color temperature. Color temperature is measured in degrees Kelvin. The lower the degree Kelvin, the warmer, or more “red” the light. The higher the degree Kelvin, the cooler, more “blue” the light. The orange glow of a tungsten bulb is around 3200 Kelvin. Daylight is around 5600 Kelvin.
i never knew cold temperature resembles a blue light in films and red is for warm temperature this makes since though because this allows the audience to connect with the film.
Cinematographers can control the quality of light by adjusting the size of the light source and its distance from the subject. Typically, the smaller the light source and the closer to the subject, the harder the light:
this tells me the difference between hard and soft lighting hard lighting can be intense while soft lights is smooth and gradually transitions from light to dark.
nd artificial light refers to light generated from any number of different technologies, LED, incandescent, fluorescent, etc. Each source will have its own particular characteristics, exposing a shot in its own particular way. Artificial light allows a cinematographer an incredible amount of freedom to manipulate and shape the light.
i never knew artificial lighting was fluorescent and even created by LED.
Each new scene will require the cinematographer to consider their light source and how they want to shape it. And a big part of that calculation is intensity. How bright is the source and how is that going to affect exposure?
this tells me that lighting is a big part in a film for the sensitivity of how a film will be shaped.
But there are a number of reasons why a filmmaker might choose to film in black and white over color, even today. They may want to evoke a certain period or emulate some of those “old” movies.
This is important to understand that some films continue to use black and white color to represent the time period during that film.
Cinematographers can also manipulate the frame rate to render super sharp imagery. For decades, the standard frame rate for cinema has been 24 frames per second. That produces a familiar, cinematic “look” to the finished film in part because of motion blur, the subtle blurring that occurs between still images passing at 24 fps. But film shot and projected at 48 or 96 or even 120 frames per second renders an ultra-sharp image with almost no motion blur as our brains process far more detail between each individual frame
this tells me that cinemagropers can manipulate frame rate and this creates sharp still images in a film.
Today, film stock is made from a much sturdier plastic. And on that plastic is a gelatin coating containing thousands of microscopic grains of light-sensitive crystals called silver halide.
i never knew film stock was made out of a gelatin coating of that it contained crystals called silver halide.
But aside from the esoteric lingo on the set, there are a few key terms everyone should know. The first is the shot, the most basic building block of cinematography. As mentioned in Chapter Two, a shot is one continuous capture of a span of action by a motion picture camera. A finished film is made up of a series of these shots, of varying length, that ultimately tell the story. But during production, each shot may need to be repeated several (or dozens or even hundreds of) times until everyone gets it right. Every time they repeat the shot, it’s called a take.
this is new information to me i never knew they added the first shots in the end of the scene. although i knew a repeat shot was called take i can't believe they have to film it 100 times until they get it right this could be very stressing for the actors.
The lighting department is, well, responsible for all the lights required to shoot a scene. As should be obvious, lights require electricity. And electricity can be dangerous. Especially when you have 100 crew people running around trying to get a shot before lunch. So, the head of the lighting department is a skilled electrician, known as the gaffer
the lighting department can be very dangerous someone could get electrocuted. i never knew that a skilled electrician is called a gaffer. Although this is why you need skilled electricians in the first place for safety.
There’s also the 1st assistant camera (1st AC), who is responsible for the camera components, swapping out lenses, and most importantly, keeping the camera in focus. Though that last job is sometimes given to another dedicated member of the team, the focus puller. Then you have the 2nd assistant camera (2nd AC) who assists the 1st AC and often operates the slate, or clapper (more on that later).
I never actually knew how many cameras were involved in making on shot for a film. i always thought there was just one camera for one shot.
Not to mention the importance of editing, sound and performance. Put it all together and cinematography becomes the anchor point to a much larger cinematic experience.
without cinematography a film would be plan and not make sense to the viewers. this tells me how cinematography is important to the development of films.
he natural light of reason, for those skilled in its use, is sufficient to show us “the true way of salvation.”
reason can have the same use as religion
vulgar” popularization of freethought as a greater threat to the religious and political status quo
more accessible freethought=more chance the average person is influenced
there remains nothing of Genesis, but an anonymous book of stories, fable, and traditionary or invented absurdities, or downright lies.
but how do they know that moses is really a prophet? couldnt moses have too been someoene spreading lies and claiming to be a prophet
A miracle, if reported by a divinely inspired prophet, was deemed authentic;
Moses gave the pentetuch credibility
We should not begin with the assumption that the Bible is divinely inspired and then afford it special treatment when we encounter stories that we would reject in any other history. Rather, we should examine biblical accounts with the same rational objectivity and critical attitude that we would apply to any other book.
sort of confirmation bias that the bible has
It causes laborshortages in the country, making the labor marketextremely competitive with rising wages.According to Lock (2021), the total hospitality jobsin the United States (U.S.) increased to 13.13million as of December 2020. It is still not close toits pre-pandemic levels of 17 million. Per EDD’sindustry employment report (2022),accommodation and food services sectors
Discusses the labor challenges that emerged after the pandemic and notes that the industry has yet to recover to pre-pandemic employment levels
According to the December Job Openings and Labor Turnover Summary released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2021a), the number of job openings in the USA reached 11 million as of the last business day of October 2021, of which the accommodation and food services sector took the lead and added 254,000 jobs. Meanwhile, there were only 6.9 million unemployed workers in November 2021, about 542,000 fewer than the previous month (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021b). That means, even if all unemployed workers found a job in November, there were still about 4.1 million unfilled positions in the market. On top of that, a trend called “Great Resignation” emerged. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2021a) reported a record-high number of people quitting jobs, at 4.5 million in November 2021, with the largest increase from the accommodation and food services sector (+159,000). H&T companies have had to compete with one another and firms in other sectors to attract and retain top talent. This critical reflection will assess the labor shortage challenge facing the H&T industry from both the demand and supply perspectives, aiming to address:
Provides specific statistics regarding unfilled positions and workforce turnover.
Businesses have been presented with many unprecedented challenges because the pandemic hit the global economy. Non-essential business activities were suddenly put on hold because of massive lockdowns, mask mandates and strict enforcement of social distancing measures for consumers and workers. When people stopped traveling and dine-in services were restricted, the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry collapsed (Kwok et al., 2021). Furlough or layoff was one immediate action businesses took to reduce labor and operational costs (Baum et al., 2020). Starting in the summer of 2020, selected markets and sectors in the H&T industry began showing signs of recovery. Airbnb, for example, laid off 25% of its workforce or 1,900 employees in May 2020 but had already observed growth in year-to-year gross-booking value over the weekend of June 5–7 in 2020 (Bosa, 2020). Gradually, companies resumed hiring more staff to meet the growing demand. It did not take long for businesses across different sectors to realize that they needed to deal with another new challenge from the COVID-19 crisis – labor shortage.
Highlights the impact of the pandemic on the growing labor shortage in the hospitality industry.
Aqua One Thermosafe, suitable for tanks up to 150 L)
It's worth noting these heaters can fluctuate quite a bit. This isn't deadly and may have very little effect on the experiment but notable.
L »I2'8
If we can assume by the sign-off that he began his book in 1938, and then published in 1944, that would place us in Switzerland during Nazi Germany and the beginning of WWII. I wonder if any of his writings in this book were influenced by current events and if he considered war strategy as a form of play. It is easy for us to think of war as play, but for those who lived through it, it may have seemed like an outrageous statement.
