sont susceptibles de jure d’être de la sorte justifiées par un élément cognitif
"de jure" semble un peu éloigné de l'élément qu'il qualifie. Je proposerais de les rapprocher pour éclaircir le sens :
"...sont susceptibles d'être de la sorte justifiées de jure par un élément cognitif"
OU
"...sont de jure susceptibles d'être de la sorte justifiées par un élément cognitif"
How would users participate in decision-making?
I think it would be good for users but definitely not beneficial for the company. As long as users are involved in the business or decision making, the dynamic will not be balanced. The company won’t be able to take full control, or it will cost them more to manage everything.
Husbands and wives always loved each other, and that was what marriage meant. It was just so.
Janie's current view on romance—marriage comes before love.
Mah fust wife never bothered me ’bout choppin’ no wood nohow. She’d grab dat ax and sling chips lak uh man. You done been spoilt rotten.
Janie wants her relationships to be fulfilling, rather than just having her do work for her husband, but Logan wants Janie to work—their views of a good marriage conflict.
In what ways do you see capitalism, socialism, and other funding models show up in the country you are from or are living in?
In the United States, I feel that capitalism is everywhere. For example, dentists offer services that many people can’t afford without insurance. Society also puts pressure on people by making “nice white teeth” seem very important, so people end up spending thousands of dollars on dental work.
When shareholders buy stocks in a company, they are owed a percentage of the profits. Therefore it is the company leaders’ fiduciary duty [s11] to maximize the profits of the company (called the Friedman Doctrine [s12]). If the leader of the company (the CEO) intentionally makes a decision that they know will reduce the company’s profits, then they are cheating the shareholders out of money the shareholders could have had. CEOs mistakenly do things that lose money all the time, but doing so on purpose is a violation of fiduciary duty.
When I read section 19.1.3 about fiduciary duty and the Friedman doctrine, it really makes me feel like users basically have no real power on platforms like Meta. Even if a CEO personally want to care more about user well-being or ethics, the system kind of punish them if profits go down, so they are pushed to choose shareholders first. It feels a bit scary that even “good intentions” from leaders are not enough, because the whole structure of capitalism is pushing in the opposite direction. It also makes me question if telling people “just choose better companies or better CEOs” is actually helpful, since the problem seem more like the rules of the game, not only the people playing it.
Cory Doctorow. The ‘Enshittification’ of TikTok. Wired, 2023. URL: https://www.wired.com/story/tiktok-platforms-cory-doctorow/ (visited on 2023-12-10).
In source [s15], Doctorow’s idea of “enshittification” feels very accurate for many platforms I used before, not only TikTok. First they act super nice to users so everyone joins, then slowly more and more value is taken away from users and given to advertisers and investors, until the site feels kind of annoying or even hostile to use. For me this connects a lot to the chapter’s discussion of fiduciary duty, because it shows how profit-max logic slowly squeezes both users and even business customers over time. It makes me wonder if any big social media platform that relies on ads and surveillance capitalism can really avoid this pattern in the long run, or if this “enshittification curve” is basically built-in.
Eric Trump, a son of the president-elect and executive vice president of the Trump Organization, posted about the fire on the social media platform X. He praised the fire department and local law enforcement “for their swift response and professionalism.”
Not much of a narrative in this article because there is not much information to be had.
Turo app and
New Orleans connection
Earlier today, a reported electric vehicle fire occurred in the porte cochère of Trump Las Vegas," he wrote. "The safety and well-being of our guests and staff remain our top priority. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the Las Vegas Fire Department and local law enforcement for their swift response and professionalism."
The first time that I've seen anyone else involved in the article that is not the police, FBI, or Musk
The property is the subject of frequent threats and heightened security given its connection to President-elect Donald Trump.
Terrorist attack narrative, not the troubled soldier narrative.
Turo -- the same app sources said was used to rent the pickup truck used in the deadly attack in New Orleans.
connection between New Orleans and LV
possible act of terror, law enforcement officials said.
Terrorist attack narrative.
Cybertruck blast and New Orleans attack
This article investigates the connections, where every other article said that they have nothing to do with one another.
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio,
First article that I've come across that mentions this.
Fort Bragg, a massive Army base in North Carolina that is home to Army special forces command, according to the Associated Press.Shamsud-Din Bahar Jabbar who plowed into a crowd in New Orleans early on New Year’s Day and killed at least 15 people before being shot to death by police, also served time at Fort Bragg.
Connection between this incident and the New Orleans incident narrative continues. Have yet to say that there is no correlation.
Army soldi
PTSD narrative
in a Cybertruck explosion
No shot mentioned
Tesla Cybertruck parked by the front doors of the Trump International Hotel started smoking
Blames the Cybertruck
Las Vegas is dealing with its own deadly New Year’s Day scene
Relating to New Orleans right away.
Leaving One Dead
Another instance that blames the Tesla for exploding and killing someone right away. The article should say later that it was not actually the truck that did it, and that the man committed suicide, but this headline does not make that clear at all.
The all-wheel Cybertruck ranges in price from about $80,000 to $100,000.
Saying the Cybertruck is great narrative. Giving free advertising for the prices as well.
In the past year, Tesla CEO Elon Musk has become a major donor and close adviser to Trump, with the billionaire tasked to head up Trump's Department
Contributes to the terrorist attack narrative, highlighting the fact that this was a Tesla in front of a Trump hotel, where the two work together, and the article shows that.
definitive link
Still leaves room for the possibility that there is a link. Other sources close this completely.
His father said they last spoke on Christmas Day and described everything as normal, emphasizing that Matthew was a devoted father.
Continues the narrative of the troubled soldier and mental illness is the highlight.
The cause of death was a self-inflicted gunshot wound, the coroner's office said.
Comes later, why did they elude to the fact that the explosion killed him in the first sentence?
Trump International Hotel in Las Vegas early Wednesday, killing one person
Saying that the person died from the explosion, other sources say that this person died from suicide.
Utilizing a CC license can help get your work out to more people. A brief review of the different CC licenses:
I found this information to be very important. I was aware of the different licenses, but gaining some literacy about their meaning and its representation makes a big difference when selecting and engaging with diverse OERs. I would love to see practical examples of how these licenses can be applied.
“The evil knuckleheads picked the wrong vehicle,” Musk added, noting that the Cybertruck directed the blast upwards and helped contain the explosion. “Not even the glass doors of the lobby were broken.”
Continued narrative of praising Musk and his products.
Turo
Shifting the blame to the rental car company.
“I have to thank Elon Musk specifically,”
Praise of Elon Musk, who can be controversial.
“The fact that this was a Cybertruck really limited the damage that occurred inside of the valet, because it had most of the blast go up through the truck and out,”
Narrative of praising the Cybertruck, that it is something that can protect yourself and others around you.
There is one person dead inside the Cybertruck, where the body remains as authorities
Reason why the person is not highlighted as being an army man, is because they have yet to determine who this person was. This could mean that the earlier the article was released, the more likely that they believe this was a terrorist attack based on the location and use of the Tesla.
A vehicle fire was reported at the hotel just after 8:40 a.m, and crews arrived to find a 2024 Cybertruck engulfed in flames, Las Vegas Sheriff Kevin McMahill said during a news conference
Something all of the articles can agree upon.
was a terrorist act,
Something that comes up quicker than other articles that I've read.
Authorities believe fireworks, gas tanks and camping fuel were connected to a detonation system controlled by the driver in the Tesla Cybertruck
Talking about the truck itself exploding, no mention of who the driver actually was. This is different from the previous articles that I've read, where the fact that he was an Army man was the first thing mentioned. This is shifting the blame to more of the truck.
The Las Vegas incident is not believed to have any direct connection
In this article, the authors talk about how this doesn't have a connection upon bringing up the New Orleans incident, where other articles have let the reader read about the incident first, possibly eluding to the fact that it's up to the reader's interpretation on whether or not the two are connected.
had been purchased legally on Monday.
Highlighting that this is something that happened legally, which could have been assumed, even if they didn't say legally.
Suspect
This talks about the event having a suspect, meaning that there was a crime involved.
Seven people nearby suffered minor injuries when the Tesla truck exploded
This took until some of the last things that are highlighted in the article, where for others, it is the first. This article makes it seem like the others are insignificant to the story.
