, and as long as I live it is my privilege to do for it whatsoever I can. I want to be thoroughly used up when I die, for the harder I work the more I live. I rejoice in life for its own sake. Life is no ‘brief candle’ for me. It is a sort of splendid torch, which I have got hold of for the moment; and I want to make it burn as brightly as possible before handing it on to future generations.” The first paragraph is from the play Man and Superman (1903) by Irish playwright, critic, and political activist George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950). It appears in the eloquent, thought-provoking (and lengthy: more than 11,400 words!) dedication, “Epistle Dedicatory to Arthur Bingham Walkley,” of the play. The second paragraph comes from one of his speeches (found in George Bernard Shaw: His Life and His Works by Archibald Henderson). Interestingly, as the Internet has a tendency to do, the first and second paragraphs are erroneously combined, as if they were one thought written by Shaw. This cobbled-together quotation, taken from two completely separate works, appears in dozens of books, all — of course — without proper attribution. American actor Jeff Goldblum is quite fond of this quote and often recites it (most recently, for example, on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, February 15, 2019) as if it were one long paragraph, perpetuating the mistake.
two separate quotes at the top
https://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/1pz0owy/statistical_investigation_of_diamond_mining_in/<br /> Statistical investigation of diamond mining in Minecraft
They’re not following the conventions of the “personal blog,” as we’ve come to know it.
Wasn't Web Ring culture back in the day the same on Geocities? When people controlled the HTML on their site rather than using a CMS(Content Management System) the internet was a more exciting place.
Technically speaking Facebook/Instagram/Tiktok/X are all just CMS software
Knowledge Garden is a carefully curated collection of resources, insights, and wisdom designed to help you grow both personally and professionally. Like a garden, knowledge requires careful cultivation, regular tending, and the right environment to flourish.
Nice explanation of the site, it almost works as a definition of a knowledge garden but isn't actionable by the reader.
Abstract This chapter examines the origins and evolution of settler identity in colonial Algeria. Dealing with the years between 1830 and 1939, it examines the process by which Europeans of diverse origins gradually merged into a distinct people, the French of Algeria. The settlers defined themselves in opposition to the native Arabs and Berbers. The Jews of Algeria were in-between: non-Muslims caught between the Christian and Muslim inhabitants of the colony. Even before World War II, native intellectuals and religious leaders were calling for liberal reforms. Social conditions (residential segregation, inequality in education, linguistic and religious differences, and avoidance of mixed marriages) kept colonizer and colonized apart. The Europeans of Algeria considered themselves French, but their identification with the metropole remained contingent.
Abstract This chapter examines the origins and evolution of settler identity in colonial Algeria. Dealing with the years between 1830 and 1939, it examines the process by which Europeans of diverse origins gradually merged into a distinct people, the French of Algeria. The settlers defined themselves in opposition to the native Arabs and Berbers. The Jews of Algeria were in-between: non-Muslims caught between the Christian and Muslim inhabitants of the colony. Even before World War II, native intellectuals and religious leaders were calling for liberal reforms. Social conditions (residential segregation, inequality in education, linguistic and religious differences, and avoidance of mixed marriages) kept colonizer and colonized apart. The Europeans of Algeria considered themselves French, but their identification with the metropole remained contingent.
During the entire colonial period, perhaps 6,000 Muslims crossed to the other side and acquired French citizenship.
Again, Muslims rarely accept citizen ship because it requires de facto renunciation of Islam
"During the entire colonial period, perhaps 6,000 Muslims crossed to the other side and acquired French citizenship."
In Indochina as well as the military regions of Saharan Algeria—parts of the empire where European women were rare, and the subject population was phenotypically distinct—the legal and social position of the offspring of mixed relations was an important question. Not so in the bulk of Algeria, where the sex ratio of the settler population was near parity; the offspring of sexual relations across the settler-Muslim divide were less easy to recognize; and sequestration limited the sexual freedom of Muslim women. Provocatively, the unimportance of the métis question in colonial Algeria suggests that ethnicity and religion—not phenotype—provided the main principle of differentiation between the colony’s peoples.
WOAH -> makes a "provocative" claim that race was not the dividing line between French and Arabs/Berbers so much as ETHNICITY AND RELIGION -> in part because "phneotype" was harder to distinguish between each other -> in other words, OFFSPRING of mixed marriages were hard to identify; harder to identify than mixed children of half African or half Vietnamese descent, for instance
Evidenced by the fact that gender parity was mostly the same in Algeria, UNLIKE in other (less settlement based) colonies -> Therefore white women less prized / protected (because there's plenty of them, less of a status symbol) Also security in idea of sexual UNAVAILABILITY / sequesteredness of Muslim women.
Eviudenced by the "unimportance" of the "metis question" in Algeria compared with other colonies.
If true makes it kinda more similar to NI
"In Indochina as well as the military regions of Saharan Algeria—parts of the empire where European women were rare, and the subject population was phenotypically distinct—the legal and social position of the offspring of mixed relations was an important question. Not so in the bulk of Algeria, where the sex ratio of the settler population was near parity; the offspring of sexual relations across the settler-Muslim divide were less easy to recognize; and sequestration limited the sexual freedom of Muslim women. Provocatively, the unimportance of the métis question in colonial Algeria suggests that ethnicity and religion—not phenotype—provided the main principle of differentiation between the colony’s peoples."
During the quarter century after 1880, only 139 marriages joined a Muslim man and a European woman; and only 126 joined a European man and a Muslim woman. Most Europeans believed that unyielding cultural differences doomed such unions to failure.
"During the quarter century after 1880, only 139 marriages joined a Muslim man and a European woman; and only 126 joined a European man and a Muslim woman. Most Europeans believed that unyielding cultural differences doomed such unions to failure."
Unlike French colonies in Oceania, Indochina, and sub-Saharan Africa, to calm the Maghreb the authorities barred conversion by Catholic missionaries. The incommensurability of Islamic society hinged on its male-female relations. Polygamy was not widespread in Algeria but accepted; so were divorce and arranged marriage. By comparison with Europeans, spouses in a Muslim marriage tended to be further apart in age.33Close The rarity of Muslims—particularly girls—in public schools raised an additional barrier to intermarriage. Others came from residential segregation in the cities and the rural concentration of the Muslim population. Absence of opportunity meshed with attitudes.
Mixing was not common -> Catholic missionaries forbiodden because "Islamic society hinged on its male-female relations." -> wanted to keep them from rebelling.
"Unlike French colonies in Oceania, Indochina, and sub-Saharan Africa, to calm the Maghreb the authorities barred conversion by Catholic missionaries. The incommensurability of Islamic society hinged on its male-female relations. Polygamy was not widespread in Algeria but accepted; so were divorce and arranged marriage. By comparison with Europeans, spouses in a Muslim marriage tended to be further apart in age.33 The rarity of Muslims—particularly girls—in public schools raised an additional barrier to intermarriage. Others came from residential segregation in the cities and the rural concentration of the Muslim population. Absence of opportunity meshed with attitudes."
This is UNLIKE everywhere else the French colonised -> tried to undertake conversions (to varying success). Islam also maybe more establsihed / entrenched here?
Rather than contradicting French institutions, ethnocracy coexisted with liberal republicanism.92Close Political authority and armed force backed a system of unequal rights integral to the colonial order. When the state suffered shocks, therefore, the colonial system trembled.
All this unequal / stratified / caste system "ethnocracy" COEXISTS w/ liberal republicanism
"Rather than contradicting French institutions, ethnocracy coexisted with liberal republicanism.92 Political authority and armed force backed a system of unequal rights integral to the colonial order. When the state suffered shocks, therefore, the colonial system trembled."
Usually contained, tensions in defining who was French would persist beyond the 1930s. French in name, the Jews provided a counterweight to the Muslim majority; yet anti-Semitism persisted among the Europeans. The French from France enjoyed prestige relative to other Europeans. Outside the colony, the metropolitans might consider their Algerian compatriots like the Corsicans: French, yes, but not as civilized. Living alongside les Arabes, native expressions and folkways rubbed off on the French. Alongside such manifestations of hybridity, comparison with so much that was not French provided an everyday reminder of difference.
This is all "ethnocracy" (Whatever that means)
Basically -> PN are CONSTRUCTED identity always in flux -> Jews, for instance, are welcomed because they are French / French citizens, and yet antisemitism remains rampant. Likewise, CLOSE PROXIMITY of the society to Arabs means cultural mixing, even if denied by PN.
Againb, a creole / mixed / constructed society.
Metropolitan France considers PN to be a frontier / less "civilized" population, like Corsicans (or Ulstermen, for that matter).
"Usually contained, tensions in defining who was French would persist beyond the 1930s. French in name, the Jews provided a counterweight to the Muslim majority; yet anti-Semitism persisted among the Europeans. The French from France enjoyed prestige relative to other Europeans. Outside the colony, the metropolitans might consider their Algerian compatriots like the Corsicans: French, yes, but not as civilized. Living alongside les Arabes, native expressions and folkways rubbed off on the French. Alongside such manifestations of hybridity, comparison with so much that was not French provided an everyday reminder of difference."
Although they overlap, personal identity is not reducible to social identity. A small number of Europeans married non-Europeans. Friendship could cross the lines of religion. At work, in the market, and around the neighborhood, Muslim might harmonize with Christian. A doctor, nurse, teacher, administrator, or soldier might care deeply for the Muslims in their charge. Algeria was a caste society but without the walls between the Brahmin and Dalit in India. Unlike North America and Australasia, the towns and cities of Algeria bred contact between native and nonnative. Every European had their Good Arab, a cynic might wisecrack. This seems too formulaic. For starters, it dismisses the duties that honor might impose on a European’s relations with others. The civilizing mission democratized noblesse oblige. It misses the overlaps between groups, moreover, the multiple ways that social circles intersected—sometimes fleetingly, other times not.
Damn -> UNLIKE AUSTRALIA / US / EVEN CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA, NO PHYSICAL SEGREGATION BETWEEN PN AND MUSLIMS: - Is a CASTE society but encourages mixing -> like in Horne though, obviously paternalistic attitudes -> every Euro had his 'good Muslim' etc. There also WERE some mixed marriages apparently
"Although they overlap, personal identity is not reducible to social identity. A small number of Europeans married non-Europeans. Friendship could cross the lines of religion. At work, in the market, and around the neighborhood, Muslim might harmonize with Christian. A doctor, nurse, teacher, administrator, or soldier might care deeply for the Muslims in their charge. Algeria was a caste society but without the walls between the Brahmin and Dalit in India. Unlike North America and Australasia, the towns and cities of Algeria bred contact between native and nonnative. Every European had their Good Arab, a cynic might wisecrack. This seems too formulaic. For starters, it dismisses the duties that honor might impose on a European’s relations with others. The civilizing mission democratized noblesse oblige. It misses the overlaps between groups, moreover, the multiple ways that social circles intersected—sometimes fleetingly, other times not."
