The author states, "With movements so swift they seemed simultaneous, Atticus’ hand yanked a ball-tipped lever as he brought the gun to his shoulder.” The author uses Words like "swift," "yanked," and "simultaneous" to emphasize the precision and mastery of Atticus in this moment. This highlights his calmness under pressure and this earns Atticus respect.

They are trying to shoot the dog and they have a chance too now.

Paragraph 5 states, “He was not playing or sniffing at foliage: he seemed dedicated to one course and motivated by an invisible force...”<br /> The author uses Words like "dedicated" and "motivated by an invisible force" to imply a sense of impending danger, which can suggest the theme of unavoidable challenges in life.

Characterization of Atticus Finch: In pararaph 11 it states, "Atticus shook his head vehemently: Don’t just stand there, Heck! He won’t wait all day for you." This shows Atticus as discliplined and humble. Despite his skill, he downplays his ability, reflecting a modest and humble character who does not seek attention for his talents.

You can tell that the dog likes to take his time observing/investigating.

Effects of Figurative Language: I thought he moved like an underwater swimmer; time had slowed to a nauseating crawl.” This simile shows the slow, vivid nature of the moment when Atticus takes the shot, this heightens the suspense and the reader feels the intensity of the scene.

this shows how despite losing his glasses, he still commits to shooting the dog, showing his determination to finish the task.

What is so scary about a deserted street?

Imagery: The authors use of vivid imagery of the dog’s body after the shot creates a clear but unsettling picture in the reader’s mind. This reinforces the tension and conclusion of the situation, that the dog is dead and there's no going back.

does this mean he was a hunter or fought in war thirty years prior?

this shows how the man has much more skill than any of the onlookers realized.

she says "still," meaning that the children may have been ashamed of their father before,

shows how they were shocked that their father was being handed the rifle.

this could mean he was sick, which is why he was more hesitant to shoot the dog.

Oplossingen voor beperkt hulp zoeken: - Bicultureel/ tweetalig personeel. - Aantal maatschapeplijke werkers vergroten. - Flexibele werktijden om makkelijker zorg op te zoeken. - Stigma verminderen door geestelijke gezondheidszorg toe te lichten.

Barrières omtrent hulp zoeken voor minderheden: - Taalbarrières: beperkte taalvaardigheden maakt hulp zoeken lastiger. - Stigma en wantrouwen: stigma beperkt hulp zoeken. - Opvattingen over gezondheid en ziekte: sommige culturen staan voor wilskracht > behandelingen; inheemse geneeskunde, traditionele remedies, en alternatieve therapieën. - Sociale validiteit: wantrouwen tegenover gezondheidszorg. - Tekort aan middelen voor geestelijke gezondheid: gebrek aan geestelijke gezondheidszorg.

Cultureel referentiekader omtrent therapie: - Definitie van abnormaliteit: per cultuur anders. - Relevantie van zelf: sommige culturen zijn meer onafhankelijk, anderen meer afhankelijk. - Kennis en vaardigheden van therapeut: culturele kennis is belangrijk. - Succes en functionaliteit: per cultuur andere betekenis.

Cultureel specifieke syndromen: - Amok: woedeaanval door slaaptekort. - Zar: oncontroleerbare bewegingen en mutisme. - Baksbat: extreme angst en wantrouwen. - Susto: verdriet, slaap/ eetproblemen en angst. - Latah: extreme schrikreactie en anderen herhalen. - Koro: extreme angst voor krimpende geslachtsdelen. - Ataques de nervios: controleverlies en huilen.

3 culturele aspecten van distress: - Culturele syndromen van distress: vaak gepaarde symptomen in bepaalde culturen. - Culturele idiomen van angstdistress: angstige emoties uiten in verschillende culturen. - Culturele verklaringen van angstdistress: oorzaken van distress per cultuur.

Culturele dimensies en incidentie van bepaalde ziekten: - Hogere machtsafstand= + infecties, - CVD. - Hogere individualisme= + CVD, - infecties en bloedziektes. - Hogere onzekerheidsvermijding= + CVD, - bloedziekten/ hogere onzekerheid= + CVD. - Hoge masculiniteit= + bloedziekten.

HVLA?

electrolyte levels? EKG?

Metoprolol is a selective beta-1 blocker,,,works specifically on the heart to reduce AV node and SA node conduction

Calcium channel blockers

Other drugs that suppress AV node: A....A...

If SA node fails, seek AV node, if AV node fails, seek bundle of his, but the pacemaker rate will be much slower...

First Degree AV Block: prolonged but even PR interval Second Degree: Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach): PR interval lengthening followed by a QRS drop Long long long drop, you have a Wenkebach Second Degree: Mobitz Type II: consistent PR intervals ⇒ low CO symptoms, may progress to third degree. Tx = pacemaker Third Degree (Complete) Heart Block: atria and ventricles beat independently of each other (equal RR and PP intervals) May be caused by MI, degeneration of the conductive tissue, and Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Delayed transmission?? Slowing the transmission makes it easy for AV conduction block to occur....

Allows for ventricular filling, slow conduction lets the AV valve remains longer

AV node is slow conduction (to encourage ventricular filling), initiated by L-type Ca channels for depolarization; while Bundle of His is fast conduction, initiated by sodium channels for depolarization.

P wave = atrial depolarization P-R wave = atrial contraction QRS = ventricular depolarization S-T = ventricular contraction T-wave = repolarization Q-T interval = the time from beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization

EKG Troponin CK-MB CMP CBC Lipid panel

Eliminate any tachycardias/atrial fluttesr/atrial fib because they are more tachycardic

Thoracic has significant tart changes, which make sense....

Restricted thoracic inlet on the left, there's restricted lymph node flow

can treat with Diaphragm release technique (thoracic diaphragm release) to help improve lymph node, help with lymph drainage and venous return to the heart (should work for this patient?)

myofascial/soft tissue techniques

Syncope = sudden fainting due to reduction of blood flow to the brain, may be related to her abnormally slow pulse/reduced blood flow to supply body for a moment?

Palpitations = related to problems with disruptions of heart normal electrical activity, so for her she feels like her heart skipped beats with irregular rhythms...heart pauses between beats, reduced blood flow to needed areas

SOB = reduced BF leads to reduced oxygen content being delivered to the body, leading to SOB

HEENT = everything normal, non-remkarable

At a cooking class, the teacher sets out the ingredients for a healthy recipe, like vegetables and lean meats, while placing less healthy options, like processed foods or sugary sauces, further away or in smaller amounts. This encourages students to cook healthier meals, but they can still use the less healthy ingredients if they choose.

nudging helps people make better decisions in a world that is too complicated for everyone to fully understand. Nudges can promote good choices, like saving money or eating healthy, without really limiting freedom.

What does he mean?

Can we substitute any of the provided workouts with our own or are there any restrictions?

Are there any specific apps or resources you recommend using during this course?

What happens if there is a technical issue during a virtual fitness test or while uploading videos?

Do you prefer students to contact you through email, canvas or phone?

How many extra credit opportunities will there be throughout the course?

What kind of feedback should we expect on the pre and post fitness tests?

Can we use different apps for tracking fitness, or are we required to to use Under Armor or MapMyFitness?

If I miss submitting a fitness log, is there any way to make up those points?

what is the best way to reach you outside of office hours if I have an urgent question?

In September, employers in Poland published 12% more job offers y/y (288 thousand).

The increase has been going on for 4 months, and now it has reached the highest level since March 2022. The largest increase in the number of job offers is in medical professions (24%) and manual workers (13%). Decrease among financiers (-15%), HR specialists (-10%) and lawyers (-7%). In IT, the number of offers increased by 5%, and in marketing and sales by 1%.

-how this understanding relates to practical applications in preventing pressure ulcers. -the importance of staff training and support in addressing both barriers and facilitators

Barrier domains: Knowledge, physical skills, social influences, environmental context and resources Facilitator domains: Interpersonal skills, environmental context and resources, social influences, beliefs about capabilities, beliefs about consequences, social/professional role and identity

each of these factors contributes to increased vulnerability

consequences affect daily living and overall well-being

This is the fundamental concept that defines what pressure ulcers are

Sounds like GOFAI (symbolic AI, automated deductive reasoning).

Failure to optimize the reward may be a competence issue rather than an alignment issue.

The reason is that no such situation appeared in the training data. The training data underrepresents such situations.

Ensure that the training data distribution matches the deployment data distribution.

Ensure that the loss (and the training data it depends on) corresponds to the intent.

or, more precisely, the intent behind the system prompts.

• Alignment
• Moral philosophy
• Competence
• Governance
• Resilience
• Security

This me and it's not good I have such a hard time with school work and try flash card but it's so hard.

When you have this its so hard to go through life , because you want to remember but can't its like walking around in a cloud.

Good website

kairos

ethos, i work for you

tying argument off with a "two birds one stone" bow. introduce problem a, energy crisis, rooting from problem b, crisis of confidence, then a solution that solves both of these issues, beginning with a tangible change you can start with.

call to action for the audience

solution, looking towards the future

logos: expeditio

ethos

defined need, now solution

use of imagery

pathos

just outlines argument, now providing examples

pathos

logos: paromologia

Made with canned corn and steak seasoning on the shrimp. All baked at same time. Served with whipped feta on toast. "Whipped Feta dip" from Love and Lemons

That's an interesting point. In real life also, bullies often bully because it gives them a false sense of power and control. They tend to target individuals they perceive as weaker, both physically and emotionally. By exerting theirdominance, bullies sometimes mask their own vulnerabilities.

People make trolling for long and short times, but both to attract people's attention and emotional reactions. Trolling can significantly undermine constructive dialogue online by intentionally provoking negative emotions, often leading to conflict rather than meaningful exchange. This behavior not only derails conversations but can also create a toxic environment.

Just want to say this me only I can't recall memory before hand, or after.

How can this help protect the new memory as well as long term and new memory , because trouble recalling new memory at times when i read things.

I would like to know if this works on human.

what happens when the group neurons are not working. Can this problem be fixed to help with a person memory.

This paragraph offers an insightful example of trolling as a form of protest. This tactic, often called data smog, has a rich history in online communities. This was not an isolated incident but part of a larger trend in digital activism where communities use disruption to defend vulnerable groups or subvert authority.

POINT 3

POINT TWO

PERHAPS POINT 1

if the new plan doesn't actually help the economy, it means nothing. given the state-GREAT DEPRESSION

Ignoring trolls hinges on the assumption that when trolls seek attention, but they'll lose interest when they are ignored. While this may be true for sometimes, ignoring continual harassment doesn't solve the underlying problem, especially when trolls escalate their behavior to force a reaction. It is insufficient in more serious cases of online harassment. This implies that if harassment continues, it’s due to the victim’s failure to “manage” their harasser.

