The Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) focused on punishing users in the informal market, while largely ignoring the medical market. This led to a misreading of the situation, where authorities attributed the success of the medical market to the "good customers" rather than the more humane and effective policies. As a result, the medical market remained relatively invisible, and its lessons were not applied to future drug policy.

nhance the stigma of addiction and preserve his bureau's budget.

rise of heroin use

addiction as a moral failing rather than a disease. The law also led to the criminalization of drug use, with many people being arrested and imprisoned for drug-related offenses. The punitive approach to drug control was driven by a native-born Protestant desire to police and control non-white communities, and it was accompanied by public demonization of drug users and sellers.

African Americans in the South,

new drug crises were already brewing in both licit and illicit markets by the 1950s.

divide was fueled by anxieties about race, class, and sexuality,

esponse to the public health consequences of rising opioid and cocaine use in the late 19th century.

1990s and 2000s saw a shift towards a more nuanced approach to drug control, with a greater emphasis on harm reduction and public health.

1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was adopted by consensus at a conference in Vienna in 1988. The Convention aimed to provide more effective weapons against the illicit drug trade, which had become a growing concern due to the influence of organized crime groups. The Convention is an instrument of international criminal law, designed to globally harmonize national criminal laws and enforcement actions to decrease illicit drug trafficking by criminalization and punishment.

1980s, the international community continued to grapple with the issue of drug abuse and trafficking, leading to the formulation of the International Drug Abuse Control Strategy and the development of new treaties and soft law instruments.

reflected the influence of Western manufacturing countries, which sought to protect their commercial interests. The 1972 Amending Protocol to the Single Convention strengthened the international drug control system, but maintained its prohibitive ethos and supply-side focus. The Protocol expanded provisions for treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention measures, but did not fundamentally change the Single Convention.

1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances expanded the scope of international drug control to include synthetic drugs

1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs marked a shift in the international community's approach to drug control, moving beyond simply regulating the production and trade of drugs to focus on individual drug users.

the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent transfer of the League's drug control bodies to the United States marked a shift in the balance of power, paving the way for the United States to play a crucial role in shaping the emerging post-war world order, including international drug control.

focused on regulating the licit trade, which inevitably led to the development of an illegal market.

1936 Trafficking Convention sought to strengthen the existing transnational legal framework, but its complexity and encroachment upon legal areas considered sovereign by many states meant it failed to win widespread acceptance.

1931 Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs introduced a proscriptive manufacturing limitation system, where parties were required to provide estimates of national drug requirements to the Drug Supervisory Body (DSB).

1925 International Opium Convention established a standardized import-export certification system to regulate drug movements between parties and included cannabis within a multilateral treaty for the first time.

international drug control system began in 1909 with the Shanghai Opium Commission, which aimed to address the "opium problem." The commission's recommendations led to the first legally binding multilateral treaty in 1912, which restricted opium use to medical purposes.

The Act was intended to gather information

Webb-Kenyon Act, which prohibited shipments of liquor to states that prohibited its sale. The prohibition movement gained strength, and in 1917, the House passed a Prohibition resolution, which eventually became part of the Constitution.

The public and congressmen believed that narcotics, including opiates and cocaine, had no value except as medicine and were associated with foreigners or alien subgroups.

n the early 20th century, the medical profession had a high rate of addiction, with around 2% of physicians being addicts.

practical significance of the law was still debated among the groups affected, and there was no general agreement on what would be the desirable or actual enforcement of the law.

The law was the result of international pressure, particularly from the Hague Convention, and was seen as a way to redeem the American government's international pledges.

law required records to be kept of all narcotics transactions, and copies of these records were to be kept by district internal revenue offices.

The AMA favored restrictive legislation, but also wanted to ensure that any bill had a maximum chance of passage. After several revisions, the Harrison Act was finally passed in December 1914.

Executive Committee to monitor the status of the legislation and make revisions.

he American Pharmaceutical Association called for a National Drug Trade Conference (NDTC) to bring together representatives from various trade associations to discuss the proposed legislation.

worked with Representative Francis Burton Harrison, a Democrat, to introduce a bill that would eliminate the use of narcotics except for medical purposes.

