1. Oct 2025
    1. If a book or article is not especially relevant, put it aside. You can always come back to it later if you need to.

      I think this sentence is important because I have gathered sources I enjoy in the past and tried really hard to make one work when I could have just set it aside and picked a different source.

    1. Infographic on Library Print Resources, outlining different types of sources and their uses, such as reference works, nonfiction books, periodicals, government publications, and business/nonprofit publications.

      Nonfiction book written for a general audience vs scholarly books or scientific studies are written for an audience with specialized knowledge. That's good to know.

    2. Other primary sources include the following: Research Articles Literary Texts Historical documents such as diaries or letters Autobiographies or other personal accounts Podcasts

      Some other examples upon a google search include: -Orginal documents and records. Ex: Birth Certificate, Marriage Record, Census Data.

    1. Unreal City
      Like Nerval’s fragmented account of his dreams, the Waste Land is a sort of dreamscape with a patchwork of seemingly random images, which all share a similar intention and background. “Unreal City” begins line 60 of The Waste Land, and Eliot leaves a footnote in French, nearly translating to “SWARMING city, city full of dreams, Where in a full day the spectre walks and speaks.” That quote in the footnote is from Baudelaire’s “The Seven Old Men,” which explores the shifting definition of beauty in nature, especially while Paris is rapidly industrializing. The city of Paris is labeled “Unreal City,” as a place built up by dreams and romanticized images, while industrialization begins to degrade the city.
      

      The experience of reading the poem is similar to slipping in and out of consciousness, as literary, cultural, and historical references wash over the reader. So, “dreams” serve here as those of sleeping and those of hopes for the future. The concept of dreams as a whole is repeated throughout "The Burial of the Dead,” so ending the section with a direct connection to De Nerval’s account of dreams is symbolic for the poem’s overall structure. So, if we theorize that, here, this constant flow of people crossing the bridge are on a similar hell-like journey as the people who are neither here nor there in Dante (the uncommitted, unclassified , outcasts, etc.) The inscription in Dante on the gates of Hell translates to “"Abandon all hope, ye who enter here,” suggesting that this characterization of The Waste Land is one of abandoned hopes and dreams, leaving people to wade through the dreamscape (or nightmare) that is a fragmented modern society.

    2. With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.

      TL;DR: Most interesting to me is the mirrored structure which exists both thematically and structurally within this section—and within all its references. At first glance I thought it might indicate a doubling or twinning of sorts; but I’ve now understood this “mirror” to be more of a replication (or regression).

      Midway through the stanza comes the line “With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.” Upon my initial reading two significant features revealed themselves. First, there is numerical weight to the chosen number “nine.” In Baudelaire's poem the unnamed narrator watches seven old men, all identical in misery and form, tread somberly before him, before at last arriving at the terrible understanding that he himself is the “awful eighth.” And so of course the natural progression is to uncover a ninth member in this hellish parade; and obligingly Eliot supplies us with one. The ninth is, of course, himself, or perhaps the reader; either way the mention of the number “nine” suggests that this repetitive pattern has not yet ceased. In the original Les Fleurs Du Mal, Baudelaire plays with the notion of what I initially thought was doubling: there is the “spectre” of self which walks and speaks in our “city full of dreams,” the hypocritical Reader decried as Baudelaire’s “second self—[his] brother,” and, of course, the seven (or eight) old men, whose presence compels the narrator to double back and flee home. But at the very end there is a line which suggests that—as I’ve come to realize—that this doubling is more of a regression: “In vain my reason tried to cross the bar,/ The whirling strom but drove her back again”. And so in this way Baudelaire introduces another creation story for the ‘doubled’ men, in which they are not copies of one another but one and the same, forced back along the same path after having failed to “cross the bar”. So what is this “bar” which cannot be crossed? Eliot appears to suggest it is death itself. It seems to me that “a dead sound on the final stroke of nine” is operating as a threshold of sorts, or the “bar” in question: the line cleaves the stanza into two exact halves, each of which can be considered a “double” of the other. In this way it becomes clear that the “doubles” we are dealing with are the stanza’s halves, each of which depict an eerily similar motif. The first half of the stanza (lines 1-8) pays homage to Dante. The line “undone by death” comes from a section of the Inferno in which Dante meets the Uncommitted, a group of souls who reside neither in hell nor out of it. But interposed over this image of dead souls in limbo is the living, since Eliot roots this classical reference in a visual description of modern London. And so through this overlay Eliot melts any barrier between the living and the dead, perhaps suggesting that they are one and the same (a suggestion, it is worth noting, somewhat loosely put forth in De Nerval’s dream writings). The second half of the stanza is much the same. Eliot introduces the image of the deathly bloom, where the narrator expects mysterious flowers to erupt from planted corpses. This description seems to be most obviously an allegory for the afterlife: flowers growing from corpses are, after all, a continuation of life after death. But interestingly, the afterlife appears to be inaccessible. The lines “'Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?/'Oh keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men,/'Or with his nails he’ll dig it up again!” suggest that small discrepancies are capable of disrupting our entire future (which, again, is the plot of De Nerval’s writings—he spends the entire excerpt ranting about how our lives are the sum product of infinitely small moments and knick-knacks); and the questions marks suggest that as a result of these discrepancies, the flowers’ ability to bloom, or our ability to access the afterlife, has been compromised. Looping back to Baudelaire’s model of duplication—in which doubles are produced by a ‘doubling back,’ or re-walking of the same path—we can see how the stanza’s halves inform our understanding of the poem as a whole. Both parts reference our inability to move into the afterlife: the first half speaks of life and death as another doubled pair, implying that the dead souls ‘double back’ onto the living (aka they hit a dead end, cannot move past into the afterlife, so turn around and go back into the realm of the living); and the second half’s tie to the continuation of life post-death has already been thoroughly explained. This understanding gives new resonance to “a dead sound on the final stroke of nine”. Yes, the line references death as a threshold; but importantly, it frames death as the “bar” we fail to cross. There exists “a dead sound,” suggesting a sudden impact or some unsuccessful attempt. I think what Eliot is trying to say is that nothing ever changes; having died, we fail over and over again to access the afterlife, instead ‘doubling back’ onto life. As a consequence all future generations become copies of the past; and we get this weird circularity that Eliot flirts with for the rest of the poem.