They want to embarrass individuals in a lighthearted way. However, some pranks can cross a line, causing discomfort or distress, much like modern trolling, where the intent is to provoke a reaction, often at someone else's expense.

Button Clicked event Label: Menu Item View Conversations

Universaliteit gebaseerd op basisemoties: - Antecedenten: zelfde reactie op stimuli. - Fysiologie: overeenkomstige neurale paden bij bepaalde emoties. - Subjectieve ervaring: universele emotionele ervaring. - Herkenning: dezelfde emoties herkennen is vrijwel universeel. - Samenhang in emotionele reactiesystemen: compontenten van emotionele expressie (=gezicht, stem, etc.) zijn universeel. - Betekenis geven: universele reactie.

Sternberg's 3 vormige intelligentie: - Analytisch. - Creatief. - Praktisch.

Algemene intelligentiefactor (=G); - Verbaal redeneren. - Kwantitatief redeneren. - Abstract visueel redeneren. - Kortetermijngeheugen.

Flynn Effect=omgevingsfactoren die IQ verhogen over generaties heen.

Bell Curve=genetische factoren.

Redenen van culturele verschillen in cognitie:<br /> - Situationele factoren/ experimentele onderzoeksontwerpen. - Attributiebiases zijn universeler dan gedacht. - Analytische waarnemingen werden niet gekoppeld aan interne locus of contral/ holistische waarnemingen werden niet gekoppeld aan externe locus of control. - Sommige geheugendelen zijn universeler. - Trainingseffecten worden niet in overweging genomen.

3 dimensies symboliseren in 2: westerse culturen zien vaker in 2d; meer gewend aan afbeeldingen zoals bij deze illusies.

Ouch

I don't see Jordan Peterson's Self Authoring Program mentioned anywhere in here

This part shows that parasocial relationships can be both authentic and unauthetic, it really depends on the ethics and morale behind the person. Like the Mr Rogers situation, it also shows how the same thing can be considered both authentic or unauthentic based on the person viewing (Jessica vs the author)

This happens so often even with creators that don't have a big following, and I personally find this quite concerning. There are even individuals going as far as getting cosmetic surgery to look like a person or even finding their address.

The explanation of parasocial relationships impressed me the first time since it could explain why viewers feel like they "know" the public figure. Also, I feel surprised about that parasocial relationships appears from intimate-seeming interactions over time, often via media that simulate personal engagement. But in my perspective, this interactivity blurs the line between public and personal.

I suppose the different between authentic or inauthentic parasocial relationship in streamers-followers sense is whether the celebrity consider a specific follower as "fans". However, this judgement often based on whether followers spend enough money on streamers and streamers don't their fans' names (even username) in most circumstance. Therefore, I don't see any difference for follower between authentic and inauthentic parasocial relationship.

The relationship between streamers and their followers has became the one of the most common parasocial relationship, nowadays. In some sense, this kind of parasocial relationship was built by streamers on purpose. They will pick nicknames for their followers' group and responds to chat like they are talking like friends.

Joint Public Review:

Summary:

The authors present an intriguing investigation into the pathogenesis of Pol III variants associated with neurodegeneration. They established an inducible mouse model to overcome developmental lethality, administering 5 doses of tamoxifen to initiate the knock-in of the mutant allele. Subsequent behavioral assessments and histological analyses revealed potential neurological deficits. Robust analyses of the tRNA transcriptome, conducted via northern blotting and RNA sequencing, suggested a selective deleterious effect of the variant on the cerebrum, in contrast to the cerebellum and non-cerebral tissues. Through this work, the authors identified molecular changes caused by Pol III mutations, particularly in the tRNA transcriptome, and demonstrated its relative progression and selectivity in brain tissue. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the neurological manifestations of certain genetic disorders and sheds light on transcripts/products that are constitutively expressed in various tissues.

Strengths:

The authors utilize an innovative mouse model to constitutively knock in the gene, enhancing the study's robustness. Behavioral data collection using a spectrometer reduces experimenter bias and effectively complements the neurological disorder manifestations. Transcriptome analyses are extensive and informative, covering various tissue types and identifying stress response elements and mitochondrial transcriptome patterns. Additionally, metabolic studies involving pancreatic activity and glucose consumption were conducted to eliminate potential glucose dysfunction, strengthening the histological analyses.

Comments on revised version from expert Editor #1:

The authors in the revised manuscript have effectively responded to all of the comments and suggestions raised by both reviewers. Overall, I find the revised version to be an important contribution to the field and the strength of evidence supporting the work's claims to be compelling.

Comments on revised version from expert Editor #2:

The authors have responded constructively to all the comments in the first round of reviews and clarified many issues in the manuscript. The current report represents a significant advance.

Comments on revised version from Reviewer #2:

The authors should include their clarifications of all concern raised by reviewer #2 (mentioned in the previous weaknesses) in the main text. They should consider including point #2 to point #10 in the main text (discussion section). The should highlight limitations of this study in discussion.

Also, they should clearly state that deciphering brain area specific behavioural deficits is beyond the scope of the manuscript with appropriate justification mentioned in the rebuttal letter.

I still do not agree with the author to state that "brain region-specific sensitivities to a defect in Pol III transcription". The changes are global and also not restricted to brain. Authors may consider restating this sentence. It is obvious that transcription defects related to tRNA production will lead to alteration in whole body physiology.

eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into the mechanistic basis of neurological manifestations of RNA polymerase III-related disease by creating a mutant mouse to dissect transcriptional changes. The data provide compelling evidence for disease progression initiated by a global reduction in tRNA levels leading to integrated stress and innate immune responses and neuronal loss. The work will be of interest to those engaged in the study of chromosome biology, developmental biology and neurodegeneration.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

Moir, Merheb et al. present an intriguing investigation into the pathogenesis of Pol III variants associated with neurodegeneration. They established an inducible mouse model to overcome developmental lethality, administering 5 doses of tamoxifen to initiate the knock-in of the mutant allele. Subsequent behavioral assessments and histological analyses revealed potential neurological deficits. Robust analyses of the tRNA transcriptome, conducted via northern blotting and RNA sequencing, suggested a selective deleterious effect of the variant on the cerebrum, in contrast to the cerebellum and non-cerebral tissues. Through this work, the authors identified molecular changes caused by Pol III mutations, particularly in the tRNA transcriptome, and demonstrated its relative progression and selectivity in brain tissue. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the neurological manifestations of certain genetic disorders and sheds light on transcripts/products that are constitutively expressed in various tissues.

Strengths:

The authors utilize an innovative mouse model to constitutively knock in the gene, enhancing the study's robustness. Behavioral data collection using a spectrometer reduces experimenter bias and effectively complements the neurological disorder manifestations. Transcriptome analyses are extensive and informative, covering various tissue types and identifying stress response elements and mitochondrial transcriptome patterns. Additionally, metabolic studies involving pancreatic activity and glucose consumption were conducted to eliminate potential glucose dysfunction, strengthening the histological analyses.

Weaknesses:

The study could have explored identifying the extent of changes in the tRNA transcriptome among different cell types in the cerebrum. Although the authors attempted to show the temporal progression of tRNA transcriptome changes between P42 and P75 mice, the causal link was not established. A subsequent rescue experiment in the future could address this gap.

Nonetheless, the claims and conclusions are supported by the presented data.

We thank Reviewer 1 for their thoughtful review and commentary.  We appreciate the reviewer’s finding that our “claims and conclusions are supported by the presented data.”   

We note that our findings on the temporal progression of transcriptional changes between P42 and P75 apply to both the Pol II and Pol III transcriptomes. Importantly, in the case of Pol III, only precursor and mature tRNAs are affected at P42 whereas at P75, numerous other Pol III transcripts are also changed.  We therefore attribute the changes in tRNA as being causal in disease initiation since this is the earliest  direct consequence of the Polr3a mutation.

To expand on the evidence demonstrating the progressive nature of Polr3-related disease in our mouse model, the revised manuscript includes new immunofluorescence data showing no change in microglial cell density in the cerebral cortex or the striatum at an early stage in the disease (Supplementary Fig. S6F, G).  This is in striking contrast to the findings at later times (P75) where the number of microglia increased significantly in the Polr3a mutant and exhibit an activated morphology (Fig. 4G,H).   

We agree with the reviewer that it will be interesting in the future to assess the impact of the Polr3a mutation in different neural cell types and to explore opportunities for suppressing disease phenotypes. 

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

The study "Molecular basis of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Polr3 related disease" by Moir et.al. showed that how RNA Pol III mutation affects production, maturation and transport of tRNAs. Furthermore, their study suggested that RNA pol III mutation leads to behavioural deficits that are commonly observed in neurodegeneration. Although, this study used a mouse model to establish theses aspects, the study seems to lack a clear direction and mechanism as to how the altered level of tRNA affects locomotor behaviour. They should have used conditional mouse to delete the gene in specific brain area to test their hypothesis. Otherwise, this study shows a more generalized developmental effect rather than specific function of altered tRNA level. This is very evident from their bulk RNA sequencing study. This study provides some discrete information rather than a coherent story. My enthusiasm for publication of this article in eLife is dampened considering following reasons mentioned in the weakness.

Reviewer 2’s summary contains two misstatements: 

Moir et.al. showed that how RNA Pol III mutation affects production, maturation and transport of tRNAs.

Our experiments document the effect of a neurodegenerative disease-causing mutation in RNA polymerase III on the Pol III transcriptome with a particular focus on the tRNAome (i.e. the mature tRNA population). Experiments on the maturation and transport of tRNA were not performed as there was no indication that these processes might be negatively impacted at the earliest time point (P42). Additional comments about tRNA maturation and export are provided under points 8 and 9 (see below). 

The study seems to lack a clear direction and mechanism as to how the altered level of tRNA affects locomotor behaviour.

This comment misstates the purpose of our study while overlooking the important results. As stated in the abstract, our goal was to develop “a postnatal whole-body mouse model expressing pathogenic Polr3a mutations to examine the molecular mechanisms by which reduced Pol III transcription results primarily in central nervous system phenotypes.”

Accordingly, our work provides the first molecular analysis of RNA polymerase III transcription in an animal model of Polr3-related disease. The novelty and importance of the findings, as stated in the abstract, include the discovery that a global reduction in tRNA levels (and not other Pol III transcripts) at an early stage in the disease precedes the frank induction of integrated stress and innate immune responses, activation of microglia and neuronal loss at later times. These later events readily account for the observed neurobehavioral deficits that collectively include risk assessment, locomotor, exploratory and grooming behaviors. 

Strengths:

The study created a mouse model to investigate role of RNA PolIII transcription. Furthermore, the study provided RNA seq analysis of the mutant mice and highlighted expression specific transcripts affected by the RNA PolIII mutation.

