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What is this?

yeah he doesn't wanna kill anyone

i really like him

yeaahh

hmm

theyre just a bunch of kids and omfg theon shut up

oh he really needs a hug

jaime when i catch you jaime

ned right?

he reallyyy needs someone to confide to

me either

yess robb i misees youu

ngl i want jon

thats kinda cool actually

:(

she loves him so much but he hates her so much

the way she would get murdered by someone she loved in the show :(

youre a bitch

didnt even say lord >:(

yes

not her having to do those acts for him :(

man i havent seen you in a longgg time

jaime lanniatser hurts another starks legs

noooo

oh she would

ugh i knew it

sureee

hmm thinking of him while talking about bastards...

oh!

is jon rhaegar's bastard? or does ned not know the father? OR has he deluded himself into thinking he is a bastard like a reverse rhaenyra

NOOO

yuh

yeah genetics and stuff

she was smart

stopp

interesting...

he's used this comparison before

rickon can easily kill this kid

OH NAHH

man thats harsh

lmao

trust a bastard cat

any tully and stark woul be scared

yess

noooo

yup

OH SHES ROBERTS GIRL he was no mountatin goat let me tell you that

omg not the bastard hate

ohh nah not the jean de arc bob

royce again

lol

petyr fucking balish

ohhh thats why

noo he's gonna free tyrion

?

Young argues that using one set of rules for everyone unfairly judges non-standard speakers as less capable. He suggests language should be taught in a way that respects different styles.

Teaching one correct way to speak/write harms people. Standard language ideology claims there is only one correct way to use language. Young argues that this belief discriminates against those who use different dialects.

The capitalization of "ATTITUDES" is used to challenge the idea that standard English is inherently superior or necessary for success.

This line is an example of how an author's syntax impacts the tone and meaning their poem. The words sort of topple onto each other; tried to fix--affixed--we facted--felt. This gives the poem a tone of desperation and urgency.

Throughout this poem Franny Choi writes in prose poetry, the sentences lack metrical structure and a majority of the words have been strategically chosen.

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observables?

Do you have thoughts on how you would further experimentally decouple the Complex I assembly and CoQ biosynthesis functions of RTN4IP1?

Did you look into why RTN4IP1 upregulated cell adhesion and extracellular organization factors? This is surprising to me given the clear role you have demonstrated in Complex I assembly.

Do you have a hypothesis as to why the galactose growth phenotype is particularly pronounced for Complex I assembly factors? Is complex I especially reliant on assembly factors to adopt its active configuration?

Is it possible to use an alternative functional genomics approach to study genes involved in dynamics and signaling? How would you set up such a screen?

You mention that many nuclear-encoded genes important in mitochondrial function have not yet been identified. Is it possible to adapt your screening approach to identify these genes without having to use a genome-wide library?

This sounds like it would have a major impact. This would have to shift the school day to being shorter. We get less than 6 hours at my school. These are often taken up by meetings but I suppose the 15-20 hours would also probably be taken up by meetings at times. This amount of planning is most effective and would definitely help with teacher burn out.

This sounds impactful but how was this done?

I agree that it is critical to dismantle these mindsets, however this can be challenging. These mindsets are not often said outright but are said in some form. As a leader how would you work to shift this mindset in a teacher especially if they do not recognize it themselves?

I think the reason for this is because teachers are so often burdened by the day to day it is challenging to find the time to think of long term solutions. Again more time needs to be allocated to this in staff meetings, etc to make this possible.

I think this is often missed in discussions around school retention. Many people go back only to money when so often the biggest reason for retention is school leadership. I have been at schools with 95% retention and 20% retention and school leadership was the biggest difference between these schools.

I appreciate the idea that there is not a number tied to the feedback. I agree that both as an evaluator and as someone getting evaluated the numbers get in the way of the rich feedback and growth discussions.

For teachers or students? I see both being done often.

I have not seen this aspect done very well in any school. I see schools engage well with the parents but not much with the broader community. I would love to see what this could look like in practice.

I agree with all of these practices to support positive outcomes. I am curious what is meant by a formal and informal curriculum?

I completely agree with this. How is this set and maintained? I have worked in schools with great cultures and those without and it largely depends on the principal. However, I do not know how much oversight principals get on how they establish culture. I know they have coaches that look at their data but I have yet to have a principal's boss sit in on a data team meeting.

As I am not as familiar with higher education, what is required for teacher prep programs? I know the inclusion of the science of reading in Colorado has been a recent change but I wonder what else? I also wonder what the teacher prep programs look like in other countries? How do our programs differ? Having worked with a few student teachers I do think there is some growth that can be made in the teacher prep programs. This is part of the reason why I am here as I know I am part of the issue.

And here

Don't think a β is correct here

20% of kidneys donated each year cannot be used - often because they cannot be kept on ice for longer than a few hours, and as a result do not reach recipients in time. However, it's not long-term cryopreservation methods that are the once-impossible issue, in fact, they have been around for quite some time - decades in fact. Scientists have instead struggled with rewarming organs without causing major damage from ice or cracking.

The team at the University of Minnesota developed a nanowarming process that uniformly and rapidly warms the cryopreserved organs, as opposed to merely warming the organ at its surface.

The organs were able to be cleared of cryoprotective fluids and nanoparticles and transplanted into the lab rats. All of the rat participants were able to restore full kidney function within 30 days without additional interventions.

For human transplants, medical interventions would occur where they did not for the rat patients. These interventions include medicines and dialysis to assist the kidney for the weeks right after transplantation.

long-term organ banking could increase donor organ utilization, improve donor/recipient matching, and improve procedure preparation and scheduling. This also opens up the possibility for cryopreserving other organs.

このシーン、読んでてよかったと思った所だった。

I can resonate with this in my district. I think for some, it can be scary to give up control, but that leave educators uninspired and not as vested as they could be. This may be something to address in leadership training with admin. I love being able to create and made decision I am passion about..because of that passion, the result come and are authentic.

Car@s formand@s, coloquem os vossos comentários ao longo deste texto. e-s@udações!

I want to make sure that we also think about our students who live with disabilities and that they are represented in this group. We need to be in tune this this group.

The downloads are ultimately hosted at GitHub releases page for Cuis University https://github.com/Cuis-University/Cuis-University/releases

away

This is an easy defitiniton easy to undestand.

Thi is the computer writiing works. Hypertext provides more opctions.

SHOP TALK!! adjusting type alignment for Torpedo portable typewriters by [[Typewriter Justice]]

https://www.att.com/support/article/wireless/KM1041824/

reply to u/Rabbits16 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1df7o2t/request_type_writer_suggestion_please/

For that budget range, pick up something cleaned and fully serviced from a nearby shop https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-repair.html

Too many resellers are pushing overpriced machines that say "works" or "may need servicing" on some online shops like ebay or Etsy for top end pricing when you can get something truly spectacular and ready for the next 50 years from a serious pro that needs the support for the same price.

As for particular machines to look at, I can't find much to fault in Joe's advice here https://youtu.be/aKMt-aCHZZk?si=CGPduwA4A3HPDm3u

in public

The available isoform-resolved network tools. Pretty much there is DomainGraph (Nathan's tool, deprecated). Ghadie made DIIP but specific to the isoform. There are exon/splice event-centric tools, but these do not capture the gene-to-proteoform relationship. Characterization of exon events are fragmentary, because multiple variations can exist on the same PF.

Loscalzo commentary of the importance of isoform-resolved networks. They highlight an example of differential PPIs for lamin A (that make sense?) - could we use as our example?

Cross-referencing nodes to proteins (protein isoforms) annotated in UniProt.

Commentary on capturing isoform resolved information in networks.

👌

italique

pareil, futur à éviter peut-être

le présent est un peu bizarre // l'ambition du projet porte sur le développement d'une chaine de traitement ..? je sais pas c'est juste que le projet est fini donc les formules projectives comme ça, ça me semble un peu étrange

petite phrase d'intro pour dire en quoi le projet gallicorpora est pertinent à évoquer (traitement automatique, documents numérisés, pipeline, gros corpus, etc)

ah bon ? la plateforme EIDA serait destinées aux bibliothèques par exemple ?

futurs

rendant compte de quoi ?