    3. Fishing, with the arid plain behind me

      I think the notion of orientation is really important here. Addie suggests that the "Fishing" metaphor alludes to the Fisher King, positioned so that his back is facing hell. Her analysis sinks into a particularly relevant section from Weston's essay: ‘the Fish was sacred to those deities who were supposed to lead men back from the shadows of death to life,' and is brilliant enough that I was sufficiently convinced that the Fisher King does, indeed, face away from hell. Hurling ourselves back in time to the segment on Death by Water -- where the threshold of death is, thematically, embodied by water itself -- we can thus see that we find ourselves (as MacLeish scholars past have noted, shoutout Jeannie + Addie!) in the exact same position from which we began. We are at the edge of death. Water is before, us, and behind us is hell. And so what is the way forward? If the Waste Land is said to have a central conflict, it would be the struggle to escape the repetition of human life. Life flows into death flows back into the life; and in this way it appears that in Eliot's world, no souls have ever successfully reached the afterlife. And so at the end of the poem we find ourself faced with this exact same dilemma: we have effectively traversed through hell, and are standing before the Death: will we cross the bar into the afterlife? Or will we descend into the fated spiral once more?

    4. We think of the key, each in his prison Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison
      Props to Quisha for drawing a connection between these lines and Bradley's Appearance and Reality. In her annotation she isolated a specific line from his essay: “In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it." I find this quote extremely revealing. In my past annotations I have loosely discussed how TS Eliot appears to be presenting the thematic motif of DOUBLING, and as such, has constructed two separate worlds: the world in reality and the world of perspective. The world in perspective collides resoundingly with the concepts of Tarot and orientation; that is, how our own internal worlds can shape our perception of the environments around us, and as such, potentially imprint upon them. The world in fact, however, is far bleaker - this is the waste land of which Eliot speaks, populated entirely by vast tracts of infertile land and a cacophony of disembodied voices. Upon reading Bradley’s essay, I was most struck by the notion of a soul truly “knowing” another - and the rarity of that occurrence. I think part of the Waste Land’s pessimism is birthed from the notion that while our perceptions can filter the external world in a way which infuses it with hope, our perceptions are exactly that: OURS. There is no guarantee that any one else will ever see into your soul, or has a soul similar to yours; and there is also no way to ensure that a communication is as accurate as you desire it to be. “The key”, then, is turned only when all these factors miraculously unite: when the world of perspective and reality are guaranteed to be identical.
      