‘no definitive link’
This seems to be debunked as quickly as this narrative arose, that they could have something to do with each other, much different than what other articles have said.
did not give any sign of posing a danger to anyone.
Struggling with mental health narrative.
Livelsberger served in the Green Berets, highly trained special forces who work to counter terrorism abroad and train partners. He had served in the Army since 2006, rising through the ranks with a long career of overseas assignments, deploying twice to Afghanistan and serving in Ukraine, Tajikistan, Georgia and Congo, the Army said. He was awarded a total of five Bronze Stars, including one with a valor device for courage under fire, a combat infantry badge and an Army Commendation Medal with valor. Livelsberger was on approved leave when he died, according to the statement.
Showing that this man was a good person, the article in no way talks about how this may have been a criminal act, much different than other articles.
Authorities said both guns were purchased legally.
Not a criminal in this narrative
sophistication
This word makes it seem that the explosion was impressive
Highly Decorated US Soldier
Already shows the significance of who he was, contributing to the narrative of a victim of PTSD. The headline seems to elude to the fact that the soldier was the victim in the scenario, to suicide, nothing of the people that were injured from explosion is mentioned in the headline.
Netflix's systems model core business concepts (actor, movie) in isolation across multiple platforms, creating fragmentation
"Core business concepts like 'actor' or 'movie' are modeled in many places: in our Enterprise GraphQL Gateway powering internal apps, in our asset management platform storing media assets, in our media computing platform that powers encoding pipelines"
Key challenges include duplicated/inconsistent models, inconsistent terminology, data quality issues, and limited connectivity
"While identifiers and foreign keys exist, they are inconsistently modeled and poorly documented, requiring manual work from domain experts to find and fix any data issues"
UDA enables teams to model domains once and represent them consistently across systems
"UDA (Unified Data Architecture) is the foundation for connected data in Content Engineering. It enables teams to model domains once and represent them consistently across systems — powering automation, discoverability, and semantic interoperability"
Core capabilities: register/connect domain models, catalog/map to data containers, transpile to schema languages (GraphQL, Avro, SQL, RDF, Java), move data between containers, discover via search/graph traversal, introspect using Java/GraphQL/SPARQL
"Transpile domain models into schema definition languages like GraphQL, Avro, SQL, RDF, and Java, while preserving semantics"
UDA built on RDF and SHACL as knowledge graph foundation, addressing enterprise-scale challenges
"We chose RDF and SHACL as the foundation for UDA's knowledge graph"
Challenges addressed: RDF lacked usable information model, SHACL inadequate for enterprise data with local schemas/typed keys, teams lacked shared authoring practices, ontology tooling insufficient for collaborative modeling
"SHACL is not a modeling language for enterprise data. Designed to validate native RDF, SHACL assumes globally unique URIs and a single data graph. But enterprise data is structured around local schemas and typed keys, as in GraphQL, Avro, or SQL"
Solution uses named-graph-first information model where each named graph conforms to governing model
"UDA adopts a named-graph-first information model. Each named graph conforms to a governing model, itself a named graph in the knowledge graph"
Upper is domain modeling language defining classes of keyed entities, attributes, and relationships
"Upper is a language for formally describing domains — business or system — and their concepts"
Domain models expressed as conceptual RDF in named graphs, making them introspectable, queryable, versionable
"Upper domain models are data. They are expressed as conceptual RDF and organized into named graphs, making them introspectable, queryable, and versionable within the UDA knowledge graph"
Upper is self-referencing (models itself), self-describing (defines concept of domain model), self-validating (conforms to own model)
"Upper is the metamodel for Connected Data in UDA — the model for all models. It is designed as a bootstrapping upper ontology, which means that Upper is self-referencing, because it models itself as a domain model; self-describing, because it defines the very concept of a domain model; and self-validating, because it conforms to its own model"
Upper projected into Jena-based Java API and GraphQL schema federated into Enterprise GraphQL gateway
"Upper itself is projected into a generated Jena-based Java API and GraphQL schema used in GraphQL service federated into Netflix's Enterprise GraphQL gateway"
Data containers are repositories containing instance data conforming to schema languages: GraphQL entities, Avro records, Iceberg tables, Java objects
"They contain instance data that conform to their own schema languages or type systems: federated entities from GraphQL services, Avro records from Data Mesh sources, rows from Iceberg tables, or objects from Java APIs"
Representations are faithful graph interpretations of data system members
"Data container representations are data. They are faithful interpretations of the members of data systems as graph data"
UDA catalogs only semantically connected assets to domain models, unlike traditional catalogs
"unlike a traditional catalog, it only tracks assets that are semantically connected to domain models"
Mappings connect domain model elements to data container representation nodes
"Mappings are data that connect domain models to data containers"
Enable bidirectional discovery: from domain concept to materialized location, or from container to domain concepts
"Starting from a domain concept, users and systems can walk the knowledge graph to find where that concept is materialized — in which data system, in which container, and even how a specific attribute or relationship is physically accessed. The inverse is also supported"
Address semantic integration gaps in existing schema languages (e.g., Avro lacks foreign key representation)
"A trivial example of this could be seen in the lack of built-in facilities in Avro to represent foreign keys, making it very hard to express how entities relate across Data Mesh sources"
Enable intent-based automation for data movement while preserving semantics
"Because Mappings encode both meaning and location, UDA can reason about how data should move, preserving semantics, without requiring the consumer to specify how it should be done"
Projections produce concrete data containers implementing domain model characteristics
"A projection produces a concrete data container. These containers, such as a GraphQL schema or a Data Mesh source, implement the characteristics derived from a registered domain model"
Ensure semantic interoperability through concrete realization of Upper's denotational semantics
"Each projection is a concrete realization of Upper's denotational semantics, ensuring semantic interoperability across all containers projected from the same domain model"
Support transpilation to GraphQL (with federation support) and Avro (Data Mesh flavor) schemas
"UDA currently supports transpilation to GraphQL and Avro schemas"
Some projections auto-populate containers (Iceberg Tables), others require manual population (GraphQL APIs, Data Mesh sources)
"Conversely, other containers, like Iceberg Tables, are automatically created and populated by UDA"
UDA automatically generates/manages mappings for projected containers
"UDA automatically generates and manages mappings between the newly created data containers and the projected domain model"
PDM provides single platform for business users to manage controlled vocabularies and reference data
"Primary Data Management (PDM) is a single place where business users can manage controlled vocabularies"
Built on W3C SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) standard for modeling knowledge
"PDM uses the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) model. It is a W3C data standard designed for modeling knowledge"
Takes domain model as input, derives UI, provisions Domain Graph Service via UDA-projected GraphQL schema
"PDM builds a user interface based upon the model definition and leverages UDA to project this model into type-safe interfaces for other systems to use"
UDA provisions data movement pipelines using Avro projections to feed GraphSearch and warehouse
"UDA is also used to provision data movement pipelines which are able to feed our GraphSearch infrastructure as well as move data into the warehouse"
Consumers work with domain-specific language while PDM uses generic SKOS internally
"Consumers of controlled vocabularies never know they're using SKOS. Domain models use terms that fit in with the domain"
Sphere is self-service operational reporting system enabling business users to generate reports without technical intermediaries
"Sphere is a UDA-powered self-service operational reporting system"
Addresses data discovery and query generation through UDA domain models
"Data discovery and query generation are two relevant aspects of data integration"
Populates UDA domain models from Netflix's Enterprise GraphQL federated schema to preserve semantics
"we formulate a mechanism to use the syntax and semantics captured in the federated schema from Netflix's Enterprise GraphQL and populate representational domain models in UDA to preserve those details and add more"
Users search familiar business concepts (actors, movies) instead of specifying tables/join keys
"instead of specifying exact tables and join keys, users simply can search for familiar business concepts such as 'actors' or 'movies'"
Graph traversal establishes join strategies and ensures only feasible, joinable combinations selected
"Through graph traversal, we identify boundaries and islands within the data landscape. This ensures only feasible, joinable combinations are selected while weeding out semantically incorrect and non-executable query candidates"
Support additional projections like Protobuf/gRPC
"Supporting additional projections like Protobuf/gRPC"
Materialize instance data knowledge graph for querying, profiling, management
"Materializing the knowledge graph of instance data for querying, profiling, and management"
Solve Graph Search challenges that inspired the work
"Finally solving some of the initial challenges posed by Graph Search (that actually inspired some of this work)"
when we are immersed in something, surrounded by it the waywe are by images from the media, we may come to accept them as just part ofthe real and natural world.