à justifier

bon j'imagine que c'est ce que j'ai fait dans mon mémoire mais pas besoin de rentrer dans autant de détail (même si en soi c'est intéressant)

aha

à retirer peut-être (tu le dis en substance juste avant et après)

[ne] s'appuyant que // en s'appuyant _

si tu parlent d'outils au pluriel, cela me semble plus désigner la pipeline en entier et pas seulement le modele de vectorisation

italique

il faut le justifier d'une note de pas de page

italique

"ce large" présuppose qu'a été auparavant explicité la large dimension du corpus, si tu veux dire ça tu peux insister en disant un truc du style "la grande diversité de sources astronomiques issues d'origines géographiques et temporelles variées"

quels titres du coup ?

c'est quoi les deux niveaux ? il faut simplifier pour que ce soit plus explicite

[qui ?] se tissent

L'exploration de vastes corpus iconographiques par leur sémantisation n'est pas l'apanage de la seule histoire des sciences (?) la phrase me semble bizarre

des projets

https://www.etsy.com/shop/TypewriterDecalShop

Run by Paul Robert

It's interesting because I think with the emphasis on testing that there is still a lack of attention to higher order skills and concepts. I do not know what it was like prior to this reform but I still think there is some emphasis on this now.

This is a very engaging activity.

Look up at least 5 parks for next week's assignment.

Guildenstern is played by a woman in the production

this entire scene with Polonius and Reynaldo is completely cut besides a couple lines

"The Serpent King": Hamlet calls his uncle this in the production

Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

Learn more at Review Commons

Reply to the reviewers

Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

#1) Summary: The transport of effector proteins across membranes from the producing bacterium into a target cell is at the core of bacterial secretion systems. How an additional layer in form of a capsule affects effector export and the susceptibility towards effector import is not fully understood. Here, Flaugnatti and colleagues combined bacterial genetics with phenotypic assays and electron microscopy to demonstrate a dual role of a bacterial capsule in preventing T6SS-mediated effector export and promoting protection from effector import by another bacterium's T6SS. The wide variety of methods used, complementation of the mutants, and validation of the findings across strains strengthen the author's conclusions. Although the main conclusions seem straight forward, the authors unravel the unexpected complexity underlying these phenotypes with strong mechanistic work. In brief, a capsule-deficient mutant (∆itra) is shown to assemble its T6SS similar to the WT, yet secretes more Hcp than the WT and is better in T6SS-mediated killing of other bacteria. A capsule-overproducing mutant (∆bfmS) shows both, a partial deficiency in T6SS assembly and an additional reduction in exported Hcp, and is worse in T6SS-mediated killing than the WT. A mutant with a capsule similar to WT and deficient in cell sensing (∆tslA) forms the least T6SS apparatuses and is yet better in T6SS-mediated killing than the overcapsulated mutant. Together, these data show an effect of the capsule on (i) T6SS apparatus assembly, (ii) effector export, (iii) effector import, and (iv) the need for clearance of accumulating non-secreted Hcp by ClpXP. The work on a clinical isolate of Acinetobacter tumefaciens and the data on an impaired T6SS activity on other cells by antibiotic-induced capsulation is a strong demonstration of the work's clinical relevance in addition to the findings' conceptual novelty.

• In my view, the manuscript is outstanding with very high quality of experimental data, very well written text and very clear presentation of the data in figures. A few minor comments and suggestions below that I think would strengthen the manuscript.*

__ Authors’ reply #1: __We thank the reviewer for their enthusiasm.

• *

Major comment:

#2) OPTIONAL: Fig. 4c/l. 320: Having an indirect effect of an antibiotic on T6SS activity by antibiotic-induced capsule formation is very intriguing and contributes to the clinical relevance of the overall findings. When I saw the data in Fig. 4c, the graph instantaneously reminded me of the panel in Fig. 2a, where a similar phenotype is observed by changing the predator:prey ratio in the absence of any antibiotic. The authors themselves comment on the possibility of antibiotic-induced, reduced predator growth (and thereby a change in predator:prey ratio) as a one factor impacting the phenotype here. I am wondering if this data could be strengthened or better disentangled to test more precisely if it is the antibiotic induced capsule formation per se that affects T6SS-mediated killing by A. baumanii in the presence of antibiotics. Would it help to take the bfmS mutant along as a control for direct comparison to see if antibiotic-induced capsule formation of the WT to similar levels of the mutant results in the same killing phenotype? Would it help to test for T6SS-mediated killing in the presence and absence of antibiotics at multiple predator:prey ratios? Could the effect of the antibiotic on A. baumanii growth be measured and considered when choosing the ratio at which the bacteria are mixed?

__ Authors’ reply #2: __The point raised by the reviewer is very important. As we have stated in the manuscript, the capsule-induced production using antibiotics impacts the growth of A. baumannii and could therefore change the predator-prey ratio, potentially affecting the observed phenotype. However, the antibiotic is expected to equally impact the non-encapsulated ΔitrA strain, yet this strain maintains very strong T6SS killing activity in the presence of chloramphenicol. Thus, we do not believe the predator-prey ratio is causing the observed effect. To address this point more directly, we nonetheless propose to: i) repeat the experiments with different predator-prey ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 5:1), and ii) include a bfmS mutant as a control.

Minor comments:

#3) Figure 1D, l. 155, I might have missed this, do the authors happen to have the numbers of E. cloacae as well? This would strengthen the claim on A. baumannii survival because of E. cloacae is being killed.

__ Authors’ reply #3: __The reviewer is correct; we did not include the survival of E. cloacae in the initial manuscript due to technical reasons (counter-selection of E. cloacae). However, we propose to repeat the experiment using an E. cloacae strain carrying a plasmid conferring kanamycin resistance. This will allow us to counter-select E. cloacae after contact with the A. baumannii predator to determine if E. cloacae is killed by A. baumannii in a T6SS-dependent manner.

#4) Figure 2, I suggest to write out the species name of the prey in the box with the ratio. With E. cloacae being referred to in the previous figure and starting with similar letters than E. coli, I wasn't sure at first sight what E. c. refers to.

__ Authors’ reply #4: __We appreciate the comment and will revise the figure as suggested.

#5) use of the term "T6SS activity" throughout the manuscript (e.g. l. 182, l. 187). I leave this up to the authors. To me, it seems like an umbrella term for the initial observation and I see that such a term can be very handy for the writing. I just would like to mention that the use of the term was not always intuitive to me and sometimes even a bit misleading. For example, l. 182 refers to "increased T6SS activity". As a reader, I only know about 'T6SS activity on other cells' or 'a T6SS-mediated effect on other cells' at this point. T6SS apparatus assembly/firing activity is tested for specifically later and it turns out to differ between mutants. By the time the term is used in the discussion, it captures multiple nuanced phenotypes described by then. The more precise definition of the term in l. 200 helped to capture what exactly is meant by the authors.

__ Authors’ reply #5: __We propose rephrasing the sentences to include the term "T6SS-secretion activity" when referring to Hcp secretion assays and "T6SS-mediated killing activity" when referring to killing experiments.

__#6) __l. 198-199 "Collectively, our findings indicate that CPS does not hinder the secretion process of the T6SS or the consequent elimination of competing cells". I might be missing something, I cannot entirely follow this sentence. Didn't the authors just show that the CPS does hinder T6SS-mediated elimination of competing cells in panel 2A and less secreted Hcp in the encapsulated WT compared to the non-encapsulated mutant in panel 2B?

__ Authors’ reply #6:__ We thank the reviewer for this comment. We realize that the sentence wasn’t well phrased, resulting in confusion. What we meant was that the T6SS is functional regarding its T6SS-mediated killing and secretion in the WT strain, while we also showed that the non-capsulated strain kills and secretes more T6SS material in the supernatant. Thus, there seems to be a balance between capsule production and T6SS activity in the WT. We will revise the sentence to better reflect this meaning.

#7) l. 224, typo, "in"

__ Authors’ reply #7:__ We will correct this typo. Thank you.

• *

#8) Two connected comments: l. 338, Just a thought, I am wondering about the title of the section. After reading it a second time, I think it is technically correct. When reading it first, I was a bit confused when getting to the data because apparatus assmebly is impaired in the capsule-overproducing strain and although "preserved", doesn't the data indicate that there is less T6SS assembly in the bfmS mutant and that this might be because of less cell sensing and isn't this a main point that there is a difference in apparatus assembly in the capsule overproducing strain compared to WT (other than no difference in apparatus assembly in the strain without capsule)? To me it seems not fully acknowledged as a finding in the interpretation of the data that less cells of the bfmS mutant have a T6SS apparatus. Isn't that interesting? A title along the lines of "Capsule-overproducing strain has preserved sensory function and assembles less T6SS apparatuses" would have been more intuitive for me. l. 352, In case I didn't miss a reference to this data earlier in the manuscript, I am wondering if it would be worth mentioning the finding on the reduced apparatus assembly of the bfmS mutant earlier, together with Figure 3 already. At least a sentence that mentions already that there is more coming later. When I got to this line in the manuscript and read the findings on the apparatus assembly, I first needed to go back to figure 3 and look at the data there again in light of this finding. It is mentioned here on the side but I think very important for the interpretation of the phenotypic data of the bfmS mutant shown earlier, isn't it? The tslA mutant is used beautifully here.