Algerian independence bred new resentments, this time against not only les Arabes but also the Fifth Republic. This mix contained traits later exploited by the National Front, many of whose leaders and cadres fought to keep Algeria a part of France. Download all slides
Basically, fall of Algeria to FLN further radicalizes PN against not only Muslims but also the FIFTH REPUBLIC -> National Front and French Far Right will both benefit from / try and take advantage OF this resentment.
Again, author's argument is that French far right / NF in the latter 20th century was rooted IN decolonization and the influx / resentment of PN -> capitalises off of that populations' distrust of Muslims ("immigrants").
Though never achieved, a melting pot of Europeans—the French of Algeria—was in the making.
"Though never achieved, a melting pot of Europeans—the French of Algeria—was in the making."
Settlers of non-French stock entered the working class that would build and maintain the colony’s roads, ports, dams, railroads, warehouses, and public buildings
"Settlers of non-French stock entered the working class that would build and maintain the colony’s roads, ports, dams, railroads, warehouses, and public buildings"
Basically, settlers of NON-French descent arrive from Malta, Italy, and Spain -> become working class subjects, in similar way Scottish Presbyterians are slightly disenfranchised / etc underclass to Anglicans.
Like Presbyterians, eventually welcomed INTO the fold while Muslims left out to dry (though, of course, Cats did enjoy far more privileges by the 20th century than Muslims did).
"A nationalization law of 1889 extended French citizenship to the Algerian-born children of non-French Europeans. "
Unlike its plantation colonies in the Caribbean or later possessions in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, France envisioned a “pacified” Algeria as a pioneer society of European smallholders working their own land.
UNLIKE plantation economies / colonies in Caribbean, France views Algeria as a SETTLER COLONIAL opportunity -> "pioneer society" of Eueopeans working their own land.
"Unlike its plantation colonies in the Caribbean or later possessions in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, France envisioned a “pacified” Algeria as a pioneer society of European smallholders working their own land.11 "
👋 I am Knowledge GardenA document reader with tools for creating contextual annotations, discovering insights, and visualizing personal knowledge ❤️️
Ewww this is an App not an explanation of what a Knowledge Garden is. I hate SEO sometimes.
No wonder people switched to LLM's for search on things
ResourcesSome interesting books on how to improve your knowledge value chain
NGL I can't tell if this part of the site is AI generated or not, let's check the Internet Archive
https://web.archive.org/web/20220321173208/http://www.theknowledgegarden.it/
Looks like it is the same, I don't like how this is written. So many resources void of context.
- knowledge must become a shared asset: only in this way can it be transformed into value for the entire organization;
This fits as a Requirement, interesting how Obsidian is getting adopted by organizations rather than a federated wiki where people all have their own section.
Sharing and managing knowledge assets is a hallmark of the way we do consulting.
This is like an Axiom of consulting
Life is like a garden that is renewing itself every season.
This sounds more like poetry than a description of a Knowledge Garden
Knowledge is what characterizes each human being.
Memory Configuration: This is where most people mess up. Pulling the standard postgres docker image won't cut it. You have to configure memory bounds with static limits that correspond to hardware. I've automated
DB CFG postgress optimization
Memory Configuration: This is where most people mess up. Pulling the standard postgres docker image won't cut it. You have to configure memory bounds with static limits that correspond to hardware. I've automated some of these configurations. But whether you do it manually or use some auto-config, tweaking these params is a must. The key parameters: shared_buffers: Start around 25 % of RAM; modern PG happily uses tens of GB. effective_cache_size: Set to 75% of system RAM (this tells Postgres how much memory the OS will use for caching) work_mem: Be conservative here. Set it to total RAM / max_connections / 2, or use a fixed value like 32MB maintenance_work_mem: Can be generous (1-2GB), only used during VACUUM and index operations Connection Management: RDS enforces their own max connections, but when self hosting you get the opportunity to choose your own: # Connection settings max_connections = 200 shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements' log_connections = on log_disconnections = on Wahoo! More connections = more parallelism right? No such free lunch I'm afraid. Making fresh connections in postgres has pretty expensive overhead, so you almost always want to put a load balancer on front of it. I'm using pgbouncer on all my projects by default - even when load might not call for it. Python asyncio applications just work better with a centralized connection pooler. And yes, I've automated some of the config there too. Storage Tuning: NVMe SSDs make having content on disk less harmful than conventional spinning hard drives, so you'll want to pay attention to the disk type that you're hosted on: # Storage optimization for NVMe random_page_cost = 1.1 # Down from default 4.0 seq_page_cost = 1.0 # Keep at default effective_io_concurrency = 200 # Up from default 1 These settings tell Postgres that random reads are almost as fast as sequential reads on NVMe drives, which dramatically improves query planning. WAL Configuration: Write-Ahead Logging is critical for durability and performance: # WAL settings wal_level = replica # Enable streaming replication max_wal_size = 2GB # Allow larger checkpoints min_wal_size = 1GB # Prevent excessive recycling checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9 # Spread checkpoint I/O over 90% of interval
database cfg pg opt
James Moylan obituary: Ford designer who invented fuel arrow<br /> by [[David Phillips]] Automotive News on 2025-12-23<br /> accessed on 2026-01-04T12:46:35
https://broadviewpress.com/ I've heard rumors that they publish great annotated editions of classics.
It's 450 KB (static binary, including templates for this site, gzip compressed) It builds my ~140 page site in 300 ms (wall clock time, on an 11-year-old old laptop) It performs acceptably on a 28-year-old laptop, running NetBSD (Pentium 166 MHz) It's trivial to compile, requiring only a C compiler, GNU Make, sed, and sh
For comparison, ANPD—describing a static site generator as an LP doc that I published in response to Jared's Show HN thread for md2blog, is 126KB. It requires no compiler, because it uses the browser's JS runtime to execute (unlike md2blog, which requires you to download Deno or a binary with Deno embedded to run it).
Note also that the numbers here also differ from the ones Jared had at the time of publication, where he had originally written:
- It's ~270 KB (static binary + templates for this site, gzip compressed)
- It builds my ~140 page site in ~150 ms (wall clock time, on an 11-year-old old laptop)
- It performs acceptably on a 28-year-old laptop, running NetBSD (Pentium 166 MHz)
- It's trivial to compile, requiring only a C compiler, make, and sed
useEditior hook is use to create a Editor instance and in it we can pass inital state of editor and extensions like to make heading, bold, italic etc for normal use case we can use StarterKit which consist of all comman Extension
but while working with collaboration make sure to disable undoRedo because it can affect the history of document
geogenic contamination
Geogenic Contamination- Naturally occurring elements or compounds, like arsenic, fluoride, or uranium that become harmful when released from rocks and soil into groundwater or surface water due to natural geological processes.
synthetic membranes.
?) synthetic membranes are a cool concept with lots of uses.
For example, a recent study has shownthat when five estrogenic compounds are mixedin concentrations all below levels at which theirindividual effects can be detected, their cumula-tive impact on fish was detrimental
?) I am curious about this. That is very interesting.
A bout one-fifth of the world_s popula-tion does not have access to safe water,and two-fifths suffer the consequencesof unacceptable sanitary conditions (1). Patho-gens in water cause more than 2 million deathsannually; most are children under the age of 5.The increasing chemical pollution of surfaceand groundwaters, with largely unknown long-term effects on aquatic life and on humanhealth, could easily lead to a problem of similaror even greater magnitude. More than one-thirdof the Earth_s accessible renewable freshwateris used for agricultural, industrial, and domes-tic purposes, and most of these activities leadto water contamination with numerous syn-thetic and geogenic compounds (Table 1). Ittherefore comes as no surprise that chemicalpollution of natural waters has already becomea major public concern in almost all parts of theworld.
This passage seems to sum up the central idea of the article. This passage stood out to me because it brings up multiple ideas of how chemicals can get into water and elaborates on the importance of this occurring. The authors reason for this passage is to portray the central idea of the paper while providing some background information.
Chinese producers are close to being monopolists not only in rare earths, but also electronics products, batteries, and many types of active pharmaceutical ingredients
strategic autonomy is eroded across the stack, and across several sectors. See EU efforts wrt rare earth, the prev race on African continent etc.
When these nuts open, it looks like China is producing a big wave of new products. These are its breakthroughs in drones, electric vehicles, and robotics. Years from now we may see greater success in biotech as well. I am keen to follow along China’s progress in electromagnetism over the next decade. China’s industrial ecosystem is leading the way in replacing combustion with electromagnetic processes. Everything is now drone, as the combination of cheaper batteries and better permanent magnets displaces the engine.
when we perceive a wave, it has deep roots, true for all tech. It emerges from an ecosystem (something the US billionaires don't accept as true about themselves). n:: vgl alle tech heeft diepe wortels
Alexander Grothendieck used an analogy of a walnut to describe different approaches to mathematics, which might also apply to technology development. Some mathematicians crack their problems by finding the right spot to insert a chisel before making a clean strike. Grothendieck described his own approach as coming up with general solutions, as if he were immersing the walnut in a bath for such a long time that mere hand pressure would be enough to open it. The US comes up with exquisite and expensive solutions to its technology problems. China’s industrial ecosystem is more like a rising sea, softening many nuts at once.
bit forced analogy, without the point is clearer.
Alexander Grothendieck
The mathematician turned recluse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck that inspired [[Creation Lake by Rachel Kushner]]
Our view is that China’s industrial success has roots in deep infrastructure. That includes not only ports and rail, it also includes data connectivity, electrification, and process knowledge. China’s strength lies in a robust manufacturing ecosystem full of self-reinforcing parts.
Assessment of the fundamental strength of China. Makes me think of Malaysia that focused on food and edu, then manufacturing, then services and IT to go within a generation from poor to upper middle income country.
The electric vehicle industry is the sharp tip of the spear of China’s global success. Chinese EVs have greater functionalities than western models while selling at lower price points. A rule of thumb is that it takes five years from an American, German, or Japanese automaker to dream up a new car design and launch that model on the roads; in China, it’s closer to 18 months. The Chinese market is full of demanding customers as well as fast-iterating automotive suppliers
Chinese market is big enough itself to iterate quickly. EV cars tip of spear for global success author says. Their lead times are typically much shorter.
