1. Last 7 days
    1. In SWOT analysis, what are some of the tools you might use to understand the external environment (identify opportunities and threats)?

      The two major external analysis tools include PESTEL (political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental, and legal environments) and Industry analysis. Whereas PESTEL is collecting and analyzing informations about the macro-environment as a whole, industry analysis is collecting and analyzing information about the competitors and the competitive environment of the organization.

    2. In SWOT analysis, what are some of the tools you might use to understand the internal environment (identify strengths and weaknesses)?

      The two major internal analysis tools include the Value Chain and VRIO (Value, rare, inimitable, and organization. Whereas the value chain is used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the parts of the organization, VRIO is used to figure out which of these strengths can render a stronger competitive advantage to the organization.

    3. What do you learn from a SWOT analysis?

      We learn in SWOT analysis about the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a given market and how it can take advantage of opportunities using its strengths to minimize its weaknesses and threats.

    4. What are some of the forms of diversification, and what do they mean?
      1. Concentric diversification is when the organization creates a product that is similar to existing ones and applicable to a new market.
      2. Horizontal diversification is when the organization creates a product that is unrelated to existing ones but is applicable to the current/same market.
      3. Conglomerate diversification is when the organization creates a product that is unrelated to existing ones and applicable to an entirely different market.
    5. What is the difference between business strategy and corporate strategy?

      Corporate strategy emphasizes on what type of business or businesses to compete in while business strategy emphasizes on how to compete in a particular business.

    6. What is the difference between strategy formulation and strategy implementation?

      Strategy formulation is the coordination of techniques chosen by the organization to achieve its mission and vision. Strategy implementation is the actions taken to achieve the organization's goals and objectives as evidenced in its mission and vision statement.

    1. “Where has all the leadership gone?” ex-Disney CEO Michael Eisner wrote Friday on social media. “If not for university presidents, law firm managing partners and corporate chief executives standing up to bullies, then who will step up for the First Amendment?”

      Disney's leadership failure to stand up to censorship notwithstanding ...

    1. Advanced Context Engineering for Agents - Summary

      Overview

      • Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS_y40zY-hc
      • Type: Technical Conference Talk
      • Length: ~14 minutes (YC Root Access)
      • Speaker: Dexter Horthy, Founder of Human Layer (YC Fall 24)
      • Key Focus: Advanced context engineering techniques for scaling coding agents in production environments

      Executive Summary

      Dexter Horthy presents a systematic approach to context engineering that transforms AI coding from prototyping to production-ready development. He demonstrates how spec-first development, intentional context management, and structured workflows enable teams to ship complex code in large repositories while maintaining quality and team alignment.

      Key Insights

      • Context as Core Constraint: "LLMs are pure functions. The only thing that improves the quality of your outputs is the quality of what you put in, which is your context window." - Context management is the fundamental lever for agent performance
      • Spec-First Development: "In the future where AI is writing more and more of our code, the specs, the description of what we want from our software is the important thing." - Specifications become the source code equivalent in AI-driven development
      • Hierarchy of Impact: "A bad line of research, a misunderstanding of how the system works and how data flows and where things happen can be thousands of bad lines of code." - Early-stage errors compound exponentially through the development process

      Key Elements (CRITICAL FOR LOOKUP)

      Key Concepts

      • Context Engineering: "Everything that makes agents good is context engineering" - [Core philosophy throughout talk]
      • Intentional Compaction: "Be very intentional with what you commit to the file system and the agents memory" - [08:48 timestamp]
      • Spec-First Development: "We were forced to adopt spec first development because it was the only way for everyone to stay on the same page" - [03:12 timestamp]
      • 40% Context Rule: "Our goal all the time is to keep context utilization under 40%" - [11:00 timestamp]
      • Research-Plan-Implement Workflow: "We have three phases research, plan and implement" - [11:00 timestamp]

      Key Personalities

      • Dexter Horthy: "My name is Dex. I'm the founder of a company called Human Layer" - [Speaker, YC Fall 24]
      • Sean Grove: "Sean Grove, the new code. He talked about how we're all vibe coding wrong" - [Referenced expert on coding practices]
      • Jeff Huntley: "Jeff Huntley works on source AMP... he wrote this thing called Ralph Wigum as a software engineer" - [Context optimization expert]
      • Vibbov: "I do a podcast with another YC founder named Vibbov. He built Bam" - [Collaboration partner, BAML creator]

      Key Tools/Technologies

      • Human Layer: "I'm the founder of a company called Human Layer" - [Dexter's company focused on context engineering]
      • BAML: "He built Bam... has anyone here you used BAML before?" - [Programming language/tool for AI workflows]
      • Sub Agents: "A lot of people saw cloud code sub aents and they jumped in... but they're really about context control" - [Context management technique]
      • MCP Tools: "If you have MCP tools that return big blobs of JSON, that's going to flood your context window" - [Tool integration consideration]

      Key References

      • 12 Factor Agents: "We wrote a weird little manifesto called 12actor agents um principles of reliable LLM applications" - [April 22nd foundational work]
      • Stanford Study: "The Stanford study... they ingested data from 100,000 developers... AI engineering and software leads to a lot of rework" - [Research on AI coding effectiveness]
      • Ralph Wigum Article: "He wrote this thing called Ralph Wigum as a software engineer" - [Context optimization methodology]
      • Open Source Prompts: "This is our research prompt. It's really long. It's open source. You can go find it" - [Available implementation resources]

      Detailed Analysis

      The Problem with Current AI Coding

      • Naive Approach Fails: "The most naive way to use a coding agent, which is to shout back and forth with it until you run out of context or you give up or you cry" - [04:48]
      • Complex Systems Challenge: "Doesn't work in big repos, doesn't work for complex systems" - [02:44]
      • Rework Problem: "AI engineering and software leads to a lot of rework. So even if you get benefits, you're actually throwing half of it away" - [01:45]

      Context Engineering Solutions

      • Intentional Compaction Strategy: "Even if we're on the right track, if we're starting to run out of context, be very intentional with what you commit to the file system and the agents memory" - [05:45]
      • Sub-Agent Context Control: "The parent agent can get right to work without having to have the context burden of all of that reading and searching" - [07:27]
      • Frequent Compaction Workflow: "Building your entire development workflow around context management" - [08:48]

      Three-Phase Implementation

      • Research Phase: "Understand how the system works and all the files that matter and perhaps like where a problem is located" - [11:00]
      • Planning Phase: "Tell me every single change you're going to make. not line by line, but like include the files and the snippets" - [11:12]
      • Implementation Phase: "If the plan is good, I'm never shouting at cloud cloud anymore. And if I'm shouting at cloud, it's because the plan was bad" - [11:59]

      Actionable Takeaways

      1. Implement Spec-First Development: Start with detailed specifications before any code generation
      2. Maintain 40% Context Utilization: Keep context windows under 40% capacity for optimal performance
      3. Use Three-Phase Workflow: Structure all development as Research → Plan → Implement
      4. Review Plans, Not Code: Focus human review on specifications and plans rather than generated code
      5. Implement Intentional Compaction: Regularly compress context with structured progress files

      Technical Details

      • Tools/Technologies: Human Layer, BAML, Sub-agents, MCP tools, Context compaction systems
      • Requirements: ~170,000 token context windows, structured prompt engineering, team workflow transformation
      • Implementation Notes: Open-source prompts available, requires significant team process changes

      Case Study Results

      • BAML Rust Codebase: "We decided to see if we could oneshot a fix to a 300,000 line RS codebase... The PR was so good the CTO did not know I was doing it as a bit and he had merged it" - [11:12]
      • Boundary CEO Session: "For 7 hours we sat down and we shipped 35,000 lines of code... he estimated that was 1 to two weeks of work roughly" - [12:44]
      • Team Productivity: "Our intern Sam... shipped two PRs on his first day. on his eighth day, he shipped like 10 in a day" - [13:30]

      References & Follow-up

      • Related Topics: Prompt engineering, AI workflow optimization, team transformation strategies
      • Source Links: YouTube video, open-source prompts (referenced but not linked in talk)
      • Quote Locations: Timestamps provided throughout for key concepts and claims
      • Context Engineering is Paramount: The central thesis is that the quality of an AI agent's output is entirely dependent on the quality of the input context. Improving agents is a matter of improving the context you provide them. > "The only thing that improves the quality of your outputs is the quality of what you put in, which is your context window."

      • Critique of Naive Agent Usage: The speaker criticizes the common practice of iteratively prompting an agent without a structured plan. He likens this to writing code, compiling it, and then throwing away the source code, as the valuable "spec" (the prompts and conversation) is lost. > "the idea of sitting and talking to an agent for two hours and figuring out and exactly specifying what you want to do and then throwing away all the prompts and committing the code is basically equivalent to... you checked in the compiled asset and you threw away the code."

      • The "Spec-First" Workflow: To manage the complexity of large, AI-generated pull requests, the speaker's team adopted a "spec-first" development process. This shifts the focus from reviewing code to reviewing detailed plans and research documents. > "we were forced to adopt spec first development because it was the only way for everyone to stay on the same page."

      • Three-Phase Context Management: The core of their process involves three distinct phases, each designed to create high-quality context for the next:

        1. Research: The agent first explores the codebase to understand the system, identifying relevant files and logic. The output is a research document.
        2. Plan: Based on the research, a detailed implementation plan is created, specifying all intended changes, files to be modified, and testing strategies.
        3. Implement: The agent executes the plan, with the context window kept clean and focused (under 40% utilization) by progressively marking parts of the plan as complete.