__ Authors’ reply #8:__ We thank the reviewer for the suggestion and the kind comment about the beautiful usage of the tslA mutant. We will modify the title of the corresponding paragraph as suggested to make it more intuitive.

        Regarding the comment about mentioning the T6SS apparatus assembly defect in the *bfmS* mutant earlier, we respectfully disagree. While we agree that this point is important and can partially explain the difference in killing activity, we believe that showing it together with the *tslA* mutant (Figure 5) makes more sense and is easier for the reader to understand.

#9) Discussion: optional comment. On the one hand, I like the concise discussion. On the other hand, I see more potential here for bringing it all together (potentially at the expense of shortening some of the introduction). I think the subtleties of the findings are complex. For example, I could envision a graphical summary with a working model on all the effects of a capsule on the T6SS and its potential clinical relevance making the study accessible to even more readers.

__ Authors’ reply #9: __In the revised manuscript, we will include a graphical summary/model.

Significance

#10) General assessment: I consider the story very strong in terms of novelty, experimental approaches used, quality of the data, quality of the writing and figures of the manuscript. In my view, the aspects that could be improved are optional/minor and concern only one figure and some phrasing.

• Advance: I see major advance in the findings (i, mechanistic) on the mechanism of how the capsule interferes with T6SS, (ii, fundamental) on the discovery of ClpXP degrading Hcp, and (iii, clinical) on the meaning of antibiotic treatment for the T6SS of this clinically relevant and often multi-drug resistant bacterial species, which strongly complements existing work on the T6SS and antibiotics in A. baumanii (e.g. of the Feldman group). As the authors write themselves, the starting points of the study of a capsule protecting from a T6SS and the effect of a T6SS on other cells being negatively impacted by a capsule were known, although not studied in one species and not understood mechanistically.*

• Audience: I see the result of interest to a broad audience in the fields of bacteria-bacteria interactions, Acinetobacter baumanii, type VI secretion, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial capsules.*

__ Authors’ reply #10: __We once again thank the reviewer and highly appreciate their positive and constructive feedback on our work. We hope the reviewer will be satisfied with the revised version of our manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

#11) In the manuscript by Flaugnatti et al., the authors provide clear evidence of the interplay between capsule outer coat production and the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in Acinetobacter baumannii. The authors demonstrate that the presence of the capsule or the activity of the T6SS enhances survival against attacking bacteria. However, they also show that in their model bacterium, the (over)production of the capsule likely hinders T6SS dynamics, thereby reducing overall killing efficiency. Additionally, they reveal that the amount of the T6SS component Hcp is regulated in cells that can no longer assemble and/or secrete via the T6SS, presumably by the ClpXP protease. Overall, the experiments are well designed, and most conclusions are supported by the data and appropriate controls. I have however some suggestions that could further strengthen the manuscript prior to publication.

__ Authors’ reply #11: __We are grateful for the reviewer’s enthusiasm and will implement their comments and suggestions in the revised version of the manuscript.

Major comments:

#12) Line 164. The authors use E. coli as prey to test the T6SS activity of A. baumannii. Why not directly use the E. cloacae strain (with or without T6SS) for this purpose? This would provide direct evidence that A. baumannii uses its T6SS to kill E. cloacae, thus confirming the authors conclusions in this section.

__ Authors’ reply #12: __We thank the reviewer for this comment. We used E. coli to assess the functionality of the T6SS in different strains of A. baumannii, as it is commonly done in the T6SS field. However, as suggested by reviewer 1 (see comment #3) and in response to this query, we will also provide survival data of E. cloacae in the revised manuscript using a plasmid-carrying E. cloacae derivative that allows direct selection.

#13) In Figure 2, the authors show that a non-capsulated strain kills more effectively and secretes more than a WT, but has a similar number of T6SS. They suggest in their conclusion that "the observed increase in T6SS activity in the non-capsulated strain suggests a compensatory mechanism for the absence of the protective capsule layer." This conclusion implies the presence of an "active" regulatory mechanism that would increase the number of successful T6SS firing events, which has not been demonstrated. Could it not simply be that the capsule blocks some shots that cannot penetrate and are therefore ineffective? This hypothesis is mentioned in lines 204-208. The authors should clarify the conclusion of this section. Given the challenge this may pose in A. baumannii, I suggest that the authors quantify the assembly/firing dynamics of the T6SS under WT and ΔitrA conditions. This would help distinguish between the two hypotheses explaining better firing in non-capsulated cells: i.e., if the number of assembled T6SS is the same in both strains (Fig 2C & 2D), do non-capsulated cells assemble/fire faster, indicating an adaptation in regulation, or do we observe the same dynamics, suggesting a simple physical barrier blocking the passage of certain T6SS firing events?

__ Authors’ reply #13:__ We realize that the sentence, and more specifically the word "compensatory," might have been misleading and thank the reviewer for bringing this to our attention. What we meant to convey is that there is a balance between capsule production and T6SS activity; if disturbed, the balance shifts in one direction or the other. Specifically, there is more protection through the production of a thicker capsule (e.g., in the ∆bfmSmutant or under sub-MIC conditions of antibiotics, regulated by the Bfm system, as mentioned in the text) or more T6SS activity when less capsule is present (e.g., in the ΔitrA mutant, which we propose is caused by the lack of the steric hindrance). We will rephrase this sentence in the revised manuscript to better convey this message.

        Regarding the quantification of T6SS dynamic assembly/firing events between the capsulated (WT) and non-capsulated (ΔitrA) strains, we do not think this is required for this study, as the amount of secreted Hcp reflects the overall activity of the system. Importantly, we also do not have the technical means to quantify assembly/firing rates under Biosafety 2 conditions, as this requires specialized microscopes with very fast acquisition options (see, for instance, Basler, Pilhofer *et al.*, 2012, *Nature*). Indeed, very few labs in the T6SS field have been able to measure such rates.

#14) Line 428-429. It is mentioned that the deletion of lon does not have a notable effect. However, I observe that the absence of Lon alone causes a more rapid degradation of Hcp in the cells compared to the WT strain (Fig 7B). How do the authors explain that the absence of this protease (whether under conditions of Hcp accumulation or not) increases the degradation of this protein in the cell? This explanation should be included in the manuscript.

__ Authors’ reply #14: __That’s a fair point. We didn’t address this point further, as the deletion of lon didn’t resolve the issue of why Hcp is degraded. In fact, the opposite seems to be the case, as there is less Hcp in the ∆lon strain compared to the WT. While this observation is not directly relevant to the question of why Hcp is degraded late during growth in secretion-impaired strains, we will properly mention it in the revised manuscript.

        Please also note that a strong growth defect of a Δ*lon*Δ*clpXP* double mutant impaired further investigation in this direction.

• *

Minor comments:

#15) Throughout the manuscript, the authors use the term "predator" to refer to A. baumannii. Predation is a specific phenomenon that involves killing for nourishment. To my knowledge, the T6SS has never been shown to be a predation weapon but rather a weapon for interbacterial competition, which is a different concept. If this has not been demonstrated in A. baumannii, the authors should replace the term "predator" with "attacker" (or an equivalent term) to clarify the context.

__ Authors’ reply #15: __We thank the reviewer for this comment. The term “predator,” as highlighted by the reviewer, typically implies killing for nourishment/cellular products. In the context of T6SS, it facilitates the killing of competitors, releasing DNA into the environment that can subsequently be acquired through natural competence for transformation, as observed in species like Vibrio cholerae (our work by Borgeaud et al., 2015, Science) or other Acinetobacter species such as Acinetobacter baylyi (Ringel et al., 2017, Cell Rep.; Cooper et al., 2017, eLife). The acquisition of DNA reflects the killing for cellular products of the prey. As most A. baumannii strains are also naturally competent, this justifies the usage of the predator and prey nomenclature.

        Apart from this fact, it seems to be a matter of nomenclature, with many papers in the field using one term or the other. Yet, ultimately, this doesn’t change any of the scientific findings. Therefore, to satisfy the reviewer, we will change “predator” to “attacker” throughout the revised manuscript.

#16) Line 274. Since the authors stated that in the Wzc mutant, the capsule is "predominantly found in the supernatant and only loosely attached to the cell," this result is not unexpected. This finding is also consistent with the previous results from Fig. 3A & B, which show sensitivity to complement-mediated killing and the weak amount of (ab)normal CPS produced in that strain, further confirmed by Fig. 3E.