    5. And crawled head downward down a blackened wall And upside down in air were towers Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells

      Last year, Addie annotated this exact section and described how Eliot purposefully confuses the reader's sense of right-side-up and upside-down. In an especially insightful section of analysis she claims that if the reader were to orient herself with respect to Dracula (whom "crawled head downward down a blackened wall"), the tower down which he crawls becomes inverted - and the corresponding Tarot Card, the Dark Tower, is similarly flipped. Nested in this idea is a broader understanding: that in the chaos and turbulency of the modern world, the only form of agency we truly have is our perspective. When Dracula is flipped upside down, the world appears to him inverted; and though in fact it remains exactly the same as it always was, in his mind's eye all has been reoriented. That's precisely Eliot's point. Though the world itself may be a wasteland, there exists a copy of this world - a world of shadows, of impressions, of perspectives and opinions - which is completely up to interpretation. I think he invokes Tarot as a way of imbuing this doppelganger realm with purpose and value: Tarot is all about perspective. Your interpretation of the card, and what it tells you about your life in this theoretical duplicate of reality, informs the way you act in the real physical world - and so perhaps our agency, though constrained to our own perspectives, is more powerful than we think. The following two lines are relevant insofar as they condense several central thematic discussions: the voices, time, familiarity and remembrance, and water. All of these strands weave together a picture of reality IN FACT: that is, a world in which people are consigned to make the same mistakes over and over, a world where several voices overlap but never really hear one another, a world analogous to a dry rock. I think Eliot piles up all these images to drive home the fact that though our perspectives may change (though the Dark Tower may become inverted, or vice versa), objective reality is constant. In this way he DOES put a pessimistic constraint on the extent to which our conception of life can actually influence the events occuring around us; but nevertheless I do think there are some shards of positivity embedded in there.

    6. Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see

      To Olivia: I agree! I think that gender fluidity is a big thematic motif throughout this section. Expanding that a bit further, I think there's a way to rope in Donne into how Eliot plays with male-female binaries. In his Elegy XIX, Donne describes the male desire for possession of the female body, or more specifically, the female soul. Initially it seems that Donne is simply illustrating the basic desire for ownership inherently embedded within sexual relations; but there exists another reading too, in which sexual yearning is a product of Man's intense wanting to be Woman. The elegy begins; "Come, madam, come, all rest my powers defy,/ Until I labor, I in labor lie." Of course there is the most obvious understanding of these lines as "Come to my bed, because I cannot rest until I can make love to you!" - but this is far too tame. I think there is an equally plausible interpretation in which Donne is saying he cannot rest until he not only makes love to Woman, but BECOMES a woman. "Labor" is here taken to mean work (sexual work, presumably), but one cannot help but think of its second meaning; that is, childbirth. In this way labor, being a biological capability that only woman possess, becomes a replacement for womanhood itself; and when Donne writes that he cannot rest until he lies "in labor," he is actually suggesting that he cannot rest before experiencing womanhood. This analysis colors the rest of the elegy in a different shade. The narrator's visceral descriptions of an undressing woman become not a product of sexual desire, but rather a deep-rooted envy of her femininity; and in this way Donne reframes love, lust, and hatred for the female figure as a function of Man's desire to be Woman.

    7. Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees

      To Lucas - I completely agree, but I also think there's an alternate meaning of the thrush in which the barren wasteland not only becomes hopeful, but grows un-wasted. You are definitely right to say that the thrush preaches a life of simplicity, and of thriving off of scant resources. If you've only ever lived off nothing, than something--even the smallest of crumbs--seems enormous to you. But there is another subtlety to Keats's poem as well: as he writes, "He who saddens/ At thought of idleness cannot be idle,/ And he's awake who thinks himself asleep." I think what he means here is that THINKING itself is something: having the thought of idleness inherently means that you are not idle, and the fact that you are thinking about being asleep proves that you are not, in fact, asleep. Similarly, thinking about the waste-land proves that the wasteland is not, in fact, wasted. Though there may be no water, nor soil, and perhaps just a rock, there nevertheless are THOUGHTS: and these thoughts are material growths in of themselves, proving that something in fact has grown out of this barren world. Thus, the wasteland cannot be wasted - it really just depends on the way you think about it. Perhaps this is Eliot's way of suggesting that all the spectres that he references - shadow selves, twins, the "sound" of water, thoughts - constitute something valuable? Something that, in a world of waste, has worth?