          "we have three phases research, plan and implement."

      • The Hierarchy of Leverage: The talk emphasizes that errors in the early stages have a cascading effect. A mistake in the research phase can lead to thousands of lines of incorrect code, making the research and planning documents the most critical artifacts to review. > "a bad line of code is a bad line of code. And a bad part of a plan can be hundreds of bad lines of code. And a bad line of research... can be thousands of bad lines of code."

      • Redefining Code Review: Code review's most important function is maintaining mental alignment within a team. Reviewing concise, well-structured plans is more effective for this than trying to parse thousands of lines of AI-generated code. > "code review is about a lot of things, but the most important part is mental alignment."

      • Proven Results: This methodology has allowed the team to solve complex problems and ship massive amounts of code at an accelerated pace, including successfully fixing a bug in a 300,000-line Rust codebase in a single attempt. > "we did get it merged. The PR was so good the CTO did not know I was doing it as a bit and he had merged it by the time we were recording the episode."

      • Future Outlook: The speaker predicts that the technology of coding agents will become a commodity. The true differentiator for teams will be their ability to adapt their workflows and communication to effectively harness these tools.

        "I kind of maybe think coding agents are going to get a little bit commoditized, but the team and the workflow transformation will be the hard part."

    1. Factor analysis

      Factor analysis is a statistical method used to discover hidden “factors” (or dimensions) that explain patterns in a large set of observed variables. Instead of looking at dozens of test questions or survey items separately, factor analysis groups together items that measure the same underlying construct (like memory, anxiety, or motivation).

    1. When doing more complex work, Codex now tracks progress with a to-do list, and includes tools like web search and MCP for connecting to external systems

      Codex also now automatically sets up its own environment by scanning for common setup scripts and executing them, and with configurable internet access can run commands like pip install to fetch dependencies as needed at runtime.

    2. we unified Codex into a single product experience connected by your ChatGPT account, enabling you to move work seamlessly between your local environment and the cloud without losing context.

      The Codex IDE extension also lets you move work smoothly between the cloud and your local environment. You can create new cloud tasks, track in‑progress work, and review completed tasks without leaving your editor. To make finishing touches, you can open cloud tasks in your IDE, and Codex maintains context.

    1. Wir sind jetzt in einer Phase, in der wir damit spielen, welche Strukturen wir aufgeben und welche nicht. Weil der Rahmen aber nicht festgelegt ist, führt das dazu, dass wir uns ungebunden fühlen und nicht mehr wissen, wer und was wir sind. Was wir brauchen ist eine freie Gesellschaft, die es erlaubt, man selbst zu sein, die aber zugleich strukturiert genug ist, dass die individuelle Freiheit auf eine Art und Weise besteht, die für einen selbst und für andere sinnvoll ist.
    2. Grundsätzlich sind wir alle Akteure, weil wir alle die Möglichkeit haben, auf das System Einfluss zu nehmen. Aufgrund der beschriebenen Komplexität können schon kleine Veränderungen einen großen Unterschied machen. Wenn wir uns selbst und uns gegenseitig dazu befähigen, andere Praktiken zu etablieren, kann das bereits zu einem positiven sozialen Wandel führen.
    3. Dann gibt es dynamische Systeme wie den menschlichen Körper oder ein Ökosystem. Hier stehen die Teile in einem komplexen Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zueinander. Eine Handlung des einen Körpers verändert den anderen, was wiederum Auswirkungen auf andere Körper hat und somit auf die gesamte Struktur. Das System vollzieht einen ständigen Wandel und ist deswegen nur schwer vorhersehbar.
    4. Sozialer Wandel muss auf einer mittleren Ebene stattfinden, wo man sich mit anderen Menschen abstimmt und gemeinsam darüber nachdenkt, wie man konkrete Praktiken anders machen kann. Man fängt an, das eigene Verhalten zu ändern und bringt dann in einem Kollektiv oder einer Bewegung andere Menschen dazu, ihr Verhalten zu hinterfragen.
  2. bafybeiglftusdamxigxns6ysy5izuhnauvpx25k7ibilpmbwfqbijteuym.ipfs.localhost:8080 bafybeiglftusdamxigxns6ysy5izuhnauvpx25k7ibilpmbwfqbijteuym.ipfs.localhost:8080
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    1. Document d'Information : Synthèse sur le TDAH et l'Anxiété

      Résumé Analytique

      • Ce document synthétise les liens complexes entre le trouble du déficit de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) et l'anxiété, en se basant sur l'idée que de nombreux symptômes anxieux peuvent être mieux expliqués par des déficits sous-jacents de la fonction exécutive liés au TDAH. Jusqu'à 50 % des personnes atteintes de TDAH souffrent également d'un trouble anxieux, et le chevauchement des symptômes, tels que les pensées rapides, les troubles du sommeil et les problèmes de concentration, rend le diagnostic complexe.
      • La distinction fondamentale réside dans la cause première des symptômes.

      L'anxiété est généralement enracinée dans une réponse de peur exacerbée et des comportements d'évitement habituels, souvent liés à une suractivité de l'amygdale.

      En revanche, lorsque les symptômes de type anxieux proviennent du TDAH, ils découlent principalement d'un déficit prédisposé de la fonction exécutive — la capacité du cerveau à planifier, organiser, réguler les émotions et contrôler les impulsions. Ce déficit est souvent lié à des différences dans le cortex préfrontal. * Un concept neurologique clé, la "dispersion du profil cognitif", illustre cette différence. Les personnes atteintes de TDAH présentent souvent des écarts importants entre leurs différentes capacités cognitives, comme une vitesse de traitement très élevée associée à une mémoire de travail faible.

      Cette disparité, décrite comme un "moteur de voiture de course avec des freins de vélo", crée des difficultés de régulation émotionnelle qui alimentent l'anxiété. * Par conséquent, une approche efficace pour traiter l'anxiété chez les personnes atteintes de TDAH consiste à soutenir et à renforcer la fonction exécutive. Cela implique des stratégies pratiques visant à "ralentir la voiture de course" (améliorer l'inhibition), "renforcer les freins" (soutenir la mémoire de travail) et "obtenir une équipe de soutien" (utiliser des ressources externes), offrant ainsi une voie pour gérer l'anxiété en s'attaquant à sa racine neurodéveloppementale.


      1. Le Chevauchement Symptomatique entre TDAH et Anxiété

      • La relation entre le TDAH et l'anxiété peut être illustrée par la métaphore d'un arbre qui semble unique mais possède en réalité deux systèmes racinaires distincts. Bien que les "feuilles" — les symptômes visibles — soient identiques (inquiétude, surmenage, troubles du sommeil), les "racines" — les causes sous-jacentes — diffèrent. Une racine représente l'anxiété découlant d'une réponse de peur, tandis que l'autre représente des symptômes de type anxieux alimentés par un déficit de la fonction exécutive lié au TDAH.

      De nombreux symptômes sont communs aux deux conditions, mais leur origine et leur mécanisme diffèrent.

      • Symptôme
      • Origine dans l'Anxiété
      • Origine dans le TDAH
      • Inquiétude
      • Une habitude inadaptée visant à prévenir les événements négatifs, renforçant un cycle où l'anxiété mène à l'inquiétude, qui prévient (par coïncidence) le résultat redouté, ce qui renforce l'anxiété.
      • Le cerveau active son "réseau du mode par défaut" en l'absence de stimulation, se tournant vers l'inquiétude. L'hyperfocalisation rend difficile le désengagement des pensées anxiogènes.

      Hyperactivité * Une manifestation de la réponse combat-fuite-figer (fight/flight/freeze). Le corps est inondé d'hormones de stress, le préparant à fuir un danger perçu (par exemple, des e-mails). * Décrite comme être "propulsé par un moteur", résultant d'un surplus d'énergie physique combiné à une faible inhibition.

      Difficulté de Concentration

      • Le cerveau est constamment en état d'alerte, balayant l'environnement à la recherche de dangers. Il est difficile de se concentrer sur des tâches (par exemple, les devoirs) lorsqu'on se sent menacé.
      • Une difficulté inhérente à maintenir l'attention sur des tâches qui ne fournissent pas le niveau de stimulation adéquat pour le cerveau TDAH.

      Troubles du Sommeil

      • Les pensées anxieuses et l'inquiétude préventive maintiennent le système nerveux sympathique actif (état d'alerte élevé), empêchant le corps et l'esprit de se détendre.
      • Le cerveau a des difficultés avec le contrôle des impulsions et la régulation comportementale. Il déteste l'ennui et génère donc un flot d'idées aléatoires au moment de s'endormir pour se stimuler.