__ Authors’ reply #16__: We fully agree with the reviewer’s suggestion and will remove the statement.

#17) Line 299. The authors speculate that "... T6SS may deploy through gaps akin to arrow-slits in the capsule's mesh...". However, this is very unlikely since a WT strain kills (Fig. 3C) and secretes (Fig. 2B & 3D) less effectively than the itrA mutant, suggesting that the T6SS is not assembled in the "right places" devoid of CPS; otherwise, we would expect similar T6SS activity. Based on the results in Fig. 2 (and my earlier comment), this implies that A. baumannii assembles its T6SS randomly, and in the presence of the capsule, its shots would need to be in the right place to penetrate the envelope and reach the target. Could the authors comment on this point and provide a model figure to better visualize the interplay between the capsule and T6SS under the three major conditions: WT, non-capsulated, and capsule overproduction?

__ Authors’ reply #17: __We thank the reviewer and agree with their comment. We discussed the hypothesis of T6SS deployment through gaps, drawing a parallel to what was proposed for biofilm and T6SS in V. cholerae(Toska et al., 2018, PNAS). However, as mentioned earlier, we believe that the effect of the capsule on T6SS activity is primarily due to steric hindrance, which increases the distance between the T6SS apparatus and the prey cell. To clarify our findings further, we will include a model summarizing our results, as requested by reviewer 1 (see comment #9).

---

__ #18)__ In Fig. 5A, the microscopy panels should be adjusted to the same dynamic range as the WT (which represents a true signal), which does not appear to be the case for the tlsA mutant panel for instance. The image gives the impression of a large amount of free TssB-msfGFP in the cytoplasm. However, this effect is due to the dynamic range being adjusted to display a signal. This observation is consistent with the fact that the amount of TssB-msfGFP protein is identical across all strains (Fig. S2F).

__ Authors’ reply #18: __We will adjust the images to the range of the WT in the revised manuscript, as suggested. However, regardless of how these images are presented, the enumeration of T6SS structures will remain unchanged, which was the sole point of this experiment.

• *

#19) Unless I am mistaken, the authors do not comment on the fact that in a ΔbfmS strain, the number of T6SS is halved compared to a WT or ΔitrA strain. If capsule overproduction only partially limits the TslA-dependant T6SS assembly, how can this result be explained? Is it related to the degradation of Hcp in this background, which ultimately limits the formation of T6SS? If so, it would be interesting to mention this connection in the section "Prolonged secretion inhibition triggers Hcp degradation”

__ Authors’ reply #19: __We did mention that the T6SS assembly of the ΔbfmS mutant is reduced compared to the WT (or ΔitrA), likely due to the defect in sensing the prey (lines 369-374 and 468-472 of the initial manuscript). However, we will revise the sentence to improve clarity in the revised version of the manuscript.

Significance

#20) This work is highly intriguing as it not only delves into the specific mechanisms involved but also connects fundamental elements in bacterial competition, i.e., the necessity for self-protection and aggression for survival. The manuscript offers valuable insights into cellular dynamics at a microscale level and prompts new inquiries into the regulation of these systems on a population scale. The work is well-done and the writing is also clear. I am convinced that this work represents another significant step towards understanding bacterial mechanisms and will undoubtedly spark considerable interest in the field.

__ Authors’ reply #20: __We sincerely thank reviewer #2 for their constructive inputs, which will improve our manuscript.

• *

Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

#21) The manuscript by Flaugnatti et al investigates the relationship between functions of the T6SS in A. baumannii and production of capsular polysaccharide. The manuscript argues that (1) capsule protects A. baumannii against T6SS-mediated attack by other bacteria, (2) capsule also interferes with the bacterium's own T6SS activity, and (3) the T6SS inner tube protein Hcp is regulated by degradation by ClpXP. The main critiques regard the first two conclusions, which seem to be based solely on use of a mutant that has a confounding effect as described below; and to strengthen the third claim by further exploring the results of overexpressing Hcp and by determining whether there is a fitness benefit for Hcp regulation.

__ Authors’ reply #21: __We thank reviewer #3 for their relevant input. We will conduct additional experiments based on their comments, and these will be incorporated into the revised manuscript.

• *

__Main items:____ __

#22) Throughout the paper, an itrA deletion mutant is used as the capsule-deficient strain and conclusions are drawn about role of capsule based on this mutant. However, itrA deletion also eliminates the protein O-glycosylation pathway (Lees-miller et al 2013), a potential confounder. Analysis of mutants specifically deficient in the high-molecular weight capsule but not protein glycosylation, and/or mutants in the protein o-glycosylation enzyme, should be incorporated into the study to enhance the ability to make conclusions about the role of the capsule.

__ Authors’ reply #22: __Fair point. We thank the reviewer for this important suggestion. To distinguish between the O-glycosylation pathway and capsule production, we will generate a ∆pglL strain (specific to O-glycosylation), as suggested, and will repeat the key experiments (similar to Fig. 2A and 2B). We are almost done with the engineering of this mutant strain and therefore don’t expect any major delays.

#23) Evidence could be provided to support the idea raised in lines 482-483 that T6SS component accumulation is toxic ("degradation [of T6SS components] could serve as a strategy to alleviate proteotoxic stress..."). For example, growth curves of ∆clpXP strains with and without hcp could be analyzed, to determine how degrading Hcp is helping the bacteria.

__ Authors’ reply #23: __We will perform growth curves of ΔclpXP strains with and without hcp, as suggested by the reviewer. However, we are uncertain whether we will be able to observe differences between these strains, as the conditions under which such degradation is significant may be challenging to replicate under standard laboratory conditions.

__#24) __The possible ClpXP recognition sequence identified at the C terminus of Hcp is interesting-does overexpression of an Hcp variant lacking/altered in this motif alter its protein levels compared to WT Hcp?

__ Authors’ reply #24: __We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We are in the process of performing the suggested experiment and will include the data in the manuscript.

__Minor items:____ __

#25) *A better explanation could be provided for why overexpressing hcp in WT but not in ∆hcp leads to increased Hcp protein levels. There is a statement about Hcp being regulated post transcriptionally, possibly by degradation (lines 422-423), but would that not also result in regulation in the WT strain? *

__ Authors’ reply #25: __The reviewer is absolutely correct here. Despite careful genetic engineering, we believe that the hcp mutant used may have a polar effect, causing Hcp accumulation only in the ∆hcp + p-hcp strain but not in the WT + p-hcp strain, which remains capable of secretion. The ∆hcp strain therefore mimics the secretion-impaired tssB mutant. We will clarify this in the revised manuscript.

#26) *An untreated control is needed in Fig. 4B. *

__ Authors’ reply #26: __The untreated samples were shown in all previous figures. However, we understand the reviewer's point and will repeat the experiment with the untreated control included in the same experiment.

#27) *line 179: please clarify "reflecting better invading bacteria" *

__ Authors’ reply #27: __We appreciate the reviewer mentioning this oversight. We meant to compare this to a situation where a bacterium invades an already existing community, resulting in a predator-prey ratio below 1. We will clarify this further in the revised manuscript.

#28) *line 351: consider rewording the statement that ∆tslA results in decreased in T6SS assembly and activity using the tssB-msfGFP microscopy assay; it is not clear that activity is measured in this assay. *

__ Authors’ reply #28: __The reviewer is correct. We will revise the sentence accordingly to better reflect the T6SS assembly.

#29) *lines 260-265: This experiment could use clarifying, but it would seem that it requires analysis of the secreted capsule levels in the tssB mutant to show it does not produce extracellular capsule to the same extent that ∆bfmS does. *

__ Authors’ reply #29: __We thank the reviewer for the suggestion and will include these experimental data in the revised manuscript.

#30) *Fig. 6C and 7A labelling could be improved to avoid potential confusion that the bar graphs are quantifying the western blot. E.g., could add a corresponding vertical label to the Western data, or consider changing "relative expression of hcp" to something reflecting analysis of transcript levels. *

__ Authors’ reply #30: __We will improve this figure by splitting the qPCR and Western blot data into independent panels. This will eliminate any confusion.

#31) lines 416-417 and Fig. 7A: states that "hcp mRNA levels increased significantly", but more careful wording could be used because the WT's transcript change is not significant after overexpression (though it is significant in ∆hcp).

__ Authors’ reply #31: __Point well taken. We will improve the sentence (and Figure) to make its meaning unambiguous.

• *

#32) lines 479-480 states that in secretion-impaired strains accumulation of Hcp is mitigated by ClpXP; while this was shown for ∆tssB, was this also the case for ∆bfmS?

__ Authors’ reply #32: __This is indeed an interesting suggestion. We are in the process of generating the double mutant ∆bfmS∆clpXP and will include the experimental results in the revised manuscript.

Significance

#33) *The strengths of the study are the focus on a clinically significant pathogen, the potential novel roles for the important capsule virulence factor of A. baumannii, and the identification of novel points of control of the T6SS. The analyses of T6SS function are thorough and carefully performed. *

__ Authors’ reply #33: __We thank the reviewer for their comments, which we believe will significantly strengthen our work, particularly regarding the capsule aspect.

