One of the most important parts of research is taking careful notes about your discoveries. It will trigger your memory about the key points of each of the articles. Make sure to evaluate the reliability of every source you use.

Searching efficiently you can decide what source is the most relevant. Narrowing down your options.

Depending on your topic you will decide if you will use primary as well as secondary sources. Which one is more beneficial and can provide answers to my research paper?

Secondary sources as well as examples of other articles you could use.

Other primary sources used for sourcing

¿Qué crítica realiza sobre la forma en que se enseña programación?

¿Cuál es la idea principal que plantea el autor en el artículo?

https://mrmrsvintagetypewriters.com/en-us/pages/typewriter-repair-tools

https://www.facebook.com/groups/705152958470148/posts/1204076431911129/

Mr. and Mrs. Vintage Typewriters<br /> Rex Cates <br /> Roly D'Mech

Different places specialized in different things showing the need for trade and exchanging goods. This way the food that was eaten in a place does not limit to the food that is specialized to that place.

This shows how much labor and force were on the slaves. Slavery was the backbone of a lot of trade and that is what fueled the slave owners to be so stern on them and force them to labor on.

One thing has always stayed the same throughout history, working helps families and individuals feed and care for themselves. Working is not for just luxury goods, but about maintaining basic health too.

This shows the breakthroughs that happen in history due to discovery. Learning how to manipulate natural products can benefit societies and advance living that impacts history from then on.

This statement doesn't acknowledge non-European knowledge.

Macaulay frames British interest as compatible with Indian independence, his is reasoning is economic (better trading partners).

This is a well-known passage by Yegge explaining why GeoWorks didn't attain success with their object-oriented assembly, and why their object-oriented assembly is the reason for not doing so.

A pithier and more succinct analogy of the bigger picture that Yegge is trying to communicate here—something like what Engelbart struggled to get people to understand resulted in his metaphor of a pencil taped to a brick—would be, "There's a reason why programmers aren't writing code on punch cards anymore (and it's not just because the market for the equipment and, accordingly, the equipment itself, all but vanished and is no longer available)."

This link failed.

We probably want to unpack this more. One could imagine some forms of technical development going together and others less so.

What do you mean by relative comparisons?

Still needs more explanation. I don't know why you're using this reference scale. I don't know why we're talking about farmer grade, etc.

Relative to pharma grade what?

This abbreviation is not explained. I do not know what you're talking about here.

Which equipment here? Again, I want links directly to the equation.

That seems rather high - what are references for this? Why should it be so expensive? Here, is this comparable to some benchmarks?

And again, I want to be able to look up each of these elements within an equation somewhere - I don't see where that equation is. Make the links clearer.

Okay, you got to my question here that I asked above, although it still seems underexplained. Wouldn't each of these things have independent effects on the cost of growth factors? So why is it just a zero-one switch?

Interesting, but it should be more clear how this maps into the ultimate cost equation. Everything should be linked back in some way to a total cost formula. I'd like to be able to open and close and unpack the different elements.

As mentioned elsewhere, this needs a lot more explanation or discussion. What is the major factor switching us between cheap and expensive growth factors here? How much does this affect the outcomes? What are the different price distributions for the cheap versus expensive ones? I'm not actually seeing growth factors or any of these p's in any of the equations you give. At least not in a way that allows me to unpack each element.

Give a link or a hover footnote for what each of these things are

Why were these distributions chosen? What's the justification? Were these used in other related models you could reference ?

this is really not well explained. I don't see how the discussion relates to the equations here

what are k and m here? define and explain

'to correlate' is vague

The equation doesn't seem to be correct/displayed correctly here. Explain more but also I don't understand what "0.01^(progress)" means

is the 'per liter' meaningful though? Doesn't the density depends strongly on the contents used?

what is 'media turnover"?

the dashes are meant to be bullet points -- not rendering right

I think I was a more active participant of crowdsourcing online when I was younger, but am now a lurker on essentially website I do use. When I was younger I was an active member of my communities, raising awareness, and even doing small events for designers which got donations. Now, I just scroll on my own private accounts ranging from 0-70 followers and like what I enjoy. I sometimes still donate money (crowdfunding), and I buy merch from posts in my fandom communities.

Can this be harmful even if it is framed as a joke? One example that instantly came to my mind is a running joke that women shed their skin once a month as well, to make fun of people (predominantly men) who are unaware of how the female body actually works and functions. Typically videos like this go viral, and most people in the comments section are in on the joke, with the occasional reply being someone unaware asking if everyone is being serious. I never found this harmful, but I'm wondering if it is because I always understood that it is a joke poking at unawareness. Can this cause people to feel inferior for not understanding?

this stat is presented as if "connecting with coworkers on social media" = "social media presence in a professional context."

if you relate, please see: "oh wow, two cakes!" https://www.tumblr.com/sqbr/92103436228/the-artist-putting-a-simple-cake-next-to-a-much

Testing

Different types of point of view

They become unreliable when they rethink

Anyone can be a narrator

These examples show that crowdsourcing can be used for a wide range of work, from knowledge-sharing and freelancing to scientific research and accessibility projects. They also show that crowdsourcing is most powerful when platforms are designed well so many small contributions can be organized into something genuinely useful.

This shows that social media participation is very uneven, with a small group producing most of the content while most users mostly read or watch. That pattern is not unique to the internet, but on social media it matters because the views and behavior of power users can shape what everyone else sees.

test

hi

first sighting: "non-wordness"

I found this observation to be interesting as it predates the prohibition movement, but mirrors some of the same sentiments. This outside view of American drinking culture vs. China's opium use is interesting as they are most likely both abused and used as a form of escapism for the user.

The San Francisco school board's decision to spend taxpayer money on a new school rather than letting Tape into the school shows the prejudice they faced. I would be interested to know how common of solution this would become across the nation before the ruling of Brown V. Board.