      2. La Différence Fondamentale : La Fonction Exécutive

      • La distinction la plus cruciale entre l'anxiété et les symptômes de type anxieux liés au TDAH réside dans le rôle de la fonction exécutive. Il s'agit de la capacité du cerveau à gérer les pensées, les émotions et les actions pour atteindre un objectif, englobant des compétences comme la planification, la concentration, la mémorisation et la régulation des impulses.
      • • Racine du TDAH : Déficit de la Fonction Exécutive
      • ◦ Le TDAH est caractérisé par un déficit prédisposé de la fonction exécutive, localisée principalement dans le cortex préfrontal.
      • ◦ Ce déficit rend difficile le traitement des émotions. Par exemple, face à une grande quantité de devoirs, une faible fonction exécutive entrave la priorisation des tâches, diminue la motivation et rend difficile l'initiation du travail. Ce cycle peut mener au stress, au manque de sommeil, à l'anxiété concernant les notes et à un sentiment de surmenage.
      • • Racine de l'Anxiété : Réponse de Peur et Évitement
      • ◦ Les troubles anxieux sont souvent associés à une amygdale ou un axe HPA (hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien) suractif, créant une réponse de peur accrue face à un danger perçu.
      • ◦ Lorsque le cerveau est en mode survie, il détourne l'énergie du cortex préfrontal (la pensée rationnelle) vers des réponses réactives. Cela mène à des comportements d'évitement (par exemple, éviter les devoirs par peur de l'échec ou, à l'inverse, viser la perfection pour éviter l'échec), qui alimentent et renforcent le cycle de l'anxiété.
      • Ce lien crée un cercle vicieux : la faible fonction exécutive (TDAH) alimente la dérégulation émotionnelle et l'anxiété. En retour, l'état émotionnel intense de l'anxiété inhibe davantage la fonction exécutive, rendant la pensée claire encore plus difficile.

      3. Les Bases Neurologiques : La "Dispersion du Profil Cognitif"

      • La "dispersion du profil cognitif" est un phénomène fréquemment observé chez les personnes atteintes de TDAH qui explique la déconnexion entre l'intelligence apparente et les difficultés fonctionnelles.
      • Un score de QI est une moyenne de plusieurs sous-tests mesurant différentes compétences (par exemple, raisonnement verbal, mémoire de travail, vitesse de traitement). Chez une personne neurotypique, ces scores sont généralement groupés. Chez une personne atteinte de TDAH, il peut y avoir un écart significatif entre les scores.
      • • L'Analogie de la Voiture de Course : Le Dr Russell Barkley décrit un schéma courant dans le TDAH comme ayant "un moteur de voiture de course avec des freins de vélo".
      • ◦ Moteur de voiture de course : Vitesse de traitement élevée. Le cerveau génère des idées et des émotions à un rythme extrêmement rapide.
      • ◦ Freins de vélo : Faible mémoire de travail. La mémoire de travail est la capacité de retenir et de manipuler plusieurs informations simultanément. Elle est essentielle pour la régulation émotionnelle, car elle permet de comparer l'expérience actuelle à des souvenirs passés ("J'ai déjà traversé cela, ça va aller") et de se calmer.
      • Lorsque la vitesse de traitement dépasse de loin la capacité de la mémoire de travail, le cerveau est inondé d'émotions et de pensées catastrophiques sans avoir les outils internes pour ralentir, organiser ou apaiser ces sentiments. Cela peut entraîner des explosions émotionnelles impulsives, un sentiment de surmenage et une anxiété chronique.
      • Cette disparité conduit souvent à des malentendus. Un enfant ou un adulte peut paraître "très intelligent" en raison de sa fluidité verbale (vitesse de traitement élevée), mais avoir du mal à initier des tâches ou à se réguler (faible mémoire de travail). Ils sont alors perçus à tort comme "non motivés" ou "paresseux", ce qui peut entraîner des punitions, une faible estime de soi et une peur de l'échec.

      4. Stratégies Pratiques : Aborder l'Anxiété via la Fonction Exécutive

      Si l'anxiété est alimentée par un déficit de la fonction exécutive, la solution consiste à construire des systèmes de soutien ("échafaudages") pour ces fonctions. L'objectif n'est pas d'appliquer plus de "discipline", mais de fournir des outils adaptés.

      Stratégie 1 : Ralentir la Voiture de Course (Améliorer l'Inhibition)

      • • Exercice physique : Soutient directement la fonction exécutive et l'inhibition.
      • • Méditation : Considérée comme une compétence d'entraînement pour le cerveau afin de ralentir et d'améliorer l'attention, plutôt qu'une simple technique de relaxation.
      • • Médicaments : Les stimulants pour le TDAH activent les parties du cerveau responsables de la fonction exécutive, aidant à ralentir les processus de pensée.
      • • Écriture : Journaliser ou simplement écrire ses sentiments est un moyen efficace de ralentir le cerveau, de clarifier le chaos mental et d'activer les parties organisatrices du cerveau.
      • ◦ Exemple : Le témoignage de Sean, coach en fonction exécutive, qui gère le surmenage en écrivant chaque jour : "Si je ne faisais qu'une seule chose aujourd'hui, quelle serait-elle ?" Cette approche minimise la pression et définit un critère de réussite unique et réalisable.
      • • Faire une Pause : Pour contrer l'impulsivité, il est utile de s'entraîner à faire une pause avant de réagir.
      • ◦ Exemple : Mettre en place une "règle de 48 heures" avant de prendre des décisions importantes (par exemple, démissionner, faire un achat coûteux).
      • • Faire Moins de Choses : Le surbooking est une cause majeure de désorganisation et d'anxiété. Il est essentiel de planifier activement du temps pour le repos et l'organisation.

      Stratégie 2 : Renforcer les Freins (Soutenir la Mémoire de Travail et l'Organisation)

      • Rappels Visuels : Pour les personnes atteintes de TDAH, "loin des yeux, loin du cœur" est une réalité. Utiliser des post-it, des tableaux blancs et des listes visibles pour les routines, les stratégies d'adaptation et les objectifs.
      • Systèmes et Routines : Les systèmes de planification (calendriers visuels, listes de contrôle) sont souvent plus efficaces que les approches cognitives comme la TCC pour gérer l'anxiété liée au TDAH.
      • Rappels Numériques : Utiliser des alarmes et des rappels sur son téléphone pour les tâches importantes, les pauses ou même les gestes relationnels (par exemple, "faire un câlin à son conjoint").
      • Traitement Physique des Émotions : Au lieu de traiter les émotions uniquement mentalement, utiliser des supports physiques comme dessiner un schéma de ses sentiments, faire un "brain dump" (décharge mentale) ou une carte mentale.

      Stratégie 3 : Obtenir une Équipe de Soutien (Support Externe)

      • Aide Professionnelle : Un thérapeute ou un coach spécialisé en fonction exécutive peut aider à ralentir, à être moins impulsif et à renforcer les stratégies de régulation.
      • "Body Doubling" : Accomplir des tâches difficiles en présence d'une autre personne. La présence d'un ami peut fournir la structure et la motivation nécessaires.
      • Verbaliser ses Pensées : Exprimer ses pensées à voix haute — que ce soit à un ami, dans un mémo vocal ou même à une IA — les empêche de tourner en boucle et les rend plus faciles à analyser.

      En conclusion, lorsque l'anxiété et le TDAH sont liés, soutenir la fonction exécutive en premier lieu permet de mieux résoudre les problèmes et d'apaiser les émotions.

      Cette approche permet de construire les fondations nécessaires pour que la pensée claire et les choix alignés avec ses valeurs deviennent plus accessibles.

    1. open source dependencies as supply chain risk and attack surface, vs how, here Obsidian mitigates against them: - reimplement small functions directly in your own code - fork modules and maintain as own code base - large libraries include version locked files - strongly limit the 3rd party packages that ship in your code to others

      For those lockfiled dependencies have a process for updates (and for onboarding a new one), and don't quickly update what already works. Use time as a buffer: issues with 3rd party stuff will surface over time.

    1. When using flashback, the writer usually concludes by returning to the present and reflecting on the flashback or its resolution

      It is important to provide details that help to better understand the narrative, and in this way, the reader will be caught up in the plot of the story they are reading.

    2. For that reason, literacy narratives can contain specific themes to help focus the story.

      Having concentrated themes can help make a narrative more conhesive.

    3. Now that’s a story. The more specific the details in a memoir or literacy narrative, the more human, appealing, and universal your story becomes.

      In order to proper convey your story's message, you need to add detail.

    4. Your story, whether a literacy narrative or a memoir, needs to be about something larger than yourself

      You are not just telling a story, you are telling an emotion. Without impact, you have lost your connection with your audience.

    5. A literacy narrative recounts a formative experience or experiences with reading and/or writing. As long as the event you write about was a meaningful part of the learning process and enough time has elapsed for substantive reflection,

      Sometimes you will not be able to fully comprehend how an event has shaped you as a human until long after the event has passed and you are able to reflect on it with a clearer mind to it.

    6. Because a literacy narrative is a story, a story needs to have some sort of trouble or something vexing for you as the protagonist.

      Every story has to feature a protagonist and an antagonist.

    7. Additionally, it is important to understand that there are many different types of literacy narratives.

      You will often encounter different types and styles of literacy narratives, and it will become important for you to be able to discern the meaning and tone behind the piece yourself.

    8. The more specific your descriptions and stories become, the more easily the reader can relate and enjoy your stories.

      The ability to show detail and depth in your work will do more to keep reader retention than merely a good hook.

    9. Craft features are the tools a writer uses to tell stories. Some examples of craft features include theme, characterization, setting, mood, imagery, persona, and plot–these help you to shape and craft your story.

      Every part of a craft narrative is an igredient to create something impressive. If anything is out of place or missing, it will reflect in a poorly received end product.

