I see that this book is meant to be very practice-oriented and directed for students not at all familiar with sampling beforehand. However, I think it would be very important to include also the concepts such as inclusion probability and its relation to the Cochranian notation style you have chosen to use. I know that students in statistics do not learn the Cochranian style at all anymore, all they learn about sampling is the inclusion probability -based notation. It would be important (for the next level courses, such as model-assisted methods) to understand the inclusion probabilities, otherwise the step to next level will be quite high.

But the systematic sample is still really one big cluster of plots, because when you select one plot, you select all of them. I noticed that you explained this later on, but I would prefer mentioning the problem also here. To avoid misunderstandings.

Do you mean within plot boundaries? Or that only boundary trees are measured to check whether they are in or out?

Astonishing, in a way, to see guidance so concretely dependent on the particular technology, given the abstract nature of most of this. Of course he really means duration, time, but it's like saying "a film should be 65 to 75 gigabytes, as not to exhaust the viewer".

Göran Ståhl once gave me a lesson about this. I know I have written this sentence in my chapter in 2006, but Göran later proved me wrong. It is not biased, it is just increased variance. If you go through all the possible starting points, and calculate all the possible results, take a mean of them, it should be exactly unbiased.

You mean for periodic populations? Usually it is assumed to overestimate, as we generally assume a trend in the population. I think this should be made clear, the proof for this should be in Matern's paper from 1960.

But they can overestimate the variance so much that they are not useful anymore.

This is not the best of approaches, as when there is a trend in the data, and systematic sample is truly more precise than SRS, using the SRS estimator does not show it. Instead, it overestimates the variance. There are estimators available that work better, depending on differences between neighbours. By Grafström. See Räty, M., Kuronen, M., Myllymäki, M., Kangas, A., Mäkisara, K., Heikkinen J. 2020. Comparison of the local pivotal method and systematic sampling for national forest inventories. Forest Ecosystems 7: 54.

I do not know if it is of any importance here, but it could also be a pseudo-systematic sample. So that make a grid of desired size, and make a simple random sample of one unit from each. That would also be more like a real random sample.

This is only true, if there is a trend in the population. If the units are completely randomly assigned, the accuracy is the same as in SRS.

Seems like children of the slaves met even worse conditions because they only had shirts to cover themselves with. At least this was what the owners provided the parents with.

The very word and title are very contradictory.

A strong argument made by Douglass. It is beneficial for slaveholders to rape their enslaved women. To satisfy their carnal thirst and monetary needs.

Douglass never knew his mom on a personal level and she died when he was seven years old.

Definitely was intentional because African-American lives weren't that important to city officials. There was no point in keeping record of slaves as they were considered as property or cattle.

Open - Source - Construct - Sauce

leading to emergent Open Standards =

not specification that can b implemented across platforms

but treating the Brwwser as a Universal Platform

allowing "implementations" across a whole variety

of non-functional requirements

constellations designed to expand/scale according to the number of

• participants
• sychronization
  • real time
  • asynchronous
• consitency
  • eventual
  • instantaneous
• reach
• discoerabiity
• privacy
• security
• availability

make assummed impossibiities ineviatable

Zooko's triangle

Ik ben benieuwd wanneer de tool nog meer bepaald wanneer iets gefactcheckt moet worden dan wanneer er een getal wordt genoemd, dit lijkt me een kwetsbaar systeem en gevaarlijk als journalisten alleen factchecken wat de AI tool aangeeft

werpt wel de vraag op of serieuze nieuwsmedia dan niet teveel meegaan in de aandachtseconomie die tech giganten ons (burgers/consumenten) ons opdringen

vond het interessant om te lezen welke tools er al worden gebruikt door verschillende nieuwsmedia. Het helpt me om het gebruik van ai in een bredere context te zien waarin verschillende journalistieke platforms al jaren experimenteren met het gebruik van nieuwe technologieën.

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63325-1

Resource: (NIH Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource Cat# PR-0817, RRID:AB_2716320)

Curator: @giovanni.decastro

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2716320

What is this?

mutton comes up repeatedly in the diet, it would be interesting to see if this also comes up in the Han diet later on. My guess, is it wont be as central to the Han diet as it is to the Uyghur diet

I agree with this. I'm taking 380 as well, and we just did a lesson on User Stories and Personas. This is almost sounds like the One User Fallacy, where a product is designed with one "generic user" in mind, which doesn't exist. This leads to people having their needs missed or creating a solution to a problem that doesn't exist.

When thinking about this specific section within the text, this paragraph about consistency and standards stood out to me because it shows how something as simple as consistency can completely shape the user experience. The example makes the point really clear, as when shortcuts and commands stay the same across applications, it saves users from constantly having to relearn basic actions. It also shows how thoughtful design is not always about adding new features, but about creating familiarity and predictability. That kind of consistency builds trust. When a user has familiarity with something that expectation of the user knowing and controlling understandably where they are and being able to direct where they want to head to is super important in terms of comfortability.

I really agree with this because when a system doesn’t show what it’s doing, I get confused or . I hate when I click something and I’m not sure if it worked, if I need to wait, or if something broke. Clear system status makes the experience way easier and reduces a lot of stress. It reminded me that even small UI choices affect whether users feel confident or lost when using something.