This line makes sense to me because it explains how easy it is to stop questioning the media we see everyday. When something is constantly shown, like stereotypes in movies or the way certain groups are shown. It starts to feel normal even if it's totally inaccurate. This makes Hall's point, that we have to step back and actually think about what we're being shown instead of just absorbing it without realizing, clear.
The fellow teacher observed that when students sat on the carpet in front of Postman, she focused much more on the kids in the back and overlooked those right at her feet.
Make sure not to overlook students sitting right in front of you over students sitting in the back of the classroom
While conversing mainly in one language, the speaker might insert one or two words (usually nouns) from the other language into the discourse.
I often do this when I am speaking with friends or cousins. Mixing in a few Spanish words here and there into the conversation.
Bilinguals generally have no difficulty in keeping their two languages apart, but a common occurrence is the deliberate mixing of the two languages.
Whenever bilingual people are speaking with friends or family members who are bilingual as well, they tend to mix in a word of the other language into the conversation.
Although many people learn a second language relatively late in life, the most intense focus of research interest has always been on the natural bilingual, who has acquired both languages spontaneously in the course of growing up
Would I be considered a balanced bilingual? I have no problem switching back and forth from languages and started learning both Spanish and English since birth.
Certainly, the balanced bilingual (equally capable in both languages) is rarely encountered.
what does it mean by balanced bilingual? does it mean someone who is able to switching back and forth between languages with no problem..?
Most bilinguals have a preferred language in particular contexts; for example, they may use one language principally in the home, the second in the work place.
An example of myself with this is that I use Spanish whenever I am at home because that is what my parents speak. At school or at work I use a mix of English and Spanish or one specific language around a specific person. (no idea if that makes sense)
Linguistics experts reserve the term bilingualism for people who are proficient in two languages, and it is estimated that more than half of the world's population is bilingual to some extent.
Would proficient mean fluent in speaking, reading, or writing? Or in all?
I think it is interesting that more than half of the world is bilingual.
The code switching, then, is an affirmation of language knowledge of the Mexican American/Chicana/o/Latina/o identity.
It allows speakers to express the full range of their cultural belonging. Moving between English and Spanish, they share cultural signifiers, like humors, dichos, and family language.
linguistic currency.
A metaphor that compares language to money. I believe this means that words and language skills economic value.
To code switch means to speak at least two languages fluently and yet be able to control a range of styles/rules/variations of each language—demonstrating a versatile use of these codes in creative and fluid forms.
Is it required to be fluent for code switching? I don't think it is required. Even non-fluent speakers can code switch.
variation of two languages
Does this mean dialects or literal switching between languages?
To code switch means that I can write and speak en ingles and Spanish without any problemas.
Code switching isn't just a linguistic skills but also empowerment. Being able to move freely between languages allows the speaker to maintain their identity.
hegemony
hegemony: leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.
linguistic hegemony: the dominance of one language. (example: telling a child to speak "beautifully" avoiding words from their native language)
My use of both languages, my code switching, is my way to resist being made into something else… . This resistance is part of the anticolonial struggle against both the Spanish colonizers and the white colonizers… . Chicanas [Chicanos] are using a language that is true to our experience, that is true to the places where we grew up—New Mexico, Arizona, Texas the Midwest. To me it is a political choice, as well as an aesthetic choice.(Anzaldúa, 2000, p. 248)
From what I understand, it wasn't communication but survival..?
How you draft your paper depends on the genre of research paper you were assigned. Your teacher might ask for an informative research paper, an analytical research paper, an argumentative research paper, or a hybrid of these genres. Your purpose–whether to inform, persuade, or analyze–will affect your tone in your paper. As a student writer, you should actively think about these concepts as you develop your research paper.
The type of genre shows how you are supposed to write your paper.
When quoting a print source, the citation should also include the page number where the quoted material originally appears. The page number will follow the year in the in-text citation.
When quoting a print source, you should always include the page number where the quote originally appears.
Während der Beschränkungen könne teilweise nicht bargeldlos bezahlt oder Geld abgehoben werden. Mit Ausnahme einiger weniger freigegebener Seiten funktioniere das Internet nicht. Eltern von Kindern mit Diabetes könnten dann etwa nicht mehr den Blutzuckerspiegel im Auge behalten.
Ms. Tebbit’s playful “jest” is not the selfish desiresof an emotionally stunted fairy king, but a set offeminist and queer values for a more inclusive town/society
This quote reveals how this adaptation of MSD, repurposes the origional motives of Oberon the king, to a more playful and feminist/queer view from Ms.Tebbit. It adds to the film's overarching theme of inclusion and transformation within a community.
Timothy finds connection, but onewhich he himself must rewrite and revise in orderto speak his desires. This song/scene represents apowerful moment of selffashioning (Greenblatt1980) in the film, one in which Timothy remakeshimself visually (he paints his face in the makeup ofPuck; he adopts some costuming) and uses languageto remake those around him.
This quote highlights how Timothy transforms and expresses himself through fashion and language. His adaption of the existing shakespearean text reveal his true desires and personal identity. Changing the lyrics, ultimately created the love potion, which changes all the relationships around him to what he invisions.
WWM serves as a mentortexts for students to engage Shakespeare and otherclassic authors in creative ways
This quote is revealing how WWM signifies a shift from traditional shakespearean text to more contemporary style. It makes it less intimidating, and more fun and easier to understand than traditional text. Serves as an example of renditions and adaptations that can be made.
anyone entering after 10 minutes
Whatever time is set as the prime insertion point will be the starting point for the late comers (usually the start of any important point you dont want those late to the meeting to miss).
Those who join before the prime insertion point will join the meeting in progress up to this mark.
If it is not enabled then the meeting will start from the top for anyone who joins.
Briefing : Le Rôle des Modèles dans le Développement de l'Enfant
Ce document de synthèse analyse le rôle complexe et multifacette des modèles dans le développement de l'enfant, en se basant sur les perspectives de psychologues, d'experts en développement et de témoignages personnels.
Il ressort que les parents constituent les modèles les plus fondamentaux, dont l'influence est primordiale durant les premières années.
Cependant, la recherche de la perfection parentale est contre-productive ; l'authenticité, la capacité à reconnaître ses erreurs et à s'excuser sont bien plus formatrices.
L'enfant n'imite pas aveuglément mais opère une sélection rigoureuse de ses modèles, privilégiant la compétence, la familiarité et la confiance.
Les modèles parentaux dysfonctionnels, marqués par l'addiction ou des troubles psychiques, ont des conséquences graves et durables sur la sécurité affective et l'estime de soi de l'enfant.
À l'adolescence, la recherche de modèles s'élargit au-delà du cercle familial pour construire une identité propre, un processus sain de différenciation qui peut inclure la rébellion et l'adhésion à des groupes de pairs.
Enfin, une perspective émergente et cruciale est mise en lumière : les enfants et adolescents ne sont pas de simples récepteurs passifs mais peuvent être de puissants modèles et des acteurs de changement, capables d'influencer positivement leur entourage, y compris leurs propres parents, et de façonner la société de demain.
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Le processus par lequel un enfant choisit et imite un modèle est loin d'être passif.
Il repose sur des mécanismes neurologiques et psychologiques complexes qui démontrent une grande sélectivité dès le plus jeune âge.
• Bases Neurologiques : Selon Moritz Köster, professeur de psychologie du développement, lorsqu'un enfant observe quelqu'un agir, des séquences de mouvements similaires sont activées dans son propre cortex moteur au niveau cellulaire.
• Sélectivité Basée sur la Confiance : L'enfant n'imite pas tout ce qu'il voit. Son choix est nuancé par les émotions et une évaluation de la personne observée. Les principaux critères de sélection sont :
◦ La familiarité : Il préférera imiter une personne qu'il connaît.
◦ La compétence : Il analyse si la personne a déjà fait des choses "intelligentes" ou des erreurs, et choisira d'imiter la personne jugée la plus compétente.
◦ L'autorité : Pour tout ce qui est nouveau, l'enfant se tournera préférentiellement vers les adultes, qu'il perçoit comme des figures de confiance.
• Apprentissage des Normes : C'est principalement en observant le comportement des adultes et de leur entourage que les enfants apprennent et intègrent les valeurs et les normes sociales.