    10. As always, it is important to start with a strong introduction to hook your reader into wanting to read more.

      A creative hook is enough to keep your readers engaged long enough for you to begin your story.

    11. When writing a personal narrative for class, first consider the prompt your teacher assigned you. Then, freewrite about topics that are of general interest to you.

      Understand the parameters of what is expected of you and operate inside those lines.

    12. In other words, you convey the heart of what happened and what it meant, rather than intentionally changing aspects of the story to make it more interesting or to make yourself

      Your honest writing is interesting enough without you having to fabricate things inside of it for dramatic effect.

    13. You want your audience to be moved by your story, which could mean through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so on. The more clearly you tell your story, the more emotionally engaged your audience is likely to be.

      Your writing should be able to engage readers and hold interest to convey your message.

    14. The potential results are unlimited. Creative writing can also be used as an outlet for people to get their thoughts and feelings out and onto paper.

      Your own writing will reflect your goals or ideas in a wholly "unique to you" way.

    15. Creative writing can take place in a variety of forms: poems, short stories, memoirs, novels, and even song lyrics. Literacy narratives can also be classified as creative nonfiction. Narratives whether in the form of a poem, a story, or an essay, often attempt to achieve, or create, an effect in the minds of the readers.

      Creative writing has many different fields which allow you to creatively express your observations and ideas.

    1. When you begin prewriting consider why you are writing (to inform, to explain, or some other purpose) and for whom you are writing. With your narrowed focus in mind, answer the bulleted questions in the checklist for developing a good topic. If you can answer “yes” to all the questions, then you have a good topic. If you answer “no” to any of the questions below, think about another topic or adjust the one you have and try the prewriting strategies again.

      We must always keep our audience in mind, and take their interests into account.

    2. If you think a blank sheet of paper or a blinking cursor on the computer screen is a scary sight, you are not alone

      Many writers like myself suffer from this but with a clear plan you'll not only draft a paper but have clear material and topics to work with.

    1. AI raises concerns about bias, discrimination, andaccessibility because of its untested and unevenimpacts on students and student learning.Data-intensive technologies have a high likelihood ofmaking recommendations, predictions, and analysesthat are biased against historically marginalized peoplebecause the data and infrastructures these technologiesuse is also biased.1

      connects to rolling stone article by O’neil

    2. Promote accountability for inter-nally developed tools or tech company partnerships byrequiring tech companies and vendors to provide proofof insurance covering liabilities related to the tech-nology and to include in contracts indemnity clausesthat transfer the responsibility for harms enacted (forexample, data breaches or racial or socioeconomicdiscrimination) to the tech company or vendor.

      can connect to sdsu's partnership with Open AI, compare/contrast the guidelines set to the guidelines recommended by the article.

    3. distinction between honesty and failure to learn

      point to mention. This would be interesting to research further. Are the discussions on AI more focused on honesty or learning?

    4. It is now more difficult for[students] to develop their thoughts on a topic becausethey don’t have to spend time with it while they workthrough writing about it. . . . I am worried that theywill never again get the chance to change their opinionas they expose themselves to ideas over the long term.

      connect to the idea that writing is thinking presented by Dillard.

    5. Improving Working and Learning ConditionsPreexisting work intensification and devaluation arethe main reasons respondents give for using AI toassist with academic tasks

      relates to the two articles that mention how academic has changed to focus on results, Walsh and Dillard. Also correlates to the argument on giving students work that they want to do/explaining the reason being assignments.

    6. guidance for determining whetherAI is the most appropriate solution for a given prob-lem and for considering whether AI use is responsible,given its potential long-term impact on institutionsand academic communities.

      They give multiple recommendations for actions that can be taken, this one aligns with Mollick’s article “15 Times to Use AI”

    7. “Large language models like ChatGPT produceshallow, unoriginal ‘predictive text-y ideas’ and Iworry that my students and others will increasinglybelieve that that’s okay—that there’s nothing betterthan that to aspire to.

      Further discussion on the reliance/use of AI but by students and the tone of AI writing. Connects to the “flattens your voice” statement that Caplan made.

    8. Follow-up interviews were conducted in spring2025 with thirteen respondents; however, findingsfrom these interviews are excluded from this report

      intentionally highlighted these 2 parts separately.

    9. Participants were AAUP members. Five thousandmembers were selected from the Association’s activemembership list using a random number generatorand invited to participate in the online survey througha series of three email messages that provided a surveylink. Approximately five hundred responses werereceived in two weeks and are reflected in the analysisbelow.
    10. According to the principles set forth in the AAUP’s1966 Statement on Government of Colleges andUniversities, it is “the responsibility primarily of thefaculty to determine the appropriate curriculum andprocedures of student instruction.”8 This responsi-bility includes AI and other ed-tech infrastructure.
    11. Such framing serves to increase the power oftechnology firms and employers, thereby shuttingdown already meager avenues for critique, dissent,negotiation, and refusal.
    12. increasingly use AI to guide decision-making oneverything from fundraising to pedagogy

      Discussions on the reliance on AI, similar to the points that were made by Ettinghausen but this article focuses on how school administrations have used it.

    13. AI is both a marketing term and a usable product.

      Discussion of the ‘unattainable’ promises of AI and the consumerism/capitalism that is connected to it. Kinda like some Big Tech discussions we have had.

    14. While course syllabi are considered public documentsat some colleges and universities, instructional materi-als such as lectures and original audiovisual materialsconstitute faculty intellectual property.12

      connects to arguments about copyright and fair use

    15. Astanding or ad hoc committee of faculty members,staff, and students should be elected by their respec-tive constituencies and charged with monitoring,evaluating, and reviewing ed-tech procurementprocesses and policy.

      This would be good to mention as a recommended solution in the presentation

    16. other campus community members, including staffand students. High levels of concern arose around AIand technology procurement, deployment, and use;dehumanized relations; and poor working and learn-ing conditions

      feel like this opinion is a general shared opinion amongst multiple articles we have read

    1. Triangle sign copy and paste. Copy and Paste All Triangle symbol text ▷ ◁ ▽ △ ⫷ ⫸ ⨻ ⋖ ⋭ ⧎ ⟁ ◮ ≜ ⋬ ⧌ ꔪ ⨻ ⨹ ⨺ ⚠ 👁️⃤ ⏫ ⏬ .

      ⛛ ⨹ ▶ ⨻ 🔺 👁️⃤

  4. ivanov-petrov.livejournal.com ivanov-petrov.livejournal.com
    1. The army of Ramesses III managed to turn them away; their attacks were most effective in the Levant where Canaanite cities like Ugarit and Hazor were destroyed, in Cyprus, and in Anatolia where the Hittite Empire collapsed about 3,200 years ago.

      It’s impressive that the Ramesses lll’s army was able to stop the attackers.

    2. A diplomatic marriage between Ramesses and a Hittite princess sealed the treaty and strengthened ties between the former rivals.

      I think its interesting that Ramesses married a Hittite princess to make peace.

    3. It is harder and holds a sharper edge than copper alone, which makes bronze useful for both practical tools such as knives, axes, plows, and sickles;

      I believe it’s cool that bronze is harder and sharper than copper. It makes it really useful for tools like knives, axes, and plows.

    4. Possibly the oldest is called "The Instructions of Shuruppak". Written in Sumerian about 4,600 years ago, it is structured as the advice of a father named Shuruppak, a mythical sage and ruler, to his son Ziusudra (hero of the Sumerian flood myth).

      It is surprising that people wrote advice for their kids 4,600 years ago. It shows even back in the day they wanted to teach their children how to live.

    5. he earliest Egyptian texts were carved on the interior walls of pyramids and consist of spells, hymns, and rituals designed to protect deceased rulers on their journey into the afterlife.

      This was interesting to me because it is a common type of hieroglyphic you see and to know what the basic of the text is, is cool to know.

    6. Chinese writing is typically described as beginning with Oracle Bones that included short inscriptions used for divinatory purposes, beginning about 3,600 years ago

      this was interesting to me for a couple different reasons the first being i needed to look up the word divinatory which i figured out is essentially predicting the future and the other reason is for how long the chines lead in history that it would only be since 3600 years ago was surprising to me.

    1. Language programs that include cultural teachings andcultural involvement may be more successful in language revitalization

      Programs for revitalization: Suggests language programs should integrate cultural teachings and practices.

      Role of elders: Elders are critical for transmission as they are most fluent; urgency for revitalization efforts.

    2. future research should investigate how language knowledge oracquisition may lead to improved health

      Future research suggestions: investigate how language acquisition may lead to improved health.

    3. it would be beneficialto first seek qualitative knowledge that deciphers the role language plays in healthybehaviors.

      Need for qualitative research: Before heavy reliance on quantitative data, qualitative methods should clarify language’s role in health behaviors.

    4. we do not know if language usefacilitates participation in the cultural and spiritual activities, or if these activities encouragethe development of the language

      Unclear causality: Unsure if language use promotes cultural involvement or vice versa → likely both.

    5. strong connection betweenculture and language proficiency

      Strong language-culture link: Language proficiency tied closely to cultural participation, both key for health and wellness.

    6. broad range of questions todig into spirituality and culture.

      Strengths: ・Range of questions: Survey covered diverse aspects of culture and spirituality, both general and locally relevant. ・Participant flexibility: Open-ended items allowed respondents to interpret and share their own cultural meanings.