China’s automotive success is biting into Germany more than anywhere else. I keep a scrapbook filled with mournful remarks that German executives offer to newspapers. “Most of what German Mittelstand firms do these days, Chinese companies can do just as well,” said a consultant to the Financial Times. “In my sector they look at the price-point of the market leader and sell for roughly half of that,” the boss of a medical devicemaker told the Economist. It’s never hard to find parades of gloomy Germans. Now more than ever it looks like their core competences are threatened by Chinese firms.
I see this too. But it's a weird paragraph. Yes the automotive industry is behaving like dinosaurs in Germany, but the two examples (Mittelstand is not the automotive industry, and a medical device maker) don't connect to the rest.
I believe that Chinese technological success is now the rule rather than the exception. There are two fields in which China is substantially behind the west: semiconductors and aviation. The chip sector is gingerly attempting to expand under the weight of US restrictions; meanwhile, China’s answer to Airbus and Boeing is on a very long runway. I grant that these are two critical technologies, but China has attained technological leadership almost everywhere else. And I believe its technological momentum will continue rolling onwards to engulf more of their western competitors over the next decade.
China's industrial and tech power is now almost by default ahead of US (and EU), except semiconductors (ASML, NXP) and aviation (Airbus, Boeing).
e're working
this is insane
he page with annotations.
good
Let's go
It is one in which he hopes to influence every major political decision in Venezuela by the presence of an armada just offshore, and perhaps to intimidate others in the region.
gunboat diplomacy
al in de eerste helft van de 15e eeuw genoemd,
koppermaandag bestaat sinds de vroege 1400s
Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd het gebruik deels weer in ere hersteld. In 1948 gebeurde dat in Haarlem, de stad van Laurens Janszoon Coster, en in 's-Hertogenbosch, Arnhem en Gouda, daarna vanaf 1949 in Drenthe, en later ook in Noord-Brabant, Zeeland en in Groningen
Na WOII kwam het weer wat op. o.a. Groningen waar ik het ken van De Ploeg
In de 19e eeuw werden koppermaandagprenten aan relaties gestuurd, als geschenk. In de loop van de 20e eeuw ging het ritueel vrijwel verloren, doordat men in plaats van Koppermaandagprenten, Kerst- en Nieuwjaarskaarten ging versturen.
In de 19e eeuw werd het gebruik de koppermaandagprenten aan relaties te sturen. Dat verdween in de 20 eeuw.
Toen in de 18e eeuw de gilden werden afgeschaft, bleef de traditie van de feestdag alleen in stand onder de drukkers. De gezellen van de drukkers drukten als proeve van vakbekwaamheid een speciale prent met een heilwens erop, de Koppermaandagprent, die zij op Koppermaandag aan de meesterdrukkers en de eigenaar van de drukkerij overhandigden.
In de 18e eeuw hielden de gilden op te bestaan. In de grafische sector werd het toen een proeve van bekwaamheid voor gezellen.
De naam stamt waarschijnlijk van kopperen dat "feestvieren" of "smullen"[1] betekent, via kop dat staat voor "beker".
het ging om eten en drinken.
Tegenwoordig wordt de term alleen nog gehanteerd in de grafische industrie. Drukkers en uitgevers sturen vaak een koppermaandagprent om het nieuwe jaar in te luiden
Alleen in de grafische sector, incl de grafische kunst, is het nu nog gebruik.
Op die dag hielden de gilden traditioneel een feestdag. De gildebrieven werden voorgelezen en de privileges die de leden van het gilde genoten, werden opgesomd. Vervolgens trokken de gildelieden de stad in om geld in te zamelen dat vervolgens werd verbrast.
Koppermaandag was oorspronkelijk voor alle gilden.
in how the values and politics of SV shifted over time
SassMeister
Lien à rafraichir
sub c
kenbare fout
"When using cash, people physically count and hand over notes and coins, making the act of spending more salient. If nothing is physically handed over, it's easy to lose track of how much is spent."
1and 10000are both just a number when using digital payment, but in cash they had a big different.
When you hand over cash, the loss feels tangible and immediate, which triggers a stronger emotional response and encourages restraint. In contrast, digital transactions feel abstract, making it easier to lose track of spending and indulge in impulse purchases.23The Decision Lab. "Pain of Paying."456
This is why people won't get everything they want, because they don't want to lose money.
The “cashless effect” refers to the tendency to spend more when using digital payment methods, as they reduce the psychological "pain" of paying compared to cash.
"cashless effect"cause people to spend more money because they don't get the feeling of losing money.
zonder voorbehoud
volledig
Bores helped write, pass and just secured Hochul’s signature on the RAISE Act, a sweeping piece of legislation aimed at regulating the industry. But it passed only after the pro-business governor struck the entirety of the original text and replaced it with a new draft that reportedly copied almost verbatim a California bill that is much more friendly to AI companies. After an intense back and forth, she ultimately signed a bill that was somewhere in between the original draft and her edit
!!
The Texas Permian is the story of U.S. shale and it has peaked. In October of 2019 Texas oil production topped 165 million barrels. In October 2024 it topped 180 million barrels. In August 2025 it was back to levels first hit in 2019 and the initial numbers for September 2025 were 144 million barrels.
Cripes - I understood the Permian and the Bakken to be the two biggest oil fields in the USA
I’ve yet to see one acknowledgement in the major financial press about how badly the Bakken performed compared to how it was sold. Why should this happen? Because the average American still thinks there is endless oil and gas in the U.S. shale. They are going to pay the price for the industry fraud in multiple ways. First, with higher electricity and heating prices as natural gas supplies become scarce. Secondly, they don’t realize how the current administration’s attempts to block renewable energy and electric vehicles in America is based on the lie that there is plenty of cheap oil and gas to use instead.
Oh, wow - even I thought there was plentiful oil and gas in the US shale. This is suggesting other wise?
In 2020 I wrote a piece on how the Bakken oil production was peaking and what this would mean for the asset retirement obligations for the Bakken. In that piece I pointed out another aspect of the Bakken that was getting little attention. More than a decade after the Bakken boom started, North Dakota was flaring 23 percent of the methane gas produced via fracking — making a mockery of the state’s flaring regulations. Harold Hamm, Bloomberg and many others talked a lot about technological innovation while the reality in the Bakken of North Dakota was that the industry was wasting almost a quarter of the natural gas being produced. For comparison, the target the European Union is currently using for its methane is 0.2%. Also for comparison, Iraq is flaring around 25% now.
Wow, i had no idea such a huge share was flared. That's so wasteful! Having the EU target there for context is v helpful to show it's not normal
There certainly are cul-tural industries, the large-scale organised production of culturalgoods and services, and these need to be taken very seriously.But culture is not itself an industry, nor is its function to produce“jobs and growth” or “catalyse innovation”. It is part of ourdemocratic citizenship, an inalienable element of our universalhuman rights, and essential for our reimagining of the future.The key argument of the book is that culture, as an objectof public policy, should be moved out of “industry” and backinto the sphere of public responsibility alongside health, edu-cation, social welfare, and basic infrastructure.
Evidently, as culture is political, culture is also the basis of the social contract: That is, the customs, critical thinking, revisionism, and open dialogical exchange that communities (who communicate) necessitate. Culture is the values that allow for education, and health to be considered relevant too.
How to say it... culture is what gives you motivation when you are stressed and undergoing burnout, it's what tells others to hold your hand when difficult happen, it's the steady reaction against disinformation, noise, and threats! Culture is what prevents monopolies and its consecutive dictatorships on the first place (but if left unchecked, it's also what facilitates a docile mass of passive consumerist-doomerist individuals, the Society of the Spectacle's now platform-attention capitalism).
The calls by Williams,Hall, and others for creative freedom, for popular participa-tion, and for democratic control were certainly made againstthe formal official arts system but they went beyond these. Forthem the whole system of cultural production and distribution,including the “cultural industries” and public media, was a keysite of a political struggle for an expanding democratic, socialcitizenship.
Just to know other historical authors who defended Rosseau & Descartes' idea of culture as a means for sovereignty.
That it contributes not just to “mental wellbeing” but is essen-tial to our citizenship, as autonomous, flourishing individuals ina strong democratic polis.Art and culture provide a distinct space in which our individ-ual freedom is facilitated and constantly examined. This free-dom is positive – it is freedom to do, to become – and requires asocial and cultural infrastructure to make it possible. This free-dom is not simply about desires and wants, but about decidingwho we ought to be and what we ought to do. It is ethical orspiritual freedom.
I don't need no arguments, I already feel them, I just needed to motivation of social recognition and validation by someone else.
As I argue in the next chapter, creativ-ity as “input” was crucial to how culture was absorbed into alanguage of economy. It was central to the construction of thenew, self-directed subjects of “creative capitalism”, with their“always-on” networked personas and blurred line between liv-ing and working. But creativity was also an answer to art andculture’s “democratic deficit”. If art was seen as elitist
Thanks to the Internet it was now something VIP, yet accessible to most. The content creator myth helped build the self-exploitation meritocracy ideology present today.
With the (false) atheist turn, culture was displaced to private life, no more rituals beyond family standards. Capitalism has slowly entered to change this, to make "marketable talent" out of sports and arts after-school classes, to make "free leisure" out of data stealing and ad plaguing, it has enshitified the decentralised Internet.
For these, the fetishisation of GDP
Metrics, metrics, metrics! Instrumentalist quantification and automation biases.
第一，我国居民收入分配不平等中，由教育因素决定的成分占比高达50%以上
In conclusion author points out the main issues and solutions about his research.
其一是对教育回报率的测度。自改革开放以来，我国的教育回报率不断上升，这与教育价值逐渐获得市场经济的认可有关（刘生龙和胡鞍钢，2019）。有研究表明，我国教育回报率在20世纪80年代仅为 1%~3%（Knight和Song，1991），而进入21世纪，教育回报率则高达7%以上（刘生龙等，2016）。赵忠和何汉儒（2020）的研究也显示，我国城镇劳动力教育回报率随市场化程度的不同而有所差异。
In that sentence author gives the reader authority evidences and used it to proof his points.
a
of a
while newer transformer-based models, such as BERT, have a larger memory and can look forwards and backwards, the size of the input they can take in is only 512 words
outdated
Germran
German
dominate
dominant
Le nom crioulo se référait donc à la population esclave socialisée en milieu européen, mais aussi à la population affranchie ou libre d’origine afro-européenne, dont le groupe le plus puissant accéda à la classe dirigeante de la société capverdienne vers le début du XVIIe siècle.
term crioulo
Jacob Lawrence 1917-2000, currently oeuvre overview in Kunsthal Kade Amersfoort
The latest Claude models, if asked to add two numbers together and then queried on how they did it, will still claim to use the standard “carry ones” algorithm for it.