912, Hamilton Wright returned to the United States with the goal of increasing support for the International Opium Convention and ensuring the passage of domestic legislation to control narcotics.

The Hague Opium Convention was an international conference held in 1911-1912, where 12 nations gathered to discuss the regulation of opium and other drugs.

Dr. Wright believed that the Shanghai meeting gave the United States a moral obligation to appear with a clean slate before asking other nations to enact drastic legislation.

The resolutions included calls for the gradual suppression of opium smoking, the reexamination of national laws, and the control of morphine and other opium derivatives. The commission also recommended that nations not export opium to countries whose laws prohibit its importation. The meeting was significant because it marked the beginning of an American tradition in narcotic control, which emphasized the enactment of strict domestic legislation as an example to other nations.

he Shanghai Opium Commission was a meeting of 13 nations, including the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, that convened on February 1, 1909, to discuss the opium problem.

Dr. Wright launched a national survey to collect information on the use of opium and its derivatives in the United States, and the State Department requested federal anti-narcotic legislation before the Shanghai meeting. This led to the passage of the first federal antinarcotic legislation in 1909, which banned the importation of smoking opium.

in the United States, there was growing concern about the opium trade and its impact on China.

The US government faced opposition from anti-opium groups,

The US acquired the Philippines in 1898, following the Spanish-American War, and with it, an opium problem.

The small prefixes were also added, even without such a driver, in order to maintain symmetry.

“We’re seeing people turn right for a number of different reasons,” argues journalist Eoin Higgins

there is a bad stereotype about earth this is due to the fact that earth was a popular um was a 00:33:09 building material for um popular social classes

For all the cries of “what happened to Naomi Wolf?” the forces that ushered her into this ghoulish lineup are not difficult to identify.

BTW to improve the reliability of that test I believe you would need a sleep (smaller, e.g. of 0.1) between the Thread.new and assert M.works?, otherwise it's likely the M.works? runs first and then the other thread will see the constant is autoloading and wait, and anyway that thread does not check what is defined on M. For the test to fail it needs to be the Thread.new running first and defining the constant but not yet the method, before the main thread keeps running and call the method.

political actors and dynamics, not vague forces of development, are the central factor producing and mitigating inequalities in representation

option to pursue positive action in candidate selection.

ausal heterogeneity and the interaction of different factors.

International norms and organizations play a role in promoting quotas for women.

Quotas tend to emerge during periods of democratic innovation, as a way to establish the legitimacy of the new political system.

quotas for women are often seen as an extension of guarantees given to other groups based on factors like language, religion, and race.

Quotas can be seen as compatible with ideas of equality and fair access, and left-wing parties are generally more open to implementing them.

Some see them as a way to achieve justice and promote women's interests, while others adopt them strategically to compete with rival parties or maintain control within their own party.

egrees of dependence between women elected through quotas and the parties and elected officials who make their election possible.

Quotas can increase women's representation even without social and economic prerequisites. The adoption of quotas highlights the role of political elites in recruitment practices and the production and mitigation of inequalities in representation

including the mobilization of women's groups and the calculations of political elites

Result of lots of searching on net is that pre-checkout hook in git is not implemented yet. The reason can be: There is no practical use. I do have a case It can be achieved by any other means. Please tell me how? Its too difficult to implement. I don't think this is a valid reason

Unlike numbers or facts, stories can trigger an emotional response, harnessing the power of motivation, imagination, and personal values, which drive the most powerful and permanent forms of social change.

Thinking it might be about performance is plain wrong for at least two reasons. Please read this info about the performance aspect

Given the strong coupling between data andcryptosystems in blockchains, the potential vulner-ability of these cryptosystems to quantum attacks,the likely introduction of capable quantum com-puters in the mid-term future—not to mention theusual high monetary value of the assets secured byblockchains—it is important to more deeply under-stand their current level of vulnerability.