    7. heinterviewer, even if trained in oral interview methods, must be consistent to make the testreliable across all subjects.

      Reliability challenges in interviews: Interviewers must be consistent and fluent in the Indigenous language to ensure reliable results.

    8. deficits in the way we, as researchers, perceive and measure health.

      Researcher limitations: Risk that researchers underestimate Indigenous concepts of language, culture, and health.

    9. Survey questionnaires cannot capture the many contexts in which language is used

      Survey constraints: Questionnaires cannot capture full complexity/context of Indigenous language use (home, academic, spiritual).

    10. Self-report questions were used to measure language, and more thorough or extensivemeasures would help improve our understanding of language and its relationship to cultureand health

      Self-report bias: Language measured through self-reports, which are less reliable; more robust measures (oral interviews) would be better.

    11. limited to adults living with diabetes sampled fromclinic records.

      Limited generalizability: Findings only apply to adults with diabetes who sought services at tribal clinics → sample may not represent the wider population.

    12. Both spiritual and cultural activities have important implications for health and healing

      Health implications: cultural/spiritual participation associated with lower alcohol abuse, stronger resilience, and improved mental health.

    13. Both spiritual and cultural activities have important implications for health and healing

      Health implications: cultural/spiritual participation associated with lower alcohol abuse, stronger resilience, and improved mental health.

    14. participating in spiritual activities andconsidering spiritual values important were both associated with greater languageproficiency.

      Cultural and spiritual activities both reinforce and depend on language → cyclical relationship.

    15. Being a fluent speaker was associated with being aged sixty-five years or more.

      Elders remain main fluent speakers → intergenerational transmission endangered.

    16. individuals currently living on the reservation spoke and understood thelanguage more than those who lived outside the reservation.

      Understanding develops earlier than speaking → explains why childhood reservation living boosts comprehension more than fluency.

    17. highlight and further delineate the strong connection between Indigenous language andcultural values and participation, and they provide the basis for future investigationsconsidering the relationship between language, cultural involvement, and health.

      Language proficiency linked to cultural involvement: living by Ojibwe ways, participating in activities, valuing spirituality.

    18. Results

      1.Mean age: 56.5; ~44% below poverty line; majority female and college-educated.

      2.Language proficiency: ・35% easily understood Ojibwe, ・6% fluent speakers, ・Higher proficiency among elders (65+) and those living on reservations.

      3.Strong correlation: higher language proficiency = more cultural/spiritual participation & valuing traditional spiritual beliefs.

    19. Culture

      Culture: ・Traditional activities (17-item index; Cronbach’s α = .811). ・Spiritual activities (9-item index; Cronbach’s α = .791). ・Family cultural practices & spiritual values.

    20. Potential participants

      218 Ojibwe adults recruited from tribal health clinics (75% participation rate).

      Eligibility: 18+, American Indian identity, type 2 diabetes diagnosis.

      Compensation: $30 + local wild rice.

    21. The data

      Community-based participatory research with two Ojibwe communities (Lac Courte Oreilles & Bois Forte).

      Approved by tribal and university boards; involved Community Research Councils.

      Focused on Ojibwe adults with type 2 diabetes.

    22. this study intends to more clearly delineate therelationship between language, demographic variables, and other cultural variables in astudy of Ojibwe adults

      This study aims to clarify distinct roles of language, demographics, and culture in health.

    23. Participants of one qualitative study describeIndigenous language as a critical and inseparable aspect of culture without which Indigenouspeople would be incapable of surviving

      One study (Oster et al. 2014) found language inseparable from culture, foundational to survival.

    24. it is difficult from these studies to predict the relationshipbetween language and health outcomes

      Researchers link cultural identity/activities to improved mental health, but definitions vary.

      Some scales incorporate language; others ignore it → inconsistent predictions about language-health connections.

    25. Few researchers focus on Indigenous language as a separate concept from culture withunique qualities that may not only affect health outcomes but may also enhance the effectsof other cultural variables (identity, traditional activities, beliefs, etc.) on health

      Few studies separate language from culture, though language may uniquely shape health.

    26. there arenumerous contextual factors to consider when interpreting results.

      Key issue: negative results often tied to geographic isolation, poverty, and systemic discrimination, not language itself.

    27. Researchers have looked increasingly to culture to improve health behaviors, compilingmore evidence that culture may prevent and treat health outcomes such as depression andsubstance abuse

      Research links culture to health; language rarely studied as separate factor. Positive findings: ・Youth who speak Indigenous language less likely to abuse substances. ・Greater language knowledge correlates with lower youth suicide rates. ・Stronger language knowledge linked to lower type 2 diabetes prevalence.

      Negative findings: ・Some studies link Indigenous language use to sadness, poor community well-being, and reduced healthcare access.

    28. Researchers have looked increasingly to culture to improve health behaviors, compilingmore evidence that culture may prevent and treat health outcomes such as depression andsubstance abuse

      Research links culture to health; language rarely studied as separate factor. Positive findings: ・Youth who speak Indigenous language less likely to abuse substances. ・Greater language knowledge correlates with lower youth suicide rates. ・Stronger language knowledge linked to lower type 2 diabetes prevalence.

      Negative findings: ・Some studies link Indigenous language use to sadness, poor community well-being, and reduced healthcare access.

    29. language preservation is critical to communication betweengenerations, communication with the spirit world, and the transmission of teachings(concepts, symbolism, oral stories) within cultural, spiritual, and religious practices

      Language supports ceremonies, oral traditions, and spiritual practices. Loss of language = loss of cultural values, weakening identity and health.

    30. Language transmits ideas, beliefs, and knowledge, thereby enhancing social support,interpersonal relationships, and shared identity (Chandler and Lalonde 1998).

      Language sustains community, identity, and intergenerational knowledge transfer. Speaking and understanding one's language goes beyond communication: holds epistemologies, belief systems, and cultural worldviews.

    31. Language revitalization efforts are receiving growingattention within Ojibwe communities,

      Ojibwe revitalization = immersion schools, adult language nests, policy initiatives naming Ojibwe official.

      Urgency driven by aging elders as primary first-language speakers.

    32. Indigenous people across the globe are revitalizing their native languages.

      Global movements: Maori (NZ), Hawaiians, and U.S. tribes serve as revitalization models.

    33. Although the Ojibwe language is considered severely endangered, as are many Indigenouslanguages (Moseley 2010), it is also considered capable of revitalization based on thenumber of first- and second-language speakers (Norris and MacCon 2003).

      Language (Ojibwe) considered endangered but still viable with >8,000 speakers, many off-reservation.

    34. Health-based researchers have studied and arestudying the connection between culture and improved health (Rowan et al. 2014), yet wehave not fully explored how language fits into the broader umbrella of cultural values andactivities

      Despite diversity, many share cultural value systems tied to health and community well-being.

      Language fits within broader cultural values but is understudied in relation to health outcomes.

    35. Ojibwe people call themselves “Anishinaabe,” which has been given various meanings byhistorians and linguists

      The Ojibwe call themselves “Anishinaabe,” a unifying term with multiple meanings. It serves as both a cultural marker and a symbol of resilience in language and cultural revitalization.

    1. History has been very evident in this reading, but I think it is somewhat repeating itself with the anti-immigration government we have right now, trying to keep America pristine for white people. Although we are getting better at recognizing the cultural significance of Native Americans, there is still room for improvement, especially with immigrants. At the same time, I think it is important to keep people who are not welcoming of other cultures in mind to remind us of what can happen if we ignore history.

    2. Grant andthe Boone and Crockett Club advocated for game lawsthat dictated how many animals could be taken, when, andwhere.

      It seems like what these men really wanted was control based off their hunting regulations (not that hunting regulations are bad, but maybe they were creating them for the wrong reasons) and their background in eugenics.

    3. Other individuals prominent in the broader history ofscience and conservation—such as Gifford Pinchot,Henry Fairfield Osborn, and David Starr Jordan—alsosupported eugenics

      Although these and the aforementioned men had hateful and supremacist ideals, I am still grateful for their work in protecting what are now National Parks, which can be enjoyed by all.

    4. Susan Schrepfer’s The Fight to Savethe Redwoods

      I'd really like to read this. I went to see Redwood on Broadway last winter, and it really got me interested in the majesty of Redwoods and the urgency of protecting them.

    5. some of the key peoplebehind the creation of some of the most popular USnational parks—not only Acadia, but also Denali, Glacier,Everglades, Redwood, and Yosemite—also discriminatedagainst anyone they deemed “unfit” and inferior, anda few (but not all) of the same were leaders in anti-immigration and forced sterilization eugenics

      This is concerning because I have very strong beliefs that National Parks and nature in general is for everyone to enjoy. Cutting off anyone's access to public land is cruel.

    1. What I’m asking, in the case of an advertisement, say, is: “Whatis the degree to which, in some way, you can project yourself into the image sothat you can place yourself within the field of what is being represented to you?”

      That's a very good question, and I think you have to project yourself heavily to ensure it gets the right representative.

    2. As far as meaning isconcerned, you need discourse, i.e., the frameworks of understanding andinterpretation to make meaningful sense of it.

      I very much agree with this because trying to understand something without any framework would make it very difficult for the person to understand it. One example could be trying to explain a TV show quote to someone who has never seen the show or the framework behind it.