What else are they expecting? Unless they have a way to aceess the weights and activations how can they answer this qn
trained to do so.
Not sure if prompting would be considered as trained,
actually feeling something.
What does that even mean?
consciousness
Can we do some kind of abalation study where we remove all conciousness related human data from the training corpus
contradictory
矛盾的
This comes as a surge of illegal nicotine products infiltrate local shops – 7.15m illicit cigarettes, 257,000 illegal disposable vapes and nearly 10,000 nicotine pouches have been seized over the last 12 months.
used
Teacher Notes: Vaping and Young People
used
Teenagers are being sold banned vaping devices containingup to 3,500 puffs, investigation shows
used
Dossier de Synthèse : État Limite
Ce document de synthèse analyse les thèmes centraux d'un corpus de textes décrivant le quotidien d'un service de psychiatrie au sein d'un hôpital public français.
Il met en lumière une crise systémique profonde, caractérisée par une pénurie critique de moyens et de personnel, entraînant l'épuisement des soignants et une déshumanisation des soins.
Face à ce système défaillant, un psychiatre, figure centrale du document, incarne une philosophie du soin basée sur la création de liens humains et la confiance, remettant en question les logiques institutionnelles de quantification et de contention.
À travers une série d'études de cas poignantes — patients suicidaires, polytoxicomanes, psychotiques — le document expose la complexité de la souffrance psychique et les dilemmes éthiques constants auxquels les praticiens sont confrontés.
En définitive, le corpus présente la psychiatrie publique non seulement comme un domaine médical, mais comme une métaphore des tensions de la société, où la question de l'inclusion, de la productivité et de l'interdépendance humaine est posée de manière cruciale.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Le thème le plus prégnant est celui de l'effondrement du système hospitalier public, en particulier dans le secteur psychiatrique. Cette crise se manifeste à plusieurs niveaux interdépendants.
Le manque de ressources est une plainte récurrente et fondamentale.
Les institutions sont décrites comme "très paupérisées" et fonctionnant avec des "moyens très faibles".
Cette situation a des conséquences directes sur la qualité des soins et la tension au sein des équipes.
• Sous-effectif chronique : Un soignant déplore que le sous-effectif soit devenu "une habitude", menant à une baisse continue des effectifs car le système "marche" malgré tout. Il estime qu'il faudrait "5, 6, 7 psychiatres de plus" dans l'hôpital.
• Conséquences matérielles : Un exemple trivial mais révélateur est celui d'un robinet aux urgences qui reste cassé pendant deux mois, alors que des graffitis sont effacés immédiatement.
• Impact sur la prise en charge : Le manque de personnel et de brancards conduit à des situations où des "choix" doivent être faits, au détriment de patients vulnérables comme les SDF, ce qu'un soignant juge inacceptable :
« Je ne suis pas rentré dans ce métier moi pour faire des choix et pour pas m'occuper d'un mec SDF ».
Le psychiatre principal exprime une opposition farouche à la logique de gestion comptable qui s'impose à l'hôpital, notamment la tarification à l'activité (T2A), qu'il juge incompatible avec la nature même du soin psychiatrique.
• L'inquantifiable du soin : « Le problème c'est que moi je lutte contre une logique où on ne peut pas quantifier ce que je fais [...] le traitement c'est de la relation, c'est de bâtir des relations de confiance [...] ça n'a pas de prix. »
• La dévalorisation du temps : Il compare son travail à une opération de la cataracte qui dure 15 minutes, alors que son propre travail n'est "pas prévisible" et peut nécessiter une heure juste pour lire un dossier ou apaiser une famille.
Cette non-prévisibilité justifie difficilement le salaire d'un psychiatre aux yeux d'une administration focalisée sur la productivité.
La pression systémique engendre une fatigue et une détresse profondes chez le personnel soignant, allant jusqu'au burnout.
• Épuisement généralisé : Le psychiatre sent les agents de police "épuisés" lors d'une intervention. Lui-même admet être "assez anxieux", bien qu'il le cache.
• Le burnout comme symptôme : Une infirmière expérimentée, décrite comme "géniale" et "en or", se retrouve hospitalisée en tant que patiente suite à un burnout.
La cause identifiée est directement liée à "l'encadrement" et à la gestion du service, se sentant "plus utile" et "débordée".
• Impact sur les plus jeunes : Une stagiaire confie être "beaucoup plus anxieuse" et moins bien dormir depuis le début de son stage, le contact avec la souffrance réactivant ses propres angoisses.
Le personnel se retrouve pris dans un dilemme moral, se sentant complice d'un système qui maltraite les patients par négligence structurelle.
• Le sentiment de complicité : Le psychiatre s'interroge : « Est-ce qu'on se rend pas un peu complice tu vois à faire tenir un truc qui conduit à ce que les gens viennent à l'hôpital et qui en fait ils meurent de notre négligence tu vois ? »
• Perte de sens : Cette situation mène à un découragement profond : « Si c'est pour faire le travail comme ça je te cache pas que moi ça me décourage aussi. »
• Déconstruction de l'idéal du service public : Un confrère assène au psychiatre une vérité crue :
« Ils en ont rien à faire tu sais si les patients meurent à l'hôpital public [...] on vit maintenant dans une société où les établissements publics ne remplissent plus du tout leur valeur d'intérêt général. »
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
En contrepoint à la faillite du système, le psychiatre principal développe et applique une philosophie du soin résolument humaniste, basée sur le lien et une critique de l'institution.
Au cœur de sa pratique se trouve la conviction que le soin réside avant tout dans la relation interpersonnelle.
• L'interdépendance fondamentale : « Le seule chose qui me paraît être du soin tu vois c'est de se dire on a besoin les uns des autres on est absolument dépendant les uns des autres il faut pas le fuir. »
• Créer des conditions non nuisibles : Il définit son rôle comme celui de créer "des conditions non nuisibles, j'espère le moins nuisible possible et après j'espère qu'il va arriver quelque chose mais c'est pas moi qui décide si ça va arriver ou pas."
• Le suivi comme clé : Il insiste auprès d'un patient alcoolique que le seul conseil qu'il peut donner est que "ce qui va marcher, c'est le suivi".
Son parcours personnel et ses convictions le poussent à remettre en cause les fondements de la psychiatrie traditionnelle.
• Une vocation de "désingueur" : Il raconte avoir choisi cette spécialité pour "désinguer la psychiatrie", trouvant que "ça n'allait pas de soi [...] le fait d'enfermer les gens, le fait de les prendre un peu pour des idiots".
• Une vision politique et sociale : Il souhaitait s'inscrire dans une "dimension plus politique plus social", ce que la psychiatrie lui permet.
• L'utopie d'une psychiatrie dissoute dans la société : Son objectif ultime est qu'il n'y ait "plus de psychiatrie", non pas par absence de soin, mais parce que la société aurait appris à "prendre tous soin des autres", assignant une place et une existence sociale à chacun, même à ceux qui voient le monde de manière "un peu déraisonnable".
Le psychiatre est constamment confronté à des choix difficiles qui mettent en balance la liberté du patient, sa sécurité et le cadre légal.
• Liberté vs. Protection (Cas de Solange) : Avec une patiente psychotique qui souhaite rester en France contre l'avis de sa famille, il verbalise son dilemme : « C'est la position impossible du psychiatre, il a envie de répondre a priori à votre liberté et en même temps mon pouvoir est tel que comme vous n'êtes pas dans le cadre de la raison je dois vous priver pour vous renvoyer chez vous et ça c'est un dilemme pour moi qui est très difficile. »
• Usage de la force et de la contention : Face à un patient intoxiqué, agité et refusant les soins, il est contraint de passer de la parole à la force. Après avoir tenté de négocier, il conclut :
« On a essayé de jouer les choses avec la parole je pense qu'on va pas y arriver [...] à mon avis on a pas le choix. » Il ordonne une sédation et une contention physique, malgré l'opposition véhémente du patient.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Le document est jalonné de rencontres avec des patients dont les histoires illustrent la diversité et la profondeur de la détresse psychique.
| Patient(e) / Situation | Problématique Principale | Détails Clés | | --- | --- | --- | | Alienor | Tentative de suicide, polytraumatisme, relations familiales | A perdu ses deux jambes et un avant-bras après avoir chuté d'un pont et avoir été percutée par un train. Sa sœur refuse de la voir tant qu'elle n'aura pas la "preuve exacte" qu'elle ne fera "aucune connerie pendant au moins 6 mois". Le psychiatre nuance sa responsabilité en pointant une prescription précoce et massive de benzodiazépines. | | Patient avec phobies d'impulsion | Re-diagnostic de trouble bipolaire (au lieu de schizophrénie) | Décrit des "phobies d'impulsion" : une peur obsédante de se jeter sous le métro ou par une fenêtre ouverte, bien qu'il n'en ait pas l'envie. Il met en place des stratégies d'évitement. | | Solange, "la théologienne" | Épisode psychotique ("voyage des fous"), autonomie | Se dit "en voyage", refuse les neuroleptiques. Le psychiatre pèse le risque de la laisser "livrée à elle-même" contre son désir de rester en France au sein d'une communauté religieuse. Il décide finalement de la laisser partir. | | Windy | Addictions, mal-être adolescent, échec thérapeutique | Jeune patient suivi par le psychiatre, participant à un atelier théâtre. Malgré le lien créé, il est retrouvé mort d'une overdose. Sa mort est un choc pour le psychiatre, symbolisant l'échec de sa mission : "on doit les empêcher de se buter avant qu'ils arrivent à trouver leur place". | | Jeune homme avec pancréatite | Douleur chronique, angoisse existentielle, idées noires | Souffre de douleurs intenses et exprime sa peur de tomber dans l'addiction aux opiacés. Il déclare : "Je sais pas jusqu'où je serais prêt à aller pour les faire cesser \[les douleurs\]". Son regard est décrit comme empreint de "mélancolie". | | Patient kidnappé et torturé | Traumatisme psychique sévère | Raconte avoir été enlevé par 15 à 20 personnes, frappé, et enfermé dans un coffre de voiture. Le psychiatre l'écoute et lui offre un cadre sécurisant pour la nuit. | | Patient intoxiqué et agité | Polytoxicomanie, refus de soins, mise en danger | Revendique son droit à se faire du mal (« Si ce n'est qu'à moi ça me regarde »). Son état d'intoxication rend toute discussion impossible, forçant l'équipe à recourir à la contention physique et à la sédation pour le protéger. | | Patiente et son anniversaire | Traumatisme, deuil, culpabilité | La patiente se met en danger à l'approche de son anniversaire. Elle révèle que c'est le jour où une amie est décédée dans un accident de voiture en venant la voir. Elle se sent responsable : « Je dis que c'est ma faute ». |
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Au-delà des cas cliniques, la pratique psychiatrique est présentée comme un miroir des valeurs et des dysfonctionnements de la société contemporaine.
