eLife assessment

This useful study identifies amino acid residues in the C. elegans RNA-binding protein NHL-2 that are required for RNA binding in vitro and NHL-2 function in vivo. The evidence in support of the authors' mechanistic model is currently incomplete, as data implicating specific NHL-2 amino acids in RNA binding per se in vivo are not presented. This manuscript will be of interest to scientists working in the area of gene regulation.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

C. elegans NHL-2 is a member of the conserved TRIM-NHL RNA binding protein family, with known functions in promoting small regulatory RNA function, including the conserved let-7 family microRNAs. Since NHL-2 promotes microRNA function, the authors seek to address if this function is due to direct binding of a mRNA target shared with the miRNA pathway. They successfully solve the crystal structure of NHL-2's NHL domain and discover residues Tyr935/Arg978 are required for RNA binding in vitro. In C. elegans, they establish that Tyr935/Arg978 are required for nhl-2 to promote let-7 microRNA function. Processing body (P body) size is increased in nhl-2 (Y935A R978A) and null mutants. The microRNA Argonautes, ALG-1 and ALG-2, also show increased binding to known let-7 mRNA targets in nhl-2 null mutants. Together these data suggest a lack of mRNA turnover in the absence of functional NHL-2. NHL-2 may function with CGH-1 and IFET-1 to promote let-7 miRISC function.

Strengths:

The authors successfully solve the structure of NHL-2's NHL domain. Although unable to crystalize it bound to RNA they are able to predict residues important for RNA binding based on charge, position and comparison with other known NHL domain structures crystalized with RNA. In vitro RNA binding assays confirm that Tyr935/Arg978 are required for RNA binding in vitro.

Weaknesses:

(1) In vivo, authors use a combination of established let-7 microRNA genetics and a 3' UTR reporter assay to establish that Tyr935/Arg978 are required for nhl-2 to promote let-7 microRNA function. However, they do not demonstrate that full length NHL-2 actually binds RNA directly in vivo in the Tyr935/Arg978 mutated background. While the presented genetic evidence suggests nhl(RBlf) acts much like the nhl-2 null, it is never demonstrated that full length NHL-2(RBlf) is actually RNA binding defective/dead in vivo. Yet several times in the text this is implied or stated. For example,<br /> o page 8, section title. "RNA binding is essential for NHL-2 function in heterochronic pathway"<br /> o page 9 - line 13-14. "Together, these data indicate that the RING and NHL domains are required for the normal function of NHL-2, but that the loss of RNA-binding activity has a more pronounced phenotype, suggesting that RNA-binding is critical for NHL-2 function."<br /> o page 11, line 3-4. "Together these experiments support the conclusion that... RNA binding is essential for its function"<br /> The language should be softened (e.g., page 8: "Residues required for RNA binding in vitro are required for NHL-2 function in heterochronic path") or additional experiments should be performed to support that NHL-2(RBlf) is in fact RNA binding defective/dead, like wild-type NHL-2 vs NHL-2(RBlf) RIP-qPCR for let-7 targets.

(2) Authors report that Processing body (P body) size is dependent on nhl-2 and the Tyr935/Arg978 residues. microRNA Argonautes, ALG-1 and ALG-2, also show increased binding to known let-7 mRNA targets in nhl-2 null mutants (unfortunately requirement of Tyr935/Arg978 is not tested). However total levels of these mRNAs are unchanged. Authors propose these data together support a role for nhl-2 in promoting microRNA target turnover. Unfortunately, it is unclear how increased P body size with no observed increase of microRNA target levels are to be resolved.

(3) The authors propose a model where NHL-2, CGH-1(DDX6) and IFET-1(eIF4E-transporter/4E-T) promote microRNA mediated translational repression and possibly turnover based on nhl-2-dependent IFET-1 interaction with ALG-1, cgh-1's synthetic interaction with both nhl-2 and ifet-1 to enhance let-7-mediated alae development, and conservation of known interactions between Dead Box helicases and eiF4A, which is supplemented by ALPHAFold modelling of IFET-1. The Boag lab previously characterized ifet-1 as a translational repressor required for germline P granule formation (Sengupta 2013 J Cell Sci). The role of NHL-2 RNA binding is unclear in this model as is any more molecular evidence of direct NHL-2, CGH-1 and IFET-1 interaction.

(4) In Figure 5, adult nhl-2(ok818) worms express the mCherry when the putative NHL-2 binding sites in the lin-28 3'UTR reporter are mutated. Couldn't this be interpreted as suggesting that the observed phenotype is nhl-2 independent? The authors mention this as an "interesting" observation in text, but I find it concerning. The authors should address this issue more directly. The reporter expression data needs to be quantified.

