Cell densities have improved dramatically:

The diagram compares these two operating modes side-by-side. Batch mode (left) harvests everything at once; perfusion (right) continuously adds fresh media and removes spent media while retaining cells.

Batch vs. Perfusion: Two Operating Modes

underscores why most cultured meat companies currently use pharma-grade equipment despite the cost premium.

The opportunity: If cultured meat can use simplified food-grade designs (similar to beer brewing at $5-15/L), costs could drop by 10×.

Relative cost

2021

$10-15/kg, with some leading-edge companies achieving costs below $10/kg”

grade

of cells matters enormously for cost:

Step 1: Cell Banking

: <1% of total production cost at scale

Seed Train

Today, optimistic projections suggest ~$63/kg (Garrison et al. 2022), with leading companies achieving <$10/kg cell mass.

Product

🔬 Workshop: Cultured Meat Cost Trajectories (Late April / Early May 2026)

teach a lesson” to “inferior” conquered peoples.

State-Controlled Media OrganizationsIran’s state-controlled media has played a key role in the regime’s suppression of protests, including those following the death of Mahsa Amini. Many of these organizations work in tandem with Iranian security and intelligence services, blurring the lines between government and media and extending the regime’s oppressive reach. Press TV is the English language channel for the state broadcaster of the Iranian government, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), which was designated by the United States in 2013 for participating in censorship. Press TV has broadcasted scores of forced confessions and derogatory programs about Iranian activists, in many cases broadcasting forced confessions before detainee trials. Press TV has also been used by Iranian intelligence services to recruit sensitive assets, including U.S. persons. Press TV is being designed pursuant to E.O. 13846 for being owned or controlled by, directly or indirectly, the IRIB. Tasnim News Agency (Tasnim) is a news outlet founded by two IRGC commanders, Majid Gholizadeh and Hamidreza Moghadam Far, who continue to serve as Tasnim executives and exert control over Tasnim on behalf of the IRGC. Tasnim has supported the IRGC and other instruments of the regime in various ways, including suppressing dissent by helping the IRGC, Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security, and LEF to crowdsource the identities of protestors. Majid Gholizadeh, a former IRGC Commander, is Tasnim’s CEO, an important spokesperson for the news agency, and IRGC propagandist. Hamidreza Moghadam Far is the head of the Tasnim board of directors and an IRGC Commander. Hamidreza Moghadam Far has held multiple prominent roles in the IRGC, including as an advisor to IRGC Commander-in-Chief Hossein Salami and the Cultural Deputy of the IRGC.  Tasnim is being designated pursuant to E.O 13553 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, the IRGC. Hamidreza Moghadam Far is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13553 for acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the IRGC. Majid Gholizadeh is being designated for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Tasnim News Agency.Fars News Agency is closely affiliated with the IRGC and has provided special intelligence reports to Hossein Salami. Fars News Agency closely coordinated with the Basij Resistance Force (Basij) deputy commander on ongoing Iranian domestic concerns. The Basij, a paramilitary force subordinate to the IRGC, was designated pursuant to E.O. 13553 on June 9, 2011 for its involvement in the violent crackdowns and serious human rights abuses occurring in Iran following the disputed June 2009 presidential election. Fars News Agency was also founded by Hamidreza Moghadam Far, and its board of directors is chaired by Mohammad Mehdi Sayyari Zahan, the U.S.-designated deputy head of the IRGC Intelligence Organization. Payam Tirandaz is the CEO of Fars News Agency, a former member of the Basij, and a former employee of IRIB. Payam Tirandaz plays a pivotal role in Fars News Agency’s support to the IRGC’s malign activities. Fars News Agency is being designated pursuant to E.O 13553, for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of the IRGC. Payam Tirandaz is being designated for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Fars News Agency.