Lise, 8 ans : "Pour moi un modèle c'est quand on fait quelque chose de bien et que quelqu'un d'autre nous imite."
L'environnement familial, et plus particulièrement les parents, constitue la première et la plus puissante source de modèles pour un enfant, une influence que les parents ont souvent tendance à sous-estimer.
Durant les premières années de vie (1-2 ans), l'environnement de l'enfant est restreint aux parents et grands-parents.
Leur comportement façonne entièrement la compréhension initiale de l'enfant sur les interactions sociales.
• Apprentissage des Comportements Sociaux : La manière de gérer un conflit, d'éviter les disputes ou de présenter des excuses est directement apprise par l'observation des parents.
• Ancrage Émotionnel : Si les échanges familiaux sont marqués par la bienveillance et l'amour, l'enfant intègre ce modèle. Inversement, si les cris ou la violence sont la norme, il retiendra ce schéma comme référence.
• La Famille comme Microcosme : Au départ, l'enfant perçoit le monde entier comme fonctionnant selon les règles de sa propre famille. Ce n'est qu'à son entrée en maternelle qu'il découvre la diversité des modes de fonctionnement.
La psychologue Nora Imlau met en garde contre la volonté de certains parents de devenir "parfaits" après la naissance d'un enfant, la qualifiant de "très mauvaise idée".
• L'Inauthenticité : Les enfants ressentent très bien quand leurs parents ne sont pas authentiques, se mettent la pression et ignorent leurs propres besoins.
• Un Standard Inatteignable : Un enfant confronté à des modèles "parfaits" (qui ne se mettent jamais en colère, ne perdent jamais patience) n'a aucune chance de faire aussi bien.
Il sera sans cesse confronté à ses propres insuffisances.
• L'Importance de l'Erreur : Le fait que les parents commettent des erreurs est une opportunité d'apprentissage cruciale.
Cela permet à l'enfant d'apprendre comment on gère ses propres erreurs.
Présenter ses excuses à ses enfants pour des propos qui ont "dépassé notre pensée" est un acte modelant très puissant.
Nora Imlau, psychologue : "Ce que j'entends par parents parfaits, ce sont les parents qui ne se mettent jamais en colère, qui ne perdent jamais patience [...] ce qui est inhumain en soi."
Le comportement d'un enfant est souvent le reflet de l'état d'âme inconscient de ses parents. Un enfant agité peut être le miroir d'un parent stressé ou préoccupé.
• La Gestion de la Tristesse : Quand un parent est triste et qu'un enfant vient le consoler, il est conseillé d'accepter cette aide dans un premier temps.
Cependant, il est crucial que le parent reprenne ensuite le contrôle et rassure l'enfant sur sa capacité à gérer la situation, afin de ne pas inverser les rôles et de préserver l'enfant de la charge de ses responsabilités d'adulte.
• La Vulnérabilité Assumée : Une mère souffrant de trouble bipolaire témoigne de sa capacité à être présente pour ses enfants même dans les phases de dépression, tout en ne cachant pas sa tristesse.
Cela illustre la possibilité de rester un parent fonctionnel malgré des difficultés psychiques.
Lorsque les parents ne peuvent pas s'occuper correctement de leurs enfants, que ce soit à cause d'une dépendance ou d'un trouble psychique, les conséquences sur le développement de l'enfant sont multiples et profondes.
Le témoignage de Mia, 16 ans, dont le père était alcoolique, illustre les dégâts d'un modèle parental défaillant.
• Rupture de la Confiance : Un parent souffrant de dépression ou d'addiction n'est plus en mesure d'interpréter correctement les signaux de son enfant et d'y réagir de manière adaptée.
L'enfant retient que ses besoins ne sont pas satisfaits.
• Attachement Insécurisant : La relation d'attachement parent-enfant ne devient pas sécurisante, ce qui entrave la construction de la confiance en soi.
Cette confiance initiale est pourtant la base essentielle du développement de l'autonomie.
• Hypervigilance de l'Enfant : L'enfant est constamment aux aguets, utilisant une énergie considérable pour anticiper les réactions de ses parents et adapter son propre comportement, ce qui peut entraîner des problèmes d'autonomie et de sentiment de sécurité à l'âge adulte.
Mia, 16 ans : "En fait il fallait toujours qu'on soit la famille parfaite, on parlait jamais des problèmes, on avait pas le droit d'en parler et ça c'est très mal."
Suite à la séparation de ses parents et à ses propres difficultés psychologiques, Mia a été confrontée à des "modèles toxiques" dans un cadre thérapeutique.
• Influence des Pairs : En observant des jeunes toxicodépendants, elle a perçu leur consommation comme un moyen de "déconnecter totalement" et de ne plus être accessible émotionnellement, un état qu'elle a alors désiré atteindre.
• Augmentation de la Consommation : Son exposition à ces modèles a directement influencé son propre comportement, entraînant une augmentation significative de sa consommation d'alcool.
L'adolescence est une période de questionnements identitaires intenses ("Qui suis-je ?") où la recherche de modèles s'intensifie et s'étend au-delà du cercle familial.
Selon la psychothérapeute Isabelle Filliozat, l'adolescent va "chercher des modèles un petit peu partout pour [s]'aider à se construire".
• Le Rôle du Groupe : Le désir d'appartenance à un groupe de pairs est très fort.
Le groupe offre un cadre identitaire ("dans mon groupe on fait les choses d'une certaine manière [...] je sais à peu près qui je suis").
• Gestion des Modèles Négatifs : Lorsqu'un enfant adhère à un modèle jugé "malsain" (agressif, délinquant), la réaction parentale la plus constructive n'est pas de chercher à changer le comportement extérieur, mais de s'intéresser aux besoins et aux émotions de l'enfant qui le poussent vers ce modèle.
En répondant à ces besoins profonds, l'enfant est plus susceptible d'abandonner de lui-même le modèle négatif.
La révolte contre les parents à l'adolescence est un processus "sain et normal", une étape nécessaire du développement.
• Processus de Détachement : Les frictions parents-enfants font partie du processus de détachement et de la prise de conscience par l'adolescent qu'il est une personne à part entière, distincte de ses parents.
• Différenciation : Pour se construire, l'adolescent a besoin de s'opposer, de définir en quoi il est différent de ses parents (valeurs, mentalité) mais aussi en quoi il leur ressemble.
Ce processus est essentiel pour pouvoir, à terme, quitter le foyer et construire une nouvelle relation, d'adulte à adulte, avec ses parents.
La vision traditionnelle du modèle descendant (adulte vers enfant) est de plus en plus complétée par une reconnaissance du rôle actif des jeunes comme modèles et agents d'influence.
Des recherches ont démontré que les enfants peuvent avoir une influence positive sur la manière de penser et sur le comportement de leurs parents.
• "L'Hypothèse des Anniversaires" : Dans des zones post-conflit, le fait que des enfants d'un groupe ethnique ou religieux invitent à leur anniversaire des enfants d'un groupe adverse force les parents des deux bords à entrer en contact.
Il a été observé que lorsque l'attitude des enfants envers "l'autre groupe" change, celle des parents change également.
• Acteurs de Paix : Les enfants peuvent ainsi devenir des acteurs clés de la promotion de la paix.
Des adolescents comme Noé Renard, 17 ans, s'imposent comme des modèles d'engagement pour leur génération.
• Rendre l'Engagement Accessible : En créant l'association "les engagés Marseille", son but est de montrer l'exemple et de permettre à d'autres jeunes de se mobiliser sur des enjeux locaux (inégalités, pollution, mobilité).
• Une Voix pour la Jeunesse : De nombreux jeunes partagent le sentiment de ne pas être suffisamment écoutés dans les institutions politiques.
Ils peuvent devenir des modèles pour leurs pairs mais aussi pour les chercheurs, comme l'illustre la mise en place d'un Conseil consultatif de la jeunesse à l'Université libre de Berlin.
Noé Renard, 17 ans : "Défendre des causes c'est pas le faire pour soi mais c'est plutôt le faire pour les autres et je pense que c'est ça qui est important c'est de pouvoir montrer aux autres que l'engagement c'est [...] surtout pour les autres et pour aider ceux qui en ont besoin."
Une critique est formulée quant au fait d'attendre la majorité pour accorder le droit de vote sans formation préalable aux règles de la démocratie.