I found this portion of Tape's writing to be interesting. Today, we have FAPE (free and appropriate education) guidelines that every school must abide by. I'm interested in whether her writing and similar ones of discrimination influence more well-known education law such as Brown v. Board and ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)

Important distinction

Hello Class! I have chosen to talk about primary care because it is the first step and arguably the most important. Primary care is when we first meet the patient when they are experiencing a health related issue. The main goals of primary care is to prevent new illness, manage any chronic illness, and promote a healthy and active lifestyle. There is a very large team that can participate in primary care. Physicians including doctors and nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers, and medical assistants. Everyone can be seen in the primary care setting as it is the go to. Think of your doctors office and what you witness that goes on onside of it. They perform regular immunizations, monitor and treat minor issues, and education patients on the simple things such as diets. Other places that offer primary care are local health clinic, urgent care, and newly Telehealth. Payments sources that we will commonly see especially in our location is medicare for the elderly population and medicaid for low income. Primary care is our first look at a patient to determine what issues they might be facing which is why I think it is the most important. What do you think is the most common age population that visits the doctors office for primary care? Why do you think they are visiting so often? Thank you, Morgan Wagner

CAC's are cells that promote tissue regeneration and stem cells. These CAC's are proposed to be the cell origin for PanINs and PDA. This would make sense as these cells have increased proliferation in mice that lack the tumor suppressor gene (Pten). It is stated that not a lot of research has been done on that hypothesis, but it seems promising for understanding this cancer's origin.

This sentence defines the central question of the study. Although pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has ductal morphology, it remains unclear whether precursor lesions arise from true ductal cells or from acinar cells that undergo reprogramming. The authors test whether oncogenic KRAS expands existing ductal cells or instead drives acinar cells to adopt a duct-like state through factors such as Sox9. Defining this distinction is essential for identifying the true cell of origin in PDA.

raised

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silly

flexible

confortable

shrunk

boxes

the distance

out of

penetrating

noticed

rapidly

sharply

cheerfully

added

trampled

Noting that none of the other TSG pathways were mutated in these tumors shows how little we actually can prove about PDA. This cancer can have many mutations that accelerate the disease and we aren't truly sure what mutation combinations are the cause of this cancer's aggressiveness.

This sentence highlights the main scientific problem the study is addressing. Just because mutations like KRAS and TP53 are commonly found in pancreatic cancer does not prove they are sufficient or that they must occur together to cause disease. Observing mutations in patient samples cannot determine causation. Therefore, the authors use a genetically engineered mouse model to systematically test whether combining KrasG12D and Trp53R172H is enough to drive invasive and metastatic PDA.

So document the process for updating the site in an SOP, making sure they're written in sufficient detail to be executable (by an agent—a user agent—sans LLMs), and then host the documents that detail those procedures on your site, as first-class content.

"Updating the site" then entails 1. consulting the SOP, and 2. carrying out the procedure there (either manually, or having your agent do it).

This is all achievable on a static site, provided there are Web-accessible (and, ideally, CORS-enabled) endpoints to control what content appears there (like the GitHub API, to name one example).

Requires active engagement from the reader.

Plot simple definition

This is true because if not analyzing well it leads to confusion.

This paragraph stood out to me because it shows how people can still build close relationships even when they aren’t communicating face-to-face. I think this connects to social penetration theory because relationships grow when people share more personal information over time, and that can still happen through texting or social media. Even if technology limits things like body language or tone of voice, people can still get to know each other by communicating regularly and opening up more. The part about COVID-19 makes this feel realistic because a lot of relationships had to move online, but people still stayed connected. The hyperpersonal model is also interesting because it suggests online communication can sometimes make relationships feel even closer, which might be because people feel more comfortable sharing personal things. Overall, this paragraph shows that relationships can still develop as long as people keep sharing information and communicating.

Coming soon to this special series on Myeloid Cells: Leading experts provide their perspectives and answer provocative questions surrounding myeloid cells. Stay tuned!

I found this quote quite resonant, highlighting the inherent tensions in the activity of preservation. Though, I don't know if I agree with what the author says in the following passage regarding archivists being in the business of saving souls! In my estimation, an archivist is more like a shepherd, a docent, or perhaps, to use a million dollar word, an interlocutor between life and death, between the past and present (and so too the future). The article also made me think about hospices, of course, and the philosophy of palliative care - how one passes from this life to the next, with what dignity, in what repose. Moreover, the quote draws, for me, an important analogy between material objects and the temporal body - how one is, in effect, substituted for the other, allowing this transfiguration, as the author puts it.

Le TDAH : Entre Trouble Neurodéveloppemental et Neurodivergence

Résumé Exécutif

Ce document propose une synthèse des connaissances actuelles et des débats entourant le Trouble du Déficit de l'Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH).

Longtemps considéré comme une pathologie exclusivement infantile, le TDAH est désormais reconnu comme un trouble persistant à l’âge adulte, touchant environ 2,5 % de cette population.

Le cœur du débat oppose une vision purement clinique, centrée sur le traitement des symptômes (inattention, agitation, impulsivité), à une approche basée sur la neurodiversité, percevant ces différences comme des atouts potentiels pour la société.

Bien que le traitement médicamenteux (méthylphénidate) reste le plus efficace pour réduire les risques de mortalité et améliorer le quotidien, l'adaptation de l'environnement social et professionnel apparaît comme un levier crucial pour l'intégration et le bien-être des personnes concernées.

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1. Définition et Nature du TDAH

Un trouble de la régulation de l'attention

Le TDAH ne se définit pas par une absence totale d'attention, mais par une difficulté à la réguler.

Il se manifeste par :

• Une distractibilité marquée : Difficulté à rester concentré sur des tâches routinières ou ennuyeuses.

• Une agitation motrice : Un besoin constant de mouvement, parfois intériorisé.

• Une impulsivité : Des réactions spontanées difficiles à cadrer.

• Une variabilité attentionnelle : L'attention est souvent détournée de son objet initial vers des stimuli environnementaux que le cerveau ne parvient pas à filtrer.

La perspective de la neurodivergence

Le concept de neurodiversité, formulé en 1998 par Judy Singer, postule qu'aucun cerveau n'est identique.

Dans ce cadre, la neurodivergence désigne un fonctionnement cérébral s'écartant de la moyenne.

Le Professeur André Zimpel suggère que le TDAH pourrait être perçu comme un "système d'alarme" pour la communauté, signalant un excès de monotonie ou de sédentarité dans notre environnement moderne.

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2. Diagnostic et Évolution Démographique

Un sous-diagnostic chez l'adulte

Bien que les cas recensés augmentent, le TDAH reste largement sous-diagnostiqué chez les adultes.