September 15, 2023 WASHINGTON — Today, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is designating 29 individuals and entities in connection with the Iranian regime’s violent suppression of nationwide protests following the death of Mahsa “Zhina” Amini in custody of its ‘Morality Police,’ and the regime’s continued efforts to detain dissenting voices and restrict access to a free and open internet. OFAC’s action targets: 18 key members of the regime’s security forces, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Law Enforcement Forces (LEF); the head of Iran’s Prisons Organization; three individuals and one company in connection with the regime’s systematic censorship and blocking of access to the internet; and three IRGC and regime-controlled media outlets––Fars News, Tasnim News and Press TV––and three senior officials. Today’s action is taken in coordination with partners from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other partners who are also imposing sanctions on those involved in the Iranian regime’s repression.“As we approach one year since Mahsa Amini’s tragic and senseless death in the custody of Iran’s so-called ‘Morality Police,’ we recall that the movement of men and women across Iran, inclusive of different faiths and ethnic groups, was met with horrific violence, mass incarceration, and systemic internet disruption by the Iranian regime,” said Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, Brian Nelson. “The United States, alongside the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and our other international allies and partners, will continue to take collective action against those who suppress Iranians’ exercise of their human rights.”Today’s sanctions are OFAC’s 13th round of designations in connection with the protests that began in September 2022 and are taken pursuant to Executive Order (E.O.) 13553, which imposes sanctions on certain persons with respect to serious human rights abuses by the Government of Iran; E.O. 13846, which authorizes sanctions on persons who engage in censorship or other activities with respect to Iran; and the counterterrorism authority E.O. 13224, as amended.  Concurrently, the Department of State is imposing visa restrictions on 13 Iranian officials and other individuals for their involvement in the detention or killing of peaceful protestors or inhibiting their rights to freedom of expression or assembly, including through censorship via a country-wide internet shutdown in Iran. Since Mahsa Amini’s death and the protests that followed, the Department of State has imposed visa restrictions on 40 Iranian officials and other individuals for their involvement in acts targeting peaceful protestors.

India lost a great art and the artisans lost their employment.

China produced about 33 percent of all the manufactured goods in the world, with India and Europe each contributing about 23 percent

Where India and China accounted for a little over half of the wealth in the world in the eighteenth century,

For an article with no known author, use the source title in place of the author’s name, formatted as it would be (i.e., italicized or enclosed in quotation marks) in your Works Cited section.You may abbreviate the title, using only the first few words:

If you are using a website or other electronic source that does not have page numbers, use only the author’s name or title of the source in the in-text citation.   Here are examples:   If the source has page numbers: (Pauling 113).  If the source does not have page numbers: (Pauling).  If the source has page numbers: (“Bilingual Minds” 113).  If the source does not have page numbers: (“Bilingual Minds”).

Usually, the Works Cited source entry will begin with an author’s last name. If there is no author, then the name of the article is the first information listed.

The purpose of the in-text citation is to show the reader the source of the information the writer is citing. So, the information in the in-text citation needs to lead directly to the source listed in the Works Cited page

Place the in-text citation at the end of the sentence containing the information cited. Do not simply put the in-text citation at the end of a paragraph. Show the reader which sentences include source material. If all the sentences in your paragraph comes from one source, that’s your cue to start analyzing and interpreting your sources more. You can learn more about analyzing and interpreting sources in

You must cite your sources as you use them. In the same way that a table or figure should be located right next to the sentence that discusses i

In the professional world, plagiarism results in loss of credibility and often compensation, including future opportunities. In a classroom setting, plagiarism results in a range of sanctions, from loss of a grade to expulsion from a school or university. CNM outlines the consequences for academic dishonesty in its Code of Conduct. In both professional and academic settings, the penalties are severe.

If you do not credit the work of other writers –taking credit for their work as if you wrote it—you are committing plagiarism. If you do not enclose direct quotes in quotation marks or cite the source, you are committing plagiarism.

n your paper, when you quote directly from a source in their words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader what that source is so the author gets credit for their words and ideas.

In your paper, when you quote directly from a source in their words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader what that source is so the author gets credit for their words and ideas.

For example, the fact that mollusks live in both saltwater and freshwater is common knowledge.

This material must always be cited:  A direct quote  A statistic  An idea that is not your own  Someone else’s opinion  Concrete facts, not considered “common knowledge”  Knowledge not considered “common”

Your paper should include no more than 25% direct quotes (and many instructors will think this is too high a percentage). If you have too many direct quotes, paraphrase information from your source instead of using direct quotes. Remember: you are writing this paper. Your words should be the most prominent aspect of your paper.

When writing, make sure you inform the reader when you are using information from a source, whether that be direct quotations or paraphrasing information. And, it should be equally clear when you are expressing your own ideas.    If someone else wrote it, said it, drew it, demonstrated it, or otherwise expressed it, you need to cite it.