Le psychiatre analyse comment l'organisation de la société moderne marginalise structurellement les personnes atteintes de troubles psychiques.
• La perte de "l'idiot du village" : Il oppose le village, où l'on peut avoir de la "sollicitude" pour la personne différente, à la "cité urbaine" qui est un facteur de risque pour les maladies psychiatriques.
• La logique de productivité : Dans un environnement urbain "réfléchi pour permettre à des populations d'être productives", le "fou" est exclu car "il n'est pas productif, il ne sert à rien, il ne produit rien et puis il a un coût en plus". L'institution devient alors le lieu où on le met à l'écart sous prétexte de le soigner.
Face à ce constat, chaque acte de soin centré sur la relation devient un acte politique de résistance contre la déshumanisation et l'isolement.
L'organisation d'un atelier de théâtre avec des jeunes patients, où ils jouent Molière, est une illustration de cette démarche, visant à recréer du lien social, de la confiance en soi et une existence au-delà du statut de malade.
La finalité est de réaffirmer que, malgré la maladie, une place dans la communauté est non seulement possible, mais nécessaire.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) today announced the seizure of 4.7 million units of unauthorized e-cigarette products with an estimated retail value of $86.5 million – the largest-ever seizure of this kind. The seizures were part of a joint federal operation in Chicago to examine incoming shipments and prevent illegal e-cigarettes from entering the country.
used
“DEA’s 18th Prescription Drug Take Back event will allow Americans to safely and properly dispose of their unwanted/unused prescription medications,” said Robert J. Murphy, the Special Agent in Charge of the DEA Atlanta Field Division. “During Saturday’s Take Back event, DEA is taking a proactive step by collecting vaping devices and cartridges as we work with our partners to combat this emerging public health threat to the nation’s youth.”
used
A vulnerability in Notepad++. Blast from the past, I used it a lot in the 00s until I switched to Mac early 2008. The vulnerability is in the updater for Notepad++ and can be exploited by a man in the middle attack. Newest version should be ok. Mostly fun it is still around, and gets a Dutch gov vuln warning.
Jorge Arango on the book [[Superagency by Reid Hoffman Greg Beato]], wrt how to look at AI.
commented here on h. "Wrt permanence, my own h. bookmarks and annotations flow directly into my local notes, through the h. API.
The h. software is open sourced, so theoretically one would be able to run their own instance of it. Except for the social function of it. Like you I follow Chris Aldrich annotations feed (which is how I ended up here), and several others. When others bookmark the same stuff I do but use very different tags for it, is where it gets interesting. Like years ago in the del.icio.us bookmarking service, the difference in tags signifies a social or sectoral distance. Basically you're finding a sliver of overlap between two different mindsets / contexts / interests. I then can add those people to the feeds I follow."
Haut Conseil de la santé publique9/10Cette synthèsedoit être diffusé dans sa totalité, sans ajout ni modificationSynthèse des recommandations
La Santé des Adolescents : Évolutions et Défis sur Trente Ans
Ce document de synthèse analyse l'évolution de la santé et du bien-être des adolescents (10-19 ans) en France sur les trente dernières années, sur la base du rapport du Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP).
Le bilan est contrasté, révélant des améliorations notables aux côtés de dégradations profondes et préoccupantes.
Les principales améliorations concernent la mortalité, qui a été divisée par deux depuis 1990, et une baisse de la consommation de substances psychoactives traditionnelles comme le tabac et l'alcool.
Cependant, ces progrès sont assombris par une détérioration progressive et marquée de la santé mentale, particulièrement chez les filles, et accentuée par la pandémie de Covid-19.
Le rapport met en lumière un déclin alarmant de la condition physique, avec une baisse de 13 % de la capacité cardio-respiratoire, et l'ancrage de modes de vie délétères.
On observe une augmentation exponentielle du temps d'écran, une baisse drastique de l'activité physique et une dette de sommeil chronique.
Parallèlement, la stabilisation à un niveau élevé du surpoids et de l'obésité demeure un enjeu majeur.
La socialisation des adolescents a été bouleversée par le numérique, entraînant de nouveaux risques tels que le cyberharcèlement et un sentiment de solitude croissant.
Si l'âge du premier rapport sexuel reste stable, la santé sexuelle se dégrade avec une hausse des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (IST) et une baisse de l'usage du préservatif.
Enfin, les inégalités sociales et territoriales de santé (ISTS) se creusent durant l'adolescence, affectant de manière disproportionnée la santé mentale et la surcharge pondérale des jeunes issus de milieux défavorisés.
Les politiques publiques évoluent vers une approche plus préventive, mais la reconnaissance des adolescents comme un groupe spécifique avec des besoins distincts reste insuffisante.
Face aux transformations majeures de notre époque (numérique, pandémies, polycrises), le Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP) a réalisé une analyse approfondie de l'évolution de la santé des adolescents sur trois décennies.
• Période d'étude : Les 30 dernières années.
• Population cible : Les adolescents, définis comme la tranche d'âge de 10 à 19 ans.
• Approche méthodologique : Le rapport s'appuie sur une analyse socio-anthropologique combinant données quantitatives, qualitatives et une analyse de l'environnement.
L'adolescence est considérée comme une phase de construction identitaire, dont la durée s'est allongée, marquée par des tensions entre autonomie et dépendance.
Mortalité et Morbidité
• Mortalité : Le taux de mortalité global chez les adolescents a été divisé par deux depuis 1990. Les 10-14 ans présentent le plus faible taux de mortalité.
Chez les 15-19 ans, les accidents de la route et les suicides demeurent les causes principales de décès.
• Morbidité : Les troubles mentaux (anxiété, dépression) et l'asthme sont les principales causes de morbidité.
On note un recul significatif des blessures liées aux accidents (-71,1 %), des violences (-44,8 %) et des blessures involontaires (-29,4 %). Les filles sont deux fois plus touchées par la dépression et l'anxiété que les garçons.
Bien qu'une majorité d'adolescents se perçoivent en bonne santé mentale, une dégradation progressive est observée depuis 30 ans, avec une accélération notable depuis la pandémie de Covid-19.
• Tendances : Les conditions socio-économiques défavorables et le contexte de polycrise ont un impact négatif direct.
• Disparités de genre : Les filles sont particulièrement concernées, exprimant deux fois plus de plaintes psychologiques que les garçons.
Le changement climatique est identifié comme une nouvelle menace pour la santé mentale des adolescents.
Consommation de Substances Psychoactives
L'adolescence reste une période d'expérimentation, mais les tendances de consommation ont évolué.
• Baisse : Une tendance générale à la baisse est observée pour l'expérimentation et l'usage régulier d'alcool et de tabac.
• Stabilité : La consommation de cannabis s'est stabilisée.
• Hausse : L'usage de la e-cigarette est en forte augmentation, dépassant désormais celui du tabac.
La consommation de poppers et de protoxyde d'azote est également en hausse.
• Comportements : L'âge du premier rapport sexuel est stable, mais les proportions de collégiens et lycéens l'ayant eu diminuent.
L'exposition à la pornographie est massive (deux tiers des moins de 15 ans).
• Prévention : L'usage du préservatif est en baisse, tandis que le recours à la contraception d'urgence augmente.
La pilule est moins utilisée au profit des dispositifs intra-utérins.
• IST : Les infections sexuellement transmissibles sont en progression, notamment les infections à Chlamydia et à gonocoque.
• Éducation : Un programme d'éducation à la vie affective, relationnelle et à la sexualité doit être déployé à la rentrée 2025-2026.
• Puberté et Poids : La puberté débute plus tôt, surtout chez les filles, un phénomène associé au surpoids et à l'obésité.
Après une forte hausse jusqu'en 2005, les taux de surpoids (15 %) et d'obésité (3,5 %) se sont stabilisés à un niveau élevé, particulièrement dans les milieux défavorisés.
• Condition Physique : Une détérioration majeure est constatée, avec une baisse de 13 % de la capacité cardio-respiratoire depuis les années 2000.
• Activité Physique : Le niveau est en forte baisse et très faible (seuls 12 % atteignent les recommandations).
La France se classe mal au niveau international (119e sur 146 pays). La prévalence de l'inactivité a augmenté de 85 %.
• Temps d'écran : Il a connu une hausse exponentielle, passant de 2h/jour dans les années 90 à 5h en 2016. Seuls 20 % des adolescents respectent les seuils recommandés.
• Sommeil : La durée est insuffisante et en baisse. La dette de sommeil est importante (près de 2h chez les 15-17 ans) et les troubles du sommeil touchent environ 40 % des adolescents.
• Alimentation : La consommation de fruits et légumes stagne à un niveau bas, tandis que celle des snacks, plats préparés et boissons sucrées augmente. Le petit déjeuner quotidien est en baisse.
• Socialisation : Le smartphone et les technologies numériques ont profondément transformé la socialisation, avec des effets différenciés selon le genre et le milieu social.
On observe une polarisation des opinions mais peu de radicalisation.
• Violence et Harcèlement : Le harcèlement scolaire diminue, mais le cyberharcèlement augmente, visant particulièrement les filles.
Les violences verbales et sexuelles sont en hausse, tandis que les violences physiques et matérielles reculent.
Les violences intra-familiales, notamment sexuelles, augmentent et ont des effets durables sur la santé mentale.
• Isolement : Le sentiment de solitude est en forte progression, surtout chez les filles.
L'école a connu de profondes transformations (réformes, numérique, inclusion).
Le lien entre santé, bien-être et apprentissage est de plus en plus mis en avant, évoluant d'une approche centrée sur le risque à une approche systémique visant à créer un milieu de vie favorable à la santé.