• Apprentissage Précoce : Les experts plaident pour que les enfants apprennent beaucoup plus tôt comment fonctionne un consensus, comment on règle les conflits dans une démocratie, et qu'ils aient davantage d'influence sur leur vie quotidienne.
• Faire Confiance : Pour que les jeunes développent leur identité et leur capacité à prendre des responsabilités, les parents doivent apprendre à leur faire confiance et à les laisser expérimenter par eux-mêmes, même si c'est "à leur façon".
Version 6 of this preprint has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Ecology.<br /> See the peer reviews and the recommendation.
Naw, you ain't my brother. Niggers ain't my brother.
Hughes uses explicit wording to confront the reader with the cruel reality of racism. He utilized words that demoralize African Americans. The repeated rejection of the boy by his white father highlights the examples of social and family dysfunctions caused by racism. By exposing this , Hughes is taking an anti racist approach by the way he reviews and refuses to normalize the racist attitudes of others.
My philosophy of authenticity is that it doesn’t exist in the way people wish it did. I don’t believe it’s possible to perform in a way that’s authentic. People will say, I just post for myself, which is a lie. They say that because they feel it’s morally better to be that way, and I really disagree with that. It’s okay to feel like you’re performing and even want to perform a bit. That’s not evil. It’s a condition of living. I’ve adopted a [Erving] Goffman-esque philosophy of performance online. Everything is a performance. Goffman was writing before the internet, so he is talking about socializing in general, which I also think is true. It’s been kind of freeing for me to subscribe to this notion that authenticity does not exist.
not possible to perform in a way that's authentic vs. authenticity not existing – two slightly different ideas
moreover, though: mastodon getting stuck, posting anyway
overheidsonthouding
de overheid moet zich terughoudend opstellen en mag niet onnodig ingrijpen in vrijheidsrechten van burgers
For this essay, you will focus on one or two driving questions about your topic, which will drive your research and help you reach a conclusion.
Focusing on one or two driving questions will help narrow my research so im not overwhelmed by too much information.
In the morning, one might say, his face was of a fine florid hue, but after twelve o’clock, meridian—his dinner hour—it blazed like a grate full of Christmas coals; and continued blazing— but, as it were, with a gradual wane—till 6 o’clock, p.m. or thereabouts, after which I saw no more of the proprietor of the face, which gaining its meridian with the sun, seemed to set with it, to rise, culminate, and decline the following day, with the like regularity and undiminished glory.
[STY] Long, exhaustive sentences: Bore and confuse the reader -> stuplime (Ngai).
Now, valuing his morning services as I did, and resolved not to lose them; yet, at the same time made uncomfortable by his inflamed ways after twelve o’clock; and being a man of peace, unwilling by my admonitions to call forth unseemly retorts from him; I took upon me, one Saturday noon (he was always worse on Saturdays), to hint to him, very kindly, that perhaps now that he was growing old, it might be well to abridge his labors; in short, he need not come to my chambers after twelve o’clock, but, dinner over, had best go home to his lodgings and rest himself till teatime.
[STY] Long, exhaustive sentences: Bore and confuse the reader -> stuplime (Ngai).
Or, if he wanted any thing, it was to be rid of a scrivener’s table altogether.
[STY] Comical elements.
Whereas with respect to Turkey, I had much ado to keep him from being a reproach to me. His clothes were apt to look oily and smell of eating-houses. He wore his pantaloons very loose and baggy in summer. His coats were execrable; his hat not to be handled. But while the hat was a thing of indifference to me, inasmuch as his natural civility and deference, as a dependent Englishman, always led him to doff it the moment he entered the room, yet his coat was another matter.
[STY] Minute detail.
“what do you think of it?”
[STY] Repetition -> stuplimity.
“what do you think of it?”
[STY] Repetition ->stuplimity.
come forth
[STY / SCH] Biblical deity / form of speech (Kuebrich 394).
Ginger-nuts are so called because they contain ginger as one of their peculiar constituents, and the final flavoring one. Now what was ginger? A hot, spicy thing. Was Bartleby hot and spicy? Not at all. Ginger, then, had no effect upon Bartleby. Probably he preferred it should have none.
[STY] Comical rambling.
What do you think of it
[STY] Repetition.
“I think I’ll just step behind his screen, and black his eyes for him!”
[INT] Anti-solidarity turns into aggression.
What do you think of it,
[STY] Repetition.
I would prefer not to.” “You will not?” “I prefer not.” I
[SCH] The linguistic importance of the "would prefer": This response neither demands nor expresses desire. However, his apparent politeness is illusory. Bartleby refuses to provide the kind of submissive, socially expected reply, such as “Could you please excuse me from this task because... (and provide an acceptable reason).” (Kuebrich 309) ; "In his refusal of the Master’s order, Bartleby does not negate the predicate; rather, he affirms a non-predicate: he does not say that he doesn’t want to do it; he says that he prefers (wants) not to do it. This is how we pass from the politics of “resistance” or “protestation,” which parasitizes upon what it negates, to a politics which opens up a new space outside the hegemonic position and its negation (Žižek 381-382).
“Bartleby!” No answer. “Bartleby,” in a louder tone. No answer. “Bartleby,”
[STY] Repetition and crescendo.
His steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), his great, stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, made him a valuable acquisition.
[INT] Though his passivity angers the lawyer, Bartleby's behavior still mesmerizes him. This is a prime example of Bartleby as a stuplime figure, who dumbfounds the people around him but leaves them with an "open feeling" (Ngai ugly Feelings, 284).
One prime thing was this,—he was always there;—first in the morning, continually through the day, and the last at night.
[INT] Bartleby's continuous presence can be interpreted along the lines of the entrenchment of the capitalist work ethic into the everyday. When compared with the aims of this project, Batleby being "always there" can be read analogous to us being "always there" in digital spaces -> Crary's notion of the 24/7.
Now, the utterly unsurmised appearance of Bartleby, tenanting my law-chambers of a Sunday morning, with his cadaverously gentlemanly nonchalance, yet withal firm and self-possessed, had such a strange effect upon me,
[INT] Bartleby's appearance, his seeming untouchedness of the strangeness of the situation leaves the lawyer perplexed -> Stuplimity.
Somehow, of late I had got into the way of involuntarily using this word “prefer” upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. And I trembled to think that my contact with the scrivener had already and seriously affected me in a mental way.
[SCH] Bartleby's language has infiltrated the workspace: "With each repetition, “I would prefer not to” gains an inexplicable power, becoming increasingly compelling and irresistible. Bartleby’s persistent, almost incantatory response subtly permeates the daily language of the narrator and his colleagues" (Kuebrich 309).
"Not yet; I am occupied.”
[INT] Even though the lawyer has paid Bartleby to leave, etsbalished that Bartleby is fired and thus not allowed to work or live on the premises of the office anymore, Bartleby still remains there.
[SCH] Importance of "I am occupied" for contemporary culture: This negative declaration confronts the narrator of Herman Melville’s 1853 short story “Bartleby, the Scrivener,” when he tries to unlock the door to the Wall Street law firm that he himself owns" (Castronovo 253).
Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, thought i; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I know you are here.
[INT/SCH] The lawyer encourages the separartion between him and his subordinate. Yet, as Ngai has illustrated exactly Bartleby's nothingness makes him so attainable: "Indeed, the aversion that Bartleby elicits from the Lawyer, which the Lawyer is then compelled to manage with the affects of conviviality and charity, involves a disattendability so exaggerated that the disattendability itself comes to demand attention. We might say that for all his passivity, Bartleby is finding a way to make to make himself intolerable" (Ngai Ugly Feelings, 337).
Also, when a Reference was going on, and the room full of lawyers and witnesses and business was driving fast; some deeply occupied legal gentleman present, seeing Bartleby wholly unemployed, would request him to run round to his (the legal gentleman’s) office and fetch some papers for him. Thereupon, Bartleby would tranquilly decline, and yet remain idle as before. Then the lawyer would give a great stare, and turn to me. And what could I say? At last I was made aware that all through the circle of my professional acquaintance, a whisper of wonder was running round, having reference to the strange creature I kept at my office. This worried me very much.
[INT] The lawyer worries about his social reputation and professional standing of Bartleby were to stay in his office..
What!
[STY] Repetition.
What!
[STY] Repetition.
He made no reply, and nothing more was said.