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These three questions happen to contain three very different examples of play that show us a wide range from harmless and innocent to extremely harmful and maladaptive. A baby enjoying a game is both normal and great for her positive development, but the gambler who is "losing himself" in his passion is quite literally ruining his life. It's interesting how different forms of play can have very different effects on the player's life
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I wonder: does the level of sophistication of a species' play correspond with the species level of intelligence? It seems like this is the case. After all, both puppies and human toddlers can enjoy chasing a ball or playing tug of war, but the toddler can go beyond that and play complex games of pretend, where the puppies do not have that creative capacity
uှ 0 ှ 0ှ 0 E+ှ |ှ 0ှ 0 ှ ှ ှ 0ှ Pąှ ှ ှ ှ>Eှ 0!0ှ vͲ Àှ
Although its a pleasant sentiment, I agree that calling all human activity "play" is something of a lazy take. Work is a major component of human life, and most of us do some form of work every day. Can work of any kind ever qualify as play?
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Apparently "homo sapien" is Latin for "wise man." Very interesting; I never knew that before.
In their article, “Technological workforces of events: where and how to use them?” Dalgic and Demircioglu Dalgic (2024) explore how the available Technologies might be useful to organize events under labor shortage pressures. The authors discuss tha technologies such as robots/robotics, AI, IoT, and AR/VR can be utilized to manage participant registration, provide information on products and services, prepare and serve food and beverages, perform (e.g. as dancers or musicians), manage crowds, and ensure security, use the Technologies to design logos and developing promotional materials, marketing, and data analysis; use them in participant registration, check-in processes, venue climate control, heat mapping, and gathering preference data on products and activities, and use them for pre-event space visualization and arrangement, and enhance entertainment and experiences for the guests. The article “Exploring the Consequences of Automation in the Post-Pandemic Era: Hotel Labor Woes” by Erdem (2024) examines the potential short-term and long-term implications of automation on hotel workers and operators. The authors suggest that adopting a thoughtful and strategic approach to implementing these technologies could lead to the creation of new job opportunities and job security for hotel staff, as well as stability for hotel operators. The article “Adapting to the Skies: Evolution of Qualified Personnel in Airline Operations Amid Technological Advancements” by Akpur (2024) discusses that technological advancements in air transportation have led to significant changes in the way airlines operate. Specifically, the introduction of new technologies has reduced the need for human interaction and decreased the number of personnel required. The impact of these advancements has been most pronounced in three key areas: back offices, ground services, and flight operations. Looking ahead, experts predict that ground services will increasingly adopt self-service models, resulting in more efficient and error-free processes.
Mentions additional AI advancements
discusses to what extent the automation may help hospitality companies to overcome labor shortage problem in the industry and concludes that robots, artificial intelligence and service automation have substitution, enhancement and transformational effects on tasks and jobs and claims that the automatability of jobs depends on the automatability of the tasks they include.
Solution 2 addresses automation integration and how it may help with the shortage
The first article by Niyet et al. (2024) provides a comprehensive discussion on how 3D printing can be employed in food operations to address labor shortages in the hospitality and restaurant industries. The authors argue that 3D food printing technology is a viable solution to labor shortages in kitchens by automating labor-intensive tasks, enhancing labor efficiency, and enabling customized food production.
Presents one potential solution to address labor shortages in the hospitality and restaurant industries
Low pay(2)Irregular working hours(3)Poor benefits(4)Burnout and exhaustion(5)Stress(6)Mostly part-time and frontline positions(7)Unsophisticated or generic skillsets(8)The rise of the gig economy(9)Increasing demand for work flexibility(10)Better career opportunities in competing industrie
List of reasons for labor shortages
This conclusion draws upon the collective insights from the articles in this thematic issue, providing a comprehensive overview of the key findings and their implications. A thorough analysis and discussion of the results are presented, offering a synthesis of the research and its significance for the hospitality and tourism industry.
Methodology
3.2 Study design
Recommend justifying the use of cross-over design over other designs
Figure 6
Nice figure and awareness of other podcast-related variables to control for.
Right now, this figure depicts the variables as if they are unrelated. How would this look like if it showed the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
INTRODUCTION
Well written; Could use editing the paragraphs to enhance and clarify flow
Would be helpful to discuss the what the data is on podcasts alone and/or concept maps VS infographics
Additionally, Rational could use more info about why the intervention could affect critical thinking specifically (could use some of the literature mentioned in the discussion)
ONCEPT MAPS VERSUSINFOGRAPHICS AS VISUAL AIDS WITH AUDIOPODCASTS
Intriguing topic! there might be a better way to express the podcast part of the title- had to read the abstract to realize podcasts are on both sides
Sounds like (concept maps) VS (infographics and podcasts)
Would be informative to include cross-over in the title too
The study provides a data driven framework for enriching medicaleducation through structured, evidence-based visual augmentation
Thank you for your efforts!
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
You already provide discussion supporting your findings. Considering some of the points below might strengthen your discussion/limitations section (some of them mentioned in more details in later comments):
-Why analysis did not yield between-subjects differences
-Any other confounding factors you might've missed or can't control (e.g., factors related to the individuals or content or media)
-Expanding on how the controlled conditions might've affected how useful podcasts or both formats are (e.g., being in a class in front of others, knowing there's a test after, just getting this for 10 minutes, not being able to repeat or pause as you might usually do with podcasts)
-The inherent and design-related differences between the two formats (e.g., color coding and interactive element in skeleton concept maps), and how these might've affected the findings
-By extension, how those formats might have had subtle differences depending on the topic.
-lastly, since you state that the findings in round 2 might be because of carry-over effect, might be useful to dedicate a paragraph discussing why this would / or wouldn't be the case (as detailed below)
this grouphad already used concept maps in Round 1, potentially benefiting from prior schema formationand mental model development that carried over into Round 2 performance.
Interesting thought. Similar to the comment above: These students might've been exposed to concept maps and/or infographics before your study (and even if they didn't), would be helpful to elaborate on the specifics of this carry-over effect and how your wash-out period relates to that.
Additionally, there could be other reasons for the infographics' group getting a higher score in round 2: Maybe infographics are more suitable for the second topic, the students might've had a better day, or they might've accustomed to listening to podcasts or the exam technique. Considering this point, acknowledgement and further discussion on those scenarios would add to this thesis
it is important to remember that this group had used conceptmaps in Round 1
It can be argued that these students were exposed to either or both of concept maps / infographics before. How would that affect your interpretation?
thereafter
The use of thereafter suggests a carry-over effect, which undermines your wash-out period. /if that's the case, should mention this in the discussion
The significant Time × Group interaction
within subjects
over time
would omit as it doesn't match the wording of the original hypothesis and put it in a separate sentence
over time,
same as above
A significant Time × Group interaction
would help to elaborate that this is within subjects to ease readability
This was particularly evident i
The way this paragraph is written, the finding about both formats having statistical significance might fit more here compared to concept maps vs infographics
deeper processing of clinical information
this is not necessarily demonstrated but suggested by the scores
The findings strongly suggest that when podcasts are designed usingevidence-based strategies for effective multimedia instruction, they have the potential tosignificantly enhance the critical thinking skills of undergraduate medical students (Chaiklinet al., 2023)
Could use to support the rartional
This supports the interpretation that the observed benefits of Concept Maps are notabout producing inflated scores at a single moment, but about influencing the pattern ofimprovement and retention across time
Would help to elaborate further
4.5 Mixed ANOVA/Split Plot ANOVA
Kindly include abbreviations under the tables
that leg a
kindly elaborate
Tables
Which tables
Standardization of intervention
I understand these are features of the two visual aid formats, but I wonder how the color coding or, most importantly, the interactive element of the skeleton concept maps might've affected the findings. Might be useful to discuss this (if not mentioned in the limitations)
Justification for Delayed Post-Test
Interested in justification for the duration before the delayed post test. Why 3 days and not a week or more?
figure 14
repeated figure
A week later, after wash-out
Might be useful to include a few lines justifying the wash-out period for this study specifically. What unique factors about podcasts or the included visual aids that might necessitate wash-out?
figure 11
figure 13
Structured feedback
Would appreciate more information about the tool and process of feedback
studentparticipants for the pilot study were drawn from a cohort not enrolled in the main study armbut matched in training level and learning environment.