Weaknesses:

(1) The abstract is not clearly written. It is hard to interpret what is the objective of the study and why they are important to investigate. For example: "The molecular basis of disease pathogenesis is unknown." Which disease? 4H leukodystrophy? All neurodegenerative disease?

We have modified the abstract to more clearly frame the objective of the study and its importance as reflected in the title “Molecular basis of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Polr3-related disease”. We hope the reviewer will agree that the fourth sentence of the abstract, unchanged from the initial submission, clearly outlines the objective of the study.  

(2) How cerebral pathology and exocrine pancreatic atrophy are related? How altered tRNA level connects these two axes?

It is not known how cerebral pathology and exocrine pancreatic atrophy are related beyond their shared Pol III dysfunction in our mouse model of Polr3-related disease. We anticipate that altered tRNA levels connect these two axes. Indeed, the pancreas and the brain are both known to be highly sensitive to perturbations affecting translation (Costa-Mattioli and Walter, 2020 Science doi: 10.1126/science.aat5314). Changes to the tRNA population in the cerebrum and cerebellum of Polr3a mutant mice were extensively documented in the manuscript (e.g. Figs. 3, 5 and 6).  We also found reduced tRNA levels in the pancreas of the mutant mice but did not report these findings due to the absence of a stable reference transcript in total RNA from the atrophied pancreatic tissue, even at the earliest time point examined (P42). 

(3) Authors mentioned that previously observed reduction mature tRNA level also recapitulated in their study. Why this study is novel then?

Our study reports the novel finding that a pathogenic Polr3a mutation causes a global reduction in the steady state levels of mature tRNAs, i.e. the levels of all tRNA decoders were reduced with the vast majority these reaching statistical significance (Fig. 6D and 6F). In the introduction we refer to several studies that examined the effect of pathogenic Polr3 mutations on the levels of Pol III-derived transcripts. We noted that these studies examined only a small number of Pol III transcripts in CRISPR-Cas9 engineered cell lines, patient-derived fibroblasts and patient blood. Thus, no study until now has tested for or reported a global defect in the abundance of mature tRNAs in any model of Polr3-related disease. Moreover, no previous study of _Polr3_related disease has analyzed Pol III transcript levels in the brain or in any other tissue. 

(4) It is very intuitive that deficit in Pol III transcription would severely affect protein synthesis in all brain areas as well as other organs. Hence, growth defect observed in Polr3a mutant mice is not very specific rather a general phenomenon.

While we agree with the simple assumption that a “deficit in Pol III transcription likely would affect protein synthesis in all brain areas as well as other organs”, this turned out not to be the case. In fact, a novel finding of our study is that not all Polr3a mutant tissues show a translation stress response despite reduced Pol III transcription and reduced mature tRNA levels. This implies that in some tissues the reduction in tRNA levels caused by the Polr3a mutation is not sufficient to affect protein synthesis, at least to a point where the Integrated Stress Response is induced. The underlying basis for the growth deficit has not been defined in this work. However, we noted in the discussion that a growth defect was previously seen in mice where expression of the Polr3a mutation was restricted to the Olig2 lineage.  In the present postnatal whole-body inducible model, we anticipate that the diminished growth of the mice results from a combination of hormonal and nutritional deficits caused by cerebral and pancreatic dysfunction.

(5) Authors observed specific myelination defect in cortex and hippocampus but not in cerebellum. This is an interesting observation. It is important to find the link between tRNA removal and myelin depletion in hippocampus or cortex? Why is myelination not affected in cerebellum?

We agree that the specific myelin defect observed in the cortex and hippocampus, but not the cerebellum, is an interesting observation. Pol III dysfunction in this model and reduced tRNA levels are common to both cerebra and cerebella, yet the pathological consequences differ between these regions.  While we do not know why this is the case, the cells that oligodendrocytes support in these regions are functionally different. We suggest in the discussion that subtle defects in oligodendrocyte function in the cerebellum may be uncovered using more sensitive or specific assays than the ones we have employed to date.  In addition, consistent with our findings in other tissues where Pol III transcription and tRNA levels are reduced but phenotypes are lacking, we suggest that oligodendrocytes in the cerebellum may have a different minimum threshold for Pol III activity than in other regions of the brain. 

(6) How was the locomotor activity measured? The detailed description is missing. Also, locomotion is primarily cerebellum dependent. There is no change in term of growth rate and myelination in cerebellar neurons. I do not understand why locomotor activity was measured.

We used a behavioral spectrometer with video tracking and pattern-recognition software to quantify ~20 home cage-like behaviors, including locomotor activity, as part of our phenotypic characterization of the mice. This experimenter-unbiased approach reported several metrics of locomotion, specifically, total Track length (the total distance traveled in the instrument), Center Track length and the time spent running (Run Sum) and standing still (Still Sum) in a longitudinal study (Figs. 2A-C and Supplemental Fig. S3A-C). The Materials and Methods section on mouse behavior has been amended to provide a detailed description of these experiments. 

locomotion is primarily cerebellum dependen_t_

While we agree that the cerebellum plays a critical role in balance and locomotion, regions of the cerebrum that are affected in our mice, including the primary motor cortex and the basal ganglia (Fig. 4), also have important roles in locomotor activity and control. 

(7) The correlation with behavioural changes and RNA seq data is missing. There a number of transcripts are affected and mostly very general factors for cellular metabolism. Most of them are RNA Pol II transcribed. How a Pol III mutation influences RNA Pol II driven transcription? I did not find differential expression of any specific transcripts associated with behavioural changes. What is the motivation for transcriptomics analysis? None of these transcripts are very specific for myelination. It is rather a general cellular metabolism effect that indirectly influences myelination.

The differentially expressed mRNAs identified in our RNAseq analysis at P75 reflect both direct and secondary consequences of dysfunctional Pol III transcription on Pol II transcription. These effects can be achieved by multiple mechanisms. Induction of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) due to insufficient tRNA can be considered a direct consequence of diminished Pol III transcription on Pol II transcription. An example of a secondary response is the activation of microglia and the innate immune response (which is known to accompany prolonged activation of the ISR), and the loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes. These changes are documented in Figs. 3 and 4. Importantly, loss of neurons, activated microglia and reduced oligodendrocyte numbers are each readily reconciled with changes in behavior.  

None of these transcripts are very specific for myelination 

The RNAseq data at P75 indicates only a modest reduction in oligodendrocyte-specific gene expression (as defined by single-cell RNAseq studies of purified cell populations, Mackenzie et al., 2018 Sci. Rep. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27293-5). Despite this, some oligodendrocytespecific transcripts with well-known roles in myelination were down-regulated in the Polr3a mutant (e.g. Plp1, Mog and Mobp). In addition, steroid synthesis pathway transcripts involved in the production of cholesterol, an abundant and essential component of myelin, were also downregulated (Supplementary Fig. S4E).

(8) What genes identified by transcriptomics analysis regulates maturation of tRNA? Authors should at least perform RNAi study to identify possible factor and analyze their importance in maturation of tRNA.

Of the many proteins involved in the maturation of tRNA (Phizicky and Hopper, 2023 RNA doi: 10.1261/rna.079620.123), RNAseq analysis at P75 identified only amino-acyl tRNA synthetases as being differentially-expressed (fold change >1.5, p adj. < 0.05, Table S1). These genes are canonical indicators of the ATF4-dependent Integrated Stress Response and their upregulation is widely interpreted as an attempt to restore efficient translation. In addition, our analysis of Pol III transcripts at P75 identified a reduction in the level of RppH1 (Fig. 3C), the RNA component of RNase P, which removes the 5’ leader of precursor tRNAs.  However, at P42, there was no effect on RppH1 abundance, or the expression of amino-acyl tRNA synthetase genes (Fig. 5C and Table S3).  Thus, an RNAi study to identify and analyze a possible factor involved in the maturation of tRNA is neither warranted nor relevant to the current body of work.

(9) What factors are influencing tRNA transport to cytoplasm? It may be possible that Polr3a mutation affect cytoplasmic transport of tRNA. Authors should study this aspect using an imaging experiment.

Our analysis of tRNA populations in this study employed total cellular RNA and thus reflect the abundance of mature tRNA from all cellular compartments. We have not assessed whether the reduction in tRNA abundance caused by the Polr3a mutation alters the dynamics of tRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, we consider it highly unlikely that the Polr3a mutation would have a significant effect on cytoplasmic transport of tRNA. Imaging experiments along these lines are beyond the scope of the current study.

(10) Does alteration of cytoplasmic level of tRNA affects translation? Author should perform translation assay using bio-orthoganal amino acid (AHA) labelling.

It is not known whether the reduced tRNA levels affect translation globally in the Polr3a mutant, but we predict that this may not be the case. Since tissues (heart and kidney) and brain regions (cerebrum and cerebellum) that share a decrease in tRNA abundance do not share activation of the Integrated Stress Response (a reporter of aberrant translation), we anticipate that effects on translation may be limited to specific regions or cell populations and to specific mRNAs within these cells. The current study provides the foundation for further work to address these questions.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

Below are a few comments, mostly regarding typographical errors, presentation, and clarity, that we believe would enhance this manuscript:

On the heatmaps generated, it would be ideal to place "WT" before "KI," with "WT" on the left. This will maintain consistency with the rest of the manuscript, where "WT" conditions precede "KI" conditions, as observed in the bar graphs and dot plots.

All heatmaps have been remade with WT on the left and KI on the right to maintain consistency throughout the manuscript. 

Authors mentioned in several instances (Discussion Pg 19 Line 2, for instance) the analysis of changes in the "Pol II transcriptome." Is this a typographical error?

The reference to the Pol II transcriptome is not a typographical error (Discussion Pg 19 Line2). Here and elsewhere in the manuscript, we are distinguishing between changes to the Pol III transcriptome and the timing of subsequent changes to the Pol II transcriptome. The text has been edited to clarify this relationship in several places.   

(1) Introduction, Page 4, last paragraph.

Analysis of the Pol III transcriptome reveals a common decrease in pre-tRNA and mature tRNA populations and few if any changes among other Pol III transcripts across multiple tissues. Analysis of the Pol II transcriptome reveals activation of the integrated stress response in cerebra but not in other surveyed tissues.

(2) Results, page 8, 2nd paragraph

To investigate the molecular changes to Pol III transcript levels caused by the Polr3a mutation and any secondary effects on the Pol II transcriptome, we initially focused on the cerebra of adult mice at P75.

(3) Discussion, Page 19, second paragraph

Pol III dysfunction and the reduction in the cerebral tRNA population at P42 coincides with behavioral deficits and precedes substantial downstream alterations in the Pol II transcriptome, which include induction of an innate immune response (IR) and an ISR, and indicators of neurodegeneration (i.e., activation of cell death pathways and loss of mitochondrial DNA). These findings suggest a causal role for the lower tRNA abundance and/or altered tRNA profile in disease progression.