(5) I am frankly confused at the direction the manuscript takes in the Discussion section. The role of NHL-2 RNA binding, which has been the core of the paper, is seemingly disregarded and exchanged for what is mainly speculation about protein-protein level regulation with CGH-1 and IFET-1. This is all based on only a few pieces of data that do not include any analysis using the nhl-2(RBlf): nhl-2-dependent IFET-1 interaction with ALG-1, cgh-1's synthetic interaction with both nhl-2 and ifet-1 to enhance let-7-mediated alae development, and conservation of known interactions between Dead Box helicases and eiF4A, which is supplemented by ALPHAFold modelling of IFET-1. I'd strongly suggest reworking the text to better integrate IFET-1 or skip it and refocus the Discussion around the majority of the data characterizing NHL-2 RNA binding.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors provide structural analysis of the NHL domain for C. elegans NHL-2 and provide functional analysis of the NHL RNA binding domain. Their data support a model in which NHL-2 binding to mRNA targets through U rich motifs to promote miRISC regulation of translation and mRNA stability.

Strengths:

The authors present convincing data to describe the structure of the NHL-2 NHL domain along with functional analysis that supports an important role for two amino acids that are required for RNA binding activity. The function of these two amino acids were further studied through phenotypic assays to analyze their contribution to miRNA mediated regulation through the let-7 pathway. These data support an important role for RNA binding activity of NHL-2 in the regulation of miRNA dependent pathways. Genetic interactions support a role for the eIF4E binding protein IFET-1 in the miRISC activity.

Weaknesses:

The use of phenotypic assays to monitor let-7 pathway activity could be better explained so that the reader can more easily follow the significance of changes in alae formation or col-19::gfp expression.

The challenges of comparing expression levels using extrachromosomal arrays should be acknowledged.

The figure legends need to be revised to more clearly and accurately explain what is shown in the figures.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Saadat et al., examines the structure and function of the NHL-2 RNA binding domain in miRNA-mediated gene regulation in C. elegans. NHL-2 has previously been shown to function in miRNA and other smRNA pathways in C. elegans but its mechanism of action is unclear. The authors present a crystal structure that revealed candidate RNA binding residues. In vitro binding assays confirmed that these amino acids were required for RNA binding. The authors tested the importance of the RING and NHL domains in NHL-2 by mutating the endogenous gene using CRISPR and analyzing developmental and molecular effects in C. elegans. They concluded that the RNA binding domain of NHL-2 and co-factors, including CGH-1 and IFET-1, are important for the regulation of some miRNA targets in developing C. elegans.

Strengths:

The NHL-2 structural work and in vitro analyses of RNA binding activity are rigorous. The work is important for providing new structural information for an important post-transcriptional regulator.

Weaknesses:

The in vivo studies to better understand the role of NHL and several cofactors require further controls, replicates or better explanations of the methods and analyses in order to support the conclusions. In particular, protein levels of the mutant NHL-2 strains should be analyzed to rule out differences in expression contributing to the results; the reporter strategy would be improved by showing it is dependent on miRNA regulation, including an internal control and adding quantitative data; validation of similar levels of ALG-1 protein in the immunoprecipitation experiments would add confidence for the differences in levels of miRNA targets detected.

This figure was also very persuasive, especially to me. The way the author laid out their points is very easy to understand and read here.

Here, the author, to persuade the audience, uses ethos by listing various names agree with the same argument of Ai's development in writing skills.

Shows the purpose of the article - to discover whether tools like Grammarly and QuillBot will assist people in learning to write, or just act as a crutch.

Maybe the intended audience is the people involved in this "discourse", and the author wants to persuade them to their argument.

eLife assessment

This study presents a light-entrainable synthetic oscillator in bacteria, the optorepressilator. The authors develop a toolbox using optogenetics that makes the cellular oscillator easily controllable. This toolbox is valuable, contributing both to bioengineering and to the understanding of biological dynamical systems. The comparison with a mathematical model, population, and single-cell measurements demonstrate convincingly that the planned system was achieved and is suitable to control and study biological oscillators.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

The "optorepressilator", an optically controllable genetic oscillator based on the famous E. coli 3-repressor (LacI, TetR, CI) oscillator "repressilator", was developed. An individual repressilator shows a stable oscillation of the protein levels with a relatively long period that extends a few doubling times of E. coli, but when many cells oscillate, their phases tend to desynchronize. The authors introduced an additional optically controllable promoter through a conformal change of CcaS protein and let it control how much additional CI is produced. By tightly controlling the leak from the added promoter, the authors successfully kept the original repressilator oscillation when the added promoter was not activated. In contrast, the oscillation was stopped by expressing the additional CI. Using this system, the authors showed that it is possible to synchronise the phase of the oscillation, especially when the activation happens as a short pulse at the right phase of the repressilator oscillation. The authors further show that, by changing the frequency of the short pulses, the repressilator was entrained to various ratios to the pulse period, and the author could reconstruct the so-called "Arnold tongues", the signature of entrainment of the nonlinear oscillator to externally added periodic perturbation. The behaviour is consistent with the simplified mathematical model that simulates the protein concentration using ordinary differential equations.

Strengths:

Optical control of the oscillation of the protein clock is a powerful and clean tool for studying the synthetic oscillator's response to perturbation in a well-controlled and tunable manner. The article utilizes the plate reader setup for population average measurements and the mother machine setup for single-cell measurements, and they compensate nicely to acquire necessary information.