I find Nielsen and Molich’s concept of heuristic evaluation really useful because it provides a structured, expert-driven way to catch usability issues early without needing full user testing. I agree with the reading that this method can often reveal similar breakdowns as user tests, which makes it both efficient and cost-effective. However, I also think it’s important to remember that heuristic evaluation relies on the evaluator’s experience—so while it limits some kinds of bias, it can’t fully replace real user feedback, which captures the emotional and contextual aspects of interaction.

I agree with the point that many design methods miss real people at the edges. We often chase speed and easy learning and ignore access, culture, and fairness. The reminder to use diverse personas and equity focused checks is practical and helpful. It makes me want to pair walkthroughs with sessions that center people who are usually left out. I will not call a design finished until those cases are tested and included.

I think this is actually a lot of questions that designers miss out. A lot of the times, I find myself using a device or an interface without really sharing the same "goal" with the designer. I had moments where an update of interface created a major inconvenience to me as I personally favored the previous interface better. Or, even sometimes I am not aware of all the design features and end up only utilizing 10% of of the entire program.

These steps are helpful to keep in mind when conducting a cognitive walkthrough because it can act as a 'toolkit' when I'm unsure of what I need to be measuring. Having parameters when doing tests is also helpful for a beginner like me, who has only done one or two in the past. It's interesting to think about how these steps address whether the design is intuitive enough from different angles.

I totally agree with this quote. I like that cognitive walkthroughs focus on what people are actually thinking as they move through an interface, instead of just how the interface looks. It shows that even older methods can still be super relevant, since understanding the user’s mindset never really goes out of style.

This step is key to designing a good workflow. In my prior work as a product designer. It helped me realize one of the biggest flaws in my design process, which is that I jump into prototyping or working on some form of visual elements before I thoroughly think through the workflow itself. This often results in big gaps in the workflow due to the design being based off of my experience and understanding.

For example, one of the workflows I've designed was a feature to help users with cognitive disabilities to identify a position of interest (e.g. cashier), but one of the input source I used to determine the result was industry of interest, which doesn't make much sense of it now that I look back, since you can't expect most job seekers with cognitive disabilities to know whether they like to work in retail or hospitality, etc.

I actually hadn't thought about how my mac has the same keyboard shortcuts as other Apple products across the whole system. It makes sense and probably contributes to some people's choice to use mainly, or even exclusively, Apple products. Consistency seems like a very important heuristic when designing for a company that has multiple products, to ensure users have an easy experience with the interface.

I think usability tests are very useful for identifying interface breakdowns. However, they can’t show whether a design truly provides value in real life. Designers often focus on whether users can complete tasks in a controlled setting. They assume that success there means success in the real world. As Ko points out, task completion alone doesn’t measure whether someone would actually want to use the product or integrate it into their routine. I’ve seen prototypes work perfectly in tests but fail when deployed because the tasks felt artificial or didn’t meet real user needs. That’s why real-world testing is so important. It’s absolutely harder and takes a lot more time, but it truly shows how people actually use a design in their daily lives.

When thinking about designers perspectives and role this does not surprise me, however thinking from the users perspective it does as I always assumed user studies were the ultimate way to test a design, but considering what the author stated about them (at times) missing fundamental flaws which can change that perspective. It’s interesting how the author says that considering designers define the tasks, the results can’t show whether people would actually want to do those tasks in real life. It makes me realize how important it is to test a design’s real-world value, not just its usability from seeing if people would actually miss it if it were taken away.

I agree with this. You want to know if a user would be able to use your design without any explicit instructions, so you should test it by not giving your participant any specific instructions. The design should be so easy to use that anyone could pick it up and start using it.

I liked how this part because i think a lot of people, including me, tend to feel judged when we try something new in front of others. This kinda push the responsibility back onto us as designers, which I think is more fair and also encourages better feedback.

It also reminded me how easy it is to assume user are thing wrong but in reality, if they are confuse, the design and interface didnt not pass and failed. This is what I also talked about in my essay for informatics.

I agree that observation, as an empirical method, is valuable because it helps remove personal bias and ensures that findings are grounded in what users actually do, not just what experts think they will do. I find this especially useful in design research, where assumptions about user behavior can easily lead to misleading conclusions. However, I also think that relying solely on observation can sometimes miss the why behind users’ actions—something that critical or interpretive methods can better capture. This reading helped me realize that a balance between empirical and critical approaches can provide both objectivity and depth in understanding user experiences.

I strongly agree with this point. In practice, teams gravitate toward the KPIs that are cheapest to measure, such as clicks, sign-ups, short-term retention, while tougher outcomes like equity, safety, or long-term well-being get sidelined. The article is useful because it reframes evaluation as a toolbox: usability tests for breakdowns, probes/experience sampling for real-life fit, and A/B tests for causal impact. It changes my perspective to plan mixed-method evaluations upfront, so that what’s measurable doesn’t quietly replace what actually matters.

I totally agree on how important it is to recognize the main stakeholder and their needs/goals in their problem. However, my question is what if there is multiple? There could always be multiple representatives of stakeholder holding same importance value. Then, in that case would we consider both even though that causes higher chance of risking breakdowns and financial support?

When testing a design, I thinks it natural to want to test all of the capabilities and limitations in one go. So, having this framework when approaching user tests is helpful because it prevents both the observer and user from becoming overwhelmed with the all goals the testing wants to achieve. Additionally, it'll help me be realistic when I conduct user testing, as I won't be able to get the all results I'm looking for in one session; rather, results would be collection over time in other sessions.