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Referee #3

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

The manuscript by Flaugnatti et al investigates the relationship between functions of the T6SS in A. baumannii and production of capsular polysaccharide. The manuscript argues that (1) capsule protects A. baumannii against T6SS-mediated attack by other bacteria, (2) capsule also interferes with the bacterium's own T6SS activity, and (3) the T6SS inner tube protein Hcp is regulated by degradation by ClpXP. The main critiques regard the first two conclusions, which seem to be based solely on use of a mutant that has a confounding effect as described below; and to strengthen the third claim by further exploring the results of overexpressing Hcp and by determining whether there is a fitness benefit for Hcp regulation.

Main items:

• Throughout the paper, an itrA deletion mutant is used as the capsule-deficient strain and conclusions are drawn about role of capsule based on this mutant. However, itrA deletion also eliminates the protein O-glycosylation pathway (Lees-miller et al 2013), a potential confounder. Analysis of mutants specifically deficient in the high-molecular weight capsule but not protein glycosylation, and/or mutants in the protein o-glycosylation enzyme, should be incorporated into the study to enhance the ability to make conclusions about the role of the capsule.
• Evidence could be provided to support the idea raised in lines 482-483 that T6SS component accumulation is toxic ("degradation [of T6SS components] could serve as a strategy to alleviate proteotoxic stress..."). For example, growth curves of ∆clpXP strains with and without hcp could be analyzed, to determine how degrading Hcp is helping the bacteria.
• The possible ClpXP recognition sequence identified at the C terminus of Hcp is interesting--does overexpression of an Hcp variant lacking/altered in this motif alter its protein levels compared to WT Hcp?

Minor items:

• A better explanation could be provided for why overexpressing hcp in WT but not in ∆hcp leads to increased Hcp protein levels. There is a statement about Hcp being regulated post transcriptionally, possibly by degradation (lines 422-423), but would that not also result in regulation in the WT strain?
• An untreated control is needed in Fig. 4B.
• line 179: please clarify "reflecting better invading bacteria"
• line 351: consider rewording the statement that ∆tslA results in decreased in T6SS assembly and activity using the tssB-msfGFP microscopy assay; it is not clear that activity is measured in this assay.
• lines 260-265: This experiment could use clarifying, but it would seem that it requires analysis of the secreted capsule levels in the tssB mutant to show it does not produce extracellular capsule to the same extent that ∆bfmS does.
• Fig. 6C and 7A labelling could be improved to avoid potential confusion that the bar graphs are quantifying the western blot. E.g., could add a corresponding vertical label to the Western data, or consider changing "relative expression of hcp" to something reflecting analysis of transcript levels.
• lines 416-417 and Fig. 7A: states that "hcp mRNA levels increased significantly", but more careful wording could be used because the WT's transcript change is not significant after overexpression (though it is significant in ∆hcp)
• lines 479-480 states that in secretion-impaired strains accumulation of Hcp is mitigated by ClpXP; while this was shown for ∆tssB, was this also the case for ∆bfmS?

Significance

The strengths of the study are the focus on a clinically significant pathogen, the potential novel roles for the important capsule virulence factor of A. baumannii, and the identification of novel points of control of the T6SS. The analyses of T6SS function are thorough and carefully performed.

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Referee #2

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

In the manuscript by Flaugnatti et al., the authors provide clear evidence of the interplay between capsule outer coat production and the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in Acinetobacter baumannii. The authors demonstrate that the presence of the capsule or the activity of the T6SS enhances survival against attacking bacteria. However, they also show that in their model bacterium, the (over)production of the capsule likely hinders T6SS dynamics, thereby reducing overall killing efficiency. Additionally, they reveal that the amount of the T6SS component Hcp is regulated in cells that can no longer assemble and/or secrete via the T6SS, presumably by the ClpXP protease. Overall, the experiments are well designed, and most conclusions are supported by the data and appropriate controls. I have however some suggestions that could further strengthen the manuscript prior to publication.

Major comments:

Line 164. The authors use E. coli as prey to test the T6SS activity of A. baumannii. Why not directly use the E. cloacae strain (with or without T6SS) for this purpose? This would provide direct evidence that A. baumannii uses its T6SS to kill E. cloacae, thus confirming the authors conclusions in this section.. In Figure 2, the authors show that a non-capsulated strain kills more effectively and secretes more than a WT, but has a similar number of T6SS. They suggest in their conclusion that "the observed increase in T6SS activity in the non-capsulated strain suggests a compensatory mechanism for the absence of the protective capsule layer." This conclusion implies the presence of an "active" regulatory mechanism that would increase the number of successful T6SS firing events, which has not been demonstrated. Could it not simply be that the capsule blocks some shots that cannot penetrate and are therefore ineffective? This hypothesis is mentioned in lines 204-208. The authors should clarify the conclusion of this section. Given the challenge this may pose in A. baumannii, I suggest that the authors quantify the assembly/firing dynamics of the T6SS under WT and ΔitrA conditions. This would help distinguish between the two hypotheses explaining better firing in non-capsulated cells: i.e., if the number of assembled T6SS is the same in both strains (Fig 2C & 2D), do non-capsulated cells assemble/fire faster, indicating an adaptation in regulation, or do we observe the same dynamics, suggesting a simple physical barrier blocking the passage of certain T6SS firing events? Line 428-429. It is mentioned that the deletion of lon does not have a notable effect. However, I observe that the absence of Lon alone causes a more rapid degradation of Hcp in the cells compared to the WT strain (Fig 7B). How do the authors explain that the absence of this protease (whether under conditions of Hcp accumulation or not) increases the degradation of this protein in the cell? This explanation should be included in the manuscript.

Minor comments:

• a) Throughout the manuscript, the authors use the term "predator" to refer to A. baumannii. Predation is a specific phenomenon that involves killing for nourishment. To my knowledge, the T6SS has never been shown to be a predation weapon but rather a weapon for interbacterial competition, which is a different concept. If this has not been demonstrated in A. baumannii, the authors should replace the term "predator" with "attacker" (or an equivalent term) to clarify the context.
• b) Line 274. Since the authors stated that in the Wzc mutant, the capsule is "predominantly found in the supernatant and only loosely attached to the cell," this result is not unexpected. This finding is also consistent with the previous results from Fig. 3A & B, which show sensitivity to complement-mediated killing and the weak amount of (ab)normal CPS produced in that strain, further confirmed by Fig. 3E.
• c) Line 299. The authors speculate that "... T6SS may deploy through gaps akin to arrow-slits in the capsule's mesh...". However, this is very unlikely since a WT strain kills (Fig. 3C) and secretes (Fig. 2B & 3D) less effectively than the itrA mutant, suggesting that the T6SS is not assembled in the "right places" devoid of CPS; otherwise, we would expect similar T6SS activity. Based on the results in Fig. 2 (and my earlier comment), this implies that A. baumannii assembles its T6SS randomly, and in the presence of the capsule, its shots would need to be in the right place to penetrate the envelope and reach the target. Could the authors comment on this point and provide a model figure to better visualize the interplay between the capsule and T6SS under the three major conditions: WT, non-capsulated, and capsule overproduction?
• d) In Fig. 5A, the microscopy panels should be adjusted to the same dynamic range as the WT (which represents a true signal), which does not appear to be the case for the tlsA mutant panel for instance. The image gives the impression of a large amount of free TssB-msfGFP in the cytoplasm. However, this effect is due to the dynamic range being adjusted to display a signal. This observation is consistent with the fact that the amount of TssB-msfGFP protein is identical across all strains (Fig. S2F).
• e) Unless I am mistaken, the authors do not comment on the fact that in a ΔbfmS strain, the number of T6SS is halved compared to a WT or ΔitrA strain. If capsule overproduction only partially limits the TslA-dependant T6SS assembly, how can this result be explained? Is it related to the degradation of Hcp in this background, which ultimately limits the formation of T6SS? If so, it would be interesting to mention this connection in the section "Prolonged secretion inhibition triggers Hcp degradation."

Referee Cross-Commenting

Overall, I agree with the concerns raised by reviewers 1 and 3. This (already) very good manuscript will undoubtedly benefit from these comments.

Significance

This work is highly intriguing as it not only delves into the specific mechanisms involved but also connects fundamental elements in bacterial competition, i.e., the necessity for self-protection and aggression for survival. The manuscript offers valuable insights into cellular dynamics at a microscale level and prompts new inquiries into the regulation of these systems on a population scale. The work is well-done and the writing is also clear.

I am convinced that this work represents another significant step towards understanding bacterial mechanisms and will undoubtedly spark considerable interest in the field.