Le tableau suivant résume les principaux constats et leur évolution sur trois décennies.
| Catégorie | Observations | Évolution en 30 ans | | --- | --- | --- | | Démographie | | | | Mortalité | Causes principales : Accidents de la voie publique, suicides. Taux plus élevé chez les garçons. | (Amélioration) Baisse régulière de la mortalité. | | Morbidité | Causes principales : Anxiété, dépression, asthme. Dépression et anxiété deux fois plus fréquentes chez les filles. | (Amélioration) Baisse des blessures accidentelles (-71,1%), des violences (-44,8%), des blessures involontaires (-29,4%) et des cancers (-36,2%). | | Santé Mentale | | | | Santé mentale | Impact négatif des conditions socio-économiques et des polycrises. Les filles expriment 2 fois plus de plaintes. | (Aggravation) Dégradation progressive, aggravée depuis la pandémie de Covid-19, plus marquée chez les filles. | | Substances | | | | Alcool | Première substance consommée. | (Amélioration) Tendance à la baisse de l'expérimentation et de l'usage régulier. | | Tabac / E-cigarette | L'usage de l'e-cigarette est supérieur à celui du tabac. | (Amélioration) Baisse de la consommation de tabac.<br>(Aggravation) Forte augmentation de la consommation d’e-cigarette. | | Cannabis | Consommation plus forte chez les lycéens. | (Stabilité) Stabilisation de la consommation. | | Santé Physique | | | | Croissance / Puberté | Prévalences élevées de surpoids et d'obésité. | (Stabilité) Stabilisation des paramètres de croissance, du surpoids et de l'obésité.<br>(Aggravation) Début de la puberté féminine de plus en plus jeune. | | Condition physique | Faible capacité cardio-respiratoire et musculaire. | (Aggravation) Forte diminution de la capacité respiratoire et musculaire depuis les années 2000. | | Socialisation | | | | Socialisation | Autonomisation par paliers. Sociabilités cruciales pour la santé. | (Changement majeur) Socialisation bouleversée par l'arrivée du smartphone et des technologies numériques. | | Santé Sexuelle | | | | Âge du premier rapport | Stabilité depuis une dizaine d'années. | (Tendance) Diminution des proportions de jeunes ayant eu un premier rapport. | | Utilisation du préservatif | \- | (Aggravation) Baisse de l'utilisation. | | IST | Taux élevé d'infections à Chlamydia. | (Aggravation) Augmentation des déclarations d'infections à gonocoque. | | Violence/Harcèlement | | | | Violence / Harcèlement | Incidents graves en milieu scolaire élevés. | (Aggravation) Augmentation du cyberharcèlement et des violences sexuelles.<br>(Amélioration) Diminution des crimes et délits. | | Mode de Vie | | | | Activité Physique | Niveau très faible (12% atteignent les recommandations). | (Aggravation) Augmentation de la prévalence de l'inactivité (+85%). | | Comportements sédentaires | Niveau très élevé (plus de 70% ne respectent pas les recommandations). | (Aggravation) Augmentation exponentielle du temps d'écran. | | Sommeil | Durée insuffisante et dette de sommeil importante. | (Aggravation) Diminution de la durée de sommeil et augmentation des troubles du sommeil. | | Alimentation | \- | (Aggravation) Augmentation des produits type snack et des boissons sucrées.<br>(Amélioration) Diminution du grignotage. | | Environnement | | | | Relations | Digitalisation des pratiques culturelles. | (Aggravation) Sentiment d'isolement en forte progression, surtout chez les filles. | | Inégalités (ISTS) | S'accentuent avec la crise sanitaire. | (Aggravation) Augmentation des ISTS, notamment pour la surcharge pondérale et la santé mentale. |
Pour répondre à ces défis, le HCSP propose une série de recommandations systémiques visant à améliorer la santé des adolescents.
• Aménager l'environnement pour modifier les comportements et encourager la mobilité active (marche, vélo).
• Créer des environnements favorables à la libération de la parole sur les sujets de santé mentale et de violence.
• Anticiper et répondre aux effets du changement climatique sur la santé des adolescents.
• Mobiliser les associations socio-culturelles et sportives dans l'éducation à la santé, en cohérence avec l'Éducation nationale et la santé publique.
• Développer la participation des jeunes dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques qui les concernent.
• Mettre en œuvre une politique publique intersectorielle d'éducation au numérique.
• Poursuivre la dénormalisation du tabac et développer celle de l'alcool.
• Produire des stratégies de surveillance et d'encadrement de la vente et de l'usage de la e-cigarette par les mineurs.
• Évaluer et poursuivre le déploiement des programmes de lutte contre les différentes formes de violence.
• Développer des outils de repérage des signes d'alerte et de dépistage précoce des troubles (anxiété, dépression).
• Former les acteurs de première ligne (enseignants, animateurs, médecins) à ces outils.
• Développer la dimension préventive de la prise en charge en santé.
• Adapter et différencier les messages de santé publique (activité physique, alimentation, sexualité) pour qu'ils soient pertinents pour les adolescents.
• Inciter les parents et les proches à encourager l'activité physique et à réduire les temps d'écran.
• Mettre en œuvre des programmes de soutien à la parentalité.
• Promouvoir et éduquer à l'importance du sommeil naturel (durée, qualité, rythme).
Axe 5 : Développer la Recherche et les Données
• Mesurer périodiquement les déterminants de la santé des adolescents.
• Développer des recherches utilisant des méthodes fiables et objectives, notamment sur le sommeil.
• Mettre en place une surveillance du démarrage pubertaire.
• Disposer de données spécifiques par âge, sexe et genre pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes.
• Compléter les indicateurs de santé sexuelle avec des dimensions qualitatives (satisfaction, plaisir, respect des droits).
La Santé des Adolescents : Évolutions et Défis sur Trente Ans
Ce document de synthèse analyse l'évolution de la santé et du bien-être des adolescents (10-19 ans) en France sur les trente dernières années, sur la base du rapport du Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP).
Le bilan est contrasté, révélant des améliorations notables aux côtés de dégradations profondes et préoccupantes.
Les principales améliorations concernent la mortalité, qui a été divisée par deux depuis 1990, et une baisse de la consommation de substances psychoactives traditionnelles comme le tabac et l'alcool.
Cependant, ces progrès sont assombris par une détérioration progressive et marquée de la santé mentale, particulièrement chez les filles, et accentuée par la pandémie de Covid-19.
Le rapport met en lumière un déclin alarmant de la condition physique, avec une baisse de 13 % de la capacité cardio-respiratoire, et l'ancrage de modes de vie délétères.
On observe une augmentation exponentielle du temps d'écran, une baisse drastique de l'activité physique et une dette de sommeil chronique.
Parallèlement, la stabilisation à un niveau élevé du surpoids et de l'obésité demeure un enjeu majeur.
La socialisation des adolescents a été bouleversée par le numérique, entraînant de nouveaux risques tels que le cyberharcèlement et un sentiment de solitude croissant.
Si l'âge du premier rapport sexuel reste stable, la santé sexuelle se dégrade avec une hausse des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (IST) et une baisse de l'usage du préservatif.
Enfin, les inégalités sociales et territoriales de santé (ISTS) se creusent durant l'adolescence, affectant de manière disproportionnée la santé mentale et la surcharge pondérale des jeunes issus de milieux défavorisés.
Les politiques publiques évoluent vers une approche plus préventive, mais la reconnaissance des adolescents comme un groupe spécifique avec des besoins distincts reste insuffisante.
Face aux transformations majeures de notre époque (numérique, pandémies, polycrises), le Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP) a réalisé une analyse approfondie de l'évolution de la santé des adolescents sur trois décennies.
• Période d'étude : Les 30 dernières années.
• Population cible : Les adolescents, définis comme la tranche d'âge de 10 à 19 ans.
• Approche méthodologique : Le rapport s'appuie sur une analyse socio-anthropologique combinant données quantitatives, qualitatives et une analyse de l'environnement.
L'adolescence est considérée comme une phase de construction identitaire, dont la durée s'est allongée, marquée par des tensions entre autonomie et dépendance.
Mortalité et Morbidité
• Mortalité : Le taux de mortalité global chez les adolescents a été divisé par deux depuis 1990. Les 10-14 ans présentent le plus faible taux de mortalité.
Chez les 15-19 ans, les accidents de la route et les suicides demeurent les causes principales de décès.
• Morbidité : Les troubles mentaux (anxiété, dépression) et l'asthme sont les principales causes de morbidité.
On note un recul significatif des blessures liées aux accidents (-71,1 %), des violences (-44,8 %) et des blessures involontaires (-29,4 %). Les filles sont deux fois plus touchées par la dépression et l'anxiété que les garçons.
Bien qu'une majorité d'adolescents se perçoivent en bonne santé mentale, une dégradation progressive est observée depuis 30 ans, avec une accélération notable depuis la pandémie de Covid-19.
• Tendances : Les conditions socio-économiques défavorables et le contexte de polycrise ont un impact négatif direct.
• Disparités de genre : Les filles sont particulièrement concernées, exprimant deux fois plus de plaintes psychologiques que les garçons.
Le changement climatique est identifié comme une nouvelle menace pour la santé mentale des adolescents.
Consommation de Substances Psychoactives
L'adolescence reste une période d'expérimentation, mais les tendances de consommation ont évolué.
• Baisse : Une tendance générale à la baisse est observée pour l'expérimentation et l'usage régulier d'alcool et de tabac.
• Stabilité : La consommation de cannabis s'est stabilisée.
• Hausse : L'usage de la e-cigarette est en forte augmentation, dépassant désormais celui du tabac.
La consommation de poppers et de protoxyde d'azote est également en hausse.
• Comportements : L'âge du premier rapport sexuel est stable, mais les proportions de collégiens et lycéens l'ayant eu diminuent.
L'exposition à la pornographie est massive (deux tiers des moins de 15 ans).
• Prévention : L'usage du préservatif est en baisse, tandis que le recours à la contraception d'urgence augmente.
La pilule est moins utilisée au profit des dispositifs intra-utérins.
• IST : Les infections sexuellement transmissibles sont en progression, notamment les infections à Chlamydia et à gonocoque.
• Éducation : Un programme d'éducation à la vie affective, relationnelle et à la sexualité doit être déployé à la rentrée 2025-2026.
• Puberté et Poids : La puberté débute plus tôt, surtout chez les filles, un phénomène associé au surpoids et à l'obésité.