MLA Style: In-Text Citations by Scribbr on Youtube

The ninth edition of the MLA Style Guide states that your in-text, or parenthetical, citations should do the following: Clearly indicate the specific sources also referenced in the works cited Specifically identify the location of the information that you used Carefully create a clear and concise citation, always confirming its accuracy Check out the video below for more discussion of your in-text citations.

If you follow MLA style and indicate your source both in your essay and in the Works Cited section, you will prevent the possibility of plagiarism. If you follow MLA guidelines, pay attention to detail, and clearly indicate your sources, then this approach to formatting and citation offers a proven way to demonstrate your respect for other authors and artists.

The in-text citation is offset with parentheses, clearly calling attention to itself for the reader. The reference to the author or title is like a signal to the reader that information was incorporated from a separate source. It also provides the reader with information to then turn to the Works Cited section of the essay (at the end) where they can find the complete reference.

In-text citations are used throughout your paper to credit your sources of information. In MLA style, the in-text citation in the body of the essay links to the Works Cited page at the end. This way, the reader will know which item in the Works Cited is the source of the information.

Exploring through colors: Each photo page has a list of the top eight colors in the photo. When you click on a color, you can explore all the other photos in which that color is one of the the main ones. In this way, all my photos are connected aesthetically. The navigation on a photo page is within the event.

This model helps evaluators and forecasters:

1. Total Unit Cost

New to this topic? How Cultured Chicken is Made | 🎧 Audio Review (22 min MP3)

💬 We Want Your Feedback! Comment directly on this page using Hypothesis — click the < tab on the right edge. Highlight any equation, parameter, or explanation to annotate it. We actively monitor comments and will respond to questions, incorporate suggestions, and improve the documentation based on your feedback.

🔬 Workshop: Cultured Meat Cost Trajectories (Late April / Early May 2026) This model feeds into The Unjournal’s upcoming expert workshop on CM production costs. Workshop details & signup →

Limitations

Results update automatically as you change parameters - no need to click a button.

0 = nascent, 1 = mature

Cultured Chicken Production Cost Model CodeShow All CodeHide All CodeView Source

These are like Squiggle/Guesstimate visualizations - they show the full range of possible values, not just a point estimate.

Basic Parameters Code viewof plant_capacity = Inputs.range([5, 100], { value: 20, step: 5, label: "Plant Capacity (kTA/yr)" })

Individual distributions for each cost driver: Code function formatCost(val) { if (val >= 30) return Math.round(val).toString(); if (val >= 1) return val.toFixed(1); if (val >= 0.1) return val.toFixed(2); return val.toFixed(3); } { const allComponents = [ {name: "Media", data: results.cost_media, color: "#27ae60"}, {name: "Micronutrients", data: results.cost_comm_micros, color: "#3498db"}, {name: "Growth Factors", data: results.cost_recf, color: "#9b59b6"}, {name: "Other VOC", data: results.cost_other_var, color: "#7f8c8d"}, {name: "CAPEX (annualized)", data: results.cost_capex, color: "#e74c3c"}, {name: "Fixed OPEX", data: results.cost_fixed, color: "#f39c12"}, {name: "Downstream", data: results.cost_downstream, color: "#1abc9c"} ]; // Filter out components with all zeros (e.g., downstream when not included) const components = allComponents.filter(c => mean(c.data) > 0.001); const plotData = components.map(comp => { const p5 = quantile(comp.data, 0.05); const p50 = quantile(comp.data, 0.50); const p95 = quantile(comp.data, 0.95); const clipVal = Math.max(quantile(comp.data, 0.98), 0.1); const clipped = comp.data.filter(x => x <= clipVal && x >= 0); const plot = Plot.plot({ width: 420, height: 180, marginLeft: 45, marginBottom: 35, marginTop: 10, x: { label: "$/kg", domain: [0, clipVal * 1.1] }, y: { label: null, ticks: [] }, marks: [ Plot.rectY(clipped, Plot.binX({y: "count"}, {x: d => d, fill: comp.color, fillOpacity: 0.7})), Plot.ruleX([p5], {stroke: "black", strokeWidth: 1.5, strokeDasharray: "3,3"}), Plot.ruleX([p50], {stroke: "black", strokeWidth: 2}), Plot.ruleX([p95], {stroke: "black", strokeWidth: 1.5, strokeDasharray: "3,3"}) ] }); const label = `${comp.name}: $${formatCost(p50)} (90% CI: ${formatCost(p5)} – ${formatCost(p95)})`; return {plot, label}; }); return html`<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 1rem; margin: 1rem 0;"> ${plotData.map(d => html`<div style="font-size: 0.9em;"> <div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.3rem; color: #333;">${d.label}</div> ${d.plot} </div>`)} </div>`; } formatCost = ƒ(val)