[STY] Repetition of silence.
I am not particular.”
[STY] Repetition.
But I am not particular.
[STY] Repetition.
There would seem little need for proceeding further in this history. Imagination will readily supply the meager recital of poor Bartleby’s interment.
[INT] The coda conlcudes with an external report that the narrator was given after Bartleby's death: Apparently, Bartleby had been employed at a Dead Letter Office in Washington before, meaning that he had to talke care of letters addressed at people already deceived. Before applying for a job at the lawyer's office, he was let off surprisingly, presumably leading him to lose his fortune and maybe also his social ties. That would explain his peculiar isolated situation when he came into the story's plot, but the exact circumastances remain for speculation.
“Lives without dining,” said I, and closed his eyes. “Eh!—He’s asleep, aint he?” “With kings and counselors,” murmured I.
[INT] Contrary to what the other characters assumed, Bartleby is, in fact, already dead. Only the lawyer notices it.
“His dinner is ready. Won’t he dine to-day, either? Or does he live without dining?”
[INT] Bartleby apparently also refused to eat, to consume anything. He is close to dying.
“I think he is a little deranged,”
[INT] The lawyer thinks Bartleby to be insane.
“I am the grub-man. Such gentlemen as have friends here, hire me to provide them with something good to eat.”
[INT] A grub-man is a person who provides food of higher quality to prisoners who can afford it. The grub-man is another result of the capitalist circumstances and class differences in New York at the time the story is set.
“It was not I that brought you here, Bartleby,”
[INT] Active denial of responsibility on the lawyer's side. American virtues like self-reliance and Protestant ethics of hard work and merit guide the lawyer in his assessment.
“I know you,” he said, without looking round,—"and I want nothing to say to you.”
[INT] This is the first time Bartleby expresses a different emotion other than dispreference or nonchalance - he expresses active dislike or even resentment. Clearly, he understands what the lawyer does not; that the lawyer's obedience to the capitalist system has played a significant role in why and how Bartleby ended up in prison.
And so I found him there, standing all alone in the quietest of the yards, his face towards a high wall, while all around, from the narrow slits of the jail windows, I thought I saw peering out upon him the eyes of murderers and thieves.
[INT] For the lawyer, Bartleby does not belong in prison - technically, he did not commit any grave crimes but nobody knew what else to do with a person that does not fit into society. As in the office, Bartleby is staring at a brick wall, seemingly disinterested in his surroundings.
I opened it with trembling hands. It informed me that the writer had sent to the police, and had Bartleby removed to the Tombs as a vagrant.
[INT] As a federal response to Bartleby not leaving the premises of his old work, he was sent to prison. Prison - over 100 years ago until now, present day USA, is the place system crashers like Bartleby are being put if they do not comply with society's (capitalist) demands.
had now done all that I possibly could, both in respect to the demands of the landlord and his tenants, and with regard to my own desire and sense of duty, to benefit Bartleby, and shield him from rude persecution.
[INT] The lawyer gives up trying to persuade Bartleby, consoling himself with the thought that he had done "everything that he possible could" for everyone involved- the community, Bartleby and, most importantly, his own conscience.
now losing all patience
[INT] The lawyer is losing his temper now for the first time actually, in open confrontation.
I am not particular
[SCH] "Bartleby declines all of these offers and so his complaint seems to be more fundamental than mere personal preference. Three times Bartleby simply states: "I am not particular." Melville spins a pun on the adjective. On the one hand, Bartleby is saying that he is not particular, or "choosey," about the work he does; his dissatisfaction is not with the work environment or the nature of the work but with the employer-employee relationship.On the other hand, by stressing that he is not "particular," Bartleby is also asserting that he is not "unique" but a member of a class: dependent, wage-earning employees" (Kuebrich 400).
Either you must do something, or something must be done to you.
[INT] Now the lawyer is actively threatening Barnebly.
No answer.
[STY] Repetition of silence.
“What are you doing here, Bartleby?” said I. “Sitting upon the banister,”
[INT] Bartleby's answer, like always, is blunt and straightforward -> comical element, even though plot turns more and more sour.
“These gentlemen, my tenants, cannot stand it any longer; Mr. B—” pointing to the lawyer, “has turned him out of his room, and he now persists in haunting the building generally, sitting upon the banisters of the stairs by day, and sleeping in the entry by night.
[INT] Now thrown out of the offices but still living in the building, Bartleby proves to be a "burden" for the community.
he has done nothing for me now for some time past.
[INT] Again, another instance of the lawyer only seeing Bartleby as a worker, not as another human being.
Then sir,” said the stranger, who proved a lawyer, “you are responsible for the man you left there. He refuses to do any copying; he refuses to do any thing; he says he prefers not to; and he refuses to quit the premises.”
[INT] The new lawyer who is npw renting the narrator's old Wall Street offices confirms that Bartleby is still on the premises, refusing any copying.
Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere; and give him fair notice, that if I find him on my new premises I will then proceed against him as a common trespasser.
[INT] Lawyer concludes that the only way of getting rid of Bartleby is not by offering him motives to move out, but to move his own offices elsewhere. Since Bartleby is not dependent on his labor for the lawyer anymore, but much more dependent on the office as a place to live, the lawyer thinks by moving offices, Bartleby is simply not a problem for him anymore.
Poor fellow, poor fellow! thought I, he don’t mean any thing; and besides, he has seen hard times, and ought to be indulged.
[INT] Lawyer's pity still the most obvious motive behind his actions.
Men have committed murder for jealousy’s sake, and anger’s sake, and hatred’s sake, and selfishness’ sake, and spiritual pride’s sake; but no man that ever I heard of, ever committed a diabolical murder for sweet charity’s sake.
[INT] Lawyer gets so aroused that he considers murder as option for dealing with Bartleby's "inhumane" stubbornness.
“A new commandment give I unto you, that ye love one another.”
[INT] Another instance of the lawyer's frequent Biblical analogies.
state of nervous resentment
[INT] The narrator's repulsion has now transformed into actual resentment.
He answered nothing
[STY] Bartleby repeats silence.
“I would prefer not to quit you,”
[STY / INT] Bartleby's repetition of either silence or his catch phrase can be labeled as stuplime.
He answered nothing.
[STY] Bartleby repeats silence.
He was more a man of preferences than assumptions.
[STY] Comical interference.
I could not but highly plume myself on my masterly management in getting rid of Bartleby. Masterly I call it, and such it must appear to any dispassionate thinker. The beauty of my procedure seemed to consist in its perfect quietness.
[INT] The lawyer is utterly content with his "kind" handling of the Bartleby-situation.
But he answered not a word;
[STY] Bartleby repeats silence.
But he made no motion
[STY] Bartleby repeats silence.
“Bartleby,” said I, “I owe you twelve dollars on account; here are thirty-two; the odd twenty are yours.—Will you take it?” and I handed the bills towards him.
[INT] In economic-charitable demeanor, the lawyer offers Bartleby money for leaving him.
Decently as I could, I told Bartleby that in six days’ time he must unconditionally leave the office.
[INT] Bartleby is thrown out the premises, with him now being no productive part of the enterprise anymore.
At last, in reply to my urgings, he informed me that he had permanently given up copying. “What!” exclaimed I; “suppose your eyes should get entirely well— better than ever before—would you not copy then?”
[INT] Bartleby refuses work.
The next day I noticed that Bartleby did nothing but stand at his window in his dead-wall revery. Upon asking him why he did not write, he said that he had decided upon doing no more writing.“Why, how now? What next?” exclaimed I, “do no more writing?” “No more.” “And what is the reason?” “Do you not see the reason for yourself,” he indefferently replied. I looked steadfastly at him, and perceived that his eyes looked dull and gazed.
[INT] Bartleby has gotten sick and now totally refuses to work.
“Bartleby, never mind then about revealing your history; but let me entreat you, as a friend, to comply as far as may be with the usages of this office. Say now you will help to examine papers to-morrow or next day: in short, say now that in a day or two you will begin to be a little reasonable:—say so, Bartleby.”
[INT] Lawyer aims at forging a more personal relationship to his worker by calling him a "friend", but only in order for him to go after his labor properly again. The forged empathy stems out of a economic desire.