Après une forte hausse jusqu'en 2005, les taux de surpoids (15 %) et d'obésité (3,5 %) se sont stabilisés à un niveau élevé, particulièrement dans les milieux défavorisés.
• Condition Physique : Une détérioration majeure est constatée, avec une baisse de 13 % de la capacité cardio-respiratoire depuis les années 2000.
• Activité Physique : Le niveau est en forte baisse et très faible (seuls 12 % atteignent les recommandations).
La France se classe mal au niveau international (119e sur 146 pays). La prévalence de l'inactivité a augmenté de 85 %.
• Temps d'écran : Il a connu une hausse exponentielle, passant de 2h/jour dans les années 90 à 5h en 2016. Seuls 20 % des adolescents respectent les seuils recommandés.
• Sommeil : La durée est insuffisante et en baisse. La dette de sommeil est importante (près de 2h chez les 15-17 ans) et les troubles du sommeil touchent environ 40 % des adolescents.
• Alimentation : La consommation de fruits et légumes stagne à un niveau bas, tandis que celle des snacks, plats préparés et boissons sucrées augmente. Le petit déjeuner quotidien est en baisse.
• Socialisation : Le smartphone et les technologies numériques ont profondément transformé la socialisation, avec des effets différenciés selon le genre et le milieu social.
On observe une polarisation des opinions mais peu de radicalisation.
• Violence et Harcèlement : Le harcèlement scolaire diminue, mais le cyberharcèlement augmente, visant particulièrement les filles.
Les violences verbales et sexuelles sont en hausse, tandis que les violences physiques et matérielles reculent.
Les violences intra-familiales, notamment sexuelles, augmentent et ont des effets durables sur la santé mentale.
• Isolement : Le sentiment de solitude est en forte progression, surtout chez les filles.
L'école a connu de profondes transformations (réformes, numérique, inclusion).
Le lien entre santé, bien-être et apprentissage est de plus en plus mis en avant, évoluant d'une approche centrée sur le risque à une approche systémique visant à créer un milieu de vie favorable à la santé.
Le tableau suivant résume les principaux constats et leur évolution sur trois décennies.
| Catégorie | Observations | Évolution en 30 ans | | --- | --- | --- | | Démographie | | | | Mortalité | Causes principales : Accidents de la voie publique, suicides. Taux plus élevé chez les garçons. | (Amélioration) Baisse régulière de la mortalité. | | Morbidité | Causes principales : Anxiété, dépression, asthme. Dépression et anxiété deux fois plus fréquentes chez les filles. | (Amélioration) Baisse des blessures accidentelles (-71,1%), des violences (-44,8%), des blessures involontaires (-29,4%) et des cancers (-36,2%). | | Santé Mentale | | | | Santé mentale | Impact négatif des conditions socio-économiques et des polycrises. Les filles expriment 2 fois plus de plaintes. | (Aggravation) Dégradation progressive, aggravée depuis la pandémie de Covid-19, plus marquée chez les filles. | | Substances | | | | Alcool | Première substance consommée. | (Amélioration) Tendance à la baisse de l'expérimentation et de l'usage régulier. | | Tabac / E-cigarette | L'usage de l'e-cigarette est supérieur à celui du tabac. | (Amélioration) Baisse de la consommation de tabac.<br>(Aggravation) Forte augmentation de la consommation d’e-cigarette. | | Cannabis | Consommation plus forte chez les lycéens. | (Stabilité) Stabilisation de la consommation. | | Santé Physique | | | | Croissance / Puberté | Prévalences élevées de surpoids et d'obésité. | (Stabilité) Stabilisation des paramètres de croissance, du surpoids et de l'obésité.<br>(Aggravation) Début de la puberté féminine de plus en plus jeune. | | Condition physique | Faible capacité cardio-respiratoire et musculaire. | (Aggravation) Forte diminution de la capacité respiratoire et musculaire depuis les années 2000. | | Socialisation | | | | Socialisation | Autonomisation par paliers. Sociabilités cruciales pour la santé. | (Changement majeur) Socialisation bouleversée par l'arrivée du smartphone et des technologies numériques. | | Santé Sexuelle | | | | Âge du premier rapport | Stabilité depuis une dizaine d'années. | (Tendance) Diminution des proportions de jeunes ayant eu un premier rapport. | | Utilisation du préservatif | \- | (Aggravation) Baisse de l'utilisation. | | IST | Taux élevé d'infections à Chlamydia. | (Aggravation) Augmentation des déclarations d'infections à gonocoque. | | Violence/Harcèlement | | | | Violence / Harcèlement | Incidents graves en milieu scolaire élevés. | (Aggravation) Augmentation du cyberharcèlement et des violences sexuelles.<br>(Amélioration) Diminution des crimes et délits. | | Mode de Vie | | | | Activité Physique | Niveau très faible (12% atteignent les recommandations). | (Aggravation) Augmentation de la prévalence de l'inactivité (+85%). | | Comportements sédentaires | Niveau très élevé (plus de 70% ne respectent pas les recommandations). | (Aggravation) Augmentation exponentielle du temps d'écran. | | Sommeil | Durée insuffisante et dette de sommeil importante. | (Aggravation) Diminution de la durée de sommeil et augmentation des troubles du sommeil. | | Alimentation | \- | (Aggravation) Augmentation des produits type snack et des boissons sucrées.<br>(Amélioration) Diminution du grignotage. | | Environnement | | | | Relations | Digitalisation des pratiques culturelles. | (Aggravation) Sentiment d'isolement en forte progression, surtout chez les filles. | | Inégalités (ISTS) | S'accentuent avec la crise sanitaire. | (Aggravation) Augmentation des ISTS, notamment pour la surcharge pondérale et la santé mentale. |
Pour répondre à ces défis, le HCSP propose une série de recommandations systémiques visant à améliorer la santé des adolescents.
• Aménager l'environnement pour modifier les comportements et encourager la mobilité active (marche, vélo).
• Créer des environnements favorables à la libération de la parole sur les sujets de santé mentale et de violence.
• Anticiper et répondre aux effets du changement climatique sur la santé des adolescents.
• Mobiliser les associations socio-culturelles et sportives dans l'éducation à la santé, en cohérence avec l'Éducation nationale et la santé publique.
• Développer la participation des jeunes dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques qui les concernent.
• Mettre en œuvre une politique publique intersectorielle d'éducation au numérique.
• Poursuivre la dénormalisation du tabac et développer celle de l'alcool.
• Produire des stratégies de surveillance et d'encadrement de la vente et de l'usage de la e-cigarette par les mineurs.
• Évaluer et poursuivre le déploiement des programmes de lutte contre les différentes formes de violence.
• Développer des outils de repérage des signes d'alerte et de dépistage précoce des troubles (anxiété, dépression).
• Former les acteurs de première ligne (enseignants, animateurs, médecins) à ces outils.
• Développer la dimension préventive de la prise en charge en santé.
• Adapter et différencier les messages de santé publique (activité physique, alimentation, sexualité) pour qu'ils soient pertinents pour les adolescents.
• Inciter les parents et les proches à encourager l'activité physique et à réduire les temps d'écran.
• Mettre en œuvre des programmes de soutien à la parentalité.
• Promouvoir et éduquer à l'importance du sommeil naturel (durée, qualité, rythme).
Axe 5 : Développer la Recherche et les Données
• Mesurer périodiquement les déterminants de la santé des adolescents.
• Développer des recherches utilisant des méthodes fiables et objectives, notamment sur le sommeil.
• Mettre en place une surveillance du démarrage pubertaire.
• Disposer de données spécifiques par âge, sexe et genre pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes.
• Compléter les indicateurs de santé sexuelle avec des dimensions qualitatives (satisfaction, plaisir, respect des droits).
Podany, Amanda H. 2018. Ancient Mesopotamia: Life in the Cradel of Civilization - Course Guidebook. Chantilly, VA: The Teaching Company.
Purrli generates the sound of a purring cat, for relaxation. You can set several attributes to tune the purring to your liking. Only the Open Web...
Kuehn, Manfred. 2014. “Some Idiosyncratic Reflections on Note-Taking in General and ConnectedText in Particular.” ConnectedText - The Personal Wiki System. https://web.archive.org/web/20140215043743/http://www.connectedtext.com/manfred.php (January 3, 2026).
E. B. White (of "Strunk and White" fame) claimed that "writing is one way to go about thinking."
original source?
Isaac Asimov is said to have said "Writing to me is simply thinking through my fingers."
original source?
It has become a "thinking environment" for me;
Manfred Kuehn talking about his use of ConnectedText as a note taking application.
But I am sure that hierarchies can get in the way, especially at the beginning.
Wanting to come up with and use knowledge hierarchies seems almost endemic to the beginning note taker. Kuehn's observation here closely matches my experience in watching newcomers to the note taking/zettelkasten space on Reddit.com and other fora over the past 8 years or so.
Just as any other good system of notes, ConnectedText will lead to what Luhmann called a "Zweitgedächtnis" or a secondary memory that might be described with Luhmann as a "chaos (Unordnung) of non-arbitrary internal structure."[14] When we consult this external or artificial memory, we will often be surprised by what we find. In fact, the more information we have fed into the system, the more we will be surprised. Luhmann, who had an interesting concept of "communication," had no problem to call this serendipitous interaction with his notes, communication.
surprise, communication, chaos, secondary memory (Zweitgedächtnis) = combinatorial creativity
The number of scholars who have used the index card method is legion, especially in sociology and anthropology, but also in many other subjects. Claude Lévy-Strauss learned their use from Marcel Mauss and others, Roland Barthes used them, Charles Sanders Peirce relied on them, and William Van Orman Quine wrote his lectures on them, etc.
I'm pretty sure I've come across all these examples before, many from Kuehn in other contexts...
I HAVE read this before, but Hypothes.is isn't showing the matching document. See: https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=url%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connectedtext.com%2Fmanfred.php%22
Beatrice Webb, the famous sociologist and political activist, reported in 1926: "'Every one agrees nowadays', observe the most noted French writers on the study of history, 'that it is advisable to collect materials on separate cards or slips of paper. . . . The advantages of this artifice are obvious; the detachability of the slips enables us to group them at will in a host of different combinations; if necessary, to change their places; it is easy to bring texts of the same kind together, and to incorporate additions, as they are acquired, in the interior of the groups to which they belong.'" [6] Relationships and classification can come in at any time, but it is not of prime importance that we observe them in note-taking, at least at first.
I love Kuehn's reading/understanding of Webb's work here:
"Relationships and classification can come in at any time, but it is not of prime importance that we observe them in note-taking, at least at first."