Expertise: T6SS, fluorescence microscopy, predation, interbacterial competition

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Referee #1

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

Summary:

The transport of effector proteins across membranes from the producing bacterium into a target cell is at the core of bacterial secretion systems. How an additional layer in form of a capsule affects effector export and the susceptibility towards effector import is not fully understood. Here, Flaugnatti and colleagues combined bacterial genetics with phenotypic assays and electron microscopy to demonstrate a dual role of a bacterial capsule in preventing T6SS-mediated effector export and promoting protection from effector import by another bacterium's T6SS. The wide variety of methods used, complementation of the mutants, and validation of the findings across strains strengthen the author's conclusions.

Although the main conclusions seem straight forward, the authors unravel the unexpected complexity underlying these phenotypes with strong mechanistic work. In brief, a capsule-deficient mutant (∆itra) is shown to assemble its T6SS similar to the WT, yet secretes more Hcp than the WT and is better in T6SS-mediated killing of other bacteria. A capsule-overproducing mutant (∆bfmS) shows both, a partial deficiency in T6SS assembly and an additional reduction in exported Hcp, and is worse in T6SS-mediated killing than the WT. A mutant with a capsule similar to WT and deficient in cell sensing (∆tslA) forms the least T6SS apparatuses and is yet better in T6SS-mediated killing than the overcapsulated mutant. Together, these data show an effect of the capsule on (i) T6SS apparatus assembly, (ii) effector export, (iii) effector import, and (iv) the need for clearance of accumulating non-secreted Hcp by ClpXP.

The work on a clinical isolate of Acinetobacter tumefaciens and the data on an impaired T6SS activity on other cells by antibiotic-induced capsulation is a strong demonstration of the work's clinical relevance in addition to the findings' conceptual novelty.

In my view, the manuscript is outstanding with very high quality of experimental data, very well written text and very clear presentation of the data in figures. A few minor comments and suggestions below that I think would strengthen the manuscript.

Major comment:

OPTIONAL: Fig. 4c/l. 320: Having an indirect effect of an antibiotic on T6SS activity by antibiotic-induced capsule formation is very intriguing and contributes to the clinical relevance of the overall findings. When I saw the data in Fig. 4c, the graph instantaneously reminded me of the panel in Fig. 2a, where a similar phenotype is observed by changing the predator:prey ratio in the absence of any antibiotic. The authors themselves comment on the possibility of antibiotic-induced, reduced predator growth (and thereby a change in predator:prey ratio) as a one factor impacting the phenotype here. I am wondering if this data could be strengthened or better disentangled to test more precisely if it is the antibiotic induced capsule formation per se that affects T6SS-mediated killing by A. baumanii in the presence of antibiotics. Would it help to take the bfmS mutant along as a control for direct comparison to see if antibiotic-induced capsule formation of the WT to similar levels of the mutant results in the same killing phenotype? Would it help to test for T6SS-mediated killing in the presence and absence of antibiotics at multiple predator:prey ratios? Could the effect of the antibiotic on A. baumanii growth be measured and considered when choosing the ratio at which the bacteria are mixed?

Minor comments:

• Figure 1D, l. 155ff, I might have missed this, do the authors happen to have the numbers of E. cloacae as well? This would strengthen the claim on A. baumanii survival because of E. cloacae is being killed.
• Figure 2, I suggest to write out the species name of the prey in the box with the ratio. With E. cloacae being referred to in the previous figure and starting with similar letters than E. coli, I wasn't sure at first sight what E. c. refers to.
• use of the term "T6SS activity" throughout the manuscript (e.g. l. 182, l. 187). I leave this up to the authors. To me, it seems like an umbrella term for the initial observation and I see that such a term can be very handy for the writing. I just would like to mention that the use of the term was not always intuitive to me and sometimes even a bit misleading. For example, l. 182 refers to "increased T6SS activity". As a reader, I only know about 'T6SS activity on other cells' or 'a T6SS-mediated effect on other cells' at this point. T6SS apparatus assembly/firing activity is tested for specifically later and it turns out to differ between mutants. By the time the term is used in the discussion, it captures multiple nuanced phenotypes described by then. The more precise definition of the term in l. 200 helped to capture what exactly is meant by the authors.
• l. 198f "Collectively, our findings indicate that CPS does not hinder the secretion process of 199 the T6SS or the consequent elimination of competing cells". I might be missing something, I cannot entirely follow this sentence. Didn't the authors just show that the CPS does hinder T6SS-mediated elimination of competing cells in panel 2A and less secreted Hcp in the encapsulated WT compared to the non-encapsulated mutant in panel 2B?
• l. 224, typo, "in"
• Two connected comments: l. 338, Just a thought, I am wondering about the title of the section. After reading it a second time, I think it is technically correct. When reading it first, I was a bit confused when getting to the data because apparatus assmebly is impaired in the capsule-overproducing strain and although "preserved", doesn't the data indicate that there is less T6SS assembly in the bfmS mutant and that this might be because of less cell sensing and isn't this a main point that there is a difference in apparatus assembly in the capsule overproducing strain compared to WT (other than no difference in apparatus assembly in the strain without capsule)? To me it seems not fully acknowledged as a finding in the interpretation of the data that less cells of the bfmS mutant have a T6SS apparatus. Isn't that interesting? A title along the lines of "Capsule-overproducing strain has preserved sensory function and assembles less T6SS apparatuses" would have been more intuitive for me. l. 352, In case I didn't miss a reference to this data earlier in the manuscript, I am wondering if it would be worth mentioning the finding on the reduced apparatus assembly of the bfmS mutant earlier, together with Figure 3 already. At least a sentence that mentions already that there is more coming later. When I got to this line in the manuscript and read the findings on the apparatus assembly, I first needed to go back to figure 3 and look at the data there again in light of this finding. It is mentioned here on the side but I think very important for the interpretation of the phenotypic data of the bfmS mutant shown earlier, isn't it? The tslA mutant is used beautifully here.
• Discussion: optional comment. On the one hand, I like the concise discussion. On the other hand, I see more potential here for bringing it all together (potentially at the expense of shortening some of the introduction). I think the subtleties of the findings are complex. For example, I could envision a graphical summary with a working model on all the effects of a capsule on the T6SS and its potential clinical relevance making the study accessible to even more readers.

Significance

General assessment

I consider the story very strong in terms of novelty, experimental approaches used, quality of the data, quality of the writing and figures of the manuscript. In my view, the aspects that could be improved are optional/minor and concern only one figure and some phrasing.

Advance

I see major advance in the findings (i, mechanistic) on the mechanism of how the capsule interferes with T6SS, (ii, fundamental) on the discovery of ClpXP degrading Hcp, and (iii, clinical) on the meaning of antibiotic treatment for the T6SS of this clinically relevant and often multi-drug resistant bacterial species, which strongly complements existing work on the T6SS and antibiotics in A. baumanii (e.g. of the Feldman group). As the authors write themselves, the starting points of the study of a capsule protecting from a T6SS and the effect of a T6SS on other cells being negatively impacted by a capsule were known, although not studied in one species and not understood mechanistically.

Audience

I see the result of interest to a broad audience in the fields of bacteria-bacteria interactions, Acinetobacter baumanii, type VI secretion, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial capsules

why do you have no bio? are you just a stray speck of dust in the wind?

we love you nitilia1

I HATE YOU KIM SEOKJIN

I LOVE YOU KIM SEOKJIN

yoongay

Ela apresenta muitas facetas de si mesma em suas obras, como isso pode ser enigmático?

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:47:30][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence de Julien Grenet, chercheur au CNRS et à l'École d'économie de Paris, sur les expérimentations menées en France pour renforcer la mixité sociale dans les collèges publics depuis 2016. Il discute des motivations, des méthodes et des résultats préliminaires de ces expérimentations, en mettant l'accent sur la ségrégation sociale dans les établissements scolaires et les approches pour la réduire.