Weaknesses:

The current paper added the optogenetically controlled perturbation to control the phase of oscillation and entrainment, but there are a few other works that add external perturbation to a collection of cells that individually oscillate to study phase shift and/or entrainment. The current paper lacks discussion about the pros and cons of the current system compared to previously analyzed systems.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this manuscript by Cannarsa et. al., the authors describe the engineering of a light-entrainable synthetic biological oscillator in bacteria. It is based on an upgraded version of one of the first synthetic circuits to be constructed, the repressilator. The authors sought to make this oscillator entrainable by an external forcing signal, analogous to the way natural biological oscillators (like the circadian clock) are synchronized. They reasoned that an optogenetic system would provide a convenient and flexible means of manipulation. To this end, the authors exploited the CcaS-CcaA light-switchable system, which allows activation and deactivation of transcription by green and red light, respectively. They used this system to make the expression of one of the repressilator's transcription factors (lacI) light-controlled, from a construct separated from the main repressilator plasmid. This way, under red light the oscillator runs freely, but exposure to green light causes overexpression of the lacI, pushing the system into a specific state. Consequently, returning to red light will restore the oscillations from the same phase in all cells, effectively synchronizing the cell population.

After demonstrating the functionality of the basic concept, the authors combined modeling and experiments to show how periodic exposure to green light enables efficient entrainment, and how the frequency of the forcing signal affects the oscillatory behavior (detuning).

This work provides an important demonstration of engineering tunability into a foundational genetic circuit, expands the synthetic biology toolbox, and provides a platform to address critical questions about synchronization in biological oscillators. Due to the flexibility of the experimental system, it is also expected to provide a fertile ground for future testing of theoretical predictions regarding non-linear oscillators.

Strengths:

* The study provides a simple and elegant mechanism for the entertainment of a synthetic oscillator. The design relies on optogenetic proteins, which enable efficient experimentation compared to alternative approaches (like using chemical inducers). This way, a static culture (without microfluidics or change of growth media) can be easily exposed to flexible temporal sequences of the zeitgeber, and continuously measured through time.

* The study makes use of both plate-reader-based population-level readout and mother-machine single-cell measurements. Synchronization through entrainment is a single cell level phenomenon, but with a clear population-level manifestation. Thus, this experimental approach combination provides a strong validation to their system. At the same time, differences between the readout from the two systems have emerged, and provided a further opportunity for model refinement and testing.

* The authors correctly identified the main optimization goal, namely the effective leakiness of their construct even under red light. Then, they successfully overcame this issue using synthetic biology approaches.

* The work is supported by a simplified model of the repressilator, which provides a convenient analytical and numerical means to draw testable predictions. The model predictions are well aligned with the experimental evidence.

Weaknesses:

* Even after optimizing the expression level of the light-sensitive gene, the system is very sensitive, i.e., a very short exposure is sufficient to elicit the strongest entertainment. This limited dynamic range might hamper some model testing and future usage.

* As a result of the previous point, the system is entrained by transiently "breaking" the oscillator: each pulse of green light represents a Hopf bifurcation into a single attractor. it means that the system cannot oscillate in constant green light. In comparison, this is generally not the case for natural zeitgebers like light and temperature for the circadian rhythms. Extreme values might prevent oscillations (not necessarily due to breaking the core oscillator), but usually, free running is possible in a wide range of constant conditions. In some cases, the free-running period length will vary as a function of the constant value.

While the approach presented in this manuscript is valid, a comprehensive analysis of more subtle modes of repressilator entrainment could also be of value.

* The entire work makes use of a single intensity and single duration of the green pulse to force entrainment. While the model has clear predictions for how those modalities should affect entrainment, none of the experiments attempted to validate those predictions.

eLife assessment

This is a valuable contribution to the electric fish community, and to studies of active sensing, in that it provides evidence that a well-studied behavior (chirping) may serve in active sensing rather than communication. This is likely to stimulate follow-up behavioral and physiological studies to determine whether the active sensing component of the behavior is pre-eminent, or whether their major function is communication. For the most part, the evidence for increased chirping in more cluttered environments and the relationship between chirping and movement are convincing. However, the evidence used to argue that chirping does not vary with behavioral context is less so, and the arguments against a communicative function of chirps are not strong. The main conclusions are only supported by correlations and remain for now at the level of an interesting hypothesis to explore.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors investigate the role of chirping in a species of weakly electric fish. They subject the fish to various scenarios and correlate the production of chirps with many different factors. They find major correlations between the background beat signals (continuously present during any social interactions) or some aspects of social and environmental conditions with the propensity to produce different types of chirps. By analyzing more specifically different aspects of these correlations they conclude that chirping patterns are related to navigation purposes and the need to localize the source of the beat signal (i.e. the location of the conspecific).