    3. In a way, what we are saying now is thatrepresentation doesn’t really capture the process at all, because there wasnothing absolutely fixed there in the first place to represent. Of course, therewas something: people are meeting, they’re talking, they’re arguing with oneanother, they’re going to make decisions, consequences will follow, so...notthat nothing is happening in the world, but what is dubious is what is the truemeaning of it, and the true meaning of it will depend on what meaning peoplemake of it; and the meanings that they make of it depends on how it isrepresented.

      This was very true back in the day, but nowadays, many different cultures/people are well represented, which is a testament to how we, as a society, have progressed for the better.

    4. there is no escape from the fact that meaning is, in theend, interpretation. It always shifts from one historical setting to another

      And sadly history is not always written with the correct interpretation of facts. History is not ways honest and really does shift form one setting to another.

    5. So Somehow this person who isn’t what one thinks ofnormally as the majority cultural identity and ethnic identity – racial identity of themajority of British people – because the majority of British people, though theword “British” doesn’t carry with it any specific reference at all to questions ofrace or color, one assumes that the British Olympic team might be full of whiteBritish people

      This is spot on what is meant by lack of representation.These things shouldn't even be questioned because of course there are black people in Britain.

    6. I choose visual representation because it’s a kind of cliché to say that in themodern world our culture is saturated by the image in a variety of differentforms.

      This is very true in today's world as well. What he means is the world sees an image and thinks of what it could be. This happens a lot in movies and TV shows.

    7. digitallanguages, languages communicated by musical instrument, languagescommunicated by facial gesture, languages communicated by facialexpression, the use of the body to communicate meaning, the use of clothes toexpress meaning

      I feel like as time has gone on many of these styles of communications have become our main types of communication. People can express so much with the style of clothing they wear, how they speak not just the language but our use of the language and our use of music choice and online activites.

    8. Hall shows that an imagecan have many different meanings and that there is no guarantee that imageswill work in the way we think they will when we create them

      Hall is very right. Images can be many things that might work, and we see that in the real world, which might not work in a TV show, and vice versa.

    9. It’s true, of course, that we all don’tmake sense of things in the same way and therefore that each of us has a littlekind of conceptual world of our own, or rather we have our own sort of take onthe conceptual world.

      I believe this is very true for today's media. You can have two different news outlets covering the exact same event and they will portray the event in two completely different views and focus on two different parts of the event, leaving the viewer of each news station with completely different views of the world or whatnot due to the representation.

    10. when we are immersed in something, surrounded by it the waywe are by images from the media, we may come to accept them as just part ofthe real and natural world

      I feel like this is very true for some of the older generations who spent the majority of their childhoods and youth absorbing racist or sexist views that were portrayed to them on the television screen. These were the images that were given to them repeatedly for many years and they didn't ever give it second thought, really. They accepted the visuals they were given.

    1. Art. 469-A

      Dispositivo criado para assegurar ao empregado público o direito à transferência horizontal, para o mesmo quadro de pessoal, para filial localizada na mesma localidade para a qual o convivente/cônjuge servidor/militar foi transferido no interesse da administração pública.

      A transferência se faz mediante solicitação do empregado público e às suas custas (não-incidência do art. 470). Esse direito do empregado público não está vinculado à discricionariedade do órgão público.

      Com isso, não haverá o direito à transferência acaso cônjuge/convivente servidor peça a transferência. Será incabível se a localidade pretendida pelo empregado público não obtiver filial do órgão em que trabalha.

    2. penhora dos bens

      Tema Repetitivo nº 135/TST - Na vigência do Código de Processo Civil de 2015, é válida a penhora dos rendimentos (CPC, art. 833, inciso IV) para satisfação de crédito trabalhista, desde que observado o limite máximo de <u>50%</u> dos rendimentos líquidos e garantido o recebimento de, pelo menos, <u>um salário mínimo legal pelo devedor</u>.

      Obs.: Precedente vinculante estabeleceu 2 tetos para a penhora em dinheiro: 1) 50% dos rendimentos líquidos; 2) Garantia de manutenção de, ao menos, 1 salário-mínimo do devedor.

    3. revelia,

      Súmula nº 74/TST CONFISSÃO (atualizada em decorrência do CPC de 2015) - Res. 208/2016, DEJT divulgado em 22, 25 e 26.04.2016 - I - Aplica-se a confissão à parte que, expressamente intimada com aquela cominação, não comparecer à audiência em prosseguimento, na qual deveria depor. (ex-Súmula nº 74 - RA 69/1978, DJ 26.09.1978) - II - A prova pré-constituída nos autos pode ser levada em conta para confronto com a confissão ficta (arts. 442 e 443, do CPC de 2015 - art. 400, I, do CPC de 1973), não implicando cerceamento de defesa o indeferimento de provas posteriores. (ex-OJ nº 184 da SBDI-I - inserida em 08.11.2000) - III- A vedação à produção de prova posterior pela parte confessa somente a ela se aplica, não afetando o exercício, pelo magistrado, do poder/dever de conduzir o processo.


      Súmula nº 122/TST REVELIA. ATESTADO MÉDICO - A reclamada, ausente à audiência em que deveria apresentar defesa, é revel, <u>ainda que presente seu advogado munido de procuração</u>, podendo ser ilidida a revelia mediante a apresentação de atestado médico, que deverá declarar, expressamente, a impossibilidade de locomoção do empregador ou do seu preposto no dia da audiência.

      Obs.: Vide que houve superação parcial dessa súmula, visto que a Reforma Trabalhista inseriu o § 5º no art. 844 para descaracterizar a revelia, mesmo que ausente o Reclamado, mas presente à audiência o seu procurador.


      Súmula nº 398/TST - AÇÃO RESCISÓRIA. AUSÊNCIA DE DEFESA. INAPLICÁVEIS OS EFEITOS DA REVELIA - Na ação rescisória, o que se ataca é a decisão, ato oficial do Estado, acobertado pelo manto da coisa julgada. Assim, e considerando que a coisa julgada envolve questão de ordem pública, a revelia não produz confissão na ação rescisória.


      Tema Repetitivo nº 135/TST

      • O indeferimento da prova testemunhal fundamentado na presunção de veracidade decorrente de confissão ficta por desconhecimento dos fatos controvertidos pela parte ou seu preposto, em depoimento pessoal, não configura cerceamento de defesa.

      Precedentes: - A jurisprudência do TST consagrou-se no sentido de que o desconhecimento do preposto dos fatos relativo à controvérsia <u>enseja a aplicação da confissão ficta</u> , não caracterizando cerceamento de defesa o indeferimento de oitiva de testemunha." (AgR-RR-86100-22.2007.5.01.0078, 1ª Turma, Relator Ministro Hugo Carlos Scheuermann, DEJT 15/08/2016).

      • Com efeito, a jurisprudência desta Corte Superior, se consolidou no sentido de que o desconhecimento dos fatos pelo preposto da reclamada implica a presunção relativa de veracidade das alegações aduzidas na inicial. O Tribunal Superior do Trabalho também firmou o seu entendimento no sentido de que o indeferimento da produção de prova testemunhal, ocasionado pela aplicação da confissão ficta, não gera cerceamento do direito de defesa, tendo em vista que o art. 443, I, do CPC possibilita que o magistrado indefira a oitiva da testemunha sobre fatos provados ou confessados pela parte. Nesse contexto, uma vez comprovados os fatos articulados na exordial, em razão da aplicação da confissão ficta, não há que se falar em cerceamento do direito de defesa, na medida em que a decretação da confissão ficta produz o encerramento da produção de prova, nos termos do artigo 374, II, do CPC. (Ag-AIRR-1001230-16.2022.5.02.0614, 2ª Turma, Relatora Ministra Liana Chaib, DEJT 24/05/2024).
    4. compromisso

      Súmula nº 357/TST - TESTEMUNHA. AÇÃO CONTRA A MESMA RECLAMADA. SUSPEIÇÃO - Não torna suspeita a testemunha o simples fato de estar litigando ou de ter litigado contra o mesmo empregador.


      Tema Repetitivo nº 72/TST - A existência de ação contra o mesmo empregador, ainda que possua idêntica pretensão, não torna suspeita a testemunha, salvo quando o julgador se convencer da sua parcialidade mediante o exame da prova constante dos autos.


      Precedentes:

      • Nos termos da Súmula n.º 357 deste Tribunal Superior, o simples fato de estar litigando ou de ter litigado contra o mesmo empregador, não torna suspeita a testemunha, <u>ainda que</u> tenham os mesmos pedidos e sejam testemunhas recíprocas nos respectivos feitos. A suspeição somente se revela quando, comprovadamente, o Julgador se convencer da parcialidade, animosidade ou falta de isenção da testemunha, o que não ocorreu na hipótese. Recurso de revista conhecido e provido" (RRAg-10819-68.2020.5.03.0104, 1ª Turma, Relator Ministro Amaury Rodrigues Pinto Junior, Julgamento: 12/02/2025, Publicação: 17/02/2025).

      • Esta Corte tem o firme entendimento que a testemunha não se torna suspeita para depor pelo simples fato de estar litigando ou de ter litigado contra o mesmo empregador da parte autora, ainda que esteja <u>reivindicando pedido idêntico</u> ou com patrocínio do <u>mesmo advogado</u>. É o que se depreende da Súmula 357 do TST, segundo a qual: "Não torna suspeita a testemunha o simples fato de estar litigando ou de ter litigado contra o mesmo empregador". Desse modo, não havendo nos autos comprovação de que houve a troca de favores, a existência de reclamatória trabalhista não autoriza presumir o interesse direto da testemunha no desfecho da causa em favor do Autor. (...)" (Ag-AIRR-565-98.2020.5.19.0004, 3ª Turma, Relator Ministro Mauricio Godinho Delgado, DEJT 07/06/2024).