Points forts: + [00:00:34][^3^][3] Contexte des expérimentations * Forte ségrégation sociale dans les collèges français * Disparités entre établissements publics et privés * Impact de la sectorisation sur la composition sociale des collèges + [00:13:47][^4^][4] Méthodes d'expérimentation * Fusion de secteurs de collège socialement contrastés * Affectation des élèves selon de nouvelles modalités * Approches testées à Paris et à Toulouse + [00:22:24][^5^][5] Suivi des élèves et méthodologie * Enquêtes sur les compétences cognitives et socio-émotionnelles * Impact du COVID-19 sur la collecte de données * Comparaison entre sites pilotes et sites témoins + [00:26:01][^6^][6] Évolution de la mixité sociale * Mesure de l'exposition des élèves à d'autres groupes sociaux * Effets limités mais significatifs sur la mixité * Pas d'augmentation de l'évitement scolaire observée + [00:33:38][^7^][7] Effets sur les élèves * Amélioration du bien-être social pour les élèves défavorisés * Impact limité sur les résultats scolaires * Effets positifs sur l'estime de soi scolaire pour les élèves favorisés + [00:42:01][^8^][8] Conséquences sur les attitudes sociales * Évolution des attitudes vers plus de coopération et moins de fatalisme * Importance des réseaux sociaux pour la mobilité future * Effets à long terme de la mixité sur les choix d'orientation et l'enseignement supérieur

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:41:04][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence d'Esther Duflo sur les approches expérimentales en éducation, en se concentrant sur l'interprétation des résultats de l'enquête PISA. Elle explique l'importance de comprendre les données au-delà des classements sensationnels des pays, en mettant en lumière les forces et faiblesses spécifiques du système éducatif français.

Points forts: + [00:00:23][^3^][3] Introduction à l'enquête PISA * Présentation de l'enquête internationale PISA * Importance de l'analyse détaillée des résultats * Objectif de révéler les forces et faiblesses de l'école française + [00:02:10][^4^][4] Analyse des résultats de PISA 2022 * Baisse des compétences en mathématiques chez les élèves de 15 ans * Comparaison des scores de la France avec d'autres pays * Impact de l'origine socioéconomique sur les performances + [00:13:30][^5^][5] Disparités dans les performances éducatives * Écarts de scores entre les élèves selon leur statut socioéconomique * Influence de l'origine sociale sur la réussite scolaire * Évolution des écarts de performances au fil des ans + [00:24:31][^6^][6] Différences de performances entre les genres * Comparaison des performances en mathématiques entre garçons et filles * Évolution des écarts de genre dans différents pays * Impact de la culture et des politiques éducatives sur ces différences

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:47:31][^2^][2]:

Dans cette vidéo, Esther Duflo présente les progrès récents dans la compréhension des bases cérébrales de l'acquisition de la lecture et comment les neurosciences cognitives peuvent contribuer à l'éducation. Elle explique l'importance de comprendre les mécanismes cérébraux de l'apprentissage pour développer des programmes éducatifs efficaces, en particulier pour les enfants dyslexiques.

Points forts: + [00:00:22][^3^][3] Introduction et contexte * Présentation du sujet sur l'acquisition de la lecture et ses bases cérébrales * Questionnement sur l'apport des neurosciences à l'éducation * L'objectif de montrer les liens entre neurosciences et éducation + [00:01:45][^4^][4] Mécanismes cérébraux de l'apprentissage de la lecture * Description des changements dans le cerveau lors de l'apprentissage de la lecture * Présentation d'un modèle détaillé de l'acte de lire implémenté par les neurones * Nouveaux travaux sur le diagnostic des différents types de dyslexie + [00:07:13][^5^][5] Étude sur l'apprentissage de la lecture chez les enfants * Observation de la spécialisation rapide d'une région cérébrale pour la lecture * Étude longitudinale sur l'évolution de la fluence de lecture chez les enfants * Importance de l'automatisation de la lecture pour une acquisition efficace + [00:15:32][^6^][6] Modélisation de la réponse neuronale à la lecture * Utilisation de modèles pour simuler la réponse des neurones à différents mots * Découverte de neurones spécialisés pour certaines lettres et positions dans un mot * Importance de l'invariance de la casse et de la sélectivité positionnelle + [00:21:19][^7^][7] Dissociation de la position des lettres et de la position rétinienne * Explication de la réponse neuronale à la position relative des lettres * Distinction entre la position rétinienne absolue et la position relative des lettres * Prédiction du modèle neuronal pour la lecture et son application pratique + [00:28:39][^8^][8] Application des découvertes en neurosciences à l'éducation * Discussion sur l'utilisation des neurosciences pour améliorer l'instruction * Présentation d'outils pour mesurer et faciliter l'acquisition de la lecture * Critique des remèdes miracles non fondés scientifiquement dans le traitement de la dyslexie

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:30:33][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence d'Esther Duflo sur les approches expérimentales en éducation, où elle discute de l'importance des interactions sociales dans l'apprentissage des enfants et de l'impact des technologies numériques dans les salles de classe. Elle souligne également le rôle des systèmes cognitifs de base dans le développement de l'enfant et l'apprentissage des mathématiques.

Points forts: + [00:00:48][^3^][3] Introduction et contexte * Préface sur une réunion interdisciplinaire * Importance de l'évaluation en éducation * Collaboration entre économistes et psychologues + [00:02:05][^4^][4] Interaction sociale et apprentissage * Importance des interactions sociales pour les enfants * Étude en Uruguay sur l'apprentissage numérique en groupe * Comparaison de l'apprentissage individuel et en groupe + [00:05:08][^5^][5] Recherche et politique en éducation * L'impact de la recherche sur les politiques éducatives * Importance de l'engagement des chercheurs avec les décideurs * Réorientation de la présentation suite aux discussions + [00:10:36][^6^][6] Systèmes de connaissances de base * Présentation des systèmes cognitifs de base chez les enfants * Rôle de ces systèmes dans l'apprentissage des mathématiques * Importance de la géométrie et des concepts numériques + [00:16:09][^7^][7] Compréhension sociale chez les nourrissons * Systèmes permettant aux nourrissons de comprendre les actions et états mentaux * Inférence des objectifs et valeurs à partir des actions observées * Apprentissage des relations sociales et des réseaux sociaux + [00:29:53][^8^][8] Apprentissage du langage chez les nourrissons * Début de l'apprentissage du langage avant la parole * Travaux de Jacques Mehler sur la compréhension du langage chez les nourrissons * Importance de l'engagement social dans l'apprentissage du langage

What Obsidian gurus get wrong about Zettelkasten by [[Tony Ramella]]

generally meh... nothing I don't already know

I do like his focus on simplicity.

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:20:01][^2^][2]:

Inès Mentec présente ses recherches sur le rôle de la valence dans les perceptions conscientes. Elle explore si la valence, ou la qualité positive ou négative d'une perception, est une caractéristique structurante dans notre espace phénoménal et comment elle influence nos jugements de similarité et notre comportement.

Points forts: + [00:00:16][^3^][3] Introduction à la recherche * Présentation d'Inès Mentec et de l'objectif de la recherche * Exploration du rôle de la valence dans les perceptions conscientes + [00:00:45][^4^][4] La valence dans la littérature sur les émotions * Discussion des théories classiques et de l'hypothèse de prédiction affective * La valence traitée en parallèle avec la perception visuelle + [00:02:41][^5^][5] La conscience et la valence * La conscience associe une valeur à nos perceptions * La valence comme une qualité de nos expériences conscientes + [00:03:14][^6^][6] Exploration de l'espace phénoménal * Étude de la structure de l'espace phénoménal à travers des expériences conscientes * Recherche sur la valence comme dimension informative + [00:06:35][^7^][7] Collecte de données et méthodologie * Utilisation de jugements de microvalence et de similarités * Analyse des activations de réseaux de neurones profonds + [00:10:27][^8^][8] Résultats et interprétations * Corrélations entre valence, similarité et activations neuronales * Influence de la valence sur les jugements de similarité sous pression temporelle

Résumé de la vidéo [00:11:03][^1^][1] - [00:20:01][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence d'Inès Mentec sur le rôle de la valence dans les perceptions conscientes. Elle explore comment nos émotions et la valence, ou la qualité positive ou négative d'une perception, influencent notre conscience et notre comportement.

Points forts: + [00:11:03][^3^][3] Corrélation entre valence et similarité * La valence et la similarité sont corrélées * La corrélation est plus forte dans des contextes subordonnés * Les jugements de similarité peuvent reposer sur la valence + [00:14:00][^4^][4] Influence des motifs visuels bas niveau * Certains motifs visuels bas niveau sont à l'origine du calcul de la valence * La valence semble commencer tôt dans le processus de perception * Cela soutient l'hypothèse que la valence est une propriété bas niveau + [00:17:00][^5^][5] Effet de la pression temporelle * La pression temporelle diminue l'influence de la valence sur les jugements de similarité * La valence influence toujours les jugements même sous forte pression temporelle * La durée de présentation affecte l'utilisation de la valence dans les jugements

and public housing!

Too many people fetishize Luhmann and his system. Yes he wrote a lot and yes he was productive, but was he as influential as any of the thousands upon thousands of writers and academics who used broadly similar methods? A lot of Luhmann's productivity boils down to how one chooses to define productivity. As an example: Isaac Newton, John Locke, Taylor Swift, and even Eminem had broadly similar not taking methods and though their note corpuses are dramatically smaller than Luhmann, their influence on art, culture, and humanity dramatically exceeds that of Luhmann.