The study provides a wealth of interesting observations of behavior and much of this data constitutes a useful dataset to document the patterns of social interactions in these fish. Some data, in particular the high propensity to chirp in cluttered environments, raises interesting questions. Their main hypothesis is a useful addition to the debate on the function of these chirps and is worth considering and exploring further.

After the initial reviewers' comments, the authors performed a welcome revision of the way the results are presented. Overall the study has been improved by the revision. However, one piece of new data is perplexing to me. The new Figure 7 presents the results of a model analysis of the strength of the EI caused by a second fish to localize when the focal fish is chirping. From my understanding of this type of model, EOD frequency is not a parameter in the model since it evaluates the strength of the field at a given point in time. Therefore the only thing that matters is the phase relationship and strength of the EOD. Assuming that the second fish's EOD is kept constant and the phases relationship is also the same, the only difference during a chirp that could affect the result of the calculation is the potential decrease in EOD amplitude during the chirp. It is indeed logical that if the focal fish decreased its EOD amplitude the target fish's EOD becomes relatively stronger. Where things are harder to understand is why the different types of chirps (e.g. type 1 vs type 2) lead to the same increase in signal even though they are typically associated with different levels of amplitude modulations. Also, it is hard to imagine that a type 2 chirps that is barely associated with any decrease in EOD amplitude (0-10% maybe), would cause doubling of the EI strength. There might be something I don't understand but the authors should provide a lot more details on how this result is obtained and convince us that it makes sense.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Studying Apteronotus leptorhynchus (the weakly electric brown ghost knifefish), the authors provide evidence that 'chirps' (brief modulations in the frequency and amplitude of the ongoing electric signal) function in active sensing (specifically homeoactive sensing) rather than communication. Chirping is a behavior that has been well studied, including numerous studies on the sensory coding of chirps and the neural mechanisms for chirp generation. Chirps are largely thought to function in communication behavior, so this alternative function is a very exciting possibility that could have a great impact on the field. The authors do provide convincing evidence that chirps may function in homeoactive sensing. However, their evidence arguing against a role for chirps in communication is not as strong, and fails to sufficiently consider the evidence from a large body of existing research. Ultimately, the manuscript presents very interesting data that is sure to stimulate discussion and follow-up studies, but it suffers from dismissing evidence in support of, or consistent with, a communicative function for chirps. The authors do acknowledge that chirps could function as both a communication and homeactive sensing signal, but it seems clear they wish to argue against the former and for the latter, and the evidence is not yet there to support this.

In the introduction, the authors state, "Since both chirps and positional parameters (such as size, orientation or motion) can only be detected as perturbations of the beat, and via the same electroreceptors, the inputs relaying both types of information are inevitably interfering." I disagree with this statement, which seems to be a key assumption. Both of these features certainly modulate the activity of electroreceptors, but that does not mean those modulations are ambiguous as to their source. You do not know whether the two types of modulations can be unambiguously decoded from electroreceptor afferent population activity.

My biggest issue with this manuscript is that it is much too strong in dismissing evidence that chirping correlates with context. In your behavioral observations, you found sex differences in chirping as well as differences between freely interacting and physically separated fish. Chirps tended to occur in close proximity to another fish. Your model of chirp variability found that environmental experience, social experience, and beat frequency (DF) are the most important factors explaining chirp variability. Are these not all considered behavioral or social context? Beat frequency (DF) in particular is heavily downplayed as being a part of "context" but it is a crucial part of the context, as it provides information about the identity of the fish you're interacting with. The authors show quite convincingly that the types of chirps produced do not vary with these contexts, but chirp rates do.

Further, in your playback experiments, fish responded differently to small vs. large DFs, males chirped more than females, type 2 chirps became more frequent throughout a playback, and rises tended to occur at the end of a playback. These are all examples of context-dependent behavior.

In the results, the authors state, "Overall, the majority of chirps were produced by male subjects, in comparable amounts regardless of environmental experience (resident, intruder or equal; Figure S1A,C), social status (dominant or subordinate; Figure S1B) or social experience (novel or experienced; Figure S1D)." This is not what is shown in Figure S1. S1A shows clear differences between resident vs. intruder males, S1B shows clear differences between dominant vs. subordinate males, and S1D shows clear differences between naïve and experienced males. The analysis shown in Figure 2 would seem to support this. Indeed, the authors state, "Overall, this analysis indicated that environmental and social experience, together with beat frequency (DF) are the most important factors explaining chirp variability."

The choice of chirp type varied widely between individuals but was relatively consistent within individuals across trials of the same experiment. The authors interpret this to mean that chirping does not vary with internal state, but is it not likely that the internal states of individuals are stable under stable conditions, and that individuals may differ in these internal states across the same conditions? Stable differences in communication signals between individuals are frequently interpreted as reflecting differences between those individuals in certain characteristics, which are being communicated by these signals.

I am not convinced of the conclusion drawn by the analysis of chirp transitions. The transition matrices show plenty of 1-2 and 2-1 transitions occurring. Further, the cross-correlation analysis only shows that chirp timing between individuals is not phase-locked at these small timescales. It is entirely possible that chirp rates are correlated between interacting individuals, even if their precise timing is not. Further, it is not clear to me how "transitions" were defined. The methods do not make this clear, and it is not clear to me how you can have zero chirp transitions between two individuals when those two individuals are both generating chirps throughout an interaction.