“At present I prefer to give no answer,”
[SCH] Bartleby modifies his answer. This has been interpreted as a form of empathizing with his boss, or at least seeing his efforts in trying to understand his situation: "These passages are important because they show not only that Bartleby is personally touched by the intimations of a more personal or caring employer but also that he is not, as various critics have proposed, schizophrenic, autistic, or suffering from some other form of personality disorder (Kuebrich 402).
“Will you tell me, Bartleby, where you were born?” “I would prefer not to.” “Will you tell me any thing about yourself?” “I would prefer not to.”
[INT] The lawyer attempts to find out more about his clerk, in trying to relate to him, he humanizes Bartleby. Bartleby however refuses to let his boss know anything about himself -> [SCH]: Lack of biography of protagonist questions narrative ground stones (Verdicchio 440).
And when at last it is perceived that such pity cannot lead to effectual succor, common sense bids the soul rid of it. What I saw that morning persuaded me that the scrivener was the victim of innate and incurable disorder.
[INT] Bartleby's behavior does not fit the social norms and thus the lawyer deems him mentally ill.
My first emotions had been those of pure melancholy and sincerest pity; but just in proportion as the forlornness of Bartleby grew and grew to my imagination, did that same melancholy merge into fear, that pity into repulsion
[INT] Pity transfroms into repulsion. The lawyer's empathy is restricted and Bartleby's perceived irrationality and his physical circumstances make the lawyer uneasy.
yet I had never seen him reading—no, not even a newspaper; that for long periods he would stand looking out, at his pale window behind the screen, upon the dead brick wall; I was quite sure he never visited any refectory or eating house; while his pale face clearly indicated that he never drank beer like Turkey, or tea and coffee even, like other men; that he never went any where in particular that I could learn; never went out for a walk, unless indeed that was the case at present; that he had declined telling who he was, or whence he came, or whether he had any relatives in the world; that though so thin and pale, he never complained of ill health.
[INT] Description of Bartleby's peculiarities.
remembered that he never spoke but to answer
[STY / INT] Bartleby's role does not require much language, it is limited to responding. This again highlights his mechanicity.
For the first time in my life a feeling of overpowering stinging melancholy seized me. Before, I had never experienced aught but a not-unpleasing sadness. The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were sons of Adam
[INT] First instance of direct comparison between the lawyer and Bartleby on the grounds of their inherent humanity that the lawyer however phrases through Biblical analogy. Despite their difference in class, the lawyer reflects on their humanness, yet because their difference in class, this reflection is limited to pity.
What miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! His poverty is great; but his solitude, how horrible! Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted as Petra; and every night of every day it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populous—a sort of innocent and transformed Marius brooding among the ruins of Carthage!
[INT] Upon discovering that Bartleby indeed lives in the office and must be homeless, the lawyer is again swept by pity and acknowledges Bartleby's alienation and loneliness. Bartleby becomes more and more human in the narrator's eyes.
when to my consternation a key was turned from within; and thrusting his lean visage at me, and holding the door ajar, the apparition of Bartleby appeared, in his shirt sleeves, and otherwise in a strangely tattered dishabille, saying quietly that he was sorry, but he was deeply engaged just then, and—preferred not admitting me at present.
[INT] To the lawyer's surprise, Bartleby seems to be living in the office spaces, as he unexpectly meets him when just wanting to check on the premises on a Sunday.
The fourth I knew not who had.
[INT] The lawyer notices how one of his keys is missing.
the most trivial errand of any sort
[INT / SCH] The lawyer acknowledges the triviality of the work he puts upon his clerks, yet he is utterly dumbfounded if one of them does not comply. As Zizek proclaimed, Bartleby's passive refusal showcases how the system is failing with nonparticipation (384).
“Very good, Bartleby,” said I, in a quiet sort of serenely severe self-possessed tone, intimating the unalterable purpose of some terrible retribution very close at hand.
[INT] The lawyer's pity has transformed into anger.
He is useful to me. I can get along with him. If I turn him away, the chances are he will fall in with some less indulgent employer, and then he will be rudely treated, and perhaps driven forth miserably to starve. Yes. Here I can cheaply purchase a delicious self-approval. To befriend Bartleby; to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a sweet morsel for my conscience.
[INT] The lawyer wants to soothe himself in recognizing Bartleby's workforce. The only way he feels empathy towards Bartleby is still in economic terms, pairing charity with economic worry in proclaiming that without his job, Bartleby would be off worse.
Nothing so aggravates an earnest person as a passive resistance.
[INT] Key! -> Passive resistance as most annoying, dumbfounding, unsettling experience.
Poor fellow! thought I, he means no mischief;
[INT] The lawyer's perplexity slowly turns into pity.
Meanwhile Bartleby sat in his hermitage, oblivious to every thing but his own peculiar business there.
[INT] Yet another instance of the lawyer seeing Bartleby only as a worker, not as a human being.
And for his (Nippers’) part, this was the first and the last time he would do another man’s business without pay.
[INT] Bartleby's refusal at the same time means more labor for his colleagues.
I pondered a moment in sore perplexity. But once more business hurried me. I determined again to postpone the consideration of this dilemma to my future
[INT] The demands of the capitalist everyday are so grand, holding still for reflection is impossible -> Similar to the demands of late-stage capitalism and the digital attention economy.
“what do you think of this? Am I not right?”
[INT] The lawyer asks his other clerks for their opinion on Bartleby's refusal. The dynamics in the workplace are organized in a way that prohibits solidarity.
You are decided, then, not to comply with my request—a request made according to common usage and common sense?”
[INT] Capitalist logic and social setting are perceived to be "common sense". In his refusal, Bartleby questions this naturalization.
It is labor saving to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. It is common usage. Every copyist is bound to help examine his copy. Is it not so?
[INT] Rational reasons do not suffice to persuade Bartleby.
“I would prefer not to,”
[INT] At first, it seems as if Bartleby is only refusing work that includes social interaction. Alienation?
“Bartleby! quick, I am waiting.”
[INT] Bartleby is expected to respond to his boss' comands immediately, leaving everything he is doing aside.
A few days after this, Bartleby concluded four lengthy documents, being quadruplicates of a week’s testimony taken before me in my High Court of Chancery.
[INT] Though he refused one task, Bartleby still does what is asked of him, initially.
His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises
[INT] Bartleby's calmness and firmness is perceived as inhumane.
“Prefer not to,” echoed I, rising in high excitement, and crossing the room with a stride. “What do you mean? Are you moon-struck?
[INT] The lawyer cannot find any rationale in Bartleby's refusal, he is too stunned.
I sat awhile in perfect silence, rallying my stunned faculties. Immediately it occurred to me that my ears had deceived me, or Bartleby had entirely misunderstood my meaning.
[INT] The lawyer first believes it to be physically impossible for Bartleby to state refusal as he did.
“I would prefer not to.”
[INT] This is the first time Bartleby contends passively, but firmly "I would prefer not to."
It was on the third day, I think, of his being with me, and before any necessity had arisen for having his own writing examined, that, being much hurried to complete a small affair I had in hand, I abruptly called to Bartleby. In my haste and natural expectancy of instant compliance, I sat with my head bent over the original on my desk, and my right hand sideways, and somewhat nervously extended with the copy, so that immediately upon emerging from his retreat, Bartleby might snatch it and proceed to business without the least delay.
[INT] On the third day of Bartleby's employment, the lawyer needs him to revise a document in terms of naturalized, capitalist demands: fast, so he. as the boss, could proceed with other (more meaningful) tasks "without the least delay."
It is, of course, an indispensable part of a scrivener’s business to verify the accuracy of his copy, word by word. Where there are two or more scriveners in an office, they assist each other in this examination, one reading from the copy, the other holding the original. It is a very dull, wearisome, and lethargic affair.
[INT] Description of the labor of scriveners as "dull, wearisome, and lethargic."
But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically.
[INT] Bartleby initially seems to be motivated to work but does so "mechanically" without breaks. A humanization of the worker does not take place.
owing to subsequent erections, commanded at present no view at all, though it gave some light.
[INT] Bartleby's desk is set facing the window looking out on the brick wall only, while the lawyer installs an artificial screen so that the two cannot see but only hear one another. The lawyer proclaims this separation is done for privacy reasons, but from a critical point of view, this act can be interpreted as one of the manifestations of alienation and class difference.
In answer to my advertisement, a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now— pallidly neat, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby.
[INT] Bartleby is hired in response to an advertisement for another copyist. He is described as a "motionless young man" who presents himself neatly, what pleases the lawyer.