    8. Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

      Death by Water represents the convergence of two central motifs: the twins and the voices. In the Inferno, Dante encounters two sinners who are being burned together in a double flame: that is, "who are twinned within a single fire." The identicality of their hellish fate stems from the fact that their sins were wrought together, or similarly; in this way the twins become a generalizable metaphor for the repetitive nature of the human race. Prone to the same errors, we live the same lives. Interestingly, one of these sinners (Ulysses) explains his final journey, in which he hit a underwater whirlwind and died via drowning. The convergence of these images - of fire after death, of water AS death, and of the whirlpool being life itself funneling towards death - mirror Phlebas's narrative structure exactly. How does this relate to Dante, you may ask? I am of the opinion that Eliot roots Phlebas's arc in the "twin" sinners as a way of indicating that Phlebas (much like Sybil with the voices) represents not one person, but many. Having been "a fortnight dead," he is presumably burning in hell; but if his Inferno counterparts are Ulysses and Diomedes, he must have twin counterparts too. Eliot helpfully introduces us to his double: the reader. The final line ("Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you") uses a visual comparison to directly frame the reader as Phlebas's twin. In this way it becomes clear what Eliot is really trying to get at: that we as humans are doomed to repeat the same sins over and over, and as a result, will burn together in a "twinned flame." What that flame is we do not yet know.

    9. If there were water we should stop and drink Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think

      “Moisture is the essence of wetness, and wetness is the essence of beauty,” says Derek Zoolander, dead serious. Keats would agree. His world glistened—wine, nightingale, sleep, feeling itself was fluid. Eliot’s isn’t. In What the Thunder Said, language cracks open: “Here is no water but only rock.” The Romantic current congeals to dust. Keats seeps into forest; Eliot splinters in desert. The thunder stutters where the nightingale once sang. “If there were water”, the words twitch, dehydrated prayer. Keats drinks. Eliot chokes on sand.

    10. Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

      “Why is the rum gone?” Jack Sparrow asks, staring out at an empty sea that feels both comic and mournful. That’s how Mr. Apollinax reads to me, a poem laughing at its own drowning. His laughter is submarine and profound, already half below the surface, intellect bubbling through the drawing room air like something that shouldn’t survive there. Beneath the teacups and lemon slices, coral and green silence are already rising. The scene is civil, but the tablecloth is soaked through. Years later, in The Waste Land, Eliot returns to that same sea, but the laughter has gone still. The descent is no longer metaphorical. What was once a philosopher’s joke about depth becomes Phlebas’s silence. The current that once worried the drowned now picks his bones clean. The wit has been replaced by ritual. In Mr. Apollinax, the drowning is intellectual—a mind so deep in abstraction it begins to suffocate itself. In The Waste Land, the body follows. Phlebas is the same figure, just further down. The philosopher’s laughter becomes a whisper, the thought turned to tide. Both poems trace the same descent. One plays with it, the other completes it. The drawing room and the sea are the same room, seen at two depths. The shift from irony to elegy, from chatter to current, is the sound of Eliot’s tone sinking. Phlebas is Apollinax returned to the water, his laughter dissolved into the sea that always waited beneath the surface.

    11. Elizabeth and Leicester

      What interests me most here is the question of power. It seems to be the fundamental resource beneath all male-female relations: does man overpower woman, or vice versa? In this instance the answer seems to be neither; for the first time we see a productive partnership between Man and Woman - Elizabeth and Leicester - in which they are united against the court of public opinion. The following line ("beating oars") reveals another facet to this partnership. This reference is preceded by a section on the Thames, and so visually, we can imagine Elizabeth and Leicester trapped together on a tiny rowboat, working furiously to fight against - or even, perhaps, to escape - the dirty Thames. This metaphor fits neatly into historical records: Elizabeth and Leicester were partners in crime when it came to escaping public scolding, which in some sense can be viewed as a dirty contaminant (like the Thames) threatening to lay waste to their reputations. Importantly, both of them were unsuccessful in escaping the waste. Despite their "beating oars," they never did escape the Thames; the two were never married, and public speculation concerning their relationship--and the foul play which it may have catalyzed--never ceased. Perhaps a moral generalizable to the larger poem: that it is impossible to flee the waste.