Sources

The model reveals several important patterns:

WACC Low (%)

Cost Breakdown by Component (Total: $122.51/kg):where(.plot-d6a7b5) { --plot-background: white; display: block; height: auto; height: intrinsic; max-width: 100%; } :where(.plot-d6a7b5 text), :where(.plot-d6a7b5 tspan) { white-space: pre; }

Price-competitive with conventional chicken

Plant Capacity (kTA/yr)

edian Cost (p50)

Why it matters: If production costs reach ~$10/kg (comparable to conventional chicken), cultured meat could compete at scale. If costs remain >$50/kg, the technology may remain niche

What these numbers represent: Simulated production cost per kilogram of cultured chicken (wet weight, unprocessed) in 2036, based on 30,000 Monte Carlo simulations. This is the cost to produce meat in a bioreactor — not retail price, which would include processing, distribution, and margins.

Include capital costs (CAPEX)

A key feature is the latent maturity factor that links:

Lognormal

Bounded ranges

Probabilities, fractions

🔬 Upcoming Workshop: Cultivated Meat Cost Trajectories

For Christmas Eve that year, she had chosen all my favorite foods.

Related Workshops

Dullaghan & Zhang (2022)

Forecasting & prior Unjournal work

Found

⭐ GFI amino acid report (Dec 2025) — GFI. Based on real quotes from amino acid suppliers and CM manufacturers. Found Humbird's amino acid prices overestimated by 2–10x. GFI cell growth modeling (Nov 2025) — GFI. How to model cell growth more realistically than current TEAs. GFI growth factor costs (2023) — PDF. Anticipated growth factor and recombinant protein costs and volumes for cost-competitive CM. GFI medium cost analysis (2020) — GFI. Foundational analysis of media as the dominant variable cost; identifies recombinant proteins and growth factors as key cost drivers. Some companies report 60% media cost reductions using plant-derived protein homologs. GFI scale-up & bioprocessing trends (2024) — GFI. Industry trends in bioreactor scale, continuous perfusion, and food-grade equipment — relevant to CM_16 (cell density) and CM_20

Media costs & supply chain

GFI amino acid report (Dec 2025)

Note: Believer Meats (the authors' company) shut down Dec 2025.

Lynch & Pierrehumbert (2019) — "Climate impacts of cultured meat and beef cattle." Early TEA with environmental dimension.

(we monitor and respond to all comments)

The Black Shoals desperately honorsand protects. As a metaphor, the shoal cannot be reduced to the ocean, theshore, or an island. It always has the potential to be something else thatcannot be known in advance.

I offer thespace of the shoal as simultaneously land and sea to fracture this notionthat Black diaspora studies is overdetermined by rootlessness and onlymetaphorized by water and to disrupt the idea that Indigenous studiesis solely rooted and fixed in imaginaries of land as territory.

When the ocean is at low tide, one might be able to wade from theshore beyond a break in the waves and into deeper water or a trough tothen come upon very shallow water (or a place where the ocean floor sur-faces), where one can finally stand on sand again. Many who fish find theshoal to be an ideal spot. A school, or gathering of fish, also sometimesdescribed as a shoal, often gathers at the sandbar’s edges to feed on vege-tation. Thus, a shoal is a good spot for catching fish. While also used todescribe nongeological matter such as a school of fish, the term is rarelyused in humanistic terms, however. Declining in use after the eighteenth

Throughout The Black Shoals, Black thought,movement, aesthetics, resistance, and lived experience will be interpretedas a form of chafing and rubbing up against the normative flows of Westernthought. Specifically, The Black Shoals will interrupt and slow the momen-tum of long-standing and contemporary modes and itineraries for theoriz-ing New World violence, social relations, Indigeneity, and Blackness in theWestern Hemisphere.4

corporate campaigns

per dollar of THL campaigns.