Yeah, I totally agree with this quote as usability tests are awesome for catching stuff like confusing buttons, weird layouts, or a clunky flow. But they don’t really show if the design actually fits into someone’s real life or if it’s genuinely useful. It made me realize that even if something tests well in a lab, it might still fail to be meaningful in the real world. I think it’s a good reminder that good design is about more than just making things easy to use and it’s about making them worth using.

This is one of the most common problems I've encountered during my time working on projects. I've found that people are very self-conscious during usability tests. One thing that worked for me is to remind users multiple times during the session (e.g. embedding a reminder text into the software we're testing or verbally reminding the users of this)

it seems hard to interpret exact results of what we want to see, we don't have an exact loss metric to look at, its more of our interpretation based on our own knowledge of the clustering quality

then we well use the clustering algorithm i know shocker

Then we create some sort of similarity metric, it requires a deeper understanding of our data, I assume this means choosing like euclidian, manhattan, cosine, etc.

Like usual we always need to normally prepare our data, if we accurately calculate a similarity then awesome sauce

It basically calculates a bunch of arithmetic means that finds the data closest to the mean, with means/clusters farthest from eachother

k-means is the main focus, it's O(n) so its much more efficient, I have yet to learn how right now

Algorithms that operate in O(n^2) are VERY INEFFICIENT, specifically ones that calculate the similarity between each individual object of data, out of MILLIONS of data

instead of multiple different sets of features for youtube videos, you can just use a cluster id that represents this data

Funny enough this is a great way to compress data to make features less complex

Clusters can help with imputations, by just infering what that data should have from the same cluster groups

You would choose different similarity measures depending on the data you're handling

more features = more complex to compare similarity

we need a similarity measure, its a metric for comparing how close datapoints actually are

Clustering, unsupervised learning, no use of labels, tries to predict the grouping and relationship of the data

friend talk a multi standard English cause its different in other parts or country.

when people talk in standard English need to used the rules like grammar and sentence cause this used in formal English.

how in the past other languages uses primary than English.

people talk standard English with rules teach in the school.

latin and french dont used anymore?

how standardized the English form?

different language gradually emerged was English?

history about how the English changes in different countries

manners to talk in English and different forms that you speak in public or home.

Geography is way more complicated than I thought! Africa has such a variety of climates—not just deserts but rainforests, savannas, and even snow-capped mountains like Kilimanjaro. Climate, wind patterns, and ocean currents all affect how people live and farm. It’s really cool how people adapt to these conditions with so much traditional knowledge.

This makes me rethink how I’ve been taught to view Africa. I realize now that stereotypes can hide the skill, knowledge, and resilience of the people who live there.

Wow, I had no idea women were doing so much of the food production! It’s really impressive how much responsibility falls on women like the mother in Mali, balancing childcare and farming. It makes me think about gender roles back home and how women’s work is often undervalued.

It’s honestly so eye-opening to see that the San work way fewer hours but still have everything they need, while people in “developed” countries are constantly stressed and overworked. It really makes me think that modern life isn’t necessarily better — it’s just different.

The discussion about the San people really challenges the idea of them being “underdeveloped.” Honestly, I feel like they actually use their time really well and live in a sustainable way that works for them. In some ways, that makes them more economically balanced than people might assume when they call them “underdeveloped.”

For eg Amazon Guardrails, Essentially Symbolic or logical can act as guardrail to check the resposes from llm ( essentially constraint it)

Gives you best of both the world's

While AI is ruining the workplace, it is also creating new opportunities for employment. Whenever AI introduces a problem, a solution is needed. However, it’s easy to assume these new jobs could be done by anyone. In reality, AI can access a huge amount of info, while humans need to develop the necessary skills to perform these tasks. Therefore, society might struggle for a time to adapt.

While AI is definitely making it harder to work, I doubt it would be able to replace healthcare. Who would feel safe going to a machine that has no degree just a mixture of true knowledge, and made-up ideas on the internet? People would much rather go to someone who can understand them. and who truly know what they're doing.

AI is damaging healthcare and rearranging how the career looks. WHO says this adjustment is part of keeping healthcare “sustainable,” but mentions that it could also lead to unemployment. Radiology is one of the most affected areas because it isn't as hands-on as most healthcare careers.

Jurisdictions: The official power to make legal decisions/judgements.

How could relying on AI change the way doctors and patients make decisions together?

if AI makes a mistake, who should be held accountable? Should the hospital take the blame?

this would have confused me if i were in the situation because the sentence C said doesnt make any sense to me. but the teacher doesnt bat an eye, they just repeat what C said to M. because it isnt necessary for the reasoning to align with the teacher's logic, nor does the teacher need to know the whole contextual backstory. because if the teacher did, then that could put them in. situation in which they have to ask themselves what THEY think the right solution is, and that's not the idea at all!!!, only M needs to understand C.