Defects found in peer review are not an acceptable rubric by which to evaluate team members. Reports pulled from peer code reviews should never be used in performance reports. If personal metrics become a basis for compensation or promotion, developers will become hostile toward the process and naturally focus on improving personal metrics rather than writing better overall code.

After some time though, reality started to sink in. ‘I am not really going back through all of these notes as often as I thought I would.’

For historical reasons, this callback may run twice. The code it executes must be idempotent.

to be honest I think it is more about sentiment than actual engineering practices now.

Why are there so many programming languages and frameworks? Everyone has their own opinion on how something should be done. Some of these systems, like AOL, Yahoo, etc... have been around for a decade, and probably not updated much.

Simple fact is that HTML support is different in them because mail clients are so old, or others are allowed to operate in browsers where not all CSS or even HTML can be applied in a secure manner. Older clients have outdated browsers that you'll likely NEVER see brought up to standards; what with Opera's standalone aging like milk, and thunderbird lagging behind the firefox on which it's even built. Don't even get me STARTED on older clients like Eudora or Outlook.

The expect wait command returns more arguments if the spawned process is killed but unbuffer just always returns the 3rd argument.

In many computing contexts, "TTY" has become the name for any text terminal, such as an external console device, a user dialing into the system on a modem on a serial port device, a printing or graphical computer terminal on a computer's serial port or the RS-232 port on a USB-to-RS-232 converter attached to a computer's USB port, or even a terminal emulator application in the window system using a pseudoterminal device.

Around &Bigger the box is bigger: 75mm high instead of 45mm or so.That was the main reason for the name &Bigger. The first edition does fit in its box but very tight. Because the first factory used bigger cardboard than planned. They told me about this "upgrade" after they produced the game. The thicker tiles (about 2.5mm) did feel good for the game so the &Bigger edition has the same

There may only be historical reasons that, for example, the periodic table is called a classification rather than a taxonomy

Sure sometimes my changes get rejected, but it almost always comes with a reason why and I can work together with the maintainer to come up with a sensible solution to my issue.

As to opinions about the shortcomings of the language itself, or the standard run-times, it’s important to realize that every developer has a different background, different experience, different needs, temperament, values, and a slew of other cultural motivations and concerns — individual opinions will always be largely personal and, to some degree, non-technical in nature.

Sass variables, like all Sass identifiers, treat hyphens and underscores as identical. This means that $font-size and $font_size both refer to the same variable. This is a historical holdover from the very early days of Sass, when it only allowed underscores in identifier names. Once Sass added support for hyphens to match CSS’s syntax, the two were made equivalent to make migration easier.

For historical reasons, this map is instead called fmap in Haskell.

In any case signal handling in shells is one of the least reliable and portable aspects. You'll find behaviours vary greatly between shells and often between different versions of a same shell. Be prepared for some serious hair pulling and head scratching if you're going to try to do anything non-trivial.

Beware, though: What you are about to see is not particularly elegant. In fact, the TTY subsystem — while quite functional from a user's point of view — is a twisty little mess of special cases. To understand how this came to be, we have to go back in time.

Also, this code will fail if $$ is not the process group leader, such as when the script is run under strace. Since a call to setsid(2) is probably tricky from a shell script, one approach might be to ps and obtain the process group ID from that.

you really need #!/bin/sh -m for correct behavior of nested subshells. fg, bg, and wait wont work correctly otherwise

By the same token, marketing or political incentives often push design idioms

But all of these attempts misunderstand why the Open Source ecosystem is successful as a whole. The ecosystem of fairly standard licenses provides a level playing field that allows collaboration with low friction, and produces massive value for everyone involved – both to those that contribute and to those that don't. It is not without problems (there are many essential but unsexy projects that are struggling with funding), but introducing more friction won't improve the success of this ecosystem – it will just lead to some parts of the ecosystem to break off.

Besides running contrary to the principles that lead a lot of people to Linux systems (a closed store that you can't alter...automatic updates you have no control over....run by just the one company)

Convention in Java, and I believe most other languages, is to use Listener suffix for historical reasons!