in 2036

▸ Context & reference points Optimistic TEAs: Pasitka et al. (2024) claims ~$6.2/lb ($13.7/kg) is achievable with continuous production and animal-free medium. Pessimistic TEAs: Humbird (2020) concluded cost parity is "highly unlikely" given biological and engineering constraints. Current conventional chicken: ~$2-4/kg wholesale in the US. Rethink Priorities (2022): Forecasted limited production through 2050 under most scenarios.

we monitor and respond to all comments)

To learn more about Quarto books visit https://quarto.org/docs/books. window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) { const icon = ""; const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS(); anchorJS.options = { placement: 'right', icon: icon }; anchorJS.add('.anchored'); const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => { for (const clz of el.classList) { if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) { return true; } } return false; } const onCopySuccess = function(e) { // button target const button = e.trigger; // don't keep focus button.blur(); // flash "checked" button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked'); var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title"); button.setAttribute("title", "Copié"); let tooltip; if (window.bootstrap) { button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip"); button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left"); button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copié"); tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button, { trigger: "manual", customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip", offset: [0, -8]}); 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We need toobserve the intervening political processes—and toaccount for a wide range of alternative mechanisms

nce local demographicsstabilize, and with them residents’ expectations,diverse localities face no special barriers to raisingtaxes.

ethnically charged battles in Massachu-setts communities in this period.

Above all, the centrality ofelites in the decision to hold a tax vote emerges fromthe newspaper articles.

can transform political agendas, with aspecial impact on easily ignored, long-term issues

But the evidence shows the opposite:that increases in diversity shape the holding of votesmore than their eventual success

Preference divergenceis one such mechanism

have markedeffects on those towns’ willingness to make long-termpublic investments

But whatmany researchers have missed is the role of changes indiversity.

The results are also robust to the inclusion ofseveral economic and fiscal variables (e.g., unemploy-ment rate) and several measures of community stabil-ity (e.g., the percent of people in the same home in1985 and 1990). The results are not driven by housingprices or the change in housing prices, an alternativepathway through which diversity might shape prop-erty tax rates.

2.950

many of the most predictive variablesare economic measures such as the tax rate and themedian household income.

and included 15indicator variables denoting how long since the lastoccurrence of the dependent variable.15 Year indicatorvariables capture unobserved time effects.

This analysis shows that changing diversity—but notthe baseline level of diversity—matters in predictingdebt exclusion vote

Evidence: Diversity’s Impact

Avg. CommuteTime 90

it compares towns that pass increases to allothers, limiting the selection bias induced by thetown officials’ decision to hold the vote.

so wecannot use the election results as a straightforwardestimate of public preferences

leaders in diversecommunities will propose spending initiatives notsupported by their constituents—and so will seethem fail at the ballot box.

iverse communities’lower social capital might in turn dampen theircollective willingness to make public investments.

with opportunities toattract new voters, to gain recognition, and to ad-vance their agenda. These divisive questions can alsodivide local leaders and generate lasting cleavages,making it harder to bring together a coalition in sup-port of increased taxes.

So long as it shapesresidents’ long-term expectations, diversity couldmatter without becoming a visible topic of localpolitics

increasesin ethnic and racial diversity will mostly affect resi-dents’ support for capital projects and other long-termplans

Sociologists have demonstrated that racial andethnic considerations are often paramount when in-dividuals consider where to move.

moving decisions

Other work has shown that localdiversity shapes attitudes towards public spendingonly when race and ethnicity are highly politicized

a diverse locality might lead whites tosee public spending as having diminishing benefitsfor them

perceived

When called to the ballot box, local voters are likelyto know when the proposal will come to fruition.While current spending provides tangible benefits inthe near-term, capital investments take years, and sorequire both significant trust in the taxing authorityand a broad construction of one’s self-interest.