YES because theyre the ones playing the game and they have the real stake in the matter FUCKKKKKKKK

SOMETIMES CHILDREN ARE NOT TALKING ABOUT THE SAME ISSUE!

every resolution ends on a positive note from the teacher. positive reinforcement

ooooooo so the teacher is just fully adhering to what the child says first. if K says "he can write his letters" then that's that... UNLESS R can express a take of their own. The children are fully in the arena here, and using words to communicate is not only encouraged by the teacher explicitly, but implicitly in the very environment that they have created.

difficulty speaking is helped, of course. R seems quieter than K by a long shot, but the teacher is mediating the whole time, and that means assisting R in his communication.

so many things here

• presents the alternate option of talking to K
• expresses that the "talk" option comes with help and support from you, but "fight" option does not
• positions you, the teacher, as an ally to the child rather than an enemy (i won't let anyone hit you either)
• in response to the potential question "why talk instead of push?" the answer is, "because one comes with explicit support and protection while the other one does not"

Its quite telling that despite this appearance to care about what the BEIC was doing, the British government was happy to reap the fruits of their labor and take over India in 1857

That's a very high and powerful position

The idea of transparency aligns with my goal of including a digital dataset without over-claiming, adding onto a previous annotation I made, I believe I should continue with the idea of creating a secondary journal to log my processes and potential failures.

This sentence is a bit confusing. Consider rewording (e.g., "Finally, the assumptions inherent in a multiple linear regression model may have constrained the data and the conclusions, given that linear models presume a clear, linear relationship between predictors and the outcome variable.")

I really like the way you break up the blocks of writing by listing them with their corresponding code chunks. This is definitely something I want to include in my report as I revise for my final submission!

consider making this part after the comma a new sentence

consider making this part after the comma a new sentence

This end of the sentence here gets a bit confusing. Consider rewording (e.g., "Alternatively, for females, increases in social status appear to be largely unrelated to feelings of safety, with a potential slight negative trend in which greater social status corresponds to lower perceived safety.")

I would consider rewording this topic sentence to help the flow out a bit. For example, you could say, "Unlike the largely flat patterns observed for political beliefs, social status demonstrated more distinct variation in perceived community trust and safety across genders."

These explanations are super helpful for the reader due to their depth (something I will definitely place more emphasis on in my revisions now that I realize their significance)!

So they restored ownership by returning one of the pieces and selling the other? Is there any info on how much they had to pay?

If I do my dataset only in a spreadsheet, it doesn't show or record the steps I made to create my "incubation + Inscription + cure" accounts. I think it's necessary to keep a secondary journal to log the processes I took.

The dataset i'm created is itself a "cognitive artefact". It represents the Iamata in a particular way, that means that I must show how I moved from inscription text to tags, so that readers can evaluate my choices, meaning that I should add a little "from text to tag" example for one inscription to demonstrate my tagging logic.

Scripts can quickly promote patterns like in my case "sleep-vision + wine/ointment," but historical judgement still decides if a line really describes a medicinal step made or just a metaphor.

Publishing only wins hides where tagging or counts break, this quote signals to me that I also have to show cases that failed to build trust to the conclusions I make. I will have to add a tiny "case failure" box/paragraph if for example, inscriptions where incubation is present but no drug is.)

A perfect frequency count of "poppy + wine" can still mislead if my definitions are off or translations vary, meaning that in regards to the quote interpretation still remains human. This means for my assignment I'll have to include a "limitations" paragraph that pulls together translations choices or overlapping rituals vs medicinal language.

Sometimes point and click spreadsheets can feel effortless, but they sometimes hide certain steps. This means for the dataset for my project I need to keep it relatively short and keep readable notes so that it's easy to follow how the linkages work between Incubation, substances, and cures at the Sanctuary of Asklepius at Epidaurus

I find interesting that even though Africa had such advanced urban societies, many historian still have a poor understanding of this.

I think it's great that scholars undo the many stereotypes that perpetuate poor understanding of Africa and it's people because that is how progress is made in our current society.

It's interesting how historical understanding can shift so greatly with new information presented to the historical record.

People in the west tend to have a skewed view of just how big Africa is and don't understand the entire scale of it.

Scholars have become more accepting of African tribes abilities throughout history to form, organized societies, and leadership

I find interesting that society was able to thrive, despite having a centralized government since I've been raised on such strong encouragement of the federal government.

Farming itself isn't the main reason agriculture furthered African societies. It was also the technologies and techniques they advanced.

I found it interesting that fishing is such an ancient practice in places, such as Africa given that agriculture has been so prevalent for so many years..

Women were very important to early Africa, which is the trend of many different tribes and societies around the world. Women have played a huge role in history and continue to do so

Can you guys see my comment?

This section demonstrates how much the world has changed, which is why I find it so fascinating. Success used to mostly depend on material possessions like land or machinery, but these days it's more about people's knowledge, ideas, and technological prowess.

Absolutely true, students learn by doing, so as they are involved in creating course content, they develop course development skills, which will enable develop a course from scratch in the future.

I believe most teachers are skeptical about letting undergraduate students be involved in course content creation or modification, but tend to let graduate students undertake these assignments.

This quote highlights the important ethical dimension of digital archaeology. Showing how open access and collaborative tools in digital archaeology challenge corporate control over knowledge. It aligns with using open GIS platforms that I will use for my projects and open data policy.