If the document is uncontroversial and agreement is reached quickly it might be committed directly with the "accepted" status. Likewise, if the proposal is rejected the status shall be "rejected". When a document is rejected a member of the core team should append a section describing the reasons for rejection.

Many individuals are sentenced without any due process of the law. 

If the react cargo cult didn't have the JSX cowpath paved for them and acclimated to describing their app interface with vanilla javascript, they'd cargo cult around that. It's really about the path of least resistance and familiarity.

In React 0.12 time frame we did a bunch of small changes to how key, ref and defaultProps works. Particularly, they get resolved early on in the React.createElement(...) call. This made sense when everything was classes, but since then, we've introduced function components. Hooks have also make function components more prevalent. It might be time to reevaluate some of those designs to simplify things (at least for function components).

To be consistent with surrounding code that also breaks it (maybe for historic reasons)

It was called a "virtual DOM" library because it didn't start out as isomorphic, but actually tied to the DOM from the start. It was an afterthought to make it isomorphic.

Historically, it was defined as one minute (1/60 of a degree) of latitude along any line of longitude. Today the international nautical mile is defined as exactly 1852 metres (about 1.15 miles).

the successes and failures of a long-running consultancy are not particularly interesting or unique, and most are wise to the fact that Unspace’s strengths were a mixture of strong bonds, evolving senior talent, sociability, serendipity and scotch tape.

These seem to be better reasons to support sub-nanosecond resolution. I think either storing picoseconds or storing sec fraction as 64-bit integer are better approaches than storing a rational. However, either change would be very invasive, and it seems unlikely to be worth the effort.

In the Set class we already called this - and difference, which it is ok but not really accurate because of the previous explanation, but probably not worthwhile to change it.

while Array#+ is left untouched because at some point I’m sure that made sense.

I imagine it's rb_ary_eql instead of rb_ary_eql_p due to history.

systematic domination of women by men

In 2017, Canadians were on waiting lists for an estimated 1,040,791 total procedures. Often, wait times are lengthy. For example, the median wait time for arthroplastic surgery (hip, knee, ankle, shoulder) ranges from 20 weeks to 52 weeks. In the British National Health Service, cancelations are common. Last year, the National Health Service canceled 84,827 elective operations in England for nonclinical reasons on the day the patient was due to arrive. The same year, it canceled 4,076 urgent operations in England, including 154 urgent operations canceled two or more times. Times of high illness are a key driver in this problem. For instance, in flu season, the National Health Service canceled 50,000 “non-urgent” surgeries. In Canada, private insurance is outlawed (as it would be under Sanders’ proposal). In 2017, “an estimated 63,459 Canadians received non-emergency medical treatment outside Canada.” In Britain, private insurance is permitted—but it is an additional cost to the taxes that British citizens pay for the National Health Service. Escaping the system is an option for the wealthy, or for those who are willing to forego other expenditures to get the care they want or need.

I mean it's just a pain to go in and I'm used to it now, but to go in on, you know, the different exchanges and each one has, has to be input different whether it's be typed in manually, whether you have to switch back and forth to look at the order book and Gemini or where you can copy and paste from below in Bittrex

The only one little personal issue and this could just be me not anyone else's did the damn alarm system on trading view, just not a fan of. But everything else is great.

e website. One thing I do love that you guys have the trading view doesn't have or doesn't have a good layout for in the charting, well it's still, it's still coming soon, but the order book and the trade history are really important to me.

Same with trading view. I'm okay with not trading through there. I'd rather not trade through a third party if I can trade directly on the exchange. It just mitigates risks from a trading side.

Gemini was easy when I first got into Crypto. Any cash you have in there has FDIC insurance up to 250. No other exchanges were providing that. I also noticed they were pretty selective about which currencies they put on there.