In the results, "Although all chirp types were used during aggressive interactions, these seemed to be rather less frequent in the immediate surround of the chirps (Figure 6A)." A lack of precise temporal correlation on short timescales does not mean there is no association between the two behaviors. An increased rate of chirping during aggression is still a correlation between the two behaviors, even if chirps and specific aggressive behaviors are not tightly time-locked.

In summary, it is simply too strong to say that chirping does not correlate with context, or to claim that there is convincing evidence arguing against a communication function of chirps. Importantly, however, this does not detract from your exciting and well-supported hypothesis that chirping functions in homeoactive sensing. A given EOD behavior could serve both communication and homeoactive sensing. I actually suspect this is quite common in electric fish (both gymnotiforms and mormyrids), and perhaps in other actively sensing species such as echolocating animals. The two are not mutually exclusive.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This important paper provides the best-to-date characterization of chirping in weakly electric fish using a large number of variables. These include environment (free vs divided fish, with or without clutter), breeding state, gender, intruder vs resident, social status, locomotion state and social and environmental experience, without and with playback experiments. It applies state-of-the-art methods for reducing the dimensionality of the data and finding patterns of correlation between different kinds of variables (factor analysis, K-means). The strength of the evidence, collated from a large number of trials with many controls, leads to the conclusion that the traditionally assumed communication function of chirps may be secondary to its role in environmental assessment and exploration that takes social context into account. Based on their extensive analyses, the authors suggest that chirps are mainly used as probes that help detect beats caused by other fish and as well as objects.

Strengths:

The work is based on completely novel recordings using interaction chambers. The amount of new data and associated analyses is simply staggering, and yet, well organized in presentation. The study further evaluates the electric field strength around a fish (via modelling with the boundary element method) and how its decay parallels the chirp rate, thereby relating the above variables to electric field geometry.

The main conclusions are that the lack of any significant behavioural correlates for chirping, and the lack of temporal patterning in chirp time series, cast doubt on a primary communication goal for most chirps. Rather, the key determinants of chirping are the difference frequency between two interacting conspecifics as well as individual subjects' environmental and social experience. The paper concludes that there is a lack of evidence for stereotyped temporal patterning of chirp time series, as well as of sender-receiver chirp transitions beyond the known increase in chirp frequency during an interaction.

These conclusions by themselves will be very useful to the field. They will also allow scientists working on other "communication" systems to perhaps reconsider and expand the goals of the probes used in those senses. A lot of data are summarized in this paper, with thorough referencing to past work.

The alternative hypotheses that arise from the work are that chirps are mainly used as environmental probes for better beat detection and processing and object localization, and in this sense are self-directed signals. This led to their prediction that environmental complexity ("clutter") should increase chirp rate, which is fact was revealed by their new experiments. The authors also argue that waveform EODs have less power across high spatial frequencies compared to pulse-type fish, with a resulting relatively impoverished power of resolution. Chirping in wave-type fish could temporarily compensate for the lower frequency resolution while still being able to resolve EOD perturbations with a good temporal definition (which pulse-type fish lack due to low pulse rates).

The authors also advance the interesting idea that the sinusoidal frequency modulations caused by chirps are the electric fish's solution to the minute (and undetectable by neural wetware) echo-delays available to it, due to the propagation of electric fields at the speed of light in water. The paper provides a number of experimental avenues to pursue in order to validate the non-communication role of chirps.

Weaknesses:

My main criticism is that the alternative putative role for chirps as probe signals that optimize beat detection could be better developed. The paper could be clearer as to what that means precisely, especially since beating - and therefore detection of some aspects of beating due to the proximity of a conspecific - most often precedes chirping. One meaning the authors suggest, tentatively, is that the chirps could enhance electrosensory responses to the beat, for example by causing beat phase shifts that remediate blind spots in the electric field of view.

A second criticism is that the study links the beat detection to underwater object localization. The paper does not significantly develop that line of thought given their data - the authors tread carefully here given the speculative aspect of this link. It is certainly possible that the image on the fish's body of an object in the environment will be slightly modified by introducing a chirp on the waveform, as this may enhance certain heterogeneities of the object in relation to its environment. The thrust of this argument derives mainly from the notion of Fourier analysis with pulse type fish EOD waveforms (see above, and radar theory more generally), where higher temporal frequencies in the beat waveform induced by the chirp will enable a better spatial resolution of objects. It remains to be seen whether experiments can show this to be significant.

why wasn't it released?

for - contact - local contact - Cape Town - art and transition

for - post comment - LinkedIn - progress trap

hetzner, contabo

for - question - leaders - commons movement - citizen movement - SIMACT / SIMPOL

question - leaders - Is there an untapped potential here to engage NOT JUST WITH LEADERS, - but with individuals and citizens?