• Estimation : 2,5 % des adultes sont concernés.

• Le cas spécifique des femmes : Le diagnostic est souvent plus tardif chez les filles (comme l'illustre le parcours de Vanessa Bolk, diagnostiquée à 28 ans).

Elles présentent souvent un "TDAH caché" car elles développent de meilleures capacités d'adaptation sociale, bien que le sentiment de chaos intérieur persiste.

Historique de la perception clinique

| Année | Évolution de la conception | | --- | --- | | 1844 | Heinrich Hoffman décrit l'instabilité motrice chez l'enfant. | | 1902 | Frédéric Schtill lie les symptômes à un "dysfonctionnement cérébral minimal". | | 1980 | Le terme officiel "TDAH" s'impose. | | Actuel | Reconnaissance du trouble comme une condition permanente et non uniquement infantile. |

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3. Impacts Sociaux et Risques Sanitaires

Conséquences sur le parcours de vie

Le TDAH non pris en charge peut mener à des trajectoires de vie difficiles :

• Échecs scolaires et abandons de formations professionnelles.

• Sentiment de rejet et "blessure narcissique" (impression de ne pas être aimé sans traitement).

• Vulnérabilité accrue à la dépression, au burnout et à l'anxiété.

Santé et espérance de vie

Des données récentes indiquent une réduction de l'espérance de vie de 7 à 8 ans chez les personnes atteintes de TDAH.

Cette surmortalité s'explique par :

• Un risque accru d'accidents et de suicides.

• Des facteurs de risque comportementaux : tabagisme précoce, consommation d'alcool, troubles alimentaires menant au surpoids.

• Des maladies cardio-vasculaires liées au stress chronique de l'inadaptation.

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4. Stratégies de Traitement et de Prise en Charge

Le traitement médicamenteux

Le méthylphénidate (connu sous le nom de Ritaline) est un stimulant du système nerveux central.

Paradoxalement, il aide les personnes hyperactives à se calmer en leur permettant de mieux cadrer leur impulsivité et de lutter contre une "fatigue" liée à la monotonie.

• Efficacité : Supérieure à la psychothérapie seule pour les symptômes primaires.

• Bénéfices : Réduction documentée des accidents et des suicides (études scandinaves).

• Effets secondaires : Troubles du sommeil, de l'appétit et mains froides.

Innovations et thérapies alternatives

• Stimulation cérébrale par courant continu : Une méthode de recherche visant à modifier la communication entre les cellules nerveuses pour améliorer l'attention (séances d'environ 21 minutes).

• Psychothérapie comportementale : Utile pour gérer les conséquences psychologiques et organiser le quotidien, bien que moins efficace que les médicaments sur le déficit attentionnel pur.

• Activité physique : Recommandée comme régulateur naturel.

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5. Le TDAH comme Atout pour la Société

Malgré les difficultés, les profils TDAH possèdent des compétences inestimables dans des contextes spécifiques :

• Tolérance au risque : Dans un monde en bouleversement, leur capacité à agir sous pression et leur absence de peur face au risque sont cruciales.

• Pensée visuelle et conceptuelle : À l'ère de l'intelligence artificielle, leur aptitude à penser en images plutôt qu'en checklists est un avantage (ex: en cybersécurité).

• Créativité : Une capacité à apporter des perspectives divergentes, essentielles à l'intelligence globale d'une société.

Conclusion :

La gestion du TDAH appelle à un double mouvement.

D'une part, une prise en charge médicale rigoureuse pour ceux qui souffrent de leur fonctionnement cérébral.

D'autre part, une adaptation de l'environnement social et professionnel (flexibilité des procédures, tolérance à l'agitation) pour permettre à ces individus d'exprimer leur potentiel sans s'épuiser à vouloir rejoindre une norme rigide.

Briefing : Génétique et Réussite Scolaire

Synthèse de la problématique

Ce document synthétise l'intervention de Franck Ramus concernant l'influence des facteurs génétiques sur la réussite scolaire.

L'analyse repose sur deux postulats fondamentaux : les enfants arrivent à l'école avec des inégalités déjà constituées, et ces inégalités résultent d'une combinaison de facteurs environnementaux (sociaux, familiaux, prénataux) et génétiques.

L'objectif est de déconstruire les réticences idéologiques face à la génétique comportementale en s'appuyant sur des données probantes issues de la recherche contemporaine.

Points clés à retenir :

• Héritabilité : Environ 50 % des différences d'intelligence générale et 30 % des différences de réussite scolaire entre individus sont attribuables à des facteurs génétiques.

• Scores polygéniques : Ces nouveaux outils de mesure expliquent entre 11 % et 13 % de la variance du niveau d'études, un ordre de grandeur comparable à celui du revenu des parents ou du niveau d'éducation de la mère.

• Interaction gène-environnement : L'environnement fourni par les parents est lui-même partiellement influencé par leur propre patrimoine génétique (concept de "nurture génétique").

• Implications pédagogiques : La connaissance des bases génétiques ne justifie pas l'inaction, mais plaide pour une différenciation pédagogique accrue afin de traiter l'hétérogénéité réelle des élèves.

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I. Déconstruction des obstacles idéologiques et conceptuels

Le débat sur la génétique est souvent entravé par des peurs irrationnelles que la recherche scientifique s'efforce de lever :

1. Le Réductionnisme : Contrairement aux critiques, les biologistes n'ambitionnent pas de réduire l'humain à ses gènes.

Ils prônent une compréhension multi-niveaux (moléculaire, cellulaire, neuronal, psychologique et sociologique).

2. Le Déterminisme : Les gènes ne sont pas un destin "gravé dans le marbre".

Les influences environnementales sont tout aussi déterminantes que les influences génétiques ; la science cherche simplement à identifier les causes, quelles qu'elles soient.

3. Le Paralogisme Naturaliste : L'idée que ce qui est "naturel" (génétique) serait acceptable ou immuable est un biais de raisonnement.

La société se construit souvent en réaction à la nature pour réduire les injustices.

4. Le Paralogisme Moraliste : Nier un fait scientifique au motif que ses implications morales déplaisent revient à prendre ses désirs pour des réalités, ce qui nuit à l'élaboration de solutions efficaces.