The second is that each ethnic group’sutility level for a given public good is reduced if othergroups also use it’

One is that different ethnic groups have differentpreferences over which type of public goods toproduce

By shaping whether towns ever considernew tax proposals, rising diversity can have a stealthimpact even absent visible and contentious localpolitical battles

the effect is strong only on votesabout long-term capital spending, suggesting thatdemographic changes operate in part by narrowingpeople’s time horizons.

willingness to hold or passmeasures that raise taxes

11 percentage points weighting towns by population.Massachusetts remains more homogeneous than Texas,but the same probability in Texas school districtsdropped by just two percentage points duringthe 1990s.

subsequent

ofeconomic decline or of urban labor markets

diverse environments generate distinctive opinions,which are then translated into policy by local leaders

the most pivotal and tractable question for animal welfare funding decisions.

Other Pivotal Questions Workshops 🧠 Wellbeing Measurement (held Mar 16)

Plant-Based Alternatives (May 2026)

Risner et al. (2024)"Environmental impacts of cultured meat," ACS Food Science & Technology. Life cycle assessment finding CM's global warming potential could be 4–25x greater than retail beef if pharmaceutical-grade purification is required. GFI published a formal critique. — ACS Food Sci & Tech. LCA raising environmental cost concerns.

our

more

showing Humbird's AA costs were 2–10x too high.

. The 10x gap

The answers also inform animal welfare funding decisions, but the workshop focus is on getting the cost evidence right.

cruxes

4. From TEA to reality: Why did Believer Meats fail?

I tell you: suns exist.”

Do not go in the direction of darkness –

Do not stray into the neighborhood of despair.

love of those who are clear joy,

Do not give your heart to anything else

kingdom of joy.

“If you are seeking, seek us with joy

which scheme to use; tokenization is learned from text data based on an algorithm that I will describe later in this post. In OpenAI’s GPT models, most English words are represented using one or a small number of tokens.

Tokenization is the process of converting written language into integers (an integer is a whole number). You might think that tokenization is as simple as a=1, b=2, c=3, etc. That is one way to tokenize text, but it turns out that it’s not the only way — and certainly not the most optimal way. For example, the figure below shows three ways to represent the word “Hello” using integers.

Language models like ChatGPT and Claude don’t work with text. That’s because LLMs are based on mathematics, and math works on numbers, not on words. Therefore, LLMs need to work on numbers.

Educational material on large language models (LLMs) comes in one of two categories: (1) high-level overviews that avoid details; or (2) highly technical tutorials written for computer scientists.

Working with a remote server

Choices are to be derivatively assessed, in terms of the states of affairs they bring about. Consequentialists thus must specify the states of affairs that are intrinsically valuable—often called, collectively, “the Good.”

Given the high prevalence of such sounds in everyday life, having misophonia can have large negative effects on one's functioning in personal, academic, and work environments.

Although there are many idiosyncrasies in what may trigger a person with misophonia, the most common triggers are created by other humans, such as the sound of someone chewing, clearing their throat, tapping their foot, or typing on a keyboard.

Misophonia is a psychological disorder that is characterized by severe aversive responses to specific environmental sounds (i.e., triggers).

This indicates that misophonia is not a purely auditory processing disorder but is also influenced by a top-down process of source identification.

an fMRI study found that people with misophonia show increased response in the anterior insular cortex (AIC) in response to misophonic sounds, compared to control participants and other unpleasant or neutral sounds (Kumar et al., 2017).

Both the subjective judgment of aversiveness and the physiological measure of skin conductance response (SCR) increase when people with misophonia are presented with triggers (Edelstein et al., 2013).

The disorder is not yet recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual − 5th version (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), but there has been an increasing amount of research on the characterization and treatment of misophonia (Vitoratou et al., 2021; see also Brout et al., 2018, for a review).

The experimental protocol was certified for ethical compliance by the McGill University Research Ethics Board II.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Iza Ray Korsmit (iza.korsmit@mail.mcgill.ca).

McGill University, Montreal, Canada

IRK was supported by funding from the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds (The Netherlands). This project was also funded by a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Insight Grant (435-2021-0224), a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Partnership Grant (895-2018-1023), and a Canada Research Chair (950-231872) to SMc.

Composers and music researchers had previously analyzed and annotated 65 movements from the Classical, Romantic, and early Modern repertoire in terms of the Taxonomy of Orchestral Grouping Effects (McAdams et al., 2022).

In a study by McAdams and Goodchild (2018), orchestral simulations created with OrchSim were compared perceptually to commercial recordings and were shown to be of high quality.