Basically, I will definitely take a look at the total market cast, um, and the alt coin market cap. So I go to queen signals.trade, which is a neat little tool. And uh, they basically pull data from coin market cap. So I think it's the only site I know of where you can look at the total market cap.

well, I was thinking like you're talking about sentiment. Is there some type of sentiment tracker? I mean, I don't know. I'm sure that's super difficult technically to do, but that would intrigue people.

but I do you script on trading view. So treating you is great. Not only for the charts, but they also have an idea section and a script section.

Yeah, because Gemini trusted US dollar exchange. It's actually one of the only ones regulated and licensed by the state of New York, which has some of the strictest regulations in the world.

I'm trading these who has these like how to videos, video tutorials and they really go in to the nitty gritty. I think they also have like a Wiki fac or like a wiki tutorial that is just like a whole encyclopedia of trading view and have every indicator you want, you click it and it expands and you can read about everything

Yeah, I mean, it really, it when I use the most trading view is 100% open all the time. So important

books. You know, I don't know if it's the Mac interface thing, but it's very buggy.

I just chose it and I paid and it was only like, I want to say like 30 bucks a month maybe. I Dunno. And that was also during the bull run when I had a lot more crypto money and I was just like, whatever. I'll buy it invested in my, uh, in my education and tools.

say try to focus on something that's really gonna drive you away from the competition, that people need. Because like I pay for multiple tools.

gether or going back into, three commas and seeing what hit. Cause they track all that information and will tell you when it's sold, how much money you made, the bitcoin value and in USD and you'll be able to kind of see what levels of hit.

I just don't like buying on there. So if I don't have to go into the application, i prefer not to. [inaudible] to Coinbase pro is also, it's poorly set up in my opinion. I don't know why i use it, but usually I'm just going in there to withdraw money.

Coinagy I actually still usually prefer to use to buy on Bittrex because I'm usually signed into Coinagy for the simpllicity. And if I have money in multiple areas, I can do it all from one platform. And because I just, I hate Bittrex. They redid their entire platform. I think they dropped the ball

Even though they've been having some issues in the last few weeks, um, to just get it at the price that I want immediately and then, because it's connected to my api in three commas.

Purchasing. And then once I've bought into an asset, I will establish all my sale targets and stops in three commas.

And as far as binance goes, they just have a track record, uh, where there was some type of hack to some degree.

Uh, I have a lot of exchanges, but as the market stiped down, I only use coinbase pro, bitrix, and binance, uh, mainly because of the liquidity and safety.

Um, and from a charting perspective it's better than coinagy because it allows you to put alerts on more things than just price action.

Tradingview, I pay for because I want to have alerts on specific coins and you don't have the functionality and the free version.

A lot of the tools I've been using the free versions because I haven't gotten to the point where, uh, I'm knowledgeable on how to maximize its value and therefore I don't pay for it because my knowledge is lacking.

um, so crypto compare as it is a good place to find the volumes

Whereas three commas is more structured that if you wanted to exit a position it would do so, but it be a market order and the would obviously bring with it a larger fees.

I'm most likely just in the finance application itself to make sure things execute quickly.

Um, three commas does that as well because it allows you to put in your targets, which is great cause it, you know, it auto sells it for you and then you can go back and look at it.

But then when I kept getting, you know, uh, burned on my stops not hitting because they just moved too fast and the limits didnt fill or the orders on the flip side didn't sell.

That's the one benefit of coinagy. You know, where I can actually plug in all the APIs for all the exchanges I work with and then basically operate from, from one application.

An example would be three commas, my main use case for it has been the market orders

hich is a reason why I would use, you know, a charting solution, which would be a tradingview or coinagy.

right. But if I have one trade that sells at the proper say private level or protects my ass, you know, and uh, and a stop loss scenario, the, the monthly subscription, you know, usually ends up paying for itself at them, the matter of one trade.

um, profit off of them or protect my do

market order functionality, which a lot of exchanges don't have

wholly destitute of all education but what he received in common with other domesticated animals, enjoying no advantages that could lead him to suppose himself superior to the beasts, his fellow servants.

reasoning

The study reveals—“boredom,” “experimentation,” and “insight”—are reasons for use related to increased and decreased risk of use of other drugs.