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II. Modélisation de la réussite scolaire

La réussite scolaire est déterminée par une structure complexe de facteurs interactifs :

Facteurs de réussite

| Catégorie | Éléments clés | | --- | --- | | Facteurs Externes | Enseignement, moyens financiers, opportunités, effort personnel. | | Capacités Cognitives | Langage, mémoire de travail, attention, raisonnement abstrait. L'intelligence générale (QI) est la moyenne pondérée de ces fonctions. | | Facteurs "Non-Cognitifs" | Motivation, personnalité (conscienciosité, ouverture), dispositions à l'effort. |

Dynamique des boucles de rétroaction

• L'effort améliore les capacités cognitives (la scolarisation est le meilleur levier connu pour augmenter l'intelligence).

• La réussite renforce la motivation, créant un cercle vertueux.

• Le génome et l'environnement agissent en amont sur le développement de ces capacités et traits de personnalité.

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III. Preuves scientifiques de l'influence génétique

La science mobilise trois types de preuves convergentes pour établir le rôle de la génétique :

1. Études d'apparentés (Jumeaux et adoptions)

• Adoption : Sur le long terme, les scores de QI des enfants adoptés sont plus corrélés à ceux de leurs parents biologiques qu'à ceux de leurs parents adoptifs (corrélation tendant vers zéro avec les parents adoptifs à l'âge adulte).

• Jumeaux : Les jumeaux monozygotes (100 % de gènes communs) se ressemblent beaucoup plus que les jumeaux dizygotes (50 % de gènes communs) pour l'intelligence et la réussite scolaire.

• Conclusion : L'héritabilité de l'intelligence générale est estimée à environ 50 %.

2. Études des mutations génétiques

• Plus de 1 000 gènes ont été identifiés comme ayant un impact sur l'intelligence en cas de mutation (ex: trisomie 21, gène FoxP2 pour le langage, gènes associés à la dyslexie).

• Le continuum de sévérité : Il n'y a pas de rupture nette entre le pathologique et le normal.

Les mutations peuvent être fortes (suppression d'une protéine) ou faibles (altération de la quantité d'expression), produisant un impact graduel sur les capacités cognitives.

3. Études génomiques (GCTA et Scores Polygéniques)

• Méthode GCTA : Mesure directe de la similarité génétique sur l'ADN. Elle confirme une héritabilité de 30 à 35 % pour l'intelligence et les matières scolaires (lecture, maths, sciences).

• Scores Polygéniques (PGS) : Compilation de milliers de petites variations génétiques. Le score "EA3" explique 11 à 13 % de la variance du niveau d'études.

◦ Exemple : Un individu dans le quintile supérieur de score génétique a 50 % de chances d'obtenir un diplôme du supérieur, contre 10 % pour le quintile inférieur.

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IV. Complexité : L'interdépendance Gènes-Environnement

L'analyse démontre que gènes et environnement ne sont pas des entités isolées mais profondément imbriquées.

La confusion Gène-Environnement ("Genetic Nurture")

Les caractéristiques environnementales (nombre de livres à la maison, revenus) sont en partie héritables.

• Les gènes des parents influencent leurs propres capacités cognitives et leur statut socio-économique.

• Ce statut détermine l'environnement qu'ils créent pour l'enfant.

• Résultat : Environ 50 % de la corrélation entre le milieu social et la réussite de l'enfant passe par la transmission génétique, et non par une influence environnementale pure.

Effet additif

Les facteurs sont cumulatifs :

• Injustice maximale : Faible score génétique + milieu familial défavorisé (< 10 % de réussite).

• Privilège maximal : Fort score génétique + milieu riche (60 % de réussite).

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V. Limites et applications pratiques

Faible valeur prédictive individuelle

Malgré leur intérêt statistique en recherche, les scores polygéniques ne permettent pas de prédire le destin d'un individu spécifique avec précision.

La marge d'erreur est trop colossale pour justifier des décisions d'orientation ou de sélection (ex: sélection d'embryons).

Le niveau scolaire réel à un instant T reste un bien meilleur prédicteur que le génome.

Message aux acteurs de l'éducation

Pour les enseignants, les causes (génétiques ou sociales) importent peu dans l'action immédiate car ils n'ont aucun levier sur le passé de l'enfant.

Recommandations :

1. Cibler le présent : Intervenir directement sur les manques cognitifs observés (ex: vocabulaire), quelle qu'en soit l'origine.

2. Pratiquer la différenciation : Puisque les enfants sont inégaux, les traiter de manière égale (uniforme) accroît les inégalités.

3. Équité vs Égalité : Adopter une pédagogie inégale (aider davantage ceux qui en ont besoin) pour compenser les différences de prédispositions.

Conclusion : La connaissance génétique ne doit pas être vue comme une menace mais comme un levier pour améliorer les recherches en sciences sociales et affiner les politiques éducatives en tenant compte de la réalité biologique de l'hétérogénéité humaine.

[https://media.newyorker.com/photos/68d41dd5a787e07278d41d3f/master/w_960,c_limit/r47425.jpg

This image visually represents Berners-Lee as surrounded by browser windows, symbolizing how his invention became the foundation of the modern digital world. The web has expanded far beyond its original academic purpose and now shapes communication, commerce, and everyday life. It also suggests the overwhelming scale of the web today compared to its original vision.

Hypertext is the core concept behind the web. It allows documents to link to each other instead of existing in isolation. Vannevar Bush’s Memex concept influenced Berners-Lee’s creation of HTML. This shows that the web was built on earlier ideas about organizing knowledge in a connected and accessible way.

This shows how the web shifted from an open system to one controlled by large corporations. Originally, anyone could create a website and participate equally. Now, platforms like Google, Facebook, and Amazon control access to information and user data. This represents a major transformation from the decentralized vision Berners-Lee originally intended.

Gopher was an alternative system that organized information using hierarchical menus instead of hyperlinks. If Gopher had become dominant, the web might have looked more like a rigid file system instead of the flexible, interconnected structure we use today. HTML’s hyperlink model allowed information to be connected in a decentralized way, which made it more scalable and creative.