I cringe every time I see "she" ... it seems as if "she" is always doing something wrong! suggest "they" (with or without changing investigator to investigators ...

widering? maybe "widening" or just "wider"? or even "increasing the width of"

"only" in rare ...

reply to u/rocklover7 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1cnljgm/where_do_i_start/

The best thing you could do is to take a moment at the library or bookshop and pick up a copy of Polt, Richard. The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist’s Companion for the 21st Century. 1st ed. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2015.

He looks at typewriters from a writers' writer perspective which I'm sure you'll appreciate. He's got experience with a wide variety of machines as well as a large collection himself. He goes over all of the common/popular (and solid machines) in a variety of sizes and formats to help you figure out which one you might like to start out with. He also covers some of the common problems and repairs that regularly pop up. The book is really a "best of" list of typewriter material from the past 15+ years of this reddit forum and material from the "typosphere" of which he's been not only an active member, but literal ring-leader. The vast majority of the questions which appear on a weekly basis here are discussed and addressed in his book, along with some emphasis on writerly concerns and practice which most beginners here wouldn't be asking. Even reading 3 or 4 of the 8 chapters which are rife with images will give you a solid crash course for exactly the sorts of typewriter (and writing) advice you're searching for.

Definitely DO NOT pick up a new machine off of Amazon. They're even worse than some of the late 70s/early 80s machines. Instead, for beginners (and for the value) I'd recommend looking at Remingtons (Quiet-Riter), Royals (Quiet De Luxe), or Smith-Coronas (Clipper, Silent, Super) from roughly 1948-1958 which is generally the peak of U.S. typewriter manufacturing as well as for features. These were all built like tanks and are usually still in very good condition, even when they're in bad condition. I've provided links to some of these models in the typewriter database, so you have an idea visually of what to look out for.

If desperate, and you live in an area where machines are priced starting over $50 or you're more price sensitive (making eBay, Facebook Marketplace or Craigslist less appealing), you can find some of these every day listed at shopgoodwill.com starting at $10. Even with heaving bidding on auctions, these usually don't go over $35 (except for some of the Smith-Coronas). I've even seen them (sadly) not move at all for $10. This would give you an incredibly solid and inexpensive machine to tinker on, and will most likely work for you out of the box (as long as it's got a ribbon.) You'll end up with a solid machine to start off on while you search for your dream machine. It'll also give you some experience cleaning up and maintaining one. Of the seven machines I've gotten this way and paid an average of about $30-35 each (all in with shipping, tax, etc.) All but one were all immediately usable and only needed moderate cleaning that one could do at home with a cloth, dish soap, a toothbrush and maybe some canned air. Two of the seven were in near mint condition and didn't need any work at all. Tag/garage sales are also inexpensive options that usually allow you test out a machine, but it requires some shoe leather and lots of patience. If you've got a favorite author you love and trust, you might try searching out their machines: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/typers.html

If there are any type-ins in your local area, try to go so you can not only meet others, but it might give you a chance to see and try out the machines of others to see what might suit you best.

Happiness and best wishes on your search!

Note to noggin: Remember this.

I'm guilty of holding back sometimes. Or writing too blandly like I'm in front of an audience. An old habit.

What is it that makes me write like this sometimes? Insecurity? Imposter syndrome? Or being lazy?

Note to self: Write for yourself as if in your journal. Forget the world, just write.

I think there is a mistake.

pH define for aqueous solutions but Hamett acidity function is for pure acid..and all other things are same.

箇条書きにした方が見やすいです。

「最初のページ(以降ルートページ)」という表現の方が分かりやすいと思います。

_toc.yml の公式ドキュメントへのリンクがあると親切だと思います。

I think these are the program management outcomes

The book's definition of risk

S: David Foster Wallace O: 2005 Kenyon Commencement Address A: Keyon graduates P: to emphasize the freedom we have in our way of life, thinking and perspectives S: various advice and reflection on life Tone: reflective, critical, inspiring

Close to addressing rebuttals/criticism, shows critical thinking

Change in sentence structure -> short sentences change flow and draw emphasis

Similar to the different kinds of values and perspectives, as he's mentioned previously

Shows the dark side/negatives of each trait -> no life track is the "right" one

partly ethos appeal by bringing up higher powers who, in this argument, all people worship and respect, thus unifies him and his audience

Uses very simple language towards a younger but still educated audience - depicts his "rejection" of traditional education and life, gives his audience a break from the complicated information/assignments they're used to, and makes him more relatable and the info easier to digest

Interesting hearing all this because I quite like the supermarket and doing errands, even on my busiest of days

These are both sides of very extreme examples -> adds to logos so audience is able to reason with middle ground (his argument) more

JupyterBookを使用していて同様のエラーに遭遇して解決できずにいました。この解決方法の参考にされたブログなどはありますか？

? plot title? Predicted Fat Fraction based on Height and Abdominal Circumference given Age = 43 ??