    12. To Carthage then I came

      “Are we there yet?” Donkey whines in Shrek, somewhere between tedium and revelation. The question feels small, but it’s also about arrival—what it means to get somewhere, or never really arrive at all. Augustine writes, “To Carthage I came, where there sang all around me in my ears a cauldron of unholy loves.” The line is clean and chronological, a simple confession of arrival. Eliot adds one word: then. “To Carthage then I came.” That small word changes everything. In Augustine, the journey is complete; in Eliot, it feels ongoing. Then marks not only sequence but recurrence, as if the speaker is caught in the act of remembering and re-experiencing at once.The addition of then places the line in the voice of Tiresias, who exists across genders, times, and stories. For Tiresias, to see is always to relive; his vision folds every moment into one. The then mirrors that condition. He cannot witness without returning, cannot perceive without repeating. Augustine’s journey to Carthage happens once in time; Tiresias’s happens perpetually, in vision. Eliot’s then transforms a historical confession into an eternal one. It turns Augustine’s movement through sin into Tiresias’s endless cycle of seeing. “To Carthage then I came” is no longer an arrival in place, but a return in consciousness—a moment that Tiresias, who can never stop seeing, must witness forever.

    13. By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . .

      This line is a modified version of Psalm 137: "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion." The general plot of Psalm 137 revolves around the Babylonian exiles, who have been sent away from Zion (their home) and made to live, against their will, in a foreign land. The captors demand of them a happy song from Zion, and describing this demand, the captives write: "they that wasted us required of us mirth." In the Eliot-Psalm parallel, the Thames supplants Zion. This replacement is peculiar, since the Thames is neither traditionally "sweet" nor a homeland to be longed after, as Zion is for the exiles. Perhaps Eliot means this tongue-in-check reference to be a nod to the industrialization of the modern world: those who "wasted" society--that is, big business, factories, etc.--expect the public to sing mirthfully of the disgusting Thames, polluted and chemical-filled as it is. Interestingly, Eliot obliges: over the course of the next two lines it is revealed that he does in fact sing his song. In Psalm 137, the exiles refuse to sing a song of mirth out of principle: "How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land?" The fact that Eliot has no such hesitations, and sings willfully, suggests that perhaps this land is not so strange - he feels perfectly at home in this foreign land (and no sorrow at his home having been "wasted") simply because he comes from a wasteland also. And so perhaps the true optimism in the poem does not come from broad generalizations of "beauty in the waste" or promises that "we're all in this together"...rather, Eliot seems to take the most comfort in the understanding that we are all at home, always. No matter how bad the world gets or how wasted we become, we can still sing our songs of mirth - for after all, we come from the wasteland.

    14. Goonight

      I suspect the "Goonight" is a nod back to one of Eliot's previous subtextual motifs; that is, the idea that life and death exist in an endless loop of repetition. Sofia theorized (in a fantastic annotation of her own) that Eliot believed small changes---aka waste (the tiny objects or moments which comprise our entire lives)---to be the reason behind massive changes in our destinies; in one of my own earlier annotations, I spoke very briefly about how these small changes are responsible for the cyclical nature of life and death (in which dead souls are repurposed into new ones, thus condemning the human race to an eternity of the same lives lived over and over again). Zooming into this section specifically, the dropping of the "d" in "Goodnight" represents one of these many "small changes." Perhaps Eliot means to parody the decay of great literature by directly contrasting the "Goonight" with the Shakespearian original below; but either way such a decay represents only one of the many ways in which human society signs its own death sentence.

    1. under

      You become better at detecting broad, low-detail (“coarse”) features — like shapes, movements, or sudden changes in the environment. This comes from increased activity in subcortical visual pathways (like the superior colliculus and amygdala) that specialize in quick, rough visual analysis. You become less focused on fine details (like facial features or small text), but more able to spot threat-relevant cues (like movement in your periphery, or something large approaching you).

    1. realization of poststructuralist theories of authorship, a virtual instantiation of Deleuze and Guattari’s centerless rhizome

      lol

      ... hyperlinks make it so people can browse at their own leisure, and choose what they click on

    1. un notable progreso en términos de calificación de los recursos humanos que llega inclusive a los niveles técnicos y universitarios, algo muy avanzado frente a lo que pasaba en los países en desarrollo.

      Esto se lo puede pensar desde el evolucionismo

    2. No existían los contratos precarios ni la informalidad, por lo que la industria generó el periodo más claro de la movilidad social ascendente.

      Compromiso

    1. conflict

      between organization and human nature or to put the matter in another way the

      divorce of the - economic motive from the - impulses of creation and possession

    1. It is clear from the projections depicted in Video 1.4.5 that there will be dramatic changes in the chemistry and biology of the oceans in coming decades, even if conditions do not change to the extent that coral reefs and the shells of other organisms in the surface oceans actually dissolve. It is for this reason that the planetary boundary for cap omega sub arag is set at ≥80% of the preindustrial average of 3.44. At the time of writing (2025), the best estimate of this measure is around 2.8, approximately 81% of the preindustrial value and just a fraction above the boundary of 2.75. This is one planetary boundary that is on the verge of being breached, and it is only a matter of time before that happens.