This expresses the idea that digital tools should be acting as extensions of thought rather than replacements. It connects to my final project because GIS and digital mapping help interpret archaeological data more effectively without detaching from human analysis.

a new instance of the Emperor class / an Emperor object

cut

what is happening with the cluster of data around 0 in Figure 5 below - may be important to change the scale or discuss this common response in the results

spot where having the variable be more specific to the statement may be easier for the reader to follow

shorter section titles here may help bring more flow to the report: ex reliability stats or reliability testing as a title for this section: then if you wanted to add more specificity you could have the sub headings be nonsleep, envi, etc

any best fit line or residuals that could be plotted along with these two variables to make the correlation or lack of correlation more apparent may be helpful along with a fig caption and clear title

muiltiple visualize sections with various length titles: consider making subheadings and keeping the larger headings shorter: also possible renaming of the SH variables to be more recognizable with a specific measure -- ex from variable in a later section SH_11 consider changing to SH_WORRY (referencing statement about worry before sleep--- association is easier for the viewer than the SH_#)

is this a title for the next section or a note--- breaks up the flow of the page a bit: consider making into a comment in the code chunk

looks like numerical values are being assigned to the variables here- for clarity add explanation of chunks and maybe a label on each that differentiates each SH variable: helps organize for reader

is this section the same composite scoring or something else-- add explanation or maybe sub heading for clarity-- the alpha and standard error values make me think this is some type of modeling but source labeled as more composite scoring?

purpose of joining the datasets-- what is the purpose/explanation for this section of code

potentially add explanation note to indicate the purpose of converting long to wide format for the survey data

not for nothingは副詞句で倒置が起こってる。chemistは主語

that前にカンマを追加。

1. 慣用句で使われる（いらないものを捨てていくと大事なものも捨てちゃうみたいなニュアンス）

Culture means how people live, what they believe, and what they do. These things are passed from parents to children.

more homework

Giving readers the opportunity to do their homework.

A call to action. This entire essay is proactive in stance, serving to not only educate readers, but inspire them to find a way to incite change. Later on, this call to action is supported by a list of reading material that readers can utilize to educate themselves further on the subject matter.

Using AAE to effectively drive the point home.

What King is speaking of is an insidious complacency.

Hodge's "It is what it is" and Mrs. Parks' "It ain't what it is" become the two opposing points of discussion for this essay. "It is what it is" demonstrates an apathy for racial suffering, while Parks' statement becomes a beacon of hope that readers, educators, and all citizens of the United States will take a more active stance towards fighting oppression.

NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Rosa Parks worked as a NAACP secretary for serving as the secretary of the Montgomery chapter for 12 years, so at the point of the bus seat incident, she was already a seasoned activist.

For someone following migration and work trends in southern Africa, this policy shapes not only the direct US - Africa relations, it also affects regional attitudes about fairness and opportunity when talking about race.

The congressional questioning shows growing concern about explicit racial bias in federal policy

Critics frame the move as a moral failure that betrays the humanitarian spirit of the refugee program

Issuing the policy without Congress shows disregard for legal process and oversight

Data contradict Trump’s justification for protecting Afrikaners, undermining the policy’s stated rationale

The carve-out for white South Africans shows how ideology and political symbolism now shape refugee priorities

The reduction shows a retreat from our traditional refugee commitments

This is clearly a political move, prioritizing race and nationality in a system long defined by humanitarian need

SAE was created in order to silence Black American voices and push segregation in education further.

Children who come from households that speak a different language feel outcasted and punished. Many aren't explained the vast dialects of the English language and how any set one isn't necessarily "correct"

White Americans created a system in which people of color were never intended to prosper.

This quote is alarming to me because it exposes how Morris reframes ethnic cleansing as a missed opportunity rather than a moral catastrophe. His use of the phrase “cleaned the whole country” echoes the language of purification, suggesting that national stability requires erasing an entire people. The casual tone of this claim masks the immense violence it implies, turning forced removal into a tool for order and progress. What stands out most is how Morris’s reasoning reveals the deep moral corrosion of nationalist logic. By viewing human lives as obstacles to political stability, he reveals how easily the pursuit of a “state” can eclipse empathy, justice, and coexistence. The statement made me pause because it shows the historian abandoning his role as a truth-teller to become a defender of cruelty disguised as necessity. It challenges readers to confront how historical narratives can be weaponized to legitimize oppression and how the line between documenting history and endorsing it can dangerously blur.

austin kim-matsuda: This quote is alarming to me because it exposes how Morris reframes ethnic cleansing as a missed opportunity rather than a moral catastrophe. His use of the phrase “cleaned the whole country” echoes the language of purification, suggesting that national stability requires erasing an entire people. The casual tone of this claim masks the immense violence it implies, turning forced removal into a tool for order and progress. What stands out most is how Morris’s reasoning reveals the deep moral corrosion of nationalist logic. By viewing human lives as obstacles to political stability, he reveals how easily the pursuit of a “state” can eclipse empathy, justice, and coexistence. The statement made me pause because it shows the historian abandoning his role as a truth-teller to become a defender of cruelty disguised as necessity. It challenges readers to confront how historical narratives can be weaponized to legitimize oppression and how the line between documenting history and endorsing it can dangerously blur.

That's an idea-- using AI to measure germane cognitive load!

entails a radical openness to the sharing of data

Entails explicitly outlined information about what's important to remember-- seems a little far-fetched.

Logic: The lecture format of learning was in place to "allow one expert to broadcast information"- which can now happen in a multitude of ways (cue "flipped classroom")- should be supplanted with at-scale personalized learning. This is the best way to scale the Socratic ideal, short of direct expert-to-learner instruction.