Ginger Nut, the third on my list, was a lad some twelve years old. His father was a carman, ambitious of seeing his son on the bench instead of a cart, before he died.
[INT] Ginger Nut is a 12-year-old, who is mainly occupied with the tasks of a runner-boy and used to cater the office with sweets.
It was fortunate for me that, owing to its peculiar cause—indigestion— the irritability and consequent nervousness of Nippers, were mainly observable in the morning, while in the afternoon he was comparatively mild. So that Turkey’s paroxysms only coming on about twelve o’clock, I never had to do with their eccentricities at one time.
[INT] The lawyer understands the (in)ability of his clerks to be productive at the same time with pity but is content that at least, they complement eachother so that there is no huge loss of labor time and revenue. He only sees his clerks in terms of profitmaking, not in terms of their humanity.
The truth was, I suppose, that a man of so small an income, could not afford to sport such a lustrous face and a lustrous coat at one and the same time.
[INT] The lawyer reflects upon class differences. This is one of the only times he does so, though.
The indigestion seemed betokened in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes committed in copying; unnecessary maledictions, hissed, rather than spoken, in the heat of business; and especially by a continual discontent with the height of the table where he worked.
[SCH] The lawyer sees Nipper's habit to grind his teeth as a sign of his nervousity, yet as Kuebrich has elaborated, this habit could rather be interpreted as a repercussion of the capitalist workplace on the individual (392).
The ambition was evinced by a certain impatience of the duties of a mere copyist, an unwarrantable usurpation of strictly professional affairs, such as the original drawing up of legal documents.
[INT / SCH] Nippers could be described in Ngai's terms as "gimmicky": The Gimmick, for Ngai, is an inherently capitalist aesthetic; the gimmick encapsulates tensions in how labor, time and value are perceived under capitalism and its alluring drive for efficiency (https://www.wiko- berlin.de/fellows/akademisches-jahr/2014/ngai-sianne, Ngai, Sianne. Theory of the Gimmick. Harvard University Press, 2017, pp. e.g., 468, 505).
Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man of about five and twenty.
[INT] Nippers is a 25-year-old copyist who is described as overly nervous but ambitious.
“I consider myself your right-hand man.
[INT] Turkey is appreciated as the most valuable clerk by the lawyer and sees himself as such too.
Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman of about my own age, that is, somewhere not far from sixty.
[INT] Turkey is about 60 year old like the narrator and a rather energetic presumed alcoholic who works dilligigently in the mornings but becomes more and more unuseful and clumsy in the afternoons.
At the period just preceding the advent of Bartleby, I had two persons as copyists in my employment, and a promising lad as an office-boy. First, Turkey; second, Nippers; third, Ginger Nut.
[INT] Introduction of the other clerks: Turkey, Nippers, and Ginger-Nut.
At one end they looked upon the white wall of the interior of a spacious skylight shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom. This view might have been considered rather tame than otherwise, deficient in what landscape painters call “life.” But if so, the view from the other end of my chambers offered, at least, a contrast, if nothing more. In that direction my windows commanded an unobstructed view of a lofty brick wall, black by age and everlasting shade;
[INT] "Life" is excluded from the office premises. Clear physical separation of "life" and labor. The surroundings of the office present a rather dull/depressing environment: One window of his wallstreet office only looks at a brick wall.
But this is by the way.
[STY] Metatextual commentary. The narrator acknowledges his rambling.
lose my temper; much more seldom indulge in dangerous indignation at wrongs and outrages; but I must be permitted to be rash here and declare
[INT] Self-ascription of the lawyer as someone who is generally peaceful and shys away from overly loud conflict.
John Jacob Astor
[INT] Real person, was an American financier who lived from 1822-1890 and was one of the richest men of his times.
I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best. Hence, though I belong to a profession proverbially energetic and nervous, even to turbulence, at times, yet nothing of that sort have I ever suffered to invade my peace. I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men’s bonds and mortgages and title-deeds. All who know me, consider me an eminently safe man.
[INT] Self-ascription of the narrator as a person who values efficiency, tranquility and moderateness.
it is fit I make some mention of myself, my employées, my business, my chambers, and general surroundings; because some such description is indispensable to an adequate understanding of the chief character about to be presented.
[INT] Before the plot starts, the narrator sets the scene of the surroundings. A description of his office and other clerks will follow for the reader to better grasp in what kind of situation Bartleby was put in.
Explore Bartleby
Referencing code: [INT]: Personal comments, interpretations [STY]: Stylistic comments [SCH]: Scholarly comments
I believe that no materials exist for a full and satisfactory biography of this man. It is an irreparable loss to literature.
[INT] It is immediately established that Bartelby is a man nobody, not even the narrator knows basically anything about.
But I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener of the strangest I ever saw or heard of.
[INT] Introduction of Bartleby as an uncommon copyist
Liberalism is rightly considered to be an ideology based primarily on individual freedom. Hobbes and Locke, as philosophical proponents of natural rights, were among the first to argue that government exists primarily for the protection of individual rights.
This is no longer a left wing progressive stance, this is considered centre right in current UK govt enforced attitudes.
Principal balances: outstanding loan principal amounts to be paid by borrowersInterest balances: interest accrued on loan principal amounts to be paid by borrowersFee Balances: servicing fees accrued on loan principal amounts to be paid to your platform
how are these determined?
Elias singles out Nietzsche as the philosophical incarnation of the retention, consolidation, and spread of the warrior ethos in middle class Germany
Fascinating to see how the context of Nietzsche bred his "unique" views that so resonate with thinkers today as they no doubr reminisce over their lost empires!!!
the Sonderweg thesis
notes here: https://grok.com/c/d20d18d9-6ae4-482e-a985-d8188a23b570
somatosensation
Rewsponds to stimuili like -temp -touch -pain -pressure -vibrayion
Tao, Terence. “What Is Good Mathematics?,” February 13, 2007. http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0702396.
Variations of this can also be applied to other fields, like history. What makes good history, good historians, good history teachers, etc.?
CommonLit is made for teachers, by teachers. It has everything you need to drive student growth—at a fraction of the cost.<br /> https://www.commonlit.org/
Why private equity is buying businesses in the skilled trades<br /> by [[by Kai Ryssdal]], [[Sean McHenry]], and [[Sofia Terenzio]] for Marketplace<br /> accessed on 2025-11-30T09:36:04
Guiding Generative Models for Protein Design: Prompting, Steering and Aligning
You discuss preference-based methods (DPO) being used to bias toward stability or reduce MHC-I epitopes. How sensitive are these methods to the quality and balance of the preference pairs? What happens when preferences are noisy or when one class heavily outweighs the other?
If we accept these plausible assumptions, the following conclusion is difficult to escape: a consistent utilitarian cannot be impartial about persons, only about utility. Since some individuals generate far more utility than others, their interests must matter more. Thus, the supposed impartiality of utilitarianism collapses into a covert form of moral elitism. Persons are to be valued not as ends, but as instruments of aggregate utility. The famous actor, the brilliant musician, the genius doctor should be treated better than the ordinary farmer or the middling painter.
Very convincing
For example, on a strict hedonistic view, we should not desire or morally approve of the suffering of depraved rapists, if that suffering has no deterrent or rehabilitative effect2. But common sense suggests otherwise. Inflicting pain on certain individuals can be good precisely because they deserve it. In such cases, pain is not intrinsically bad; and it can even be morally good. Pain, in other words, is only bad in context, when, for instance, it is gratuitously inflicted on the innocent or the vulnerable. Pain is, we might say, intrinsically unpleasant, but not intrinsically bad.
I don't know if "common sense" dictates this. I think there was a time that I might have desired suffering for the reprehensible. So if common sense means something like "what we first thought about morality, before challenging any of those suppositions" maybe he is right.
But idk. Maybe I've absorbed too much utilitarianism, or too much of a Christian ethic, that suggests that those who do wrong do not necessarily deserve to suffer for their wrongs. But maybe they do not deserve it because there is the possibility for rehabilitation.
Using General Algebra to Model the Directed Evolution of an Asexual Population
You mention that "defining a specific algebra that accurately represents a particular trait remains an important task" but don't provide concrete methodology. What heuristics or systematic approaches would you recommend for researchers trying to map their specific biological trait to an appropriate algebraic structure?