In supplementary figure 1, authors validated the expression of their systems using flow cytometry and observed a high level of recombination frequency in different tissue types. Can the flow cytometry data distinguish between cell types within the cerebrum (neurons/microglia/astrocytes)?

The flow cytometry experiments reported in Supplementary Fig. S1 used a dual tdTomato-EGFP reporter to assess recombination. The cerebral and cerebellar samples were gated on fluorescence from endogenous expression of tdTomato (red), EGFP (green) and DAPI (blue) staining. In principle, flow cytometry could be used to distinguish between cell types within the cerebrum (neurons/microglia/astrocytes). However,  this would require (i) an antibody to a cell surface marker on the cell type of interest and (ii) a fluorescent probe conjugated to the primary antibody or a fluorescent secondary antibody that is spectrally well resolved from the emission spectra of tdTomato, eGFP and DAPI.

Results section 1: Is there any particular reason why P28 was chosen as the commencement of tamoxifen injection?

P28 was chosen so that any effect of the Polr3a mutation on development and differentiation would be limited in the tissues we examined. 

Fig 1C: The number of asterisks does not match between the graph and the figure legend.

Fig. 1C has been corrected to match the number of asterisks in the graph and figure legend.

Results section 3:

This section seemed a little brief, especially when compared to the depth of the succeeding sections. Authors can state in greater detail which behaviors were quantified. In S3A-C, my understanding is that the animals were placed in an open-field test. This procedure can be briefly mentioned in the methods, as well as in the main manuscript text.

In the legends of S3, a bracket is missing for "(D-F)" on line 5. Additionally, the alignment of legends for each bar graph could be consistent for all graphs except under the condition of spatial constraint.

Detailed methods pertaining to the measurement and calculation of home cage-like behaviors reported by the behavioral spectrometer have been added to the Methods section on Mouse Behavior. 

In the Results, Figs. S3A-C show anxiety-like behaviors which measure the number and duration of visits and the distance traveled  in a 15 cm2  central area of the arena. Figs. 2A-C show locomotor behaviors including Tracklength, Run sum and Still sum. The open field-like behavior is reported as total Tracklength in the behavioral spectrometer, i.e. the total distance travelled in the arena. This is now more clearly described in  the main manuscript and the Methods section. “overall locomotor activity was decreased in Polr3a-tamKI mice as indicated by the reduced track length at P42, P49, P56 and P63 (Fig. 2A).” 

The legend of S3, now has the missing bracket "(D-F)" on line 5. 

The legends within each bar graph are now consistent and aligned as much as spatial constraints allow.

Results section 4:

Similar to our earlier questions for S1, is it possible to distinguish samples derived from different cell types (neurons/glia)? In figure 4, this is mainly done post-hoc, based on the known gene expression. Maybe the authors could discuss this small limitation? In Fig S4C, the color contrast for the heatmap legend needs to be corrected.

It is not possible to accurately distinguish different neural cell sub-types, such as different types of neurons, or different types of oligodendrocytes in bulk RNAseq. Hence, we have reported only high confidence correlations based on known gene expression signatures (Fig. 4). We discuss only the data for which we can draw confident conclusions. The heatmap and legend in Fig. S4C has been amended. 

Results section 5:

In figure S5A, the alignment of asterisk significance markers could be adjusted.

Asterisks have been realigned in Fig. S5A

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

Methods Section should include detailed procedure.

A detailed description of the methods pertaining to the measurement and calculation of behaviors using the behavioral spectrometer has been added to the Methods section.

Statistical tests should have detailed information

Statistical tests are detailed in the Methods section “Statistical Analysis”. Additional details pertaining to calculations of behavioral data have been added to the “Mouse behavior” section of the Methods.

This line kind of insists the idea that authenticity can vary based on the person, and that some people consider something to be unauthentic while others believe the same ting is.

lonelygirl15 was one of the first major examples of the "Unreality" genre on the internet, following the footsteps of Blair Witch Project and inspiring future works like Slenderman. The appeal of unreality is similar to satire, tricking the audience into believing what they were watching was real, but for suspense or horror instead of comedy. But understandably, for those who aren't "in on it" can feel betrayed if what they were being fed was a lie, especially in the infancy of a new medium (online video).

This reminds me of an internet celebrity I knew before. She uploaded a video about picking up elementary school students' homework in Paris, and this video caused a big sensation on the video website. But later it was discovered that her video was self-directed and self-acted. She gained huge traffic with a video, but in the end her social platform account was blocked for spreading false facts.

Long-standing social relations have led to the result that direct communication between people and cooperation is based on honesty, so that society can develop in the long term, therefore, when one of the two parties has a problem with honesty, it will immediately lead to a breakdown of the relationship and the transaction stops, which is why the society has to make rules to restrain people.

When people have realized that the girl's behavior is acting, virtual and not real, why do they continue to watch while allowing the girl's channel to continue to explode in popularity, my personal opinion is that on the internet, the line of judging authenticity has become relatively blurred as most of the views are that most of the content on the internet is virtual, and that when the girl's behavior doesn't live up to the fraudulent When the girl's behavior does not amount to fraud, people will choose to forgive her.

I find it scary that the federal minimum wage in 2012 was $7.25 per hour, which only amounts to $13,930 a year. It seems unfair that someone working full-time would still struggle to provide for their family. This also makes me think about the impact on children in those families, who might miss out on opportunities because their parents simply can't afford things like education or extracurricular activities. It shows how important it is to have a fair wage that allows people to meet their basic needs.

La necesidad de la inversión en planificación de la comunicación a largo plazo, obliga a la empresa a exprimir la comunicación para generar nuevas capacidades y a acercar cada vez mas en lo posible a la empresa con perspectiva en comunicación aplicada a requerimientos del mundo actual, estratégicamente.

I think that its funny when social media sites put in so much effort to enforcing policies against using emojis and non offensive symbols but struggle to remove hate crimes or cyberbullying even when it is reported.

I also think that it is important for users to have the option of anonymity because it allows users to express themselves freely. However, there is catch because anonymity could also encourage criminal behavior because there is no way of tracing things back to a real person. Anonymity should be carefully controlled by allowing partial anonymity.

It is for this reason I feel that people are resistant to ID requirements to sign up for a social media. Many countries are considering requiring a driver's license or ID to access 18+ or even 13+ material. While even an email could possibly provide a name via a thorough investigation, it's still a manual barrier that prevents a hacker to easily dox large groups of people. However providing legal name and address to a third-party platform holder, even if secure, gives each user 1 less layer of protection in case of a data breach. (Not to mention that people already view platform holders as THE antagonistic force.)

It's important to think about the circumstances in which this genuine behavior occurs. People can express their "true" opinions and sentiments in an anonymous setting, but there may be no real repercussions. In a more accountable, face-to-face setting, impulsive, raw emotion may not always be indicative of an individual's basic principles, and the lack of responsibility may make it difficult to distinguish between the two types of self-expression.

Anonymity can both discourage authenticity and encourage inauthentic behavior, depending on the context and the individuals involved. On one hand, anonymity can create a sense of freedom, allowing people to express thoughts and opinions they might suppress in real life due to fear of judgment or consequences. On the other hand, the lack of accountability that comes with anonymity can also lead to inauthentic or even harmful behavior.

Its pretty wild to me that @Sciencing_BI was able to lie about what they were doing for so long without being caught. Today, if you claimed to be a professor on X, everyone would go fact check it and i feel like instantly it would be caught and wouldnt gain much attention.

I find it interesting that person faked being a ASU professor and went so far into the lie that people believed it. This conveys the importance of authentication real human beings when creating social media accounts. If this had been something even more serious like a bomb threat being posted on social media, a simple tweet could lead to wars.

I feel like authenticity is ver important in social media. For example when people argue on social media or when they see they are wrong in an argument the jump to saying stuff that is not authentic pulling sources that are not real and making stuff up, which is very deceiving for people trying to make that connection on social media

I feel like this issue is magnified in today's information environment. People portray themselves online, which often leads to a disconnect that can damage relationships and self-perception. We need more authentic interactions and more honesty between people.

I have had a Schrodinger's asshole account harass me as an Asian individual during Covid one time and he pulled this move after I took matters into my own hands. I don't see too many of these types of accounts anymore, but there were a lot of them back in 2020.

This reminds me of Kpop fans who buy robots to like their idols' posts in order to make their idols look more popular. Because people have a herd mentality, when people find that an idol's post has a lot of likes, they may choose to like it as well.

I remember the feature on twitter where it would show you which device the author was posting from. I never saw value in it but in this situation it seems like it was useful to see which of the tweets are coming from his team or him specfically. I find it to be a little funny how trumps post were more angry while his team was more calm and basically cleaning up his mess.

I believe that the contrast between the 2 different types of tweets, the ones made on Android and Apple truly highlight how the tone and the message can really differ depending on who is managing the account. This difference also shows how data analysis can play a role in finding patterns in tweets and forms of communication. It also can highlight the difference between personal and campaign driven tweets and posts.

I thought this was interesting just because of all the misinformation that led Trumps twitter to get banned in the first place, bots could've been the reason for reinstating him. it's just an interesting thought of how so much cannot be trusted from the internet. Even previously stated, with the Android and iPhone, it's hard to tell what's true and what's not.

studets ned to understand their rights and be able to recognize if they are in the right or wrong within the case

Basically saying don't go and ask your friends from another school that has taken that course for answers because that is cheating

Students are not allowed to back out of the university in fera, and should take full responsibility for their actions and be thoughrough and honest.

after learning about all of the horrible effects of hazing I am glad it is talked about in the code of conduct

If the student disagrees with the allegation, they can submit an appeal that can be reviewed

cultures with high power distance tend to have hierarchical structures and clear authority roles, while low power distance cultures value equality and open dialogue

I believe that code-switching and our public personas allow us to navigate different social contexts and situations that we may be put in while also still being able to express authentic versions of ourselves. Adjusting our behavior to match different social situations reflects our understanding of social expectations and our ability to communicate in different ways.

ok

here

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!

Mr. Denneny's archive is now at Brown University

As written it will return NA for entire sample_segment column. Instead put left_join(tbi$hh, by = c("survey_year", "hh_id")) %>%

If you join it like this, survey_year will become survey_year.x. Instead do left_join(tbi$hh, by = c("hh_id", "survey_year")) %>%

If you join it like this, survey_year will become survey_year.x. Instead do left_join(tbi$hh, by = c("hh_id", "survey_year")) %>%

If you join it like this, survey_year will become survey_year.x. Instead do left_join(tbi$hh, by = c("hh_id", "survey_year")) %>%

mode_type = values_list[variable_unified == "mode_type", value_upcoded],

i like the phrase

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors): 

Figures 1 and 2. How do the authors know that the lysine mutations are specific to constitutive activity and not because it is causing the channel to be now voltage sensitive? 