This is one of the most important moments in the history of computing. HTML was created so documents could be structured in a way that computers and humans could both understand. Instead of files being isolated on individual machines, HTML allowed them to be linked together into a global network. Without HTML, the web would likely have remained fragmented, similar to early systems like CompuServe or AOL. HTML made the web universal and accessible.

• description: image depicts a mass protest of british patriots waving the union jack flag
• context: viral image shared in support of far right and anti immigration groups.
• Image has been debunked as AI generated: objects in the foreground (flags, faces and limbs) bleed together.

Stephen McDermott, “Debunked: A viral image appearing to show UK 'patriots' waving British flags is AI-generated,” The Journal, September 4, 2025, https://www.thejournal.ie/uk-flags-london-patriots-ai-generated-6807401-Sep2025/

This brings to my mind the historical example of the Mechanical Turk, and the current amazon based processes of the same name. Because the internet allows a level of abstraction from the labor which its existence necessitates, there is a lot of violence wreaked on the working classes that is never seen or discussed. I wonder if there is a way of providing compensation for the violence of these images in the jobs of the moderators.

example of flat character functions

Flat characters: static to serve a purpose in story

Archetypes do not strictly apply to characters

Secondary/Minor characters don't need to meet the main character

Antagonist definition

Protagonist definition

I have never heard of the word charecterisation before and now I understand the meaning

Question 3- Blake Morgan’s article, How AI Is Changing the Role of Teachers in Education, argues that artificial intelligence is transforming teaching by automating administrative tasks and enhancing personalized learning. Morgan emphasizes that AI can free teachers from routine grading and paperwork, allowing them to focus on more meaningful interactions with students. Morgan highlights that AI enables more individualized learning experiences, as teachers can use data-driven insights to adjust lessons to each student’s needs. Morgan also points out that AI requires teachers to develop new skills, including digital literacy and the ability to guide ethical AI use in the classroom. Overall, Morgan advocates that the purpose of the article is to show how AI can empower teachers and improve student learning outcomes while acknowledging the need for careful integration.

Question 2- I liked Blake Morgan’s article better because it provides practical examples of how AI tools are directly reshaping teachers’ responsibilities in classrooms.

Question 1- Author: Blake Morgan, "How AI Is Changing the Role of Teachers in Education,"

Unfortunately, the radians column is messed up, too tiny. $$30^{\circ}\longleftrightarrow\frac{\pi}{6}$$ $$45^{\circ}\longleftrightarrow\frac{\pi}{4}$$ $$60^{\circ}\longleftrightarrow\frac{\pi}{3}$$ $$90^{\circ}\longleftrightarrow\frac{\pi}{2}$$ $$120^{\circ}\longleftrightarrow\frac{2\pi}{3}$$ $$135^{\circ}\longleftrightarrow\frac{3\pi}{4}$$

This gets at the ethical consideration of how the internet ought to be split up, and if there should be an overall governing body to the internet. There's a thread of thought in internet ethics that purports the internet as a location which allows free speech for all, but we've seen that allowing sites like 4chan and in some cases reddit has demonstrated real harm and resulted in real violence. The issue reminds me of the tolerance paradox.

Scrolling through other people's highlight reels can make your own life feel underwhelming by comparison. like everyone else is doing more, living more, looking better. That constant over-comparison can build into real anxiety and a sense that you're falling behind somehow.

Learning about things like doomscrolling, trauma dumping, Munchausen by Internet, and digital self-harm was genuinely eye-opening. These point to something deeper about how these platforms affect people psychologically in ways that aren't always obvious.

With these moderations, social media has become safer. I do not block people, but when they offend me or do something bad, I'll block them. I'm glad that nowadays we have social media moderation because it prevents people from getting their feelings hurt. When people feel safer and more comfortable, they are more likely to continue using the platform. This shows why companies are incentivized to provide moderation tools; it protects users and helps retain them.

Having a system with no moderators puts all the responsibility on the person running the site, which sounds like freedom until you realize what that actually means. You control everything, but you're also accountable for everything. Spam, illegal content, anything that ends up there is on you. That's manageable when a site is small, but as it grows and gets more attention, it becomes a real problem fast.

If the system gives validation and success, why would someone want to escape it?

Money systems and society’s rules about women work together to make women feel like they always need to improve how they look and act

Constant comparison creates anxiety because people compete with perfected photos.

Tolentino explains that fashion and advertising don’t just show beauty standards, they make people change themselves to match those standards.

Definition: a cycle where behavior keeps reinforcing itself

Tolentino shows how capitalism, feminism, and consumer culture combine to turn self improvement into a lifelong responsibility.

I'm confused on what this sentence means.

Tolentino shows optimization started as an economic idea but slowly spread into everyday life thinking.

Self improvement feels empowering but creates a lot of pressure still

She critiques a version of feminism that treats all choices as empowerment, but those choices are shaped by society pressure

Tolentino is trying to say that instead of reducing beauty pressure, society tries to include everyone inside the beauty system but the problem never fully goes away

Even movements like sever editing which is meant to fight unrealistic beauty can create new pressures which now causes people to think they must look naturally perfect all the time

Instead of blaming unrealistic standards, women blame themselves. The system shifts responsibility from society to the individual.

Tolentino is saying women may think they freely choose to live up to beauty standards , but those choices are shaped by social pressure. Even as women gain independence, beauty expectations actually increase.

Definition: believing you cannot escape a situation

Definition: the idea that clothes affect how you think and behave

Definition: different versions or variations of something

Definition: something that motivates behavior

Definition: a way of thinking or a model people follow

Question: why does society treat appearance like a measure of character?

Summary: omen already balance work and home responsibilities, but beauty expectations add more stress to the job. Maintaining appearance requires constant effort.

People are literally pay money to become better at surviving stressful lifestyles

People pay money to become better workers and be more productive

Question: Is choice real if social pressure never disappears?

Definition: the extra benefit gained from one more choice or product

Definition: something that is only temporary

Question: why is moral value connected to appearance?

Fitness culture helps people survive capitalism instead of escape it.

Summary: the author is trying to say exercise here isn’t about joy or health, it trains people to endure stressful modern life and makes you work way harder.

Definition: unstable or insecure living/working conditions

Things that used to be optional like working constantly now feels required just to survive.

Summary: Tolentino is saying modern success looks like being busy and efficient all the time. People think productivity equals happiness even though it keeps them stuck working nonstop.