      • O simples fato de a testemunha exercer seu direito de ação, ainda que também esteja demandando contra a reclamada em ação com o mesmo objeto, não afasta a incidência da Súmula 357 do TST, que não excepciona tal hipótese. Recurso de revista não conhecido." (RR-138-28.2011.5.01.0066, 6ª Turma, Relator Ministro Augusto Cesar Leite de Carvalho, Julgamento: 11/06/2024, Publicação: 14/06/2024).

      • O único aresto paradigma colacionado para confronto de teses trata de situação fática diversa a impossibilitar a aplicação das razões de decidir ao caso concreto. Além disso, também não se vislumbra a contrariedade à Súmula 357 do TST, pois, não macula a isenção de ânimo da testemunha, ao ponto de retirar a neutralidade que se exige da prova testemunhal, o fato de a <u>testemunha ser advogada em outro processo</u> contra a mesma parte reclamada, bem como a situação de reclamante e testemunha terem ajuizados ação com identidade de pedidos em face do mesmo empregador e serem testemunhas recíprocas. Precedentes. Agravo conhecido e desprovido. (...)"Ag-E-ED-RRAg-1921-09.2013.5.10.0010, Subseção I Especializada em Dissídios Individuais, Relator Ministro Augusto Cesar Leite de Carvalho, DEJT 01/12/2023)..”.

    5. Art. 825

      Tema Repetitivo nº 64/TST

      • Não configura cerceio de defesa o ato de indeferir o adiamento da audiência una ou de instrução quando a parte, intimada previamente, não apresenta o rol de testemunhas, tampouco, diante da previsão de comparecimento espontâneo (art. 825, caput, da CLT), justifica a ausência

      Precedentes:

      • A Egrégia Turma decidiu consoante jurisprudência pacificada desta Corte, no sentido de que o indeferimento do pedido de adiamento da audiência, sem a prévia intimação das testemunhas, quando a parte, conquanto ciente do efeito preclusivo decorrente da não realização do ato processual relativo ao arrolamento prévio das testemunhas, não apresenta tempestivamente o referido rol, não configura o cerceamento do direito de defesa. Precedentes desta Subseção. Incide, portanto, o disposto no artigo 894, § 2º, da CLT. Correta a aplicação do referido óbice, mantém-se o decidido. Verificada, por conseguinte, a manifesta improcedência do presente agravo, aplica-se a multa prevista no artigo 1.021, § 4º, do Código de Processo Civil. Agravo interno conhecido e não provido (Ag-E-RR-100895-54.2016.5.01.0551, Subseção I Especializada em Dissídios Individuais, Relator Ministro Claudio Mascarenhas Brandao, DEJT 01/07/2022)

      • III. No caso vertente, o Tribunal Regional consignou expressamente que a parte reclamante, intimada a apresentar rol de testemunhas, quedou-se inerte. Corolário logico de seu silêncio foi a aplicação da preclusão temporal. Assentou ainda que, embora tenha a parte reclamante renovado tais protestos em razões finais e reiterado a insurgência em razões de recurso, a preclusão já havia se operado. Assim sendo, verifica-se que o acórdão regional declinou fundamentação devida e suficiente quanto às razões para se declarar a preclusão temporal, o que não caracteriza de modo algum cerceamento de defesa. Aplicação do brocardo latino : "dormientibus non sucurrit ius". IV. Decisão regional em conformidade com a jurisprudência atual e notória desta Corte Superior. Incidência do óbice do art. 896, § 7º, da CLT e da Súmula nº 333 do TST. V. Agravo interno de que se conhece e a que se nega provimento" (Ag-AIRR-1000902-57.2020.5.02.0614, 7ª Turma, Relator Ministro Evandro Pereira Valadao Lopes, DEJT 04/11/2022).

      • 11- Esse procedimento adotado objetiva evitar adiamentos desnecessários de audiências, com o escopo de concretizar o princípio da duração razoável do processo ( artigo 5°, LXXVIII, da Constituição Federal ). É fruto de intepretação teleológica do artigo 825 da CLT mediante a qual se conclui que a finalidade da norma é facultar à parte, em caso de resistência da testemunha de comparecer à audiência, a possibilidade de intimação ou até mesmo condução coercitiva desta, não fixando o legislador o momento a partir do qual se deve franquear à parte a intimação da testemunha, se na audiência ou previamente, por meio de notificação para apresentação de rol de testemunhas anteriormente à audiência una ou, como no caso, no prazo fixado na ata de audiência inicial com a determinação expressa da consequência ( preclusão ) para a hipótese de a parte comprometer-se a levar testemunha não arrolada à audiência subsequente e esta não comparecer. 12- Segundo o doutrinador Felipe Bernardes, o procedimento de intimar previamente as partes para apresentarem rol de testemunhas antes da audiência viabiliza-se pois a "interpretação teleológica do dispositivo gera a conclusão de que pouco importa que essa possibilidade de intimação seja concedida na audiência ou em momento prévio, desde que seja inequivocamente assegurada à parte " e conclui que "se a testemunha for arrolada e, requerida sua intimação, não comparecer injustificadamente, o interessado na sua oitiva pode requerer o adiamento da audiência e a condução coercitiva da testemunha; o indeferimento resulta em cerceamento de defesa. Já no caso em que a testemunha não é arrolada (e consequentemente não é intimada, e não comparece injustificadamente, a audiência não deve ser adiada, pois se presume que a parte desistiu da oitiva " (BERNARDES, Felipe. Manual de Processo do Trabalho. v. único. 4ª ed. rev. ampl. e atual. São Paulo: Editora JusPodivm, 2022, p. 575.) 13- A propósito, ao analisar e julgar um processo em que houve notificação para audiência una com determinação expressa para que a parte apresentasse antecipadamente o rol de testemunhas para intimação ou levasse suas testemunhas independentemente de intimação, a SBDI-1 do TST, em razão da determinação expressa e da ciência prévia das consequências decorrentes da ausência de testemunha em audiência, concluiu que não se configurou ofensa ao artigo 825 da CLT ou cerceamento de defesa no indeferimento do requerimento de adiamento de audiência para que fosse intimada a testemunha não arrolada e que não compareceu. (E-RR-1810-18.2012.5.15.0108, Subseção I Especializada em Dissídios Individuais, Redator Ministro Hugo Carlos Scheuermann, DEJT 20/04/2018). 14- Nessa perspectiva, o indeferimento do requerimento de adiamento de audiência para se proceder à oitiva da testemunha não arrolada e que faltou à audiência subsequente não viola o artigo 825 da CLT e não caracteriza cerceamento do direito de defesa. 15- Recurso de revista de que não se conhece.” (ARR-11201-76.2016.5.03.0112, 6ª Turma, Relatora Ministra Katia Magalhaes Arruda, DEJT 07/10/2022).

    6. 20%

      Tema 118

      • A partir da vigência da lei 13.342/16, os agentes comunitários de saúde têm direito ao adicional de insalubridade, em grau médio, independentemente de laudo técnico pericial, em razão dos riscos inerentes a essa atividade. 

      Processo: RR-0000202-32.2023.5.12.0027

    1. Huayna Capac, the Inca leader who had triumphantly extended the empire into Chile and Ecuador, had died of smallpox in 1527. His two sons fought a brutal civil war for control of the empire,

      I find this interesting because it shows how disease from Europe indirectly caused political chaos. Smallpox didn’t just kill people, ot caused a whole empire to be in a civil war.

    2. Corn and the god related to corn were the principal concern for Maya religion and society.

      This is interesting because it shows how deeply agriculture influenced culture and religion. The Maya not only relied on corn for survival but also built some of their spiritual life around it.

    3. By 1548, there were only 500 natives left alive. 999,500 people had disappeared in a little over 50 years.

      I find this shocking because it shows the crazy impact of European diseases on Native American populations.It's hard to even imagine a population collapse like this.

    4. To record their beliefs and run their complex society, the Maya developed a written language based on 800 hieroglyphs that represented different syllables.

      I find this interesting because it shows the Maya were highly advanced. Their writing system allowed them to preserve history of a civilization as advanced or maybe more advanced than Europe at the time.

    1. To stop now would be yet another representation of Canada’s monumental failure of Indigenous people.

      Final warning: Stopping efforts now would perpetuate historical failure of Canada toward Indigenous peoples.

    2. revitalization efforts.

      Recommendations: ・Better funding and program access. ・Respect for Indigenous learning methodologies. ・Community-led revitalization.

    3. future research

      Research needs: Identify barriers in education, dismantle Western-centric ideologies, create inclusive structures for all generations.

    4. Given the benefits attributed to Indigenous language acquisition,

      Importance of language: Central to identity, health, and cultural survival.

    5. Through acts of systemic racism and oppression, Indigenous language and culture were pushed to the brink of extinction.

      Colonial legacy: Systemic oppression nearly eradicated Indigenous languages.