As shown in the revised Figs. 1b, S2a, and 3b, TMEM16F I521K/M522K, TMEM16F I521E, and TMEM16A I546K/I547K spontaneously expose PS, respectively. Neither membrane depolarization nor calcium stimulation was introduced under these conditions and the cells were grown in calcium-free media after transfection to limit calcium-dependent activation. Our new experiments further demonstrate that TMEM16F T526K (Fig. 1b) and TMEM16A E551K (Fig. 3b), which are further away from the activation gate, exhibit either strongly attenuated or lack spontaneous lipid scrambling activity. According to these results, the gain-of-function mutants (TMEM16F

I521K/M522K/I521E and TMEM16A I546K/I547K) are indeed constitutively active. This constitutive scramblase activity is not due to a gain of voltage sensitivity as ion channel activity is also minimal around the resting membrane potential of a HEK cell (Fig. 1d, e and Fig. 3d, e).

The authors see very large currents of 5 -10 nA in their electrophysiology experiments in Figures 2D and 3D. I understand that Figure 2D are whole-cell recordings but are the authors confident that the currents that they are recordings from the mutants are indeed specific to TMEM16A. More importantly, in Figure 3D they see 3-5nA currents in insideout patches, which is huge. They have no added divalent in their bath solution, which could lead to larger single-channel amplitudes, but 3-5nA seems excessive. Some control to demonstrate that these are indeed OSCA1.2 currents is important. 

TMEM16A and TMEM16F are well-known for their high cell surface expression. Therefore, the current amplitude is usually huge even in excised inside-out or outside-out patches—please see our previous publications for details: 1) 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.036, 2) 10.7554/eLife.02772, 3) 10.1038/s41467-019-11784-8, 4) 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7, 5) 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108570, 6) 10.1085/jgp.202012704, and 7) 10.1085/jgp.202313460. 

HEK293 cells do not have endogenous TMEM16A (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07313, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.003 , DOI: 10.1126/science.1163518). It therefore serves as a widely used cell line for studying TMEM16A biophysics. As overexpressing the WT control barely elicited any obvious current in 0 Ca2+ (Fig. 3d), there is no doubt that the large outward-rectifying current (hallmark of CaCC) in the revised Fig. 3d (previous Fig. 2D) was elicited from the mutant TMEM16A channels. The strong outward rectification also rules out the possibility of this being leak current.

Regarding Fig. 4d (previous Fig. 3D), OSCA1.2 has excellent surface expression as shown in Fig. 4b. OSCA1.2 also has much higher single channel conductance (121.8 ± 3.4 pS, 10.7554/eLife.41844) than TMEM16A (~3-8 pS) and TMEM16F (<1 pS). Therefore, recording nA OSCA1.2 current from excised patches is normal given larger OSCA1.2 current at depolarized voltages than the current recorded at hyperpolarized voltages (please see our explanation in the next response). As the reviewer pointed out, lack of divalent ions in our experimental conditions may also partially contribute to the large conductance. To further verify, we conducted mock transfection recordings (please see Author response image 1 below). WT- but not mock (GFP)transfected cells gave rise to large current, further supporting that the recorded current was indeed through OSCA1.2. 

Author response image 1.

Representative inside-out currents for mock (GFP)- and OSCA1.2 WT-transfected cells. OSCA1.2 is responsible for nA currents elicited by the pressure and voltage protocols shown.

Figure 3D and 5D. Most of the traces and current quantification is done at positive potentials and is outward current. Do the authors observe inward currents? It is difficult to judge by the figures since currents are so large. OSCA/TMEM63s are cationic channels and all published data on these channels have demonstrated robust inward currents at negative, physiologically relevant potentials. The lack of inward currents but only large outward currents suggests that these mutations could be doing something else to the channel. 

Yes. We indeed observe inward current at negative holding potentials under pressure clamp (Author response image 2). However, mechanosensitive OSCA and TMEM63A channels are also voltage dependent. Their outward current is an order of magnitude larger at depolarized voltages (e.g., Author response image 2, also 10.7554/eLife.41844, see Fig. 1H). 

Author response image 2.

Voltage-dependent rectification of OSCA1.2 current. a. Representative OSCA1.2 trace (bottom) elicited by a voltage-ramp under -50 mmHg (top). b. The difference in inward and outward current amplitudes. 

We found that quantifying the OSCA1.2 outward current has advantages over the inward current. Usually, using the gold standard pressure clamp protocol at negative holding voltages, peak inward current amplitude is quantified. However, OSCA inward current quickly inactivates (10.7554/eLife.41844, see Fig. 1C). This makes robust quantification and comparison with mutant channels difficult. Holding the membrane at a constant pressure and measuring OSCA1.2 G-V overcomes these issues associated with the classical inward current measurements. The large depolarization-driven outward current does not inactivate, and robust tail current (Response Fig. 1, 2) allows us to construct G-V relationships. We found quantifying mutants’ voltage dependence at constant pressure is more consistent than quantifying pressure dependence at constant voltage. These advantages make our new protocol preferable to the commonly used gold standard pressure clamp protocol for characterizing and comparing the gating mutations identified in this manuscript. 

Figure 3 and 5. Why are mechanically activated currents being recorded at random pressure stimuli (-50 mmHg for OSCA) and (-80 mmHg for Tmem63a)? The gold standard in the field is to run an entire pressure response curve. Given that only outward currents are observed at membrane potentials +120mV and above at 0mmHg, this questions whether they are indeed constitutively active. 

As we explained in the previous response, both voltage and membrane stretch activate OSCA/TMEM63A channels. We found measuring voltage dependence under constant pressure provided more consistent quantification than the gold standard pressure response protocol. This may be due to the variability of applied membrane tension under repeated stretches versus the more consistent applied voltage. Additionally, we chose -50 mmHg and -80 mmHg to reflect the reported differences in half-maximal pressures between OSCA1.2 and TMEM63A (e.g., P50 ~55 mmHg for 1.2 and ~61 mmHg for 63A in 10.7554/eLife.41844 versus ~86 mmHg for 1.2 and -123 mmHg for 63A in 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.006).

We also used higher pressure in cell attached mode to increase TMEM63A current amplitudes, which are usually tiny.  We have updated our method section (Lines 329334) to further clarify why we used these protocols. 

Please note that in TMEM16 proteins, ions and lipids might not always co-transport.

This means that under certain conditions, only one type of substrate may go through. For instance, in WT TMEM16F, Ca2+ stimulation can easily trigger PS exposure at resting membrane potential. No ionic currents are elicited until strong depolarization is applied. Similarly, the TMEM16F GOF mutations spontaneously transport lipids, leading to loss of lipid asymmetry (Fig. 1b, c). However, in 0 Ca2+, these TMEM16F mutant channels still need strong depolarization for ion conduction (Fig. 1d, e). Although the detailed mechanism still needs to be further investigated, the OSCA1.2 and TMEM63A GOF mutations share similar features with TMEM16 proteins, exhibiting ion conduction under high pressures and depolarizing voltages, yet constitutively active scrambling.  

Some clarity is needed for their choice of residues. I understand that a lot of this is also informed by the structures of these ion channels. According to the alignment shown in Supplementary Figure 1, they chose LA for OSCA1.2, which is in line with the IM (TMEM16F) and II(TMEM16A) residues but for Tmem63a they chose the hydrophobic gate residue W and S. Was the A476 tested? Also, OSCA1.2 already has a K in the hydrophobic gating residue region. How do the authors reconcile this with their model? 

We appreciate this critical comment. We have included the characterization of TMEM63A A476K (Fig. 6, corresponding to M522 in 16F, I547 in 16A, and A439 in OSCA1.2). Interestingly, A476K transfected cells did not show obvious spontaneous PS exposure yet exhibited a modest shift in V50 comparable to W472K and S475K. These differences may reflect the high-tension activated nature of the TMEM63 proteins (10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.006) as compared to OSCA1.2, where the corresponding mutation (A439K, Fig. 4b, c) showed very little spontaneous activity and required hypotonic stimulation to promote more robust PS exposure (Fig. 5). 

Furthermore, as we showed in Figs. 1b-c and 3b-c, there is a lower limit (towards the Cterminus) of the TM 4 lysine mutation effect, which becomes insufficient to cause a constitutively open pore for spontaneous lipid scrambling. It is possible that TMEM63A A476K represents the lower limit of TM 4 mutations that can convert TMEM63A into a spontaneous lipid scramblase.  

Regarding OSCA1.2 K435 and TMEM63A W472, these sites correspond to the hydrophobic gate residues on TM 4 in TMEM16F (F518, Fig. 1a) and TMEM16A (L543, Fig. 3a) so it is unsurprising to us that a lysine mutation at this site causes constitutive scramblase activity in TMEM63A (Fig. 6b, c). For OSCA1.2, it is more intriguing since this residue is already a lysine (K435). In Supplementary Fig. 5 our new experiments show that neutralizing K435 with leucine (K435L) in the background of L438K significantly attenuates spontaneous PS exposure from ~63% PS positive for L438K alone (two lysine residues) to ~31% for K435L/L438K (one lysine). One the other hand, the K435L mutation by itself is also insufficient to induce PS exposure. Therefore, the endogenous lysine at residue 435 has an additive effect on the spontaneous scramblase activity of L438K. We believe the explanation for this result lies in experiments conducted in model transmembrane helices, which have shown that stacking hydrophilic side chains within the membrane interior promotes trans-bilayer lipid flipping (see 10.1248/cpb.c22-00133). 

These same studies also support our observation (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7) that highly hydrophilic side chains (such as lysine or glutamic acid) accelerate trans-bilayer lipid flipping more effectively than hydrophobic side chains such as isoleucine or alanine (Author response image 3, see also 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00298).

Author response image 3.

Trans-bilayer lipid flipping rates (kflip) accelerate with increasing side chain hydropathy for a residue placed in the center of a model transmembrane helical peptide

How do the authors know that osmotic shock is indeed activating OSCA1.2 and TMEM63A? If they can record from the channels then electrophysiology data that confirms activation of the channel in the presence of hypoosmotic shock will strengthen the osmolarity active scramblase activity demonstrated in Figure 4. So far, there is conclusive data showing that they are mechanically activated but conclusive electrophysiological data for OSCA/TMEM63 osmolarity activation is not described yet, including the reference (38) they indicate in line 132. Although osmotic shock can perturb mechanical properties of the membrane it can also activate volume-regulated anion channels, which are also present in HEK cells. 