Question: what parts of life are we losing when everything becomes optimized for productivity?

Question: are people improving themselves or just trying to survive unrealistic expectations?

Paraphrase: even eating is designed for efficiency so people can keep working or consuming media.

Things meant to feel fun (fitness, beauty, lifestyle trends) become pressure and work.

Definition: a fast paced system where productivity and improvement never stop

Paraphrase: Trying to perfectly perform womanhood is impossible and unfair.

Does social media make comparison worse because the images feel more real?

Even when beauty standards change, pressure on women never disappears, it just takes a new form.

Tolentino is trying to say her life looks natural, but actually requires a lot of money and effort.

Definition: very careful and detailed

Women are expected to constantly improve their appearance, lifestyle, and productivity which means they are never staying satisfied.

Is Tolentino criticizing social media for turning real people into products?

Definition: something that can make money

Tolentino is saying society keeps creating the same type of “perfect woman,” even though trends change.

There are cases where that makes sense for the government to be in control, to block illegal content, hate speech, or misinformation. But it can just as easily become a tool to silence people, suppress different points of view, and limit freedom of expression. And that's where it gets complicated.

An important thing to consider when imposing censorship upon a certain platform is the likelihood of certain groups/communities of just migrating to another platform with less censorship. Is banning these groups the most effective way to curb hate speech?

User safety is a major concern for social media platforms. When harassment, trolling, or unsafe political content spreads, users may feel uncomfortable and leave the platform. Because of this, companies have a right to moderate harmful content to maintain trust and keep users engaged.

This brings to quesiton many site's option for anonymity towards users for any purpose. We find that most times people feel more comfortable when it comes to online posting because there are no immediate repercussions to their actions. Anonymity provides these users an extra protective layer towards their hurtful actions and can provide stronger hateful media platform uses.

Oftentimes bigger companies cut corners in order to maintain their maximum output and income. With being paid less, their working conditions are extremely severe and inhumane. These "max-moderators" lose their social and moral integrity in order to produce more.

Moderation is a field that contains a lot of gray area — it is important to consider prioritizing what needs to be taken down first, and then determining what is even worth removing. Clearer legislation is the first step to making moderators’ lives easier.

So important to consider this factor

Makes sense. Regarding the methods, I think that a logitudinal study with more cohorts would be better, instead of following just one cohort.

Very informative and a good way to explain what factors may hinder learning

Not a lot of time to assess and again, there are others factors that should be considered

What factors lead to this?

How is this data being used for good?

peertube keynote by Dirk Schrödter at EU Open Source Policy Summit 2026 (he's with the German Land Schleswig-Holstein

This statement highlights that who sets the rules determines "what should be restricted" and "who is more likely to be restricted." Applied to platforms, this means content moderation is not a neutral technology, but rather an extension of a "social contract": if the rule-makers primarily represent powerful groups, moderation may draw its boundaries in their own favor, making vulnerable groups more susceptible to collateral damage or silencing. Consider Rawls's "veil of ignorance": if you didn't know you would be a minority, immigrant, sexual minority, or political dissident in the future, you would be more inclined to design a more appealable, transparent, consistent, and protective moderation system for the vulnerable. Therefore, "abstract moderation" here becomes a political and justice issue: moderation is not just about controlling extreme content, but also about preventing moderation power from being used to perpetuate inequality.

The "moderation" here emphasizes maintaining a sustainable coexistence between extremes: neither allowing all expression (leading to harassment, intimidation, and the proliferation of misinformation) nor excessive suppression (suffocating public discussion and diversity). Social media "content moderation/traffic limiting/banning" essentially translates this abstract "moderation" into enforceable boundaries, aiming to maintain basic order and trust on the platform. The problem is that when platforms concretize "moderation," they often use simple rules (keywords, model confidence levels, uniform policies) to replace complex contexts, thus easily turning "balance" into "brutal division." Therefore, content moderation is related to the moderation of moral ethics: it is essentially a governance practice of the "golden middle way," only often not done delicately or fairly enough.

I think that misinformation should be moderated, harassment or bullying. I think these are big problems that might undermine the users experience, and creates safeguards for them to enjoy the social media platform as they wish. This is beneficial for all users to make rational decisions.

Yes, I have reported someone for impersonating someone I know. If you let them, people can impersonate others and do weird things with it, like scam people. I think that social media not tolerating this really curbs that kind of scamming. For hate speech, I have probably when I was younger, but nowadays I don't see it much. I think in unmoderated spaces, everyone can be heard therefore no one can be heard.

It's nuts that no mainstream browser has incorporated basic native table-editing controls by now. (They wasted no time adding JSON pretty-printers—unsurprising, really, given that their main actual concern is propping up the JS–industrial complex and the professional developer class and not real users, which they don't actually give a shit about, contra the Priority of Constituencies.)

There is and has been for a long time a huge opportunity for a "Photopea for CSV (and JSON)" to show up and take off.

see reports https://www.woodmac.com/store/industry-sector/power-and-renewables/

https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1rbydwu/soviet_era_typewriter/

It's important to cite sources

https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1rc3m66/keys_arent_making_contact_with_paper_to_strike/

A way to organize your introduction

I have no idea what is being said.

I do not understand a lot of these words but bleft does not seem like the right word.

I think its supposed to say see

Is this supposed to say difficult?

This is wrong.

Interacción ciudadana con diseño e implementación de políticas gracias a tecnologías de comunicación digitales https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEN4XNth61o&t=490s cooperación sin coordinación (¿crianza mutua?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEN4XNth61o&t=490s Github pero circulo de palabra https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEN4XNth61o&t=490s "las personas que experimentan la participación no tienes poder legislativo, y las que tienen poder legislativo no experimentan la participación https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEN4XNth61o&t=490s

What is the difference between this approach and a random effect?