    6. Language revitalization solutions must also be sought at the governmental level

      Government: Slow to act historically (apology only in 2008). 2021: Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous Languages established → shift in priorities.

      Need for activism: Society + institutions can push government action.

    7. solutions specific to adult learners

      Adult learners: Gap in programs; adults need urgent language training. Incentives could help (financial rewards, paid positions).

    8. Early immersion programs are another solution at the educational level.

      Immersion programs: Early immersion → stronger academic and identity outcomes.

    9. Universities represent continual learning and innovation in society and are often the first institutions to adapt operations to changing societal expectations.

      Universities: ・Can drive innovation but face challenges (hierarchy favoring Western knowledge, revenue-driven funding). ・Indigenous programs often underfunded and marginalized. ・Some successes: University of Alberta, University of Fraser Valley, CILLDI, UBC FNEL.

    10. Indigenous people have lost the rights to these ancestral lands,

      Land dispossession: Loss of access to ancestral lands makes traditional foods (e.g., Sylix First Nation’s Four Food Chiefs) less accessible.

    11. gaps related to traditional food and nutrition, which has caused widespread negative health implications.

      Diet and health: Language/cultural loss disrupts food traditions, contributing to malnutrition. Westernized diets: Over-processed, calorie-dense, low-nutrient foods now common.

    12. residential schools stripped Indigenous children of their cultural rights and portrayed them as outcasts while bans on cultural displays communicated that Indigenous history was inherently unimportant.

      Silence of elders: Older generations may refrain from sharing due to shame or trauma.

    13. Cultural knowledge and identity among Indigenous communities have been declining with each passing generation

      Decline of knowledge/identity: Each generation loses more cultural knowledge due to language erosion.

    14. Canadians must be more respectful of Indigenous communities

      Solution: Greater respect from Canadian society could help restore pride, language, and well-being.

    15. abandoning one’s culture, history, and language has resulted in severely negative effects among Indigenous communities

      Cycle: Assimilation reduces cultural pride → worsens health and community cohesion.

    16. The Canadian government, justice system, and even the healthcare system have demonstrated racist behavior towards Indigenous people

      Systemic racism: Found in government, justice, and healthcare systems. Language consequences: Fear of discrimination → younger generations abandon language to assimilate.

    17. Experiencing racism is known to negatively impact one’s mental health, causing depression and anxiety, decreasing self-worth, inciting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and threatening one’s sense of personal safety

      Mental health effects: Racism causes depression, anxiety, PTSD, low self-worth, safety concerns. Physical effects: Linked to poor sleep, appetite changes, fatigue. Youth impact: Adolescents exposed to ongoing racism are at higher risk of suicide, substance abuse, behavioral issues.

    18. many residential school survivors have shared experiences of sexual abuse in the schools

      Consequences: Survivors more likely to attempt suicide, face developmental/mental health issues, and perpetuate cycles of abuse → further disrupts cultural and linguistic continuity.

    19. inevitable isolation for residential school students, even after they exited this system.

      Isolation: Students felt disconnected from family/community after being punished for speaking native languages.

    20. he impact of residential schools continues to affect older Indigenous adults

      Legacy of residential schools: Elders suffer PTSD and trauma even decades after closures. Intergenerational trauma: Children of survivors inherit effects, including weakened language transmission.

    21. Sivak et al. [41] explain eight themes about the connection between language and culture: connection to body, connection to mind and emotions, connection to family, connection to community, connection to culture, connection to country, and connection to spirit, spirituality, and ancestors.

      Themes (Sivak et al.): language connects body, mind/emotions, family, community, culture, land, spirit, ancestors.

      Language reclamation improves mood, belonging, happiness, and community strength.

    22. it is possible for Indigenous children to feel as though their culture, heritage, and language are unvalued by those around them, further decreasing their motivation to learn about their ancestry and history.

      Some Indigenous youth perceive culture/heritage as undervalued in wider society → discourages cultural connection.

    23. families are unable to effectively share their complex history. Without a connection to the comprehensive spiritual teachings of their familial elders in their ancestral language, this could create feelings of seclusion

      Generational gap: elders fluent, grandchildren not → communication breakdown. Leads to isolation, seclusion, loneliness → precursors to later mental health issues.

    24. tend to lack the same extensive knowledge of their familial history that would have previously been passed down

      Language loss disrupts oral tradition → youth lack knowledge of history.

    1. For instance, imagine that AI use is banned in the classroom (as it is in ours), but the instructor secretly used AI to give feedback on your assignments, even though you are required to put in the work yourself.

      What about when AI is banned from a class, but professor is AI detector that AI.

      Maybe use Tavare’s experience with his professor in the “essay”

    2. AI cheating is disrespectful to instructors. While it’s part of our jobs to read entire essays written by students, it’s a complete waste of an instructor’s time to read and evaluate an essay written by AI but pawned off as a student’s own work. As this writer puts it, “AI writing, meanwhile, is a cognitive pyramid scam. It’s a fraud on the reader. The writer who uses AI is trying to get the reader to invest their time and attention without investing any of their own.”

      I agree. But at the same time this part contradicts what is said above about AI writing not being good. If it’s not good, why would a AI written paper have a high grade?

    3. Even though AI detectors are still not foolproof, they’re getting better and better with new detection methods emerging quickly, with new ones possibly coming out as soon as tomorrow.

      But that rise the concern that AI detector are AI tools. The same way that generative way is wrong all the time, so is AI detectors.

    4. This means LLMs are essentially glorified mirrors, reflecting our own words and images back to us from different angles, as philosopher Shannon Vallor has argued.

      AI tools get information from other sources. This is why it should be used to throw ideas around. And not ask for the actual ideas to to create the actual product.

    1. "Perhaps now it<br /> would be better to give up seeking for the<br /> truth, and receiving on one’s head an<br /> avalanche of opinion hot as lava, discoloured<br /> as dish-water." This use of these simile's paint an angry & vivid image

    1. Do you read the text all the way through andthen read your peers’ comments from top to bottom? Do you pause as youencounter new highlights and read and respond to the comments lef

      I perfer to do a first pass through seeing everyone elses annotations and thought or ideas, after reading my peers comments I read the passage all the way through, I feel like doing it this way gives me an advantage to getting an initail thought or idea and then shaping it as I read the passge fully.

    2. Community is an important aspect of social annotation. So that youand your peers can learn well together

      I like the idea of social annotation because it makes an easy way for you to share one specific highlight or general idea and your peer or partner doesnt have to go searching for it. I have been doing social annotation without even realizing it, Ive sent articles and social media posts to family and freinds before and when screenshotting said media I would circle it with markup on my phone around the certain passage or phrase I was trying to show.

    1. Taken together, these signals point to an industry still in strong ascent, unlike the relatively meager revenue growth that preceded the railroad and telecom busts. If genAI revenues were to grow at even half the pace of last year, then, on my conservative forecast, they would reach $100 billion by 2026, covering about 25% of that year’s capex.

      Revenue go up (convincing if not paper revenue)

    2. But there is a twist here that history’s bubbles did not face: rapid depreciation. Once laid, a railway track could last decades. The US was still running freight over 19th-century tracks well into the 20th. Telecom fiber rolled out in the 1990s still carries traffic 35 years later.GPUs, by contrast, age in dog years. Their useful life for frontier applications such as model training is perhaps three years, after which they are relegated to lower-intensity tasks. Roughly a third of hyperscaler capex is going into such short-lived assets. They remain, in theory, monetizable in years five and six. The rest goes into shells, power and cooling that last two or three decades. Adjusting for asset life makes the AI build-out look even more demanding: unlike railroads or fiber, the system must earn its keep in a handful of years, not generations.

      Capex/gdp better, but adjust bubble math for depreciation

    3. At the height of the US railroad expansion in 1872, capex was around two times revenues. In the late-1990s telecom bubble, capex amounted to just under four times revenues. By contrast, today’s genAI boom runs on roughly $60 billion in revenues against about $370 billion in global data center capex – a capex-to-revenue ratio of six times, the most stretched of the three.

      Capex/revenue: worse

    1. ron, which would later become the basis of an entirely new economy, was already in use in the Near East and Anatolia; though its use was limited to small, decorative items. There are some small daggers of meteoric iron in Hittite graves in in the tomb of Tutankhamun (3,325 years ago),

      it is crazy to think that iron has held a place over 3000 years ago with it still being very prominent today and a total game changer when it was first able to be mass mined and produced.

    1. The war featured the use of bronze arms and armor as well as bronze chariots, which were well-known in the Hittite empire.

      This makes me imagine what the fear this army could have made you feel as you watch them approach with shiny bronze chariots and armour. ( yes I know that light doesn't shine of bronze as well as it does silver but when polished like I assumed it was it shines pretty well).

    1. on account of his demanding more of them than was customary.

      My observation is that the author calls the King of England’s demands “more of them than what was customary”. My interpretation is that this author is in agreement with the colonists about the fact that they were being overtaxed and mistreated by the British.

      CONNECTION: The events of the American Revolution didn’t take place without anybody else noticing. This shows that other nations across the globe were well-aware of what was going on to the far West– and in this case, felt that their cause was just, though perhaps some other nations sided more with the British. This provides a global CONTEXT behind the revolution.

    1. It would be unfortunate to hand in an incomplete or misguided assignment because you did not properly read and understand the guidelines.

      It is very important to review the syllabus and related course material to avoid any surprises!