Thank you for raising this important question. While reference 38, (now reference 39) shows direct electrophysiological evidence of hypertonicity-induced current (e.g., Fig. 4 f, g, i, and j in 10.1038/nature13593), direct electrophysiological evidence that OSCA/TMEM63 can be activated by hypotonic stimulation is still missing. To address this question, we conducted whole-cell patch clamp experiments on mocktransfected and OSCA1.2 WT-transfected cells stimulated with 120 mOsm/kg hypotonic solution, comparable to the same conditions as hypotonic-induced scrambling shown in Fig. 5. As shown in Supplementary Fig. 6, our whole-cell recording detected a slowly evolving yet robust outward rectifying current in OSCA1.2-transfected cells, which was not observed in mock transfected cells. 

To avoid the contamination from endogenous SWELL osmo-/volume-regulated chloride channels, our new experiment used 140 mM Na gluconate to replace NaCl in both the pipette and the bath solution. Because SWELL/VRAC channels are minimally permeable to gluconate anions (e.g., 10.1007/BF00374290), we conclude that hypotonic stimulation can indeed activate OSCA1.2 albeit with perhaps lower efficiency compared to mechanical stimulation.  

Minor comments 

What is the timeline for the scramblase assay for all the experiments (except Figure 4)? How long is the AnnexinV incubated before imaging? 

Thank you for pointing out this point where we have not provided sufficient detail. Cells were imaged in the scramblase assay (including in Fig. 4, now revised Fig. 5) in AnnexinV-containing buffer immediately and without a formal incubation period because AnnexinV binding to exposed PS proceeds rapidly. We have included additional detail in the methods section to eliminate any confusion (Lines 310-312).

In some places of the document, it says OSCA/TMEM63, and in other places, it is denoted as TMEM63/OSCA. The literature so far has always called the family OSCA/TMEM63- please stay consistent with the field. 

Thank you for pointing this out, we have corrected these instances to be consistent with the field.   

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors): 

(1) The authors' statement that the channel/scramblase family members have a relatively low "energetic barrier for scramblase" activity needs further support. While mutating the hydrophobic channel gate certainly could destabilize ion conduction to cause a GOF effect on channel activity, it is still not clear why scramblase activity, which is tantamount to altered permeation, happens in the mutant channels. Are permeation and channel gating (opening) coupled in these channels? If so, what is the basis for the coupling? Is scramblase activity only observed when the gating is destabilized or are they separable? 

We appreciate these great questions. For the question about the ‘energetic barrier’ statement, please see our response to point (3) where we have carried out MD simulations of the OSCA1.2 WT and L438K mutant to provide insight into how the permeation pathway is altered by these mutations. 

Regarding why TMEM16A can be converted into a scramblase, we use the extensively studied TMEM16 proteins as examples to improve our current understanding of OSCA/TMEM63 proteins. For further details please see our original paper (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7) and our review (10.3389/fphys.2021.787773), which are summarized as follows: 

(1) The “neck region”, consisting of the exofacial halves of TMs 3-6, form the poregate region for both ion and lipid permeation (Author response image 4B). In the closed state, the neck region is constricted and TMs 4 and 6 interact with each other, preventing substrate permeation. The hydrophobic inner activation gate that we identified (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7) resides right underneath the inner mouth of the neck region, controlling both ion and lipid permeation scrambling. 

(2) Based on our functional observations and the available scramblase structures of TMEM16 proteins in multiple conformations, we proposed a clamshell-like gating model to describe TMEM16 lipid scrambling (Author response image 4D). According to this model, Ca2+-induced conformational changes weaken the TM 4/6 interface. This promotes the separation of the two transmembrane segments, analogous to the opening of a clam shell, allowing a membrane-spanning groove to facilitate permeation of the lipid headgroup.

(3) For the CaCC, TMEM16A, Ca2+ binding dilates the pore. However, the binding energy likely cannot open the TM 4/6 interface at the neck region so, in the absence of groove formation, only Cl- ions but not lipids can permeate. (Pore dilation model, Author response image  4C). 

(4) Introducing charged residues near the inner activation gate disrupts the neck region, potentially by weakening the hydrophobic interactions between TMs 4 and 6. This mutational effect results in constitutively active TMEM16F scramblases and enables spontaneous lipid permeation in the TMEM16A CaCC. 

(5) In our revision, we tested additional mutations with different side chain properties (Supplementary Fig. 2), validating previous findings by us (10.1038/s41467-01909778-7) and others (10.1038/s41467-022-34497-x) that gate disruption increases with the side chain hydropathy of the mutation. 

(6) We further extended lysine mutations to two helical turns below the inner activation gate on TM 4 and identified a lower limit for mutation-induced spontaneous scramblase activity in TMEM16F and TMEM16A (Figs. 1b, c and 3b, c, respectively). Together, all these points lend additional support to our proposed gating models for TMEM16 proteins, which we postulate may also relate to the OSCA/TMEM63 family based on the evidence provided in our manuscript.

Author response image 4

Model of gating (and regulatory) mechanisms in the TMEM16 family. (B) overall architecture and proposed modules, (C) pore-dilation gating model for CaCCs, (D) Clamshell gating model for CaPLSases.

Regarding the relationship between ion and lipid permeation through TMEM16 scramblases, the following is the summary of our current understanding: 

(1) Functionally, ion and lipid permeation are not necessarily obligatory to each other. This is evidenced by our previous biophysical characterizations of TMEM16F ion channel and lipid scramblase activities. Ca2+ can trigger TMEM16F lipid scrambling at resting membrane potentials, however, Ca2+ alone is insufficient to record TMEM16F current. Strong membrane depolarization synergistically with elevated intracellular Ca2+ is required to activate ion permeation. Based on these observations, we postulate that ions and lipids may have different extracellular gates, despite sharing an inner activation gate (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7). Ca2+ alone may sufficiently open the inner gate (and extracellular gate) for lipids, whereas depolarization is likely required to open the extracellular gate and allow ion flux. Further structure-function studies are needed to test this hypothesis. 

(2) Structurally, the open conformation of TMEM16 scramblases such as the fungal orthologs and human TMEM16K (Supplementary Fig. 1 b-d) are widely open, which allows lipid and ion co-transport. Ion and lipid co-transport has also been demonstrated in various MD simulations (e.g., 10.7554/eLife.28671, 10.3389/fmolb.2022.903972, and 10.1038/s41467-021-22724-w)

(3) Functionally, we (10.1085/jgp.202012704) and others (10.7554/eLife.06901.001) have measured dual recording of channel and scramblase activities, also demonstrating that ions and lipids are co-transported simultaneously when the proteins are fully activated.

(4) In this manuscript, we also provide multiple examples (TMEM16F in Fig. 1, TMEM16A in Fig. 3, OSCA1.2 in Fig. 4, and TMEM63A in Fig. 6) of mutations showing spontaneous phospholipid scramblase activities, yet their channel activities require strong depolarization or, in the case of TMEM63A, high pressures to be elicited.

Together, this new evidence further supports our hypothesis that there might be multiple gates for ion and lipid permeation, in addition to the shared inner gate we previously identified. We hope these detailed explanations help convey the intricacy of these intriguing questions. Of course, future studies are needed to test our hypothesis and elucidate the complex relationship between ion and lipid permeation of these proteins. 

(2) One weakness in the experimental approach is the very limited number of substitutions used to infer the conclusion regarding the energetic barrier and other conclusions relating to scramblase activity. Additional substitutions of charged and polar amino acids at the hydrophobic gate would be helpful in illuminating the molecular determinants of the GOF phenotype and also reveal varying patterns of lipid permeation which could be enormously informative. These additional mutations for analysis of TMEM16F and OSCA should be added to the study. 

We appreciate these great suggestions which were shared by multiple reviewers. We have included our duplicated response below.

“Response to reviewers 2 & 3: In our 2019 paper (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7), we have systematically tested the side chain properties at the inner activation gate of TMEM16F on lipid scrambling activity (Response Fig. 6) and, since then, these results have been supplemented by others as well (10.1038/s41467-022-34497-x). In summary, mutating the inner activation gate residues to polar or charged residues generally results in constitutively activated scramblases without requiring Ca2+ (Fig 5a in 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7). Because these residues form a hydrophobic gate, introducing smaller side chains via alanine substitution are also gain-of-function with the Y563A mutant as well as the F518A/Y563A/I612A variant being constitutively active (Fig. 3a in 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7). Meanwhile, mutating these gate residues to hydrophobic amino acids causes no change for I612W, a slight gain-of-function for F518W, slight loss-of-function of F518L, and complete loss-of-function for Y563W (Fig. 4b in 10.1038/s41467-01909778-7). These findings clearly demonstrate that the side-chain properties are critical for regulating the gate opening. Charged mutations including lysine and glutamic acid are the most effective to promote gate opening (Fig 5a in 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7).

Similarly, others have observed that side chain hydropathy at the F518 site in TMEM16F correlates with shifts in the Ca2+ EC50 (Fig. 2 of 10.1038/s41467-022-34497-x). Note that this publication resolved the structure of the TMEM16F F518H mutant, revealing a previously unseen conformation that we have highlighted in Supplementary Fig. 1e and discussed in lines 235-238. Please also see our response to Reviewer #1 above, where we discuss discoveries in model transmembrane helical peptide systems showing that transbilayer lipid flipping rates correlate with side chain hydropathy (Author response image 3), distance between stacked hydropathic residues (schematic in 10.1248/cpb.c22-00133), and even helical angle between stacked side chains (not show). 

Following the reviewers’ suggestions, we have tested additional mutations in alternative locations and with different side chains.  

(1) We have added data for TMEM16F I521A and I521E to demonstrate a similar effect of alternative side chains to what has previously been reported by us and others. We found that I521A failed to show spontaneous scrambling activity (Supplementary Fig. 2), yet I521E (Supplementary Fig. 2) is a constitutively active lipid scramblase, similar to I521K (Fig. 1). This further demonstrates that gate disruption correlates with the side chain hydropathy and that this site lines a critical gating interface.

(2) We also added lysine mutations two helical turns below the conserved inner activation gate for TMEM16F T526 (Fig. 1), TMEM16A E551 (Fig. 3). We found that there is indeed a lower limit for the observed effect in TMEM16, where lysine mutations no longer induce spontaneous lipid scrambling activity. This indicates that when TM 4/6 interaction is weaker toward intracellular side (Figs. 1a, 3a), the TM 4 lysine mutation loses the ability to promoting lipid scrambling by disrupting the TM 4/6 interface to enable clamshell-like opening of the permeation pathway. 

(3) We added a TMEM16F lysine mutation on TM 6 at residue I611 (Fig. 2). Similar to I612K (Response Fig. 6), I611K also leads to spontaneous lipid scrambling and enhanced channel activity in the absence of calcium (Fig. 2). This shows that charged mutations along TM 6 can also promote lipid scrambling, strengthening our model that hydrophobic interactions along the TM 4/6 interface are critical for gating and lipid permeation.”