Would help to mention it earlier as well
was
Were
Figure 5
figure 8?
Figure 8
Well done. I love the color coding and skeleton element
CorelDRAW
Kindly reference
3.11.1 Steps for development of instrument (Clinical scenario-based SBA-type MCQs)
Nicely done and written!
My question would be: Any reliability testing done? Especially since the study has multiple iterations- how might the presence of test-retest reliability affect your interpretation of the findings?
while approximate time-stamp targets were assigned to each segmentto ensure consistency in pacing and adherence to curricular content
Very important!
he purpose was to ensure thatall students began the case with a comparable baseline understanding of key conditions, therebyreducing variability in prior knowledge and increasing the reliability of post-interventionperformance measures
Good call
history, incorporated
and
Figure 7
Might be helpful to include the graph at the beginning of the section as an overview and a chance to set reader expectations
small sample of participants representative of the targetpopulation
Where did the sample come from? is it from the rest of the batch (those who were not included?) or a different university?
he sessionon ‘Red eye’ and ‘sudden painless loss of vision’
Curious how these are usually taught in the curriculum
+If known, what sort of need assessment was originally done to include those topics in the curriculum?
was employed
This is mentioned in later sections, but might be helpful to state clearly if it was designed by the researcher from scratch or adapted/modified from any other source
1.3 Rationale
Adding a bit more about why the author thinks the intervention would affect CT specifically would greatly strengthen the rational
++
I'm curious, any data on the effect of audio-only podcasts (without visual aids) on critical skills?
The introduction mentions that the podcasts' potential in developing critical thinking is unexplored more than once- and a comparison between supplementing podcasts with either assumes effectiveness. Would love to see data tackling that point or at least a discussion of it
A simple random sampling technique was applied to select participants for the study
If the accessible population is 110 and the minimum target sample is 94, why did the author choose random sampling over purposive whole-population sampling?
Figure 5
Very informative graph.
-Recommend editing the position of "immediate" and "Delayed" tests as it currently appears to associate with Groups A and B
-The graph implies there's more cross over after Round two. Recommend editing it to clarify.
-Might also be used to add your washout period to the graph
-Kindly also connect Pre-test, control variable, and post-test by arrows; and unify the way "Audio podcast - clinical case discussion" is written in rounds 1 and 2
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria are typically factors that may disqualify participants who are otherwise included in the study. With that in mind, what criteria might exclude any of your 4th year students from this study?
randomly divided into two groups,
Recommend to mention randomization method here or move the sentence to 3.7
Notably, their study revealed that 87% of surveyed students demonstrated a visuallearning preference, suggesting that audio-only formats may inadequately serve a largeproportion of learners. The authors proposed incorporating visual aids, such as images orinfographics in show notes to better support knowledge retention and accommodate diverselearning styles (Okonski et al., 2022)
Might strengthen the rational section if added there
On average, essays written with assistance from InstructGPT showed significantly more homogenization than essays written without any assistance—or, interestingly, essays written with assistance from GPT-3 (the “base” model). Further, essays written with assistance from InstructGPT also involved more repetition of the same sequences: that is, two randomly sampled essays from the InstructGPT were more likely to contain the same 5-word sequence than were two randomly sampled essays written without LLM assistance.There are some clear limitations to this work (like the fact that the models used are now outdated, and the fact that the CoAuthor interface seems pretty different from contemporary LLM usage), but one interesting conclusion is that there’s something about fine-tuning the model specifically that leads towards homogenization
Can the base model do a final paraphrasing step without needing the finetuning to perform?
A final piece of evidence regarding the distinctiveness of LLM-generated text comes from this very recent (May 2025) paper exploring whether people can accurately distinguish human-authored vs. synthetic text. The authors recruited 9 annotators and asked them to read 30 human-written and 30 LLM-generated articles, indicating for each text whether they believed it was written by a human or LLM.6 Of these 9 annotators, five frequently used LLMs for writing tasks, while the other four had only limited experience. The authors found that the four with limited experience achieved an average accuracy of 56.7%—roughly random chance—though they nonetheless reported high confidence in their decisions. The five that frequently used LLMs achieved an average accuracy of 92.7%; moreover, the majority vote of these five achieved almost perfect performance (99.9%), which was considerably better than any of the automatic detection methods tested. Expert annotators also retained high accuracy in the face of various adversarial methods, including paraphrasing the LLM-generated text and attempting to “humanize” it (which involved explicitly instructing an LLM to avoid certain “tells”).
iykyk
eight basic components of the communication process (i.e., source, receiver, message, channel, feedback, environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction occurs within the individual
So communication involves eight key elements working together, but instead of happening in a straight line, they overlap and influence each other. All of this exchange takes place within each person as they talk and listen, shaping how the interaction flows.
but while she was asleep the very place sunk down towards the dark world.
The woman from the upper world layed down and started to sink towards the dark world.
The woman was in a painful condition during the time of their disputes, and the infants entered the dark world by compul- sion, and their parent expired in a few moments
The mother of the children then died after being in excruciating pain.
now moon)
He then used the rest of the deceased mother's body to create another orb, this time being the moon.
he created an orb
ENIGORIO then created his way of light into the darkness of the world by using his deceased mother. He used the head to create an orb. It created the sun.
was named ENIGONHAHETGEA, i.e. the bad mind.
The other twin that was born was named : ENIGONHAHETGEA which was the bad one.
named ENIGORIO,i.e. the good mind.
One of the twins was named ENIGORIO, which is the good one.
one of the infants in her womb was moved by an evil opinion and he was deter- mined to pass out under the side of the parent’s arm,
In the woman's womb, one of the twins was moved by such evilness and was in the process of passing out.
except a large turtle came forward and made proposal to them to endure her lasting weight
The turtle gathered beneath where she was going to land, and the woman came in touch with the turtle, allowing it to slowly become part of the island of Earth, which was then covered in small bushes.
hydatidiform mole: a tumor develops in the uterus as a result of a nonviable pregnancy
The investigation of domain-specific effects represents another critical frontier for future research.
I agree with this! It would be interesting to see if there were specific disciplines in which AI usage was more beneficial than in others.
The reliance on self-reported measures, despite their established validity, introduces potential common method variance that may artificially inflate observed relationships
This is another important point. I think that this article's emphasis on self-reported information makes it more challenging to trust its conclusion.
The practical implications of this research span multiple levels of educational implementation. Firstly, the findings offer actionable insights for educators aiming to integrate generative AI tools into curricula to enhance both innovation capability and digital literacy.
While I still have questions about this study and I think there are some fundamental gaps left in this article, I do think the authors are correct in this respect. If educators can help students develop ways to use AI as a tool but not a substitute, I think it can be a strong asset.
The creative problem-solving dimension exhibited the strongest factor loading (λ = 0.948, t = 78.466, p < .001), suggesting that generative AI particularly excels in fostering divergent ideation processes.
I could see this being the case in regard to students potentially being exposed to ideas they had not previously considered, but this does not seem to suggest that it helps the students themselves solve problems creatively--if anything, would it not excuse them from having to go through the creative process to develop a solution?
Perhaps most theoretically significant is the bidirectional relationship between innovation capability and digital literacy (β = 0.791, p < .001), which reveals a synergistic interaction between these competencies in AI-enhanced educational contexts.
This, as noted in the abstract, is another key point of the article. I could see how as students develop digital literacy, they may also develop a stronger capacity for innovation. The more access they have to digital tools and information, the more they can do in/with digital spaces.
The observed association between AI application and innovation capability (β = 0.862, p < .001) empirically substantiates the transformative potential of AI-enhanced learning environments in cultivating higher-order cognitive competencies.
I would have liked to seen this expanded on. How did the authors determine this?
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations of Key Variables.