A wiki allows one to build increasingly more complex relationships between what might appear to be at first unrelated bits and pieces of information. The motto that characterizes this approch is: "It's not the data, it's the relationship" and it certainly rings true for me in the context of note-taking.
It was my discovery of wiki technology some time in 2002 that ended this undirected search and constituted the other fundamental change in the way I dealt with information. What I liked about it from the beginning was that it allows of easily linking bits of information and favors the braking down of large chunks of information into smaller bits. This emphasis on the granularity of information reminded me not only of the old index card method, but it also convinced me almost immediately that it was a significant improvement over the paper-based system. I adopted this technology and I have never looked back.
Movement from index cards to wikis in early 2002 by Manfred Kuehn.
a hybrid system, as I kept these notes in close connection with Ecco Pro, which I used to keep an index of the notebook material.
Manfred Kuehn used Ecco Pro to index his notebooks in a hybrid analog/digital system.
I accumulated altogether between 5.000 and 6.000 note cards from 1974 to 1985, most of which I still keep for sentimental reasons and sometimes actually still consult.
5,500 note cards / (11 years * 365 days/year) = approximately 1.4 notes per day
In writing my dissertation and working on my first book, I used an index card system, characterized by the "one fact, one card" maxim, made popular by Beatrice Webb.
In other words, this is just a testimony in which I offer some personal reflections on the role ConnectedText plays in my own research, backed up by some reflections on the way this is related to the way in which I and many other scholars have used card indexes and journals during the precious century for keeping or making notes.
Some observations on digital note taking with an app from someone who'd previously spent time using card indexes.
I am very curious that how the speed and scale of social media transformed a single tweet into a collective spectacle. The ethical issue is not only about the original offensive post, but also about how platforms and users amplify harm through attention, speculation, and public shaming before the person involved has any ability to respond. This raises questions about proportionality and due process in online accountability.
eing and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to par
I regard Confucian ethics as something that could be emphasized more on reasoning, which evaluates ethical behavior through social relationships and the responsibilities attached to each role. This perspective is especially relevant for social media ethics, where harms and obligations are often relational rather than purely individual.
ECCO version 3.0 was released in the summer of 1995 with an updated user interface based on a ring binder.[11]
Interesting example of a digital tool mimicking a well known analog tool for its user interface.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecco_Pro<br /> Ecco Pro
E-books are expensive for libraries. Some states are trying to change that<br /> by [[Clare McGrane]] for NPR<br /> accessed on 2026-01-03T19:44:28
The last time a state tried to regulate this industry was Maryland in 2021. A federal court said it violated copyright law because it banned publishers from selling books in Maryland altogether, unless they lowered prices for libraries.
That's why advocates have put forward blueprint legislation that seeks to regulate e-book licenses the same way states regulate other contracts that involve taxpayer money.
Libraries often pay three to four times for the digital editions of the same exact books. Quite often, the e-audiobooks are even more expensive.
Rugg, Gordon and Petre, Marian. 2020. The Unwritten Rules of PhD Research. 3rd ed. Open University Press.
Only three mentions of index cards here...
Put ideas on index cards – one to a card – and then arrange them in differ-ent structures.
A repetition of Beatrice Webb's old advice of one idea per card, though missing most of her other structural advice.
Put ideas on index cards – one to a card – and then arrange them in differ-ent structures. Again, you can do this in a series of passes, using a differentcriterion each time; this will help you to identify core concepts, structuresand outliers.
It's almost as if they're suggesting putting ideas onto index cards after-the-fact rather than from the start as older manuals would have suggested. This would seem to add a huge amount of work to the process.
Mind-mapping and conceptual mapping are other useful structuring tools,whether on a whiteboard or using software. Sorting good old-fashioned indexcards (or Post-its) on the wall, table, or floor in different configurations is alsohelpful. There is usually more than one possible structure; the right one is theone that serves your question and thinking.
Of course no mention of how the material gets onto the "good old-fashioned" index cards.
详情会员权
我认为【同意/部分同意/反对】，因为__ 这个观点可以应用到我的____场景中，具体做法是
We conclude that, as in lakes, carefullyimplemented restrictions of anthropogenic nutrient inputswill be an essential feature of eutrophication managementefforts in estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems
I am interested to learn more about the polices of implemented restrictions for nutirent inputs into the enviornment. Overall, quality of water is important for marine ecosystems but relates to all food chains and the enviornment on a global scale as well.
Clearly, biological wastedisposal activities such as manure applications to croplandcan simultaneously increase the loading of phosphorus,nitrogen and potentially hazardous coliform bacteria tosurface waters [34]. However, enhanced nutrient loadingalone might also influence the abundance, composition,virulence and survival of pathogens that are already resi-dent in aquatic ecosystems.
How long does it take for these nutrient cyclying systems to become out of balance? If one system is unbalnced then multiple systems can be affected, but which cycles are worse than others to be changed?
OC concentrations in fish decreased as the result ofgrowth dilution
I was not completely sure with what exactly growth dilution meant for a population. In terms of food chains, growth dilution is the relationship between the concentration of contaminates as it decreases and the size of an organism increases in an ecosystem.
Cultural eutrophication (excessive plant growth resultingfrom nutrient enrichment by human activity) is theprimary problem facing most surface waters today. It isone of the most visible examples of human changes to thebiosphere
These sentences are important because they describe what cultural eutrophication is and declares that it is a major problem. The author wants to make it clear how eutrophication is a problem and starts the introduction being clear so there is not misunderstanding.
nahe des Kraftwerks Lichterfelde.
interesting that ~month ago there was a big fire already right in that location
this research demonstrates that the experiencein Washington, DC is consistent with decades of researchlinking elevated WLLs to higher BLL and EBL (23, 24). Studiesin France (25), Scotland (26) and Germany (27) correlatedWLLs to adult BLLs, even for adults drinking water aftercorrosion control markedly reduced water lead levels
This article was interesting to read as it was very informative and related to my future interests. I would like to learn more about drinking water contamination and the effects it has on the enviornment and human health.
The 90thpercentile WLLs (Figure 1) increased after the switch tochloramine disinfectant in November 2000 (1). The exactpoint at which the WLLs began to rise after the switch indisinfectant cannot be precisely determined.
It is interesting to search for patterns and signals from the data but not be able to have precise measurements because of the experimental methodology.
additional modeling was conducted usingthe International Commission for Radiation Protection (ICRP)biokinetic model,
I was unfamilar with what a biokinetic model was so I researched it to better understand the context. A biokinetic model is a set of math functions that can be used to predict and describe how materials enter the body and the time-dependent behavior of them within the physiological systems.
The samples collected between July 1, 2001 andDecember 31, 2001 from that round were used in calculationsof the 90th percentile WLLs for the second half of 2001. Theremaining water samples from that round were included incalculations of 90th percentile WLLs for calendar year 2002.
I am curious about how they decided to split up the experiment and data for the calculations. Why not do three month increments? Would it have made a significant difference in the overall results?
The Washington, DC “lead in drinking water crisis” wastriggered by a change in disinfectant from free chlorine tochloramine in November 2000 (1). The switch in disinfectantreduced the concentration of potential carcinogens (abyproduct of chlorine disinfection) to levels below thosespecified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).However, the chloramine also altered the water chemistryand unexpectedly caused lead to leach from lead service linepipes (1, 2) and other plumbing materials such as leadedbrass and solder
This passage in the introduction paragraph sets the entire article up and lets the reader know what information will be explored more in depth. It gives the necessary background of how this crisis came to be and the cause and effect response it had. This is important because without understanding what triggered this change, the data would not make as much sense.
Analysis of national water utilitydata shows that Flint and CorpusChristi are not isolated cases wherecommunities of color received low-quality water; the results here pro-vide strong evidence that there is asystemic issue
The idea of there being a systemic issue with something that should be a basic human right for everyone is upsetting. Each person should have the same cleanliness and non-contamination in drinking water no matter their background. I want to revisit this idea later in the class as I explore the idea of water toxicology.
ethnic bias
I understand what these words mean separately but did not exactly understand the meaning in this context. Ethnic bias in relation to the drinking water quality is refering to the systemic inequalities of contaminated and clean water because of a communities ethnicity.
maximum contaminant limit
How does the state and USEPA determine these limits to set? The water needs to be treated, but how do they test which levels are too high or low for a species?
Is community drinking waterquality in the United States system-ically correlated with class, race,and/or ethnicity?
This question relates to a the Race, Gender, and Equality course I took where we looked at patterns and trends of equal opportunities of clean water in different areas of a community and their socioeconomic status.
The demographic realities inFlint have made it emblematic of environmental injustice, a term thatrepresents the possibility that poor and minority communities may bedisproportionately exposed to environmental harms
This sentence stood out to me because it started off immediately discussing an example of a well-known enviornmental injustice in Flint and then stated this to send their message of why it was important to. The authors also define what enviornmental injustice is which relates to the title and is the central idea of the article. Emblematic refers to the idea of something being related to a much bigger problem, in this case that the inequality of drinking water is seen on a global scale.
https://www.dickblick.com/items/caran-d-ache-graphicolor-bicolor-pencil-redgraphite/<br /> Caran d'Ache Graphicolor BiColor Pencil - Red/Graphite
Microplastics are also purposefully manufactured for variousapplications, such as exfoliants (microbeads) in personal careproducts.
Could these microbeads be replaced with other material? Or is this not to be considered a major concern, because of the lack of evidence of harm.
5.1 Sexo x Tipo de colegio
antes de hacer el cruce, se requieren los descriptivos de notas por cada una de las variables y ahí evaluar qué cruces son relevantes. ¿Por qué es importante el cruce entre sexo y tipo de colegio? es decir, ambas son variables dependientes del estudio, y todo cruce debería incluir la dependiente. Llama la atención además que este sea el primer cruce.
Además, el eje x tiene que ir ordenado en un sentido para ver mejor las tendencias: municipal, subvencionado, privado
Y partir por un gráfico general, y luego ver si tiene sentido una comparación por carreras. Si es por comparar, un tabset no ayuda mucho, mejor algo tipo cleveland o algo más eficiente visualmente.
Notas x Sexo
esto de todas maneras antes que el cruce ... y hacer un gráfico general donde esté el promedio general y los de las carreras representadas tipo el boxplot de picils
Resultados
falta un primer párrafo que explique cómo se van a organizar los resultados.
es necesario seguir indagando
cómo?
Sólo cursos aprobados
ídem comemtario anterior: fijar ejes