These results confirm with orchestral excerpts the findings of studies on isolated tones with dyads or triads of instruments in which the presence of impulsive instruments reduces the perception of blend (Lembke et al., 2019; Reuter, 1996; Tardieu & McAdams, 2012).

This provides additional support for its significant contribution to blend in Fischer et al. (2021).

Lembke et al. (2017) demonstrated that combinations of sustained and impulsive instruments blend less well.

structuring by affecting sequential grouping through the segregation of auditory streams played by different instruments and segmental grouping through timbral contrasts (McAdams et al., 2022).

Several other spectral and spectrotemporal descriptors were found to play a role in blend perception in orchestral works by Fischer et al. (2021). These include spectral flatness and spectral crest (different measures of the degree to which the spectrum is denser or has more emergence of spectral components), and spectral variation (the degree of variation of the spectral shape over time).

Fischer et al. (2021) studied the blends of multi-instrument streams in the context of orchestral stream segregation in predominantly Romantic orchestral excerpts. They found that within-family instrument combinations blended better than between-family combinations. They demonstrated the role played by overlap in timbre correlates of spectral flatness (a measure of the tonalness/noisiness or density of the spectrum), spectral skewness (related to the shape of the spectral envelope), and spectral variation (evolution of the spectral envelope over time), as well as cues derived from the scores such as onset synchrony and the consonance of concurrent pitch relations.

McAdams et al. (2022) distinguish two subcategories of these two types of blend: stable and transforming.

Lembke, S.-A., Parker, K., Narmour, E., & McAdams, S. (2019). Acoustical correlates of perceptual blend in timbre dyads and triads. Musicae Scientiae, 23(2), 250–274.

Several other spectral and spectrotemporal descriptors were found to play a role in blend perception in orchestral works by Fischer et al. (2021).

Lembke and McAdams (2015) found that the degree of spectral overlap between constituent sounds enhanced blend perception.

Tardieu and McAdams (2012) extended this work with combinations of unison sustained and impulsive instruments (including pitched percussion and string pizzicati).

McAdams et al. (2022) introduce other notions related to blend as well.

This in turn creates an effect of perceptual unity (McAdams, 1989).

Four important concurrent grouping cues predict the perceptual fusion of sound events (McAdams, 1984): onset synchrony, harmonicity, coherent frequency behavior, and common spatial origin.

To this, McAdams et al. (2022) have added segmental grouping (chunking into perceptual units).

When the sudden drop to a pianissimo occurred towards the ending of the piece, the perceived arousal responses of CHM and WM dropped slightly but rose again immediately to end on a high arousal. These two groups of listeners appear to have anticipated a return to a loud and majestic close and therefore kept their arousal responses higher than those of the NM.

CHM, who are more experienced with the instruments and compositional techniques used in Chinese orchestral music, might have had an idea of which features figure more prominently in the communication of particular intentions, and therefore would have more information available for their judgments.

The perception of affective intentions in music is influenced by the degree of familiarity listeners have with a musical tradition, the content implicated in the music, and the complex sonic environment created by the composer's creation and the musicians' interpretation.

The version that participants heard was a premier of the work by the Taipei Chinese orchestra.

The communication of emotions or affect takes place when listeners perceive emotional meaning that is expressed by performers in music (Juslin, 2013a, 2013b).

An understanding of a tonal schema with its associations to happiness and sadness has been consistently found to influence listeners who have grown up in a culture of Western music.

Its mirmode function estimates the modal strength of the music in terms of ''majorness'' and ''minorness.''

The perception of consonance also plays an important role in the music listening process—combinations of tones that are consonant are perceived as more positively valenced than dissonant ones (Harrison & Pearce, 2020).

Musical structures such as pitch relations are perceptually salient and provide important information for listeners (e.g., Gabrielsson & Lindstrom, 2010; Krumhansl, 1998; Krumhansl & Kessler, 1982).

Iqa' (plural iqa'at) is used to describe a rhythmic cycle. Iqa'at are made up of two different basic building blocks, the dum and tak, onomatopoeias derived from the sound produced on membranophones such as the darabuka.

H5. Being more culturally bound, musical cues that are learned, such as modal structures, metrical relations, and so on, will exert a greater influence on listeners' perceived valence ratings than on their arousal ratings.

This is a simple PDF file. Fun fun fun.