I would have liked to see more information on how this study was actually conducted. It is a little unclear how exactly they determined these results. What questions did they ask participants for each variable?
The generative AI application scale integrates behavioral indicators of technology use with attitudinal measures, employing precisely calibrated five-point Likert-type items.
I think this is an important point, as it establishes how the authors collected their data (measuring both information on how participants use AI and their attitudes towards it). After looking it up, the Likert scale for questionnaires allows participants to report to what degree they feel a statement applies to them (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree).
This could be problematic for how trustworthy the data is, though, as it seems more subjective. It would be interesting to see teachers also answer the same questions.
The sampling framework employed a multistage stratified random sampling procedure to ensure comprehensive representation across educational contexts. Initial stratification criteria included grade level (junior and senior secondary), school type (public and private institutions), and geographic location (urban and suburban areas), with probability proportional to size sampling within each stratum.
Another option for a follow-up article could be to delve into these categories; it would be interesting to see what differences, if any, exist regarding AI application in secondary education contexts.
3. Research methodology
I found this section the most challenging, just since it uses a lot of terminology specific to research design and required additional research to try to make sense of. Additionally, I would have liked to see examples of the questions they asked participants. It seems as though the authors primarily used a survey/questionnaire to collect their data, but it is unclear how/if they controlled for potential biases--I would imagine if you ask students to report on how they use and feel about a form of technology that makes completing assignments easier (but does not necessarily maintain rigor) and whether it had a positive or negative effect on their education, they would be more likely to report favorably than not.
The conceptualization and empirical measurement of innovation ability has emerged as a critical domain within educational research, particularly regarding technological integration.
I think that this, as one of the three points of interest identified in this study, is a key point. It is important for students to be able to use and adapt technology in any field. While AI may have negatives, I would argue it is more important to find effective ways to integrate it into the classroom instead of just hoping students will not use it.
Contemporary research has particularly emphasized distance learning applications, as evidenced by Mijwil et al.‘s [27] mixed-methods investigation of AI-enhanced remote education.
I presume the implication is that in instances where students cannot engage in a face-to-face classroom experience, AI may be able to help with learning and answer questions on-demand. However, I definitely think this presents an equal number of challenges as it does opportunities--as AI is known to have "hallucinations" and cite nonexistent sources or present false information, how would students be able to verify what they read? Will students using AI in these contexts undermine research skills? How can these challenges be combated?
The findings hold particular relevance in the current educational context where generative AI technologies are rapidly transforming pedagogical practices and learning modalities, offering a timely contribution to both the scholarly discourse and educational practice.
While I agree that this article is timely, I wonder how research into this topic will evolve over time since it is still relatively new. I think this leaves room for follow up once more data can be collected and the long-term implications can be more clearly determined.
I think this would be the author's "best sentence," as it concisely gives the overarching reason this topic is important.
Within this context, generative AI—defined as AI systems capable of producing, manipulating, and analyzing content across multiple modalities—represents a fundamental paradigm shift in educational technology [6]. This shift manifests in the transformation of how students interact with information, construct knowledge, and develop critical competencies, necessitating systematic examination of educational innovations [7].
I think this sentence is a key point and introduces why this is a relevant and necessary topic of study for education.
enhancing critical thinking, creative problem-solving, and adaptive learning processes
I am curious as to how the authors of this study measured this--a major concern regarding AI usage is that it might prove detrimental to critical thinking skills, in particular.
As generative artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly transforms educational landscapes, understanding its impact on students’ core competencies has become increasingly critical for educators and policymakers.
I think AI has definitely become an important consideration in the classroom regardless of subject area. As with the introduction of more affordable handheld calculators into schools, I think teachers will have to make room for AI so that students can learn to use it appropriately and effectively as a tool, as opposed to a substitute, for learning.
Figure 1.11 When you look at this image, you may see a duck or a rabbit. The sensory information remains the same, but your perception can vary dramatically.
I have seen this optical illusion before, where a person might see a duck at first, then see a rabbit. Examples of sensation in this image are the lines, curves, and shades from the drawing, which are the same for everyone who looks at the image. However, the fact that people can either see the image as a duck and rabbit illustrates that perception is always changing. Perception is about how your brain decides what it sees and allows two people to see the exact same event, but interpret it differently.
For example, a song may be made up of individual notes played by different instruments, but the real nature of the song is perceived in the combinations of these notes as they form the melody, rhythm, and harmony.
This metaphor really helped me understand Gestalt Psychology. I was able to understand this example because when I listen to music, I don’t only focus on each separate note but rather on the overall sound and story the song tells me. Thanks to this great example, I understand how Gestalt Psychology mainly focuses on how people can organize and perceive things as unified thoughts rather than just separate parts.
activities, but James also relied on more objective measures, including the use of various recording devices, and examinations of concrete products of mental activities and of anatomy and physiology (Gordon,
This is an example of the development of the empirical method, where scientist start to use more objective such as the usages of examinations or recording devices. Instead of using opinion-based methods to examine mental activities, like Wundt's idea of introspection, James use functionalism to properly focus on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment using test and experiments.
and he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience. Wundt used introspection (he called it “internal perception”), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. He believed in the notion of voluntarism—that
Wundt's view of psychology as a study of conscious experience was the start of psychology and I find it really interesting how this one though created the formal beginning of psychology. Wundt's usage of introspection (a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible) is an early and significant way for Wundt to study the human mind. However, these experiences can be totally subjective from the actual person. How can one's experience be verified by another? I thought that introspection was an unreliable way to study psychology. In addition, Wundt's belief in volunteerism (the concept in which people have free will) will slowly become a more popular idea now. Especially in the present time, many people feel as if they can choose their own path and make their own decisions, rather than their lives being prechosen for them.
The investigation of domain-specific effects represents another critical frontier for future research.
I agree with this! It would be interesting to see if there were specific disciplines in which AI usage was more beneficial than in others.
The reliance on self-reported measures, despite their established validity, introduces potential common methodvariance that may artificially inflate observed relationships—a limitation that future research should address throughmethodological triangulation incorporating behavioral assessments and performance-based measures of both innovationcapability and digital literacy
This is another important point. I think that this article's emphasis on self-reported information makes it more challenging to trust its conclusion.
The practical implications of this research span multiple levels of educational implementation. Firstly, the findings offeractionable insights for educators aiming to integrate generative AI tools into curricula to enhance both innovation capa-bility and digital literacy.
While I still have questions about this study and I think there are some fundamental gaps left in this article, I do think the authors are correct in this respect. If educators can help students develop ways to use AI as a tool but not a substitute, I think it can be a strong asset.
The creative problem-solving dimension exhibited the strongest factor loading (λ = 0.948, t = 78.466,p < .001), suggesting that generative AI particularly excels in fostering divergent ideation processes.
I could see this being the case in regard to students potentially being exposed to ideas they had not previously considered, but this does not seem to suggest that it helps the students themselves solve problems creatively--if anything, would it not excuse them from having to go through the creative process to develop a solution?
Perhaps most theoretically significant is the bidirectional relationship between innovation capability and digital literacy(β = 0.791, p < .001), which reveals a synergistic interaction between these competencies in AI-enhanced educationalcontexts
This, as noted in the abstract, is another key point of the article. I could see how as students develop digital literacy, they may also develop a stronger capacity for innovation. The more access they have to digital tools and information, the more they can do in/with digital spaces.
The observed association between AI application and innovation capability (β = 0.862, p < .001) empirically substantiatesthe transformative potential of AI-enhanced learning environments in cultivating higher-order cognitive competencies.
I would have liked to seen this expanded on. How did the authors determine this?