Great quote here. What does an anticapitalist course design look like?

What data are these publishers collecting and selling?

Resurfacing our baises through AI

RR\ID Summary of Reviews: Reviewers rate the preprint "That is why I trust": A qualitative study on acceptability and feasibility of novel tongue swab diagnostics to assess people presenting with tuberculosis symptoms in Viet Nam and Zambia as strong/reliable. This investigation, nested in an ongoing diagnostic accuracy study, draws on interviews with a variety of stakeholders in Viet Nam and Zambia, finding that tongue-swabs are generally a more acceptable TB diagnosis method than sputum tests. Reviewers highlight the well-chosen and clearly described methods, interviewee diversity and the clarity and strength of the qualitative analysis. To strengthen the preprint, reviewers recommend greater explanation of the Framework analysis, contextualization of interview findings through a brief quantitative analysis, and a greater discussion of the findings in the context of existing literature and policy. They also caution that the study may be limited by its reliance on urban clinics and caregiver interviews in Viet Nam. 

Read directly in RR\ID: https://rrid.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/6jmdqy4d/release/1

Reviewer #1: Evidentiary Rating: Reliable

Written Review: This study by Salesa et al. is a relevant and timely qualitative investigation into the acceptability and feasibility of tongue swab–based tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics among patients, caregivers, and healthcare workers in Viet Nam and Zambia. As the TB field increasingly look toward non-sputum sampling strategies to close diagnostic gaps, understanding end-user and implementer perspectives is important. The authors address this knowledge gap with a well-designed qualitative framework nested within an ongoing diagnostic accuracy study.

Strengths: * Robust qualitative design and diversity of participants: The study includes 76 participants across multiple stakeholder groups and two high-burden countries, providing rich comparative insights. The methods are well described and align with established qualitative standards. * Clear thematic synthesis: The authors distill key drivers of acceptability (usability, diagnostic yield, comfort, hygiene, perceived accuracy, and trust) and effectively support each theme with representative participant quotations. The finding that tongue swabs are viewed as easy, hygienic, and feasible across settings is consistently justified by the data. * Policy and implementation relevance: The results meaningfully extend earlier work by Codsi et al. (2023) by incorporating patient and caregiver perspectives, offering practical insights for integration of tongue swabs into TB diagnostic algorithms.

Suggested areas for improvement: * Analytic transparency: Brief quantitative analytics of prevalence or frequency could strengthen readers’ understanding of how widely particular sentiments were shared across groups.  * Scope and generalizability: The Viet Nam data were collected solely from urban clinics, and caregiver interviews served as proxies for pediatric experiences. The authors should discuss how these factors may limit generalizability to rural or community contexts and to children’s direct experiences. * Implementation link: The discussion would benefit from clearer recommendations on addressing specific barriers, such as healthcare worker concerns about infection risk during swabbing or community misconceptions arising from COVID-19 swab comparisons. * Minor points: Please ensure consistent terminology (e.g., “tongue-swab vs. “tongue swab” or “tongue swab test” vs. “tongue-swab-based testing”) and review the Results section for typographical errors (e.g., “fiveWe”).

Overall, this is an insightful manuscript. The authors present good qualitative evidence that tongue swabs are broadly acceptable and feasible for TB diagnosis, particularly for patients unable to produce sputum. By adding minor clarifications and explicit connections to implementation programs, the paper will further strengthen its impact and utility for TB programs and policy makers aiming to adopt non-sputum diagnostic strategies.

Reviewer #2: Evidentiary Rating: Strong

Written Review:

Scope of study: This is a qualitative study on the acceptability and feasibility of taking tongue swabs for TB testing (rather than collecting sputum), from the perspective of adults, children’s carers and health practitioners in a clinic. The taking of tongue swabs is a narrower scope than the phrase ‘novel tongue swab Diagnostics’ implies. This is an important distinction because, as the authors acknowledge, patients’ preferences for testing are likely to be influenced by the speed and accuracy of the results, and neither of these factors were investigated.

Study design and methods: These are well chosen and described in detail, particularly the methods for working in multiple languages, and the teamwork for developing the interview guides, collecting and analysing the data. Framework analysis is an appropriate method to support thoughtful and consistent qualitative analysis by a team. A better study would have given more explanation about the framework, particularly what the a priori codes were and how they were chosen, and what additional codes were indicated by the data.

Results: The results are presented narratively in themes, with illustrative quotes. Table 2 provides a succinct overview.

Discussion: The findings appropriately present participants’ perceptions. It would be helpful to compare some of these perceptions with other studies. For instance, the finding that “[p]eople accessing TB care generally felt that collecting tongue swabs posed a lower risk of TB transmission”, could be put into context either by stating the risk of TB transmission for the two collection methods, or by stating that the transmission risks are unknown. Similarly, there was mention by one or more health practitioners that the tongue swab produced a better quality sample than sputum collection. Are there studies that measure the quality of these two sample types? Lastly, as “[p]articipants… perceived diagnostic accuracy was crucial in shaping test preference”, it would be helpful to know the diagnostic accuracy of this test, and how this compares with testing sputum.

Conclusion: The authors conclude that ‘tongue swabs are generally an acceptable and preferred method for TB testing.’ This may be an over interpretation for two reasons. First, a more accurate conclusion would be that tongue swab collection is generally more acceptable than sputum collection for TB testing. Second, as this study was conducted in clinics with people who were seeking care, the findings cannot be extrapolated to community settings without investigating the safe transport of samples to a laboratory.