comparison between the amount of risk transferred via insurance vs the amount of risk retained

risk retention is inversely related to the cost of risk insurance

Internal: stuff that goes wrong within a firm

External: stuff that goes wrong that effects a firm's clients and third parties (I think??)

statistics, particularly relating to insurance

This part is very heavy on the use of cyber insurance It goes into a lot insurance stuff that kinda just went over my head

Proactively mitigate risk by analyzing main security concerns and how to satisfy them

Also goes into detail on how to properly invest in information security by comparing each investment with the value of the risk (I still don't understand how this is done)

Technical mitigations defined by established security considerations and their associated techniques

Like the CIA triad but more detailed, containing 6 pillars as opposed to the original 3

Avoiding risk wherever possible This treatment is not as relevant today because it isn't resilient-focused (I think)

They use the example of requiring security policies of IoT devices bc they're usually cheap They also say that this example could be under mitigation

The proper treatment for a cyber incident is determined by: the likelihood of the event the potential impact of said event

The three types of treatments are: Avoidance Mitigation to reduce likelihood/potential impacy Transfer Retention

The CIA triad

gives historical account of how cyber risks have been identified

Población Objetivo

Nolan Grimes has forced me to write everything

Why is it called Consumer?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108889

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 901001, RRID:AB_2565001)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2565001

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108883

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab108198, RRID:AB_10858236)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10858236

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 505022, RRID:AB_2563240)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2563240

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 505826, RRID:AB_2295770)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2295770

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 515403, RRID:AB_2114575)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2114575

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 154304, RRID:AB_2721463)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2721463

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 506322, RRID:AB_961434)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_961434

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 504508, RRID:AB_10694868)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10694868

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 135214, RRID:AB_10680238)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10680238

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 741926, RRID:AB_2871239)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2871239

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 109246, RRID:AB_2629697)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2629697

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100240, RRID:AB_2563427)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2563427

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101222, RRID:AB_493705)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_493705

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 123130, RRID:AB_2293450)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2293450

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 103232, RRID:AB_493717)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_493717

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100749, RRID:AB_11218801)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11218801

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 117339, RRID:AB_2562414)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2562414

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 107635, RRID:AB_2561397)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2561397

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 109222, RRID:AB_893625)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_893625

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101224, RRID:AB_755986)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_755986

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 123108, RRID:AB_893502)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_893502

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 152406, RRID:AB_2629815)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2629815

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100206, RRID:AB_312663)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312663

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 128026, RRID:AB_10640120)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10640120

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100548, RRID:AB_2563054)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2563054

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 561236, RRID:AB_10611860)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10611860

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 103128, RRID:AB_493715)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_493715

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: RRID:IMSR_JAX:034159

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:034159

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_008766,RRID:IMSR_JAX:008766)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:008766

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_000664,RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576951

Resource: (IMSR Cat# CRL_028,RRID:IMSR_CRL:028)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_CRL:028

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa064

Resource: RRID:BDSC_51370

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_51370

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac136

Resource: Rat Resource and Research Center (RRID:SCR_002044)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002044

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz170

Resource: Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (RRID:SCR_006457)

Curator: @Naa003

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_006457

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2024.103437

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 556653, RRID:AB_396517)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_396517

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2024.103437

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 557145, RRID:AB_2292652)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2292652

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167214

Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 20543-1-AP, RRID:AB_11232216)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11232216

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167214

Resource: (ABclonal Cat# A1483, RRID:AB_2761709)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2761709

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167214

Resource: (GeneTex Cat# GTX116651, RRID:AB_10615515)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10615515

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167214

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab129453, RRID:AB_11154767)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11154767

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101550

Resource: (Miltenyi Biotec Cat# 130-049-601, RRID:AB_2927377)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2927377

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101550

Resource: (Miltenyi Biotec Cat# 130-045-201, RRID:AB_2889920)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2889920

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12259

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12259

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: RRID:Addgene_17446

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_17446

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: RRID:Addgene_16011

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_16011

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: RRID:Addgene_52962

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_52962

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: RRID:Addgene_104375

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_104375

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: (JCRB Cat# JCRB1195, RRID:CVCL_2996)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_2996

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: (JCRB Cat# JCRB1187, RRID:CVCL_2992)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_2992

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: (JCRB Cat# JCRB1179, RRID:CVCL_2989)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_2989

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114211

Resource: (IZSLER Cat# BS TCL 237, RRID:CVCL_8792)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_8792

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114158

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_004600,RRID:IMSR_JAX:004600)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:004600

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.012

Resource: (RRID:CVCL_9771)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_9771

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.012

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12259

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12259

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.012

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.039

Resource: RStudio (RRID:SCR_000432)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000432

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.039

Resource: MATLAB (RRID:SCR_001622)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_001622

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.010

Resource: (BCRC Cat# 60005, RRID:CVCL_0030)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0030

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.010

Resource: (ATCC Cat# CRL-3249, RRID:CVCL_AQ26)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_AQ26

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.010

Resource: (CCLV Cat# CCLV-RIE 1018, RRID:CVCL_0063)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0063

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.014

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_002120,RRID:IMSR_JAX:002120)

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:002120

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.014

Resource: RRID:Addgene_80795

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_80795

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.014

Resource: RRID:Addgene_80796

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_80796

What is this?