(3) Related to the above point, it would be enormously useful to perform even limited computational modelling to support the "energetic barrier" statement. Specifically, can the authors model waters in the putative pore to examine water occupancy in the WT and mutant channels to better understand how the barrier for ions and lipids is altered in the TMEM16? 

We appreciate this suggestion and have now conducted atomistic MD simulations of OSCA1.2 WT and L438K mutant for ~1 μs (Supplementary Fig. 4). The simulations revealed, elevated water occupancy in the pore region of the L438K mutant, likely due to a widening at the TM 4/6 interface. Conversely, the WT interface remained constricted, largely disallowing water occupancy. These computational results support our previously proposed clamshell-like gating model for TMEM16 scramblases and provide strong support that the L438K mutation is disrupting the interaction of the TM 4/6 interface, in turn reducing the energetic barrier for both ion and lipid permeation. 

(4) I am puzzled about the ability of OSCA and the TMEM63 proteins which are cation channels to conduct negatively charged lipids. How can the pore be selective for cations and yet permeate negatively charged molecules when lipids are presented? 

This is a great question. TMEM16 scramblase (as well as other known scramblases, such as the Xkr and Opsin families) are surprisingly non-selective to phospholipids (all major phospholipid species, not just anionic lipids like PS). It is still debated whether lipid headgroups indeed insert into an open pore or hydrophilic groove (Response Fig. 5), or if they may traverse the bilayer by the so-called ‘out-of-groove’ model. Regardless of the model, the consensus is that Ca2+-induced conformational changes catalyze lipid permeation and the mutations we have introduced are designed to mimic these conformational changes by separating the TM 4/6 interface.

Additionally, TMEM16F channel activity was first characterized as cation non-selective (10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.036), similar to OSCA/TMEM63s, which may even exhibit some chloride permeability (10.7554/eLife.41844.001). Thus, it appears as though scramblase activity is agnostic to headgroup charge and compatible with both a mutant anion channel (TMEM16A) and mutant cation channels (TMEM16F, OSCA1.2, and TMEM63A), however, more detailed structural, functional, and computational studies are needed to further clarify ion and lipid co-transport mechanisms.  

(5) Do pore blockers like Gd3+ which block permeation also inhibit the scramblase activity of the mutant channels? This should be tested for the mutant channels. 

While extracellular Gd3+ has been previously reported as an inhibitor of OSCA1.2 (10.7554/eLife.41844.001), we did not observe this effect (Author response image 5), but instead saw inhibition by intracellular Gd3+ (Author response image 6). Given this discrepancy, we did not test Gd3+ inhibition of the OSCA1.2 scramblases, but instead tested Ani9, a paralog-specific inhibitor of TMEM16A, on the TMEM16A I546K gain-offunction and found it attenuated both ion channel and phospholipid scramblase activities (Supplementary Fig. 3).

Author response image 5.

200 µM Gd3+ext fails to inhibit OSCA1.2 currents in cell-attached patches. Pressure-elicited peak currents (n=6 each). Statistical test is an unpaired Student’s t-test.

Author response image 6.

200 µM Gd3+int completely inhibits OSCA1.2 currents in inside-out patches. (a) representative traces in before (black), during (red), and after (blue) Gd3+ application. (b) Representative application timecourse. (c) Quantification of peak currents (n=8 each). Statistical test is one-way ANOVA.

Minor: 

- Some of the current amplitudes shown in Figures 2 and 3 are enormous. Is liquid junction potential corrected in these experiments? If not, it would be preferable to correct this to avoid voltage errors. 

Thanks for the question. The large current amplitude is due to 1) great surface expression of the proteins; 2) large single channel conductance of OSCA channels, 3) much larger current at positive voltages for OSCA channels. Our control experiment showed that WT TMEM16A at 0 Ca2+ did not give rise to any current (Fig. 3d), further demonstrating that the large current was not due to liquid junction potential. For the OSCA recordings, we also did not observe current in mock-transfected cells, further excluding the possible interference of liquid junction potential (Response Fig. 1)

- Related, authors could consider adding some evidence using selective pharmacology to support the conclusions that the observed currents arise from TMEM or OSCA channels. 

Thanks for the suggestion. As mentioned above, we have added experiments with Ani9, a specific inhibitor of TMEM16A, in Supplementary Fig. 3. We found that Ani9 robustly attenuated both ion channel and phospholipid scramblase activities for the TMEM16A I546K gain-of-function mutant. This is also consistent with our previous publication (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7), where Ani9 efficiently inhibited the TMEM16A L534K mutant scramblases. Additionally, we have provided mock controls (Response Fig. 1, Fig. 6d, e) to show that the observed currents are indeed attributable to OSCA1.2 and TMEM63A.

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors): 

Given that the authors postulate that the introduction of a positive charge via the lysine side chain is essential to the constitutive activity of these proteins, additional mutation controls for side chain size (e.g. glutamine/methionine) or negative charge (e.g. glutamic acid), or a different positive charge (i.e. arginine) would have strengthened their argument. To more comprehensively understand the TM4/TM6 interface, mutations at locations one turn above and one turn below could be studied until there is no phenotype. In addition, the equivalent mutations on the TM6 side should be explored to rule out the effects of conformational changes that arise from mutating TM4 and to increase the strength of evidence for the importance of side-chain interactions at the TM6 interface. 

We appreciate these great suggestions which were shared by multiple reviewers. We have included our previous responses below.

“Response to reviewers 2 & 3: In our 2019 paper (10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7), we have systematically tested the side chain properties at the inner activation gate of TMEM16F on lipid scrambling activity (Response Fig. 6) and, since then, these results have been supplemented by others as well (10.1038/s41467-022-34497-x). In summary, mutating the inner activation gate residues to polar or charged residues generally results in constitutively activated scramblases without requiring Ca2+ (Fig 5a in 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7). Because these residues form a hydrophobic gate, introducing smaller side chains via alanine substitution are also gain-of-function with the Y563A mutant as well as the F518A/Y563A/I612A variant being constitutively active (Fig. 3a in 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7). Meanwhile, mutating these gate residues to hydrophobic amino acids causes no change for I612W, a slight gain-of-function for F518W, slight loss-of-function of F518L, and complete loss-of-function for Y563W (Fig. 4b in 10.1038/s41467-01909778-7). These findings clearly demonstrate that the side-chain properties are critical for regulating the gate opening. Charged mutations including lysine and glutamic acid are the most effective to promote gate opening (Fig 5a in 10.1038/s41467-019-09778-7).

Similarly, others have observed that side chain hydropathy at the F518 site in TMEM16F correlates with shifts in the Ca2+ EC50 (Fig. 2 of 10.1038/s41467-022-34497-x). Note that this publication resolved the structure of the TMEM16F F518H mutant, revealing a previously unseen conformation that we have highlighted in Supplementary Fig. 1e and discussed in lines 235-238. Please also see our response to Reviewer #1 above, where we discuss discoveries in model transmembrane helical peptide systems showing that transbilayer lipid flipping rates correlate with side chain hydropathy (Author response image 3), distance between stacked hydropathic residues (schematic in 10.1248/cpb.c22-00133), and even helical angle between stacked side chains (not show). 

Following the reviewers’ suggestions, we have tested additional mutations in alternative locations and with different side chains.  

(1) We have added data for TMEM16F I521A and I521E to demonstrate a similar effect of alternative side chains to what has previously been reported by us and others. We found that I521A failed to show spontaneous scrambling activity (Supplementary Fig. 2), yet I521E (Supplementary Fig. 2) is a constitutively active lipid scramblase, similar to I521K (Fig. 1). This further demonstrates that gate disruption correlates with the side chain hydropathy and that this site lines a critical gating interface.

(2) We also added lysine mutations two helical turns below the conserved inner activation gate for TMEM16F T526 (Fig. 1), TMEM16A E551 (Fig. 3). We found that there is indeed a lower limit for the observed effect in TMEM16, where lysine mutations no longer induce spontaneous lipid scrambling activity. This indicates that when TM 4/6 interaction is weaker toward intracellular side (Figs. 1a, 3a), the TM 4 lysine mutation loses the ability to promoting lipid scrambling by disrupting the TM 4/6 interface to enable clamshell-like opening of the permeation pathway. 

(3) We added a TMEM16F lysine mutation on TM 6 at residue I611 (Fig. 2). Similar to I612K (Response Fig. 6), I611K also leads to spontaneous lipid scrambling and enhanced channel activity in the absence of calcium (Fig. 2). This shows that charged mutations along TM 6 can also promote lipid scrambling, strengthening our model that hydrophobic interactions along the TM 4/6 interface are critical for gating and lipid permeation.”

The experiments for OSCA1.2 osmolarity effects on gating and scramblase in Figure 4 could be improved by adding different levels of osmolarity in addition to time in the hypotonic solution.

We thank the reviewer for this excellent suggestion. We extensively tested this idea and found evidence (Response Fig. 10) that intermediate osmolarity (220 and 180 mOso/kg) also can enhance the scramblase activity of the A439K mutant, albeit to a milder extent compared to 120 mOso/kg stimulation. This suggests that swellinginduced membrane stretch may proportionally induce A439K activation and lipid scrambling. Due to the relatively mild sensitivity of OSCA to osmolarity and the variations induced by the experimental conditions, we believe it is better to not include this data to avoid overclaiming. We hope the reviewer would agree. 

Author response image 7.

AnV intensities of WT- and A439K-transfected cells after 10 minutes of hypotonic stimulation at the listed osmolarities.

Some confocal images appear to be rotated relative to each other (e.g. Figures 2b and 3b).

Thank you for identifying these errors, they are corrected in the revision.

eLife Assessment

This important study advances our understanding of the mechanisms controlling lipid flux and ion permeation in the TMEM16 and OSCA/TMEM63 family channels. The study provides compelling new evidence indicating that side chains along the TM4/6 interface play a key role in gating lipid and ion fluxes in these channels. The authors suggest that the transmembrane channel/scramblase family proteins may have originally functioned as scramblases but lost this capacity over evolution.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

TMEM16, OSCA/TMEM63, and TMC belong to a large superfamily of ion channels where TMEM16 members are calcium activated lipid scramblases and chloride channels, whereas OSCA/TMEM63 and TMCs are mechanically activated ion channels. In the TMEM16 family, TMEM16F is a well characterized calcium activated lipid scramblase that play an important role in processes like blood coagulation, cell death signaling, and phagocytosis. In a previous study the group has demonstrated that lysine mutation in TM4 of TMEM16A can enable the calcium activated chloride channel to permeate phospholipids too. Based on this they hypothesize that the energy barrier for lipid scramblase in these ion channels is low, and that modification in the hydrophobic gate region by introducing a charged side chain between TM4/6 interface in TMEM16 and OSCA/TMEM63 family can allow lipid scramblase. In this manuscript, using scramblase activity via Annexin V binding to phosphatidylserine, and electrophysiology, the authors demonstrate that lysine mutation in TM4 of TMEM16F and TMEM16A can cause constitutive lipid scramblase activity. The authors then go on to show that analogous mutations in OSCA1.2 and TMEM63A can lead to scramblase activity. The revised version does a thorough characterization of residues that form the hydrophobic gate region in TM4/6 of this superfamily of channels. Their results indicated that disrupting the TM4/6 interaction can reduce energy barrier for this channels to scramblase lipids.