I think this depicts the conflict between the US and the Soviet Union.

huh?

Homosexuals has been recognized for several years and even had laws like DEI I believe when it was still active to combat against some of the discrimination, specifically around workplace .

The arguments against same sex marriages are all selfish and doesn’t make the best sense. While I do agree that any children raised in a same sex marriage might have questions about their family dynamics, I also feel that curiosity can be explained. The other 2 points are interesting because these “problems” never directly affect anyone that expresses issues with it.

what are the downsides and goodsides of having a curfew in public areas like the mall

Can relate this to Disinvestments and built environment from a public health course

20% to 40% of the poopulation's residents live in poverty MLK in only 17%

The quality of sleep is critical for work performance and other aspects of life as well

In this passage I know that In recent years, anxiety, depression, and damaged self-esteem have been on the rise among teenagers (especially girls). Meta's internal research shows a "perceived impact" rather than a clear "causal mechanism." For example, Meta's research asked teenagers, "How do you feel Instagram has affected your emotions?", rather than using a randomized controlled trial to measure it. Therefore, I think it's difficult to measure the specific effects and how they occur, because it's a very personal and emotional question. Therefore, one crucial detail remains unclear: whether "social media causes mental health problems" or "teenagers with mental health issues are more likely to use social media."

An interesting detail I found in a study they linked is that emotional contagions can be given in the absence of nonverbal cues. This may help us understand the significance of how social media having less ways of conveying body language.

I totally agree that social media influence on mental health. Because many people's actions are amplified online, and anyone can express their opinions to the poster, a lot of different ideas emerge. People may argue or post comments that are detrimental to their mental and physical health. This leads to people suffering from cyberbullying. Many people become depressed or choose to end their lives because of cyberbullying, so I think this is a terrifying thing. We should focus more on ourselves, instead of on the Internet.

I think that extreme cases, such as 4chan's incel community, should just be removed. If it's an obvious cycle of harm that only causes more problems, it's their responsibility to rectify that harm or at the very least prevent more of it.

This Wikipedia entry describes the evolutionary path of cetaceans, starting with the discovery of cetacean fossils on land, then moving to shallow waters, and finally becoming entirely marine. Modern cetaceans also fall into two main categories, such as Mysticeti and Odontoceti. Their evolution involves not only genetic and skeletal development but also cultural behaviors, such as the use of different tools for foraging. Environmental factors also influenced the divergence of cetaceans. One such detail is the radioactive events; I observed three large-scale radioactive events, the last one occurring 12-2 million years ago.

I looked at [l48] “We Need to Talk About Digital Blackface in GIFs” from Teen Vogue (2017). This article really stood out to me because it explains how using GIFs of Black people to express exaggerated emotions can unintentionally repeat old stereotypes — similar to how blackface mocked Black expression in the past. What I found powerful was how it connected something as casual as sending a reaction GIF to deeper issues of race and representation online.

This source made me think about how easy it is to participate in cultural appropriation without realizing it. It also connects to the chapter’s point about “copying” — that not all copying is harmless or funny; sometimes it carries history and meaning that needs to be respected. I think this article pushes readers to be more self-aware and ethical about what we share, even in small everyday actions on social media.

The Selfish Gene written by Richard Dawkins was mainly about how the evolution of genes was. The main goal was to change and survive. The book also mentioned “memes”, how people spread the picture from person to person, just like how genes work.

This article by Rick Paulas provides a visceral, first-hand feel for what it means to go “viral” in social media contexts—describing it as something like “doing cartwheels on the water-spout of a giant whale.” That kind of metaphor really brings home how thrilling yet unstable virality is: fun, exhilarating, but also out of control and potentially dangerous.

By the definition that a meme is a gene like organize that replicates and adapts, to a degree it can be argued that languages, or words in a language are also a form of memes. Certain words can adapt and change depending on circus stances in order to best suit the time's culture. This is also the case with words that become memes, as seen through the usually uninteresting number "67", which has since become a viral meme. Due to its meme status, this also changes how people perceive existing instances of the number "67".

By reading the wikipedia I learned the why memes are called memes, and understanding a viral word with the biological explanation is very interesting. Before reading the article, I thought the memes were just pictures we share online, but after learning the theory of memes, I realized that these online pictures are also a form of evolution.

This is an emoji reply from Monica Lewinski about the "worst thing she's ever done". It is a great example of how the internet adds onto each other still going with the thought of how it evolves.

I've seen this kind of video before and I thought this type of video could enormously improve the depth of communication among people online. Because people who filmed these videos with others need to spend a lot of time. Although their main purpose was to make their videos look good and receive more people's likes, the emotion these videos express followed the virtue ethics to make the platform community friendly and strongly emotionally bonded.

As much as I respect her efforts to create light out of her situation, part of me feels like this is an attempted grab at relevance. The Clinton scandal is so old now, and in my opinion, many of her joke tweets are unfunny and not meaningful in any way. Just feels like her bringing up something that many Internet users now weren't even alive for.