3. Research methodology
I found this section the most challenging, just since it uses a lot of terminology specific to research design and required additional research to try to make sense of. Additionally, I would have liked to see examples of the questions they asked participants. It seems as though the authors primarily used a survey/questionnaire to collect their data, but it is unclear how/if they controlled for potential biases--I would imagine if you ask students to report on how they use and feel about a form of technology that makes completing assignments easier (but does not necessarily maintain rigor) and whether it had a positive or negative effect on their education, they would be more likely to report favorably than not.
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations of Key Variables.
I would have liked to see more information on how this study was actually conducted. It is a little unclear how exactly they determined these results. What questions did they ask participants for each variable?
The generative AI application scale integrates behavioral indicators of technology use with attitudinal measures,employing precisely calibrated five-point Likert-type items.
I think this is an important point, as it establishes how the authors collected their data (measuring both information on how participants use AI and their attitudes towards it). After looking it up, the Likert scale for questionnaires allows participants to report to what degree they feel a statement applies to them (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree).
I think this could be problematic for how trustworthy the data is, though, as it seems more subjective. It would be interesting to see teachers also answer the same questions.
The sampling framework employed a multistage stratified random sampling procedure to ensure comprehensive rep-resentation across educational contexts. Initial stratification criteria included grade level (junior and senior secondary),school type (public and private institutions), and geographic location (urban and suburban areas), with probability pro-portional to size sampling within each stratum.
Another option for a follow-up article could be to delve into these categories; it would be interesting to see what differences, if any, exist regarding AI application in secondary education contexts.
The conceptualization and empirical measurement of innovation ability has emerged as a critical domain within educa-tional research, particularly regarding technological integration.
I think that this, as one of the three points of interest identified in this study, is a key point. It is important for students to be able to use and adapt technology in any field. While AI may have negatives, I would argue it is more important to find effective ways to integrate it into the classroom instead of just hoping students will not use it.
Contemporary research has particularly emphasized distance learning applications, as evidenced by Mijwil et al.‘s[27] mixed-methods investigation of AI-enhanced remote education.
I presume the implication is that in instances where students cannot engage in a face-to-face classroom experience, AI may be able to help with learning and answer questions on-demand. However, I definitely think this presents an equal number of challenges as it does opportunities--as AI is known to have "hallucinations" and cite nonexistent sources or present false information, how would students be able to verify what they read? Will students using AI in these contexts undermine research skills? How can these challenges be combated?
The findings hold particular relevance in the current educational context where generative AI technologies are rapidlytransforming pedagogical practices and learning modalities, offering a timely contribution to both the scholarly discourseand educational practice.
While I agree that this article is timely, I wonder how research into this topic will evolve over time since it is still relatively new. I think this leaves room for follow up once more data can be collected and the long-term implications can be more clearly determined.
Within thiscontext, generative AI—defined as AI systems capable of producing, manipulating,and analyzing content across multiple modalities—represents a fundamental par-adigm shift in educational technology [6]. This shift manifests in the transformationof how students interact with information, construct knowledge, and develop criticalcompetencies, necessitating systematic examination of educational innovations [7].
I think this sentence is a key point and introduces why this is a relevant and necessary topic of study for education.
As generative artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly transforms educational landscapes,understanding its impact on students’ core competencies has become increasinglycritical for educators and policymakers.
I think AI has definitely become an important consideration in the classroom regardless of subject area. As with the introduction of more affordable handheld calculators into schools, I think teachers will have to make room for AI so that students can learn to use it appropriately and effectively as a tool, as opposed to a substitute, for learning.
enhancing critical thinking,creative problem-solving, and adaptive learning processes
I am curious as to how the authors of this study measured this--a major concern regarding AI usage is that it might prove detrimental to critical thinking skills, in particular.
* It's = esto es (falso sujeto).
* "It's just killing" = es solo matar. <br />
* El falso sujeto sucede con el pronombre it y sirve para introducir situaciones donde el gerundio que le prosigue toma la función de sujeto.
When Do We Need Machine Learning?
Tasks that are too complex to program * Driving * Speech recognition * Image recognition
Task beyond Human Capabilities * Astronomical Data * Turning medical archives into medical knowledge * Weather prediction * Analysis of genomic data
Adaptivity: Can change over time by adapting to the changes in environment they interact with
Suppose we would like to program a machine thatlearns how to filter spam e-mails
Human behavior today can appear utterly transformed by digital technologies. When we look more closely, there are many moments today that echo behaviors of the past before digital technology played a key role
I definitely agree with this. I think a lot of times we try to blame technology for our issues as a way to not take responsibility for our behavior. While I do agree that technology has it's share of problems, I don't think it is solely to blame in most situations. A lot of todays issues are unfortunately not unique to the modern day. I think especially in the US we tend to repeat history and then act like it is a new thing and use technology as a scapegoat. I think those societal problems have always been there, technology just makes it much more known because we have so much access to information in a way we didn't in the past.
This student found both online and offline life led to disillusionment with government, until developing a strategy of targeted searching for civic organizations. How has strategic searching helped you feel differently about an issue, or find better information?
I think that this is a smart way to approach issues. So much of what is on the internet is misinformation and toxicity. I think that this has been on the rise in recent years. I went through something similar to this case study. I was not quite old enough to vote in 2020 but I was able to vote in 2024. My parents have always tried to teach me to research things thoroughly before establishing opinions. During that whole campaign cycle I tried to especially focus on local issues. I think so much of media today focuses on these massive elections that it makes people forget that local ones matter too. It was concerning to me that so many things that were on the ballot for my local election I had heard very little about. It took a lot of research to find anything about what the pressing issues were locally. I think that a lot of people would benefit from strategic searching when it comes to politics and especially when it comes to staying aware of local issues.
, ‘Hey girls, will you help me? If Idon’t like it there, will you help me to come home? Help me pay for my return?’ Theyagreed
Sort a touhcing story throughout of gendered support. I'm sure the bracerro program ghas also been studied. I wonder if the support was the same.
TLDR: Women used domestic work as a pathway for independence and financial support. Women helped women
social capital through interactions with theiremployers and other women working in the same household or neighbourhood
Previous reading
When one of them, Teresa,returned to visit the family, Nachita recounts that she ‘wore shoes and a pretty dress.And I thought, well I can work too and have shoes too!’
Nachita told me about howyoung girls, mostly the poorest of the poor, migrated for work.
What did they do with the money? Was it sent back for remitences or were they familially unattached and financially independent?
began to migrate tourban centres where they would engage in paid domestic work.
Review
While post-revo-lutionary nationalist discourses and policies celebrated women as wives and mothers,domestic workers were expected to remain childless to better serve their employers.They were the invisible support aiding the growth and coherence of middle-class,mestizo, families
More of a review of the first section
nabled Black and Chicana women to leavedomestic service and find other areas of employment.9 Meanwhile, immigrant women– mostly Mexican – took their place, especially in areas with high rates of Latino immi-gration.
This cause and effect in migration is so interesting. Maybe it is easiest to see in labor migration but it must happen in other facets too.
TLDR: Indigenous women initially migrated internally taking domestic jobs which translated to international migration.
could find jobs
but entire families were recruited to live in camps near agriculturalfields, often in squalid and exploitative situations
Racialized Capitalism
Drawing on previous employmentand social connections, they generated migrant networks through which they sharedimportant information about how to migrate and find to work, thus making migrationeasier for friends and family members to follow in their footsteps
Chain migration
inferior servants, and how this came to inform their migration patternswithin a particular moment of Mexico’s economic and political history
And maybe even flip it on its head
the dark underbelly of capitalism, its backstage operations where cheap and irre-gular labour is used up in the search for hyperprofit’
There has to be a loser in capitalism and racial lines present a very easy way to pick a loser
and racismenshrines the inequalities that capitalism requires.
bar
‘cannot function if we all areallowed to become fully human’ (
dark
They foundwork in one of the most devalued spheres of labour, domestic service
To tie into other reading, they might have had skills that transfered from their own domestic life
acial capitalism
Define?