Strengths:

Overall, the authors introduce an interesting concept that this large superfamily can permeate ions and lipids.

Weaknesses:

none noted in the revised version.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This focused study by Lowry and colleagues that identifies a key molecular motif that controls ion permeation vs combined ion permeation and lipid transport in three families of channel/scramblase proteins, in TMEM16 channels, in the plant-expressed and stress-gated cation channel OSCA, and in the mammalian homolog and mechanosensitive cation channel, TMEM63. Between them, these three channels share low sequence similarity and have seemingly differing functions, as anion (TMEM16 channels), or stress-activated cation channels (OSCA/TMEM63). The study finds that in all three families, mutating a single hydrophobic residue in the ion permeation pathway of the channels confers lipid transport through the pores of the channels, indicating that TMEM16 and related OSCA and TMEM63 channels have a conserved potential for both ion and lipid permeation. The authors interpret the findings as revealing that these channel/scramblase proteins have a relatively low "energetic barrier for scramblase" activity. The experiments are done with a high level of rigor and the revised paper is very well written and addresses the previous concerns.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

This study was focused on the conserved mechanisms across the Transmembrane Channel/Scramblase superfamily, which includes members of the TMEM16, TMEM63/OSCA, and TMC families. In previous work, the authors have studied the role of the inner activation gate of these proteins. Here, the authors show that the introduction of mutations at the TM4-TM6 interface, which are close to the inactivation gate, can disrupt gating and confer scramblase activity to non-scramblases proteins.

Overall, the confocal imaging experiments, patch clamping experiments, and data analysis are performed well and in line with standard methods. The molecular dynamics simulation work is focused but adds supportive evidence to their findings. Although there could have been more extensive molecular analysis to bolster the authors' arguments on the role of the TM4-TM6 interface (e.g. evaluate effects of size/hydrophobicity, double mutants, cross-linking, more in-depth simulation data), there is adequate evidence to conclude that certain residues at this interface is critical to ion conduction and phospholipid scramblase activity. The data presented only adds incremental depth of knowledge for each individual channel, but together, they show this to be true for conserved TM4 residues across TMEM16F, TMEM16A, OSCA1.2, and TMEM63A proteins. This breadth of data is a major strength of this paper, and provides strong evidence for a coupled pathway for ion conduction and phospholipid transport, though the underlying biophysical mechanism is still speculative and remains to be elucidated.

Change to "... a non-empty set of vectors" for clarity?

Entendimento do STF: é devido o pagamento de honorários sucumbenciais à Defensoria Pública, quando representa parte vencedora em demanda ajuizada contra qualquer ente público, inclusive aquele que integra → ⚠ cancelamento da Súmula 421 do STF

This statement is deeply impactful as it highlights the pain and alienation that Helena, as an Asian American, has experienced due to being grouped together with others based on superficial perceptions and stereotypes. It emphasizes how often people don't take the time to understand individual differences in Asian American communities, leading to feelings of being misunderstood and isolated. Helena's experience demonstrates the emotional toll and the profound sense of exclusion that can result from such stereotyping and ignorance.

I’m all for recognising that racist attitudes in children aren’t harmless. It makes me afraid of these behaviors being unchecked without early intervention. Children do experience this period of development of learning from and imitating. If we simply reject them as childish in the sense of not learning anything, then we are cutting off critical opportunities to teach them how to embrace difference.

Concentration is measured in percentage, not g/mL (which represents density).

Successful Secretary Presented by Royal Office Typewriters. A Thomas Craven Film Corporation Production, 1966. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If5b2FiDaLk.

Script: Lee Thuna<br /> Educational Consultant: Catharine Stevens<br /> Assistant Director: Willis F. Briley<br /> Design: Francisco Reynders<br /> Director & Producer: Carl A. Carbone<br /> A Thomas Craven Film Corporation Production

"Mother the mail"

gendered subservience

"coding boobytraps"

"I think you'll like the half sheet better. It is faster." —Mr. Typewriter, timestamp

A little bit of the tone of "HAL" from 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). This is particularly suggestive as H.A.L. was a one letter increment from I.B.M. and the 1966 Royal 660 was designed to compete with IBM's Selectric

This calm voice makes suggestions to a secretary while H.A.L. does it for a male astronaut (a heroic figure of the time period). Suddenly the populace feels the computer might be a bad actor.

"We're living in an electric world, more speed and less effort."—Mr. Typewriter<br /> (techno-utopianism)

I find it odd that sometimes white Americans frame Asian Americans in such a way that makes them seem superior to other people of colour, particularly African Americans, as an extension of maintaining control over them. And yes, this strategy can divide minority groups into competing or competing for status or recognition in a white world order. Asian Americans being "nearer to whites" is often driven by a combination of academic and economic accomplishments that contrast the resentment against structural inequality among African Americans and other minorities who have enjoyed less.

I see that a number of Asian American researchers have indeed played a significant role in explaining Asian Americans’ adaptive disadvantages. It has been an innovator in illuminated racism and the oppressions faced by this community. Moreover, the fact that we’re less likely to explicitly cite whites as critical to generating and maintaining racist spaces parallels a trend in scholarship generally.

Something i found interesting was something is the way people still discriminate or push aside others peoples history which is still as important as any other history. I'm happy to see that in the school i work in because we are a diverse school, we tend to incorporate everyones culture, and we have the kids do culture projects in which they present where they're from and parents bring in food from their culture in which everyone gets to try.

author provided sources, is planned

Testing ideas

Deserved if you messed something this important up

That he is ready for halloween

This quote explains how dedicated the character was to their Halloween costume.

he was so excited to show off his costume.

the halloween party ain't till next week. so he embbrassed himself??

有点特别

Noch nicht peer-reviewte Studien sprechen dafür, dass die globale Erhitzung die Niederschläge durch den Hurrikan Milton um 20 und seine Windgeschwindigkeit um 10% gesteigert hat. Dles führte zu etwa doppelt so großen Zerstörungen als bei einem nicht von der Erhitzung beteuerten Sturm gleicher Seltenheit. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/11/climate/milton-climate-change.html

https://www.hostingadvice.com/how-to/best-mediawiki-hosting/

Miles touches on the interplay of knowledge written down on index cards and the knowledge which is kept only in one's mind. Some practitioners in the space from 2013-2024 seem to imply that they're writing almost everything out in far deeper detail than Miles would indicate. In his incarnation, much of the knowledge might be more quickly indicated by a short sentence or heading which the brain can associate to longer explanations.

This sort of indexing is akin to some of the method potentially seen in Marshall Mathers' zettelkasten.

I'm creating a tag here for "card index for productivity" to track the idea of productivity in writing which I'm specifically using separately from the tag "card index as productivity system" which is used to describe their use for project tracking systems in systems like GTD, Memindex, etc.

How would degranulation limit inflammation? The MCs are releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, as you pointed out.

Consider including a quantification of the increase reported by Esaulova et al? It's always difficult to evaluate the importance of a finding like this without some appreciation of the magnitude of the change.

in reply to Cesar A. Hidalgo at https://x.com/realAnthonyDean/status/1844409919161684366

via Anthony Dean @realAnthonyDean

Advanced Typing: Duplicating and Manuscript. Vol. MN-1512d, 1943. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ve5JnTUzvo.

Stencils

Before writing stencils, be sure to clean your type. (Don't use liquid solvent.)

Be sure to place the cushion sheet properly behind the stencil.

Place the paper bail rollers at the extreme left and right of the stencil to prevent them from marking the master.

For errors, rub individual characters separately with a burnisher using a circular motion.

Hectograph masters, Hectograph ribbon (ditto ribbon)

Wax pencils

Typefaces

20% more type on a page with elite than 10 inch pica.

Pica allows approximately 26-40 lines on standard letterhead giving 300-450 words to a page.

Special characters: - o for degrees ' and " for feet and inches or minutes and seconds along with superscript - division: - backspace colon - pound sterling: L backspace f - exclamation point: period backspace ' - equal sign: hyphen backspace variable hyphen - paragraph mark: P backspace I

proofreaders' marks<br /> # followed by a number is used to mean insert that number of spaces

Centering timestamp 19:37

https://www.calligraphr.com/en/

Can be used to digitize typewriter typefaces.

ethical vs. exemplary prophet

Prophet can demand obedience on higher beings behalf or spread doctrine through exemplary lifestyles

Prophets require a mystical doctrine alongside magical acts- which mystagogues (or magicians) lack

prophets gather people around them? Mystagouges don't?

from internet- teacher or producer of mystical doctrine

No matter the semblance, religious truth and salvations defines prophetic schools from the most abstract schools of thought

philosophy or efforts towards social reform unattached to a doctrine can not be considered prophetic teachings

Not protecting human rights for the sake of human rights

teacher of ethics outgrowth of prophets??

Glocal (=globale en lokale elementen): - Etic: woordenboeken, eigenschappen reduceren via vertrouwdheid, persoonlijkheidseigenschappen verzamelen via andere instrumenten. - Emic: aanvullende metingen ter reducatie/ andere woorden mogelijk verwijderen, kwalitatieve gegevens via gesproken eigenschappen, en gegevens vergelijken met andere culturen.

9 clusters van SAPI: 1. Gewetensvolheid. 2. Emotionele stabiliteit. 3.. Extraversie. 4. Ontspanning. 5. Integriteit. 6. Intellect. 7. Openheid. 8. Relatieharmonie. 9. Zachtmoedigheid.

Doelen van SAPI-project: - Inheemse theoretische model van persoonlijkheid ontwikkelen. - Persoonlijkheidstest ontwikkelen die onbevooroordeeld is.

4 factoren van zelfbeschrijving: - Sociale potentie. - Afhankelijkheid. - Clementie (=zachtaardigheid). - Interpersoonlijke verbondenheid.

Perspectief van zowel binnenuit als buitenaf; hoe iemand iets zelf ervaart maar ook hoe iemand anders naar bepaalde realiteit kijkt.

Emic=perspectief van binnenuit; hoe iemand iets zelf ervaart, specifiek voor bepaalde groep.

took out the paragraph with they keyboard shortcuts. they don't work on Mac.

direct UN def violation

I assume that the "not required" means it was waived.

OK WHOA .... so far, far from random selection. So the whole idea that "they did better" mgiht have been because htey were in this cohort.

Beautiful vision.

(Having a human voice read the words would be even more compelling.)