DOI: 10.1111/febs.17135

Resource: (CLS Cat# 300168/p708_DU-145, RRID:CVCL_0105)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0105

What is this?

DOI: 10.1111/febs.17145

Resource: (NCI-DTP Cat# MCF7, RRID:CVCL_0031)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0031

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109878

Resource: RRID:Addgene_112865

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_112865

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109878

Resource: Addgene_131000

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_131000

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109878

Resource: RRID:Addgene_99133

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_99133

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109878

Resource: RRID:Addgene_50460

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_50460

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109878

Resource: RRID:Addgene_70717

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_70717

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109878

Resource: Addgene_99131

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_99131

What is this?

DOI: 10.1113/JP286069

Resource: Micro-Manager (RRID:SCR_000415)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000415

What is this?

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-24-0017

Resource: RStudio (RRID:SCR_000432)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000432

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MA5-42394, RRID:AB_2911535)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2911535

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: AB_2914710

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2914710

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: AB_2271453

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2271453

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A301-797A-M (also A301-797A-T), RRID:AB_2780130)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2780130

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: AB_2809579

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2809579

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: AB_2897578

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2897578

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109870

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# PA1-28838, RRID:AB_2111904)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2111904

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109869

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12259

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12259

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109869

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109869

Resource: RRID:Addgene_8453

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_8453

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.592220

Resource: RStudio (RRID:SCR_000432)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000432

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.592220

Resource: MATLAB (RRID:SCR_001622)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_001622

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.592220

Resource: SPM (RRID:SCR_007037)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_007037

What is this?

DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050619

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 40994, RRID:AB_2799191)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2799191

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 565411, RRID:AB_2734779)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2734779

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (Proteintech Cat# SA00001-1-A, RRID:AB_2890995)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2890995

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 158601 (also 158602), RRID:AB_2904302)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2904302

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab130805, RRID:AB_11156672)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11156672

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MA1-35461, RRID:AB_1074849)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1074849

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: AB_395052

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID: AB_395052

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: AB_395050

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID: AB_395050

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 560689, RRID:AB_1727506)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1727506

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 551459, RRID:AB_394206)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_394206

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2024

Resource: (Proteintech Cat# SA00001-1-A, RRID:AB_2890995)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2890995

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: AB_224233

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_224233

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: AB_56105

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_56105

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3891, RRID:AB_2116390)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2116390

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9331, RRID:AB_329830)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_329830

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 4691, RRID:AB_915783)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_915783

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9271, RRID:AB_329825)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_329825

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 12175-1-AP, RRID:AB_2157444)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2157444

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: AB_222021

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_222021

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: AB_221939

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_221939

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 11818, RRID:AB_2687505)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2687505

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: AB_790551

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_790551

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# C3956, RRID:AB_439680)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_439680

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00718.2023

Resource: (JCRB Cat# IFO50364, RRID:CVCL_0385)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0385

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: (Vector Laboratories Cat# BA-9200, RRID:AB_2336171)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2336171

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: (EnCor Biotechnology Cat# MCA-2H2, RRID:AB_2571561)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2571561

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: AB_2336819

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID: AB_2336819

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: AB_231440

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_231440

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: (Vector Laboratories Cat# BA-1000, RRID:AB_2313606)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2313606

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: (Vector Laboratories Cat# S-1000, RRID:AB_2336615)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2336615

What is this?

DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2023

Resource: (Vector Laboratories Cat# SP-2001, RRID:AB_2336231)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2336231

What is this?

DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0546

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab203457, RRID:AB_2889230)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2889230

What is this?

DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzae008

Resource: RRID:Addgene_160278

Curator: @anisehay

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_160278

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109719

Resource: (SouthernBiotech Cat# 1030-09S, RRID:AB_2794298)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2794298

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: RRID:Addgene_90234

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_90234

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12259

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12259

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12253

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12253

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12251

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12251

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: RRID:Addgene_90234

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_90234

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_014602,RRID:IMSR_JAX:014602)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:014602

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109718

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_007676,RRID:IMSR_JAX:007676)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:007676

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109741

Resource: (IZSLER Cat# BS TCL 4, RRID:CVCL_0186)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0186

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109777

Resource: (BCRC Cat# 60005, RRID:CVCL_0030)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0030

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109777

Resource: (CCLV Cat# CCLV-RIE 1018, RRID:CVCL_0063)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0063

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109771

Resource: (RCB Cat# RCB0988, RRID:CVCL_0025)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0025

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109750

Resource: (DSMZ Cat# ACC-738, RRID:CVCL_0419)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0419

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109750

Resource: (CLS Cat# 300342/p657_SK-OV-3, RRID:CVCL_0532)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0532

What is this?

DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383281

Resource: (CCLV Cat# CCLV-RIE 1035, RRID:CVCL_0023)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0023

What is this?