Subsequently, they helped other women tomigrate.
I'm so interested in this idea of chain migration and what avenues people use to do it. Like is it because there are existing pathways like physically,m or just rumour brings people to the same place.
For instance, the Fed crew pushed aggressively for intertwining cryptocurrencies into the banking system. It was “hand-to-hand combat” for 18 months among regulators, with the Fed and officials Nellie Liang and Janet Yellen at Treasury pushing a bill, along with the most bank-friendly Senator, Pat Toomey, that would have given access to Fed facilities to stablecoin issuers. Fortunately, they lost after Sam Bankman-Fried’s FTX blew up spectacularly, and the Fed finally flipped its position by issuing a statement opposing crypto coming into regulated banking. (Of course, the embarrassment never ends, some dingbat regulator at the Fed, supported by SF Fed President Mary Daly who also screwed up on SVB, had allowed FTX to buy a bank charter, and get access to the payments system and a Fed backstop.)
! did not know this
Both treatment- and non-treatment-seekers noted theincreased speed and ease of online gambling, whichnow enables instant access from anywhere at any time
It is precisely the convenience of online gambling that leads customers to lose more money in such activities.
Increased industry competition has spawned the inten-sification of advertising for online gambling. This adver-tising is extensive in social media, online channels, anddirect messaging via emails, texts and push notifica-tions [43–45].
Online gambling advertisements can attract customers more easily, as users only need to click a link to start gambling.
Consumers have widely adopted extensive innova-tions in bet types. Bets can now be placed before andafter match commencement and on numerous in-matchcontingencies, such as half-time scores, increasing eachevent’s betting market
The rise of online gambling stems from sports betting.
Combined with 24/7 access, custom-ers can now watch and bet on a near-unlimited array ofdomestic and international events across time zones
Online gambling can save on labor costs and allow betting from anywhere in the world.
Since the inception of online gambling, internet accesshas increased dramatically, allowing more people to gam-ble online
It is precisely the expansion of the internet's scale that has led to the development of online gambling.
_____________________________
had been driving
________________________________
hadn't heard
_____________________________
had tried
_____________________________
had been living
_____________________________
had been chatting
_____________________________
had been working
_____________________________
had found
_____________________________
had run
_____________________________
had been knowing
_____________________________
had been raining
_____________________________
had finished
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop mit M4 Max Chip mit 14-Core CPU und 32-Core GPU: 14,2" Liquid Retina XDR Display, 36 GB gemeinsamer Arbeitsspeicher, 1 TB SSD Speicher; Space Schwarz Besuche den Apple-Store 4,7 4,7 von 5 Sternen (409) var dpAcrHasRegisteredArcLinkClickAction; P.when('A', 'ready').execute(function(A) { if (dpAcrHasRegisteredArcLinkClickAction !== true) { dpAcrHasRegisteredArcLinkClickAction = true; A.declarative( 'acrLink-click-metrics', 'click', { "allowLinkDefault": true }, function (event) { if (window.ue) { ue.count("acrLinkClickCount", (ue.count("acrLinkClickCount") || 0) + 1); } } ); } }); P.when('A', 'cf').execute(function(A) { A.declarative('acrStarsLink-click-metrics', 'click', { "allowLinkDefault" : true }, function(event){ if(window.ue) { ue.count("acrStarsLinkWithPopoverClickCount", (ue.count("acrStarsLinkWithPopoverClickCount") || 0) + 1); } }); }); | Spezifische Informationen suchen (function(f) {var _np=(window.P._namespace(""));if(_np.guardFatal){_np.guardFatal(f)(_np);}else{f(_np);}}(function(P) { P.when('A', 'dp-latency-marker').execute(function(A){ A.declarative('scroll-to-widget', 'click', function(event){ var $ = A.$; var target = $("#nile-inline-btf_feature_div"); if (!!target && target.length > 0) { target[0].scrollIntoView({behaviour:"smooth", block:"center"}); } }); }); })); .mvt-ac-badge-rectangle { border-radius:4px !important; display: inline-flex; color: #FFF; white-space: nowrap; padding: 2px 4px !important; background-color: #161D26 !important; border-color: #161D26 !important; } .mvt-ac-for-text { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; color:#111; } .mvt-ac-badge-wrapper { margin:5px 0 10px; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: center; } a:hover .mvt-ac-keyword-link { text-decoration:underline } .mvt-ac-badge-wrapper a.badge-link:hover { text-decoration:none; } .mvt-desc-space-rtl { margin-right:8px; } .mvt-desc-space { margin-left:8px; } Amazons Tipp empfiehlt hoch bewertete Produkte mit einem guten Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis, die sofort versendet werden können. Amazons Tipp {"acAsin":"B0DLHZVKYB"} .delight-pricing-badge { background-color: #B12704 !important; margin: auto; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 24px !important; max-width: 140px; } .delight-pricing-badge-label { position: relative; z-index: 1; float: left; } .delight-pricing-badge-label-text { color: #ffffff !important; } .delight-pricing-container span { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .delight-pricing-container { padding-bottom: 5px; } .delight-pricing-badge-description-text { padding-left: 10px; margin: auto; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; color: #111; } .reinventDelightPricing { color:#CC0C39 !important; } .delightPricingBadge { background-color: #CC0C39!important; padding:4px 8px 4px 8px; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-bottom: 4px; } .savingPriceOverride { color:#CC0C39!important; font-weight: 300!important; } .savingPriceOverrideEdlp { color:#565959!important; font-weight: 300!important; } 3.365,00 € mit 14 Prozent Einsparungen -14 % 3.365,00€ UVP: 3.899,00 € UVP: 3.899,00€3.899,00€ Die UVP ist der vorgeschlagene oder empfohlene Verkaufspreis eines Produkts, wie er vom Hersteller angegeben und vom Hersteller, einem Lieferanten oder Händler zur Verfügung gestellt wird.Weitere Informationen P.when('A', 'a-popover').execute('a-popover-count', function (A) { A.declarative('a-popover', 'mouseenter', function() { ue.count("tooltip.popover.opened", 1); }); }); KOSTENFREIE Retouren Diesen Artikel kostenfrei zurücksenden Für die von dir gewählte Lieferadresse sind kostenlose Rücksendungen verfügbar. Du kannst den Artikel aus einem beliebigen Grund in neuem und unbenutztem Zustand zurücksenden: keine Versandkosten. Weitere Informationen zu kostenfreien Retouren. Wie kann ich den Artikel zurücksenden? Gehe zu deinen Bestellungen und starte die Rücksendung Wähle die Rücksendemethode Versenden! Preisangaben inkl. USt. Abhängig von der Lieferadresse kann die USt. an der Kasse variieren. Weitere Informationen.
amazon
gennady.bereschnoy3:35 PM@Honza Zidek 🐖 Hallo Jan, One more Question: -we have, ( for ex.! ) Meta-Infor about :::--- "minLength": 32, "maxLength": 64, "pattern": { "regex": "^[a-zA-Z0-9-]{32,64}$", :::----------------- where the values like 32, 64, rexexp is NOT 100% specified or we still not able to found confirmation what is RIGHT values. So the Q is: !! Q!! what you prefer in such case?: some real-like value like it is on example, the null-value, till we get 100% confirmation about such specification ?Honza Zidek 🐖3:42 PMThe placeholder value is always good, and it is just an example, so put it whatever you know at the moment - like a real API key copied from the web of a providerThe pattern influences the validation, so if you are not sure with the regex, do not return any pattern at all (or pattern = null, which is the same for our parser)The same for maxLength and minLength BearbeitetHonza Zidek 🐖Sorry, I meant placeholder and not exampleLeandro R. Effinger3:46 PMgreat, thanks for the answer
LEO WTF!?
heir work without acknowledging it will be penalized.
is there a best way to call this out? with tools like Grammarly or should this be completely removed ?