      From the projects, there will be dramatic changes in the chemistry and biology of the coming decades, even if its not as dramatic as reefs and shells actually dissolving. This is why teh planetary ounday is set at up to 80% of preindustrail average of 3.44 We're currently aruond 2.8, at 81% of preindustrail levels, 2.75 is the lowest it can go

    2. Values of cap omega sub arag greater than 1 favour precipitation of aragonite, while values less than 1 favour dissolution. The following video shows historic and projected global trends in surface water aragonite saturation state. Some parts of the oceans (primarily the poles) have historically low cap omega sub arag , but most of the temperate and tropical oceans have values greater than 3 (colour blue in the video). This changes over time, with much of the oceans forecast to be below 3 by the end of the century. Although cap omega sub arag <1 favours inorganic dissolution of aragonite, values <3 make the production of aragonite by marine organisms energetically much more expensive.

      When argonite saturation is greater than 1, aragonite favours precipation, less than favours dissolution Some parts of the ocean have historically low argonite saturdation levels, but most temperate and tropical oceans havevalues greater than 3. This can change over time, but much of the oceans are forecast to be below 3 by the end of 2000s. This will make the production of aragonite energetically more expensive.

  2. www.planalto.gov.br www.planalto.gov.br
    1. 50% (cinquenta por cento)
      • Considerando que parcela significativa é aquela que representa no mínimo 4% do valor global da contratação, será admitido a exigência da Administração de comprovação, por meio de certidões e atestados, que há capacidade de execução de, <u>no máximo</u>, 50% da referida significativa parcela.
    2. 4% (quatro por cento) do valor total

      Para fins de habilitação técnica, parcela de maior relevância ou de valor significativo será aquela que representar, ao menos, 4% do valor total da contratação.

    1. The global picture of ocean hypoxia matches the patterns evident from the two examples above. Coastal zones which drain large areas of croplands and those in shallow seas are where most hypoxia are found (Figure 1.4.7).

      Global picture of HP matches the patterns evident in GoM and Oregon Coastal zones which drain large areas of croplands into shallow seas are more prone

    2. The second part of the interview (from 7 minutes 5 seconds) describes the processes involved in causing hypoxia at this location. The questions that follow focus on this part of the interview. You may wish to make notes on this part to help you answer them.

      used to be episodic but human activity make HP worse. nurtirent offrun from land causes by this is polluting the ocean The mississippi runs into the ocean, through 40% of the USA's crops, over nurtirents in this water stimulates algal blooms - nurtrient loading Algal blooms then degrade, are consumed and low oxygen water is consumed - which creates an oxygen dead zone near the sea floor Stratification of water means the water layers don't mix (fresh and salty sit ontop of each other) oxygen is less soulble in temps - marine animals consume more oxygen in warm temps - leading to more stratifcation with global warming (open ocean) coastal areas is similar and nutrient loading is expected to rise with increased storms To manage this we need to reduce nurtrient loading in the large water sheds (gulf of mexico) narrow ganitz bay regulated sewage treatmnet plant water - HP reduced

    3. The first part of this interview reviews what ocean hypoxia is and describes some of the effects on marine organisms. Listen to the first part (up to 7 minutes 5 seconds) to set the scene for the activity.

      Hypoxia is caused by a lack of oxygen Shellfish & worms get trapped and suffocate and die Brown shrimp in mexico was a big fisherie - optimal habitat reduced by 25% Hypoxia takes away a food source (veg) which has a chain reaction HP can effect the growth and reproductive potiental of some bottle dwelling fish, even with intermient exposure it's more sub-leathal affects which is an issue rather than death, as they cascade through the food chain Looks like it's causing a reduction in shrimp growth Fish & shirmp tend to stay on the ages when there's HP so fisherman might be taking the shrimp when they're young it has an adverse affect on the economy

    1. To promote effective socialization, do not physically or socially isolate a student from peers: place students near positive models (behavioral and academic). Not only can these students be a great help, but also they often may be of assistance with a student who has challenges.

      I think that socialization for students with differences and disabilities can make a whole world of a difference. It will allow them to learn from their peers academically and behaviorally but also allow them to feel more included which is the whole point!