但是社媒健康信息，所谓的lay knowledge的弊端就是，你必须需要知道分辨，上面存在很多奇葩疗法、自创疗法、错误信息等

社媒平台确实提供了一个很好的空间、环境，让患者们实现交流、学习、自我护理

大家都在使用社交媒体分享健康信息、获取健康信息，这就好像转变为一种规范性准则，排挤了其他的意识形态和行为，具体来说，就是你得意识到，还有一大批人他不上网、不用社交媒体、不在社交媒体上关注健康方面知识，然而“这种被重新划定的医学的边界”默认所有人都可以通过这种方式获得基础知识并且实现自我护理，拿着对于某些患者是负担，因为他们其实做不到

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates how structurally diverse cardenolide toxins in tropical milkweed, especially mixtures containing nitrogen- and sulfur-containing variants, influence monarch caterpillar feeding, growth, and toxin sequestration. The experiments suggest that chemical diversity within a single group of plant toxins can have combined effects on even highly specialized herbivores that differ from the effects of each toxin alone. However, as the mixture design does not fully separate true diversity effects from the influence of the N,S-cardenolides themselves and the ecological basis for the chosen natural ratios remains weakly justified. As a result, the broader conclusions remain incomplete and would require more fully justified concentration regimes, mixture treatments that exclude N,S-cardenolides, and tests on living plants and non-adapted herbivores to firmly support the proposed coevolutionary interpretation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In the ecological interactions between wild plants and specialized herbivorous insects, structural innovation-based diversification of secondary metabolites often occurs. In this study, Agrawal et al. utilized two milkweed species (Asclepias curassavica and Asclepias incarnata) and the specialist Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) as a model system to investigate the effects of two N,S-cardenolides-formed through structural diversification and innovation in A. curassavica-on the growth, feeding, and chemical sequestration of D. plexippus, compared to other conventional cardenolides. Additionally, the study examined how cardenolide diversification resulting from the formation of N,S-cardenolides influences the growth and sequestration of D. plexippus. On this basis, the research elucidates the ecophysiological impact of toxin diversity in wild plants on the detoxification and transport mechanisms of highly adapted herbivores.

Strengths:

The study is characterized by the use of milkweed plants and the specialist Monarch butterfly, which represent a well-established model in chemical ecology research. On one hand, these two organisms have undergone extensive co-evolutionary interactions; on the other hand, the butterfly has developed a remarkable capacity for toxin sequestration. The authors, building upon their substantial prior research in this field and earlier observations of structural evolutionary innovation in cardenolides in A. curassavica, proposed two novel ecological hypotheses. While experimentally validating these hypotheses, they introduced the intriguing concept of a "non-additive diversity effect" of trace plant secondary metabolites when mixed-contrasting with traditional synergistic perspectives-in their impact on herbivores.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript has two main weaknesses. First, as a study reliant on the control of compound concentrations, the authors did not provide sufficient or persuasive justification for their selection of the natural proportions (and concentrations) of cardenolides. The ratios of these compounds likely vary significantly across different environmental conditions, developmental stages, pre- and post-herbivory, and different plant tissues. The ecological relevance of the "natural proportions" emphasized by the authors remains questionable. Furthermore, the same compound may even exert different effects on herbivorous insects at different concentrations. The authors should address this issue in detail within the Introduction, Methods, or Discussion sections.

Second, the study was conducted using leaf discs in an in vitro setting, which may not accurately reflect the responses of Monarch butterflies on living plants. This limitation undermines the foundation for the novel ecological theory proposed by the authors. If the observed phenomena could be validated using specifically engineered plant lines-such as those created through gene editing, knockdown, or overexpression of key enzymes involved in the synthesis of specific N,S-cardenolides-the findings would be substantially more compelling.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

I have reviewed both the original and revised version of this manuscript and while no additional experiments were added, I find the interpretations and discussion of the limitations of the study have improved. This is appreciated.

My original concern regarding the mixture treatments largely remains. Figure 4 nicely shows that the mixtures are more potent than the average of all single compounds. However, Fig S3 shows that the effects of mixtures are not significantly different from effects of at least one, single N,S compound (voruscharin or uscharin) across all measured growth/sequestration responses. Essentially, the effects of single N,S compounds is similar to mixtures (which also contain N,S compounds).

While the current results are certainly interesting as presented, in my view the main takeaway of the manuscript would be more compelling if it could be demonstrated that it isn't simply the presence of N,S compounds in the mixtures driving the observations. For example, does a mixture of all compounds except voruscharin or uscharin still have stronger growth/sequestration effects compared to single non-N,S compounds?

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Public Reviews:

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In the ecological interactions between wild plants and specialized herbivorous insects, structural innovation-based diversification of secondary metabolites often occurs. In this study, Agrawal et al. utilized two milkweed species (Asclepias curassavica and Asclepias incarnata) and the specialist Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) as a model system to investigate the effects of two N,S-cardenolides - formed through structural diversification and innovation in A. curassavica-on the growth, feeding, and chemical sequestration of D. plexippus, compared to other conventional cardenolides. Additionally, the study examined how cardenolide diversification resulting from the formation of N,S-cardenolides influences the growth and sequestration of D. plexippus. On this basis, the research elucidates the ecophysiological impact of toxin diversity in wild plants on the detoxification and transport mechanisms of highly adapted herbivores.

Strengths:

The study is characterized by the use of milkweed plants and the specialist Monarch butterfly, which represent a well-established model in chemical ecology research. On one hand, these two organisms have undergone extensive co-evolutionary interactions; on the other hand, the butterfly has developed a remarkable capacity for toxin sequestration. The authors, building upon their substantial prior research in this field and earlier observations of structural evolutionary innovation in cardenolides in A. curassavica, proposed two novel ecological hypotheses. While experimentally validating these hypotheses, they introduced the intriguing concept of a "non-additive diversity effect" of trace plant secondary metabolites when mixed, contrasting with traditional synergistic perspectives, in their impact on herbivores.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript has two main weaknesses. First, as a study reliant on the control of compound concentrations, the authors did not provide sufficient or persuasive justification for their selection of the natural proportions (and concentrations) of cardenolides. The ratios of these compounds likely vary significantly across different environmental conditions, developmental stages, pre- and post-herbivory, and different plant tissues. The ecological relevance of the "natural proportions" emphasized by the authors remains questionable. Furthermore, the same compound may even exert different effects on herbivorous insects at different concentrations. The authors should address this issue in detail within the Introduction, Methods, or Discussion sections.