My late policy and willingness to make accommodations are generous even during normal times, and if your life is being turned upside down, I’m willing to be as flexible as you need me to be—so long as you are active in communicating with me.
This is a great policy. Thank you for the flexibility.
Грипп — это острое вирусное заболевание, вызванное вирусами гриппа, которые относятся к семейству орнитоцировирусов. Оно отличается от простуды (респираторного вирусного инфекции) более тяжёлыми симптомами и риском осложнений. Вот основные моменты: Основные симптомы: Высокая температура (до 39–40 °C).Боль в голове и мышцах.Сухой кашель и насморк.Слабость, утомляемость.Часто головная боль и гнойные выделения из носа. Как передаётся: Через воздух: при кашле, чихании или дыхании.Контактным путём: через поверхности, на которых вирус остался в течение нескольких часов. Причины и патогенез: Вирус проникает в организм через дыхательные пути, размножается в клетках дыхательной системы и вызывает воспаление, что приводит к симптомам. Осложнения: Пневмония, вирусные инфекции, дыхательная недостаточность.Особенно опасен для детей, пожилых людей, людей с хроническими заболеваниями (например, диабетом, сердечными патологиями). Вакцинация:
тут проверяем чего пишет мой ИИ
Browser Use with Ollama - Install Locally for Managing Websites with AI Agents Save to LinerTurn off
кульная штука для тестов ЮАй - вместо Селениума https://testengineer.ru/playwright-tutorial/#architecture
So, in the East German "revision" of Cinderella, the fairy godmother has been eliminated
Learning that the fairy god mother wasn't in the story was shocking. She was such a crucial part of the American story. I've never heard of a version where she gets her glam from a tree that started from her mother's grave, and grew from Cinderella's tears. - Olivia Fink German 2254.02
Typically, a hemolytic attack starts with malaise, weakness, and abdominal or lumbar pain. Within a time frame of several hours to 2–3 days, the patient develops jaundice and often dark urine. T
sxs
G6PD is a housekeeping enzyme critical in the redox metabolism of all aerobic cells (Fig. 105-1). In red cells, its role is even more critical because it is the only source of NADPH, which directly and via GSH defends these cells against oxidative stress
highlighted
According to Joseph and Frances Gies, authors of Life in a Medieval Castle, Winter was the season from Michaelmas (September 29) to Christmas when wheat and rye were sown. From the end of the Christmas holidays to Easter was the season when spring crops were sown: oats, peas, beans, barley, and vetches. From the end of Easter week to Lammas (August 1) was summer, and from Lammas to Michaelmas was harvest, or autumn. (p. 206) This is in contrast to our modern calendar of seasons, which occur approximately as follows: Spring: March 20 Summer: June 21 Autumn: September 22 Winter: December 21
Crying shaking throwing up
This shows his ability to research and also derive a collective conclusion that can be applied to many different aspects of history.
1 final assignment worth 20 points
What is the final assignment going to be on?
Final Assignment & Final Reflection
What is the final assignment and reflection going to be on?
The ability to feel connected to ones haukāinga and ahikā from adistance is a difficult compromise and one that many of our whānauhave to face if they choose to live away from their tūrangawaewae orlive overseas
In the text even though Sciascia writes that "Many Māori of the diaspora are actively seeking and using virtual media to make and maintain strong connections with their haukāinga" I also believe it is difficult to maintain a genuine connection through social media without "kanohi ki te kanohi", the difficulty is that you do not get to interact on a personal level. It just allows you to feel more connected with human contact.
Capitalism has been immensely successful, on many criteria. It ushered in theindustrial era, and the prosperity (for some people, but not everyone) that camewith it. It ruthlessly undermines old-fashioned restrictions and taboos, and probesendlessly to find new ways of generating private profit (some of which are sociallyuseful, some of which are not). It harnesses immense energy, creativity, anddiscipline from many of its participants
What really caught my attention here is how Stanford points out that capitalism is both powerful and deeply flawed. It’s impressive that it’s been able to drive innovation and productivity, but also kind of scary how uneven the benefits are. If capitalism depends so much on people’s energy and creativity, what happens when more and more people feel burnt out or left behind by the very system they’re fueling?
Most people think economics is a technical, confusing, and even mysterioussubject. It’s a field best left to the experts: namely, the economists.
This is such a powerful statement because regular people are always taught that the economy is so confusing but in reality it is really not that hard but economists want to be known for having all the answers.
Remember, a 10 percent improvement in productivityis just as good for employers as a 10 percent reduction in compensation.
This really helped clarify how businesses think in terms of “unit labor cost.” I’d never thought of it like an equation before. But it also raises a disturbing point: workers are always being pushed to either work harder or accept less money. What would it take to flip this logic—so that gains in productivity automatically meant gains for the workers, not just the company?
Some receive noincome at all: like the growing army of “interns” who now work for free, in hopes ofeventually landing a paying job.
This made me think about how normalized unpaid internships have become, especially for young people trying to enter competitive fields. Is this "hope" of a future job enough to justify free labor? What happens when that hope doesn't ever lead to a job? It feels like a way to bypass labor laws under the premise of gaining experience
Description
The dual aspects of the Kundalini energy in Hindu mythology. Kali is the chaotic and raw force of awakening. With Durga as the refined and powerful manifestation of that energy once it is harnessed. Learn the transformative journey from the tumultuous awakening of Kundalini to its beneficial and enlightened expression.
With the rise of the inclusion of Aboriginal artists in institutionalarts programming in the past twenty years, there has been in-creased dialogue around the nature and political/cultural impera-tive of Aboriginal arts presentation and discourse.
With the inclusion of Aboriginal artists I also think that these creations have led to discussions about respectful, authentic representation to promote understanding, sovereignty, and reconciliation. I think it is important for the aboriginal people to be able to express themselves through the lenses of their eyes and what they genuinely went through much rather than someone who just read a story or two.
Description
Amala is a traditional Nigerian dish served with Gbegiri, Ewedu, and tender inner meat. With rich flavors and textures. Try this simple recipe for a comforting and easily digestible meal.
Description
A comprehensive guide for content creators on Oneup Hive. Using the Cartel Post Framework to enhance the design and structure of articles. With Markdown and PeakD Snippets. Learn essential elements like effective headings and visual integration. See the use of tables to create engaging and visually appealing posts.
Description
Who invented the lighthouse? Learn the history and evolution of lighthouses and tilting beacons in navigation. See their literary and cultural symbolism.
Description
A delicious recipe for Mexican-style sardines. With a spicy twist that can be adjusted to taste. The dish is easy to prepare with fresh ingredients. Making it a healthy and tasty meal option.
Instead, skip around using the table of contents to find answers to your questions or to do exercises that will improve your reading and writing skills.
It is nice that we can pick out certain things we need to know about writing in this book. Instead of having too read everything to understand writing.
if he loses possession he loses contact with the world. ... He loves control, and in the act of controlling he kills life.
Control is hard to not crave in the classroom as educators are programmed to "control" their students behaviors and learning. Yet, control suppresses creativity, so with this we must begin to take a different approach.
A question for Harper: * What's your favourite type of porridge?
A question for Tin Tin: * Do you ever dream of playing with red pandas?
Tin Tin cuddling a soft, snuggly red panda
A question for Alan: * Since my Our Little Nest idea is a Supermarionation short film, which channel do you think it'll air on?
muscled
Our Little Nest - a short film using the same Supermarionation techniques to tell the story of me and Lady Penelope indulging in simple pleasures from our soft, comfy bedroom nest
A question for Tin Tin: * When it's hot, do you like to swim in the sea without any clothes on?
A question for Tin Tin: * Do you dream of being an Amazonian rainforest princess?