I find the origins of the term meme very interesting because I had never really considered how the term was coined. According to the article, meme is short for mimeme which means "imitated thing," and is also modeled after the word "gene." However, the explanation for the word meme makes sense because it's a piece of media that evolves and adapts through time and is shared by people. Furthermore, I found it surprising how the term was coined by Dawkins in 1976, long before the internet became widely available and accessible.

For my experience, nowadays meme is kind of trends. People will put the most hottest influencers on meme, or some funny graph or words on meme. A particular type of meme may become trendy for a period of time, but meme trends change very quickly. A new meme trend might emerge roughly every month. People frequently showcase currently popular memes on social media. For example, the Madagascar penguin is a very popular meme on Chinese social media right now; it's both funny and well-known.

Some of the memes are meaningless, so many of the people are actually seeing memes as downsides to our existing culture. For example, people think that if everyone is using these abstract words to express their feelings, especially for the young generation, they would lose their ability to express their thoughts formally, and not be willing to learn how to communicate with each other offline.

The lack of knowledge held on these specific words can be weaponized as polarization to involve the aforementioned ingroup/outgroup thinking.

Main Takeaway: Bilingualism in class helps learning. teaching should be flexible, and not English only.

They are challenging English only teaching as they argue for balance.

Observed classes in Norway

Reading this section made me think about how normalized copying has become online. Platforms like TikTok, Twitter, and even meme pages thrive on remixing and reposting, but most people never think about who originally made something. Personally, I’ve shared memes and gifs without even realizing they came from artists who might want credit. I think Confucius’s idea of “li”—doing what’s proper and respectful—applies here: giving credit isn’t just a rule, it’s a way of showing respect for the creator and the community.

At the same time, I agree with Michael Wesch’s point that remixing can be a form of cultural expression and creativity, not just theft. It’s tricky, though, when remixing turns into cultural appropriation—like when certain slang or imagery from Black culture is taken and used for jokes by people outside the culture. I think the line between cultural exchange and appropriation comes down to intent and respect. If you’re sharing something to appreciate and understand, that’s exchange. But if it’s just for clout or laughs, it’s exploitation.

This section really made me rethink how I use memes and social media. I’m going to start paying more attention to where things come from—and maybe even give credit when I can, even if it’s just a tag or mention.

We should notify who made the content. For instance, if we repost a video or a picture, the author’s name or related tags should be mentioned in order to show respect. If the author mentioned that this is their private property, we should ask permission for its copyright and tagged all their information on it.

When your body builds a molecule (such as an amino acid or a sugar), its "left-handed" enzymes will only make the "left-handed" form. It doesn't create a 50:50 mix of both left and right gloves; it just makes a pure batch of left ones.

Compounds from living things (like sugar from a plant) are almost always pure "left-handed" or pure "right-handed."

The Result: Because life's enzymes are so specific, the compounds they produce are also specific. This purity (not being a 50:50 mix) is what makes them optically active.

How Racemates are Formed? If you make a "handed" (chiral) molecule using only symmetrical, "non-handed" (achiral) ingredients, the reaction has no preference. It's like flipping a coin—you'll end up making 50% "left-hand" molecules and 50% "right-hand" molecules. The result is always a racemate.

The only way to avoid getting a 50:50 mix is to use a "handed" ingredient (a chiral catalyst) in the reaction. This "handed" ingredient acts like a template, forcing the reaction to make more of one hand than the other.

What is a Racemate? A racemate (or racemic mixture) is a 50:50 mix of both "hands."

Because you have an equal amount of the "left-twister" and the "right-twister," their effects cancel each other out completely. The final mixture doesn't twist light at all—it has no optical activity.

I think the way the book compares all of these different examples of evolution and loops back around to how its related in social media is really well done. I believe it leaves me feeling engaged and intrigued to read more.

It is due to this phenomena of replication and reposting that created the common idea that anything on the interest will forever stay on the interest, and be impossible for any party to completely scrub of the interest. This is also the case for memes, and specifically the people who are features in the memes. Often times, due to different factors, the people in a given meme might face back clash from other users on the interest, resulting in the person being harassed and bullies, such was the case with the star wars kid back in the late 2000s. This also is the catalyst for interest cringe culture and the reasoning for the effectiveness of mutual surveillance by other users.

I think nowadays the algorithms will only provide information that people are interested in, which helps people have better access to the information they need. However, this also prohibits people to have a wider access to all type of information.

As someone who uses social platforms and watches how memes / posts spread, I’ve observed that sometimes the version that goes viral isn’t the original but a mutated one (someone adds a caption, remix, or cross-posts to another network). The chapter’s point that inheritance matters jumped out: once a variation exists and spreads with the change, future copies carry that change. That resonates with seeing e.g. a tweet being quote-retweeted, then everyone repeats the quote-tweet version, not the original tweet.

what if the speaker deems her dreams “little” bc she never got the chance to make it a reality so she downplays the dream as a result?

The Chemicaal trsucturs of MJ and heroin mimics how neurotransmitters work

It allows the drugs to attach and act on the neurons

I find this part very interesting. The concept of "cringe" in the 2010s was so prevalent, but now the lines are so blurred, as content many people enjoy can also be widely mocked as cringe. And on top of that, intentionally cringe content (which often goes viral and gets lots of success) makes this distinction even more difficult. But is this a good thing? It facilitates more diverse discourse and leads us away from homogenous thinking and opinions, as now there is disagreement. Which I think might actually be a good thing for internet culture.