Second, the study was conducted using leaf discs in an in vitro setting, which may not accurately reflect the responses of Monarch butterflies on living plants. This limitation undermines the foundation for the novel ecological theory proposed by the authors. If the observed phenomena could be validated using specifically engineered plant lines-such as those created through gene editing, knockdown, or overexpression of key enzymes involved in the synthesis of specific N,S-cardenolides - the findings would be substantially more compelling.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This study examined the effects of several cardenolides, including N,S-ring containing variants, on sequestration and performance metrics in monarch larvae. The authors confirm that some cardenolides, which are toxic to non-adapted herbivores, are sequestered by monarchs and enhance performance. Interestingly, N,S-ring-containing cardenolides did not have the same effects and were poorly sequestered, with minimal recovery in frass, suggesting an alternate detoxification or metabolic strategy. These N,S-containing compounds are also known to be less potent defences against non-adapted herbivores. The authors further report that mixtures of cardenolides reduce herbivore performance and sequestration compared to single compounds, highlighting the important role of phytochemical diversity in shaping plant-herbivore interactions.

Overall, this study is clearly written, well-conducted and has the potential to make a valuable contribution to the field. However, I have one major concern regarding the interpretations of the mixture results. From what I understand of the methods, all tested mixtures contain all five compounds. As such, it is not possible to determine whether reduced performance and sequestration result from the complete mixture or from the presence of a single compound, such as voruscharin for performance and uscharin for sequestration. For instance, if all compounds except voruscharin (or uscharin) were combined, would the same pattern emerge? I suspect not, since the effects of the individual N,S-containing compounds alone are generally similar to those of the full mixture (Figure S3). By taking the average of all single compounds, the individual effects of the N,S-containing ones are being inflated by the non-N,S-containing ones (in the main text, Figure 4). In the mix, of course, they are not being 'diluted', as they are always present. This interpretation is further supported by the fact that in the equimolar mix, the relative proportion of voruscharin decreases (from 50% in the 'real mix'), and the target measurements of performance and sequestration tend to increase in the equimolar mix compared to the real mix.

Despite this issue, the discussion of mixtures in the context of plant defence against both adapted and non-adapted herbivores is fascinating and convincing. The rationale that mixtures may serve as a chemical tool-kit that targets different sets of herbivores is compelling. The non-N,S cardenolides are effective against non-adapted herbivores and the N,S-containing cardenolides are effective against adapted herbivores. However, the current experiments focus exclusively on an adapted species. It would be especially interesting to test whether such mixtures reduce overall herbivory when both adapted and non-adapted species are present.

It remains possible that mixtures, even in the absence of voruscharin or uscharin, genuinely reduce sequestration or performance; however, this would need to be tested directly to address the abovementioned concern.

Thanks for these insightful reviews and your summary assessment. We certainly agree that ours was a laboratory study with a single specialized insect, and both mixtures types had all five compounds (controlling for total toxin concentration). Thus, our conclusion that combined effects of naturally occurring toxins (within the cardenolide class) have non-additive effects for the specialized sequestering monarch are constrained by our experimental conditions. In our assay we used two mixture types, equimolar and “natural” proportions. We acknowledge that the natural proportions will vary with plant age, damage history, etc. of the host plant, Asclepias curassavica. Our proportions were based on growing the plants a few different times under variable conditions. Although we did not conduct these experiments on non-adapted insects, we discuss a related experiment that was conducted with wild-type and genetically engineered Drosophila (Lopez-Goldar et al. 2024, PNAS). In sum, we appreciate the reviewers’ comments.

Recommendations for the authors:

Reviewing Editor Comments:

(i) More convincingly justify the choice and ecological relevance of the "natural" cardenolide ratios, (ii) Clarify the interpretation of mixture effects, and (iii) more explicitly discuss the limitations of leaf-disc assays and the absence of non-adapted herbivores in light of the broader coevolutionary claims.

Thank you for these suggestions. We have added several sentences of text to the Discussion section to make these points.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

(1) Statistical analysis is missing from Figure 3 and Figure S3, making it difficult to assess the significance of the data.

Much of the data in Fig. 3 is meant for descriptive presentation, with the main statistical analysis (contrast between N,S and non-N,S cardenolides given in the main text of the results. We have added treatment differences between the sequestration efficiencies to the figure as well.

(2) To help readers intuitively understand how certain results (such as ECD and sequestration efficiency) were calculated, the authors can provide the equations used for these computations.

Thank you, this was given in the methods and we have added it to the Result on first mention as well.

(3) For Figure 4, we suggest presenting the results of the equal mixture treatment and the realistic mixture treatment separately, rather than averaging the results from these two types of treatments.

We understand and appreciate this comment – all of the treatment means are given in Fig. S3. For this particular figure we have opted to stick with the binary comparison (singles vs. mixed) to maximize replication for statistical tests (typically n = 25 vs. 10).

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

Given the interpretations and discussion generally, I feel the manuscript would benefit from either additional experiments (mixtures w/o N-S compounds), inclusion of non-adapted herbivore performance, or reframing of the explicit interpretations from your findings.

We have added some caveats to the text but not added any additional experiments.

Also, for all treatments/mixtures are concentrations above the IC50? Perhaps this could be calculated from the information presented, but it may be best to explicitly mention this.

This is an interesting question. IC50’s are estimated from in vitro assays (with the enzyme and toxins in microplate wells) and so are not translatable to foliar concentrations. As indicated in the text, we chose cardenolide levels based on foliar concentrations to match A. curassavica.

Some minor points:

(1) Although the intact N,S-ring-containing compounds are recovered in low amounts in frass (and not sequestered), is there evidence of N,S-ring components being otherwise traceable in the frass? For example, can excess S or N be detected in frass? This could provide insight into differential detoxification or reincorporation of these elements, potentially explaining variation between voruscharin and uscharin.

Great question! We have not been able to detect breakdown projects. In other experiments we have conducted mass spectrometric analysis of bodies and frass, but have not been able to find the features representing breakdown products. Nonetheless, as mentioned below, the main conversion products are evident and measurable, as in this study.

(2) As a point of curiosity, is there evidence of interconversion between such compounds? For instance, if monarchs are fed only voruscharin, can other cardenolides be detected in their tissues?

Yes, we have tried to make this more clear in the text. Both uscharin and voruscharin are converted to calotropin and calactin.