Review coordinated by Life Science Editors Foundation Reviewed by: Dr. Angela Andersen, Life Science Editors Foundation Potential Conflicts of Interest: None
PUNCHLINE This preprint uncovers how embryonic oxygen levels act as a regulatory switch controlling limb development timing in mammals. Using mouse and chick embryos, the authors demonstrate that hindlimb initiation in mammals is delayed due to hypoxia-induced expression of NFKB transcription factors (cRel, Rela) and Hif1a, which repress the limb-initiating gene Tbx4. In contrast, chick embryos in normoxia activate fore- and hindlimbs simultaneously. This oxygen-dependent repression is lifted as placental oxygenation increases, triggering hindlimb EMT and Tbx4 expression. Notably, limb heterochrony is not due to cis-regulatory evolution, but instead arises from differential trans-acting factor expression. The findings reframe heterochrony as an environmentally cued developmental program in placental mammals.
BACKGROUND Heterochrony—alteration in developmental timing—has long been recognized in limb evolution. While birds initiate fore- and hindlimb development simultaneously, mammals typically exhibit delayed hindlimb formation. This developmental delay has been hypothesized to reflect an "energy trade-off" during early embryogenesis. Yet, the molecular mechanisms linking the environment to timing remain unexplored. Zhu et al. provide the first mechanistic insight by identifying oxygen levels and NFKB signaling as modulators of limb timing in mammals.
KEY QUESTION ADDRESSED What molecular and environmental factors underlie the delay in hindlimb development in mammalian embryos compared to avian species?
SUMMARY Using mouse and chick embryos, the authors first demonstrate that mammalian hindlimb development is delayed starting from the earliest stage of limb bud formation—specifically, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This delay correlates with delayed expression of the hindlimb-specifying transcription factor Tbx4, but not its upstream activators (Pitx1, Isl1) or its forelimb counterpart (Tbx5). Surprisingly, enhancer-swap experiments rule out differences in Tbx4 cis-regulatory elements as the cause. Instead, bulk RNA-seq and functional screens reveal cRel, a member of the NFKB family, as a repressor of Tbx4 in early mouse hindlimb buds. Further experiments show that cRel and Rela are upregulated by hypoxia, and their expression is suppressed as the embryo transitions to normoxia via placental oxygenation. Culturing mouse embryos in normoxic conditions prematurely induces Tbx4 expression and EMT in the hindlimb. Knockout and overexpression experiments with cRel, Rela, and Hif1a confirm a hypoxia–NFKB–Hif1a–Tbx4 regulatory axis. This mechanism links maternal oxygen levels to developmental timing and may be an adaptive feature of viviparous mammals.
KEY RESULTS Hindlimb EMT and Tbx4 expression are delayed in mice but not chicks * → In mouse embryos, hindlimb EMT is delayed by ~18 hours relative to the forelimb (Figure 1A–B) * → In chick embryos, forelimb and hindlimb EMT occur nearly simultaneously * → Expression of Tbx4 (hindlimb) and Tbx5 (forelimb) correlates with EMT timing in both mouse and chick embryos (Figure 1C–I)
Early limb patterning signals are not delayed (mouse and chick) * → BMP, Wnt, and RA signaling are active in both forelimb and hindlimb fields in mouse and chick embryos at the same developmental stage (Figure 2A–B) * → Expression of upstream transcription factors Pitx1, Isl1, and Hoxb9 occurs on time in both limb fields in mouse and chick embryos (Figure 2C–F)
Tbx4 enhancer function is conserved across species * → The mouse HLEA/HLEB and chick Tbx4-Rec1 enhancers drive equivalent spatial and temporal expression when introduced into either mouse or chick embryos (Figure 3C–E, H) * → CRISPR/dCas9-KRAB repression of Tbx4-Rec1 in chick embryos reduces Tbx4 expression (Figure 3F–I) * cRel and Rela repress Tbx4 in mouse hindlimbs * → Bulk RNA-seq of early hindlimb buds from mouse embryos reveals cRel as a candidate repressor of Tbx4 (Figure 4A–C) * → Electroporation of cRel and Rela into chick hindlimb buds reduces Tbx4 expression and limb bud size (Figure 4D) * → In cRel knockout mouse embryos, Tbx4 expression is elevated and EMT occurs earlier than in controls (Figure 4E–H)
Oxygen regulates hindlimb timing in mouse embryos * → In mouse embryos, early hypoxia is evidenced by nuclear Hif1a accumulation in hindlimb mesenchyme (Figure 5A–C) * → Culturing mouse embryos under normoxic conditions leads to precocious Tbx4 and Pitx1 expression in hindlimbs (Figure 5E–G) * → EMT is also accelerated under normoxia in mouse hindlimbs (Figure 5H–I) * → qPCR on lateral plate mesoderm (LPM)-derived cells from mouse embryos shows cRel is upregulated in hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions (Figure 5J)
cRel and Hif1a functionally interact in mouse embryos * → In Hif1a knockout mouse embryos, Tbx4 expression is elevated and hindlimb EMT is precocious—mimicking the cRel knockout phenotype (Figure S9I–J) * → Manipulating cRel expression alters Hif1a levels in mouse embryonic cells (Figure S10) * → scRNA-seq from mouse LPM derivatives confirms upregulation of Tbx4, Pitx1, and Hox9 under normoxia (Figure S6E)
STRENGTHS * Identifies a molecular mechanism linking environmental oxygen levels to developmental timing * Demonstrates that heterochrony arises from trans-acting regulatory inputs, not enhancer evolution * Uses a broad and rigorous toolkit: enhancer reporters, genetic knockouts, hypoxia assays, ex utero culture, single-cell and bulk RNA-seq * Highlights the adaptability of developmental programs to viviparous life history * Conceptually reframes heterochrony as plastic and environmentally modulated
FUTURE WORK & EXPERIMENTAL DIRECTIONS * Characterize direct chromatin binding of cRel and Hif1a at Tbx4 enhancers * Examine other NFKB targets in the LPM that might contribute to limb timing * Explore whether similar timing mechanisms are conserved in other mammalian species, including humans * Investigate how oxygen levels interface with metabolic and mitochondrial signaling during early development * Test whether early normoxia affects other embryonic heterochronies beyond limb formation * Directly test whether hypoxia modulates limb timing in birds. Although oxygen manipulation in chick embryos is technically challenging, comparative data would clarify whether the hypoxia–NFKB–Tbx4 axis is a placental adaptation or part of a broader vertebrate timing program.
AUTHORSHIP NOTE This review was drafted with the assistance of ChatGPT (OpenAI) to organize and articulate key insights. Dr. Angela Andersen checked the final document.
FINAL TAKEAWAY This preprint provides a paradigm shift in our understanding of limb heterochrony by uncovering a mechanism through which maternal oxygen availability regulates the timing of hindlimb development. By linking environmental hypoxia to NFKB- and Hif1a-mediated repression of Tbx4, the authors show how the embryo delays hindlimb formation until placental oxygenation is sufficient. This elegant mechanism offers an evolutionary and physiological explanation for mouse hindlimb delay, and it opens new avenues in developmental timing, maternal-fetal signaling, and the evolution of viviparity.
The Lieber Code of 1863, the Union Army and President Abraham Lincoln’s laudable, if admittedly naïve, attempt to limit the ravages of the American Civil War, precipitated a paradigm shift away from the mere moral condemnation of the destruction and appropriation of cultural property toward express legal proscription. Article 35 of the code is unambiguous: “Classical works of art, libraries, scientific collections, or precious instruments . . . must be secured against all avoidable injury, even when they are contained in fortified places whilst besieged or bombarded.” The prescriptive, deterrent objective of the code is reflected in Article 44, which makes clear that the intent was not only to prohibit such conduct, but to actively ascribe a penal basis for individual responsibility.2
Lieber Code of 1863 (U.S. Civil War: first documented sanctions against intentional destruction of heritgae)