I would posit that most serious note takers' productivity boils down to their utter simplicity and easy ability to replicate that method for decades. The largest part of Luhmann's productivity was that he not only had a simple system, but that he was privileged to use and practice at full time for the length of his academic career. (He also didn't face the scourge of peer-review that most academics are forced to run today.)

As an example of someone whose methods were very similar to Luhmann's, but who was dramatically more productive (from a generic definition of it), take a look at S. D. Goitein who wrote out about 1/3 the number of slips that Luhmann did, but used them to write almost a 1/3 more articles and books! Luhmann: 90,000 slips, 550 articles, 50 books versus Goitein: 27,000 slips, 669 articles, 69 books. Interestingly Goitein's method of organization was much closer to the topical organization to the vast majority of zettelkasten/card index users (as well as Obsidian users) than to Luhmann's alpha-numeric organizational method. There isn't nearly enough scale in (psychology, cognitive psychology) research to reasonably compare analog versus digital methods, much less enough research to distinguish between methods at the scale of individual people. Everyone will respond differently to different modalities because the breadth of neurodiversity within the population. The psychology research you're citing is painfully, painfully thin and is far from reaching the level of replicability. As a result, the best practicable advice to any individual is to experiment for themselves and choose the method they feel works best for them from a sustainability perspective.

reply to u/Quack_quack_22 at https://www.reddit.com/r/ObsidianMD/comments/1doqgar/why_can_luhmann_manage_information_better_than/

I found that Luhmann's information management system is not more complicated, but it is more effective than the influencers talking about taking notes on Obsidian. Because he took notes by hand:

Studies show that taking notes by hand has a positive impact on many different brain areas. Writing by hand is slower than typing: The slowness of handwriting helps Luhmann consider and select important words to write in literature notes. -> he will remember better the brain is relaxed -> the brain is more creative: when writing literature notes -> he will come up with more ideas so he can write permanent notes. To put it more simply. Luhmann takes notes to find as many ideas as possible to write in permanent notes, then these permanent notes will become a complete essay after Luhmann connects them together. And writing citations, summaries of content and citing sources in literature are just proof that his ideas are correct (ironically, people who make content about obsidian (also Tiago Forte) just encourage copy-paste).

Thus, copying highlights from Kindle to Obsidian becomes useless if you don't understand anything about highlights and don't get any ideas from them. I don't claim that typing makes us stupid, because people who write on computers have a habit of carefully correcting spelling and arguments, which helps them think more deeply = more smart.

Sources: https://www.forbes.com/sites/nancyolson/2016/05/15/three-ways-that-writing-with-a-pen-positively-affects-your-brain/ https://www.psychiatrist.com/news/handwriting-shows-unexpected-benefits-over-typing/

P/s: I think this guy is very precise about the zettelkasten method: he takes notes on paper like Luhmann to get ideas, then he just starts copying them into Obsidian. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrvKHFIHaeQ&t=0s)

ISABELLA

at CC, Port ...

Please understand "history and Wikipedia are degrading ... we were taught this very clearly, in world civilizations. very very clearly. entangling alliances. marriage, two people were killed, these two Ferdinand and Isabella.

It ignited "World War One"

ARCHDUKE FERDINAND

who married ...

REMEMBER REMEMBER

THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER

THE GUNPOWDER REASON

POWDERKEG ... PLOT

BOOM, ENTANGLING ALLIANCES?

I am not a moron, I have a really good memory, wake up people, wake up. "Powder keg, entangling alliances. World War 1. Not the other thing."

REMEMBER REMEMBER

THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER

THE GUNPOWDER REASON

POWDERKEG ... PLOT

BOOM, ENTANGLING ALLIANCES?

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:18:12][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence de Fanny Magouttier, doctorante, sur l'effet de la menace du stéréotype sur les performances des élèves de primaire. Elle explore les recherches existantes, les résultats d'une méta-analyse et une étude sur le rôle de la théorie de l'esprit face à la menace du stéréotype.

Points forts: + [00:00:17][^3^][3] Introduction de la conférencière * Présentation de Fanny Magouttier et de son sujet de thèse * Collaboration avec Pascal Pensu et Boris V. * Focus sur l'effet de la menace du stéréotype + [00:01:30][^4^][4] Définition de la menace du stéréotype * Explication du phénomène situationnel et de ses conséquences * Impact négatif sur la mémoire de travail et les performances * Référence aux travaux de Steele et Aronson (1995) + [00:03:01][^5^][5] Manque d'études sur les enfants d'école primaire * Importance d'étudier l'effet dès la maternelle * Objectif de prévenir l'effet négatif avant qu'il ne survienne * Revue systématique et méta-analyse réalisées + [00:06:37][^6^][6] Résultats de la méta-analyse * Identification des modérateurs et de leur impact * Effets significatifs en fonction de l'âge et du type de stéréotype * Importance du niveau scolaire et du contexte expérimental + [00:10:53][^7^][7] Analyse des modérateurs * Détail des analyses modérateur par modérateur * Influence du niveau scolaire et du type de stéréotype sur les performances * Résultats contradictoires concernant les biais de publication + [00:15:29][^8^][8] Étude sur la théorie de l'esprit * Hypothèse sur le lien entre théorie de l'esprit et menace du stéréotype * Protocole de l'étude et mesures utilisées * Présentation des matrices de Raven et conditions expérimentales

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:21:21][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente un programme de recherche participative en éducation, visant à impliquer les enseignants dans la recherche sur leurs propres pratiques éducatives. Ignacio Atal partage son expérience de cinq ans dans le développement du programme "Prof Chercheur", qui encourage les enseignants à utiliser les résultats de la recherche pour améliorer leur pratique et à mener leurs propres recherches en classe.

Points forts: + [00:00:17][^3^][3] Présentation du programme * Introduction du programme "Prof Chercheur" * Objectif de rapprocher la recherche et la pratique en éducation * Expérience de cinq ans partagée + [00:01:00][^4^][4] L'importance de la recherche pour les enseignants * Nécessité pour les enseignants d'utiliser les résultats de la recherche * Difficultés rencontrées par les enseignants pour appliquer la recherche * Présentation des méthodologies expérimentales et des sciences de l'implémentation + [00:02:25][^5^][5] Les enseignants comme acteurs actifs de la recherche * Concept des enseignants en tant que praticiens chercheurs * Recherche menée par les enseignants pour améliorer leurs pratiques * Différence entre la recherche académique et la recherche menée par les praticiens + [00:03:22][^6^][6] Développement du programme "Prof Chercheur" * Accompagnement des acteurs de l'éducation dans la recherche collective * Inspiration des sciences participatives pour créer des méthodologies accessibles * Processus d'accompagnement des enseignants à définir une question de recherche + [00:07:02][^7^][7] Impact et portée du programme * Plus de 700 inscrits et 900 heures d'ateliers animés * Formation d'une centaine d'animateurs et création de communautés * Plus de 130 projets de recherche initiés sur la plateforme de mutualisation + [00:10:43][^8^][8] Exemples de projets de recherche menés par les enseignants * Projets variés abordant des problématiques éducatives concrètes * Utilisation de données empiriques pour appuyer les conclusions * Importance de la collaboration et du soutien institutionnel pour la réussite des projets

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:20:43][^2^][2]:

La vidéo présente une conférence sur l'apprentissage des comportements criminels et des compétences en criminalité lucrative. Marie, psychologue et doctorante, explore les concepts de trajectoire criminelle, d'apprentissage et de compétences criminelles, et comment ils influencent la récidive et la réussite criminelle.

Points forts: + [00:00:17][^3^][3] Introduction de la conférencière * Présentation de Marie, psychologue et doctorante * Sujet de thèse à l'intersection de la psychologie et de la criminologie + [00:00:45][^4^][4] Trajectoire criminelle et différences entre délinquants * Concept de trajectoire criminelle et son impact longitudinal * Distinction entre délinquants et non-délinquants + [00:02:43][^5^][5] Compétences criminelles et récidive * Notion de compétences criminelles et leur rôle dans la récidive * Différence entre délinquants et "super délinquants" + [00:05:44][^6^][6] Approche interdisciplinaire et défis théoriques * Difficultés de lier psychologie et criminologie * Discussion sur les théories existantes et leurs limites + [00:10:46][^7^][7] Méthodologie de recherche mixte * Description du volet quantitatif et qualitatif de la thèse * Focus sur la criminalité lucrative et les infractions associées + [00:14:00][^8^][8] Résultats descriptifs et attentes * Aperçu des résultats descriptifs de l'échantillon quantitatif * Attentes concernant les gains financiers et les compétences criminelles

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:22:01][^2^][2]:

La vidéo présente une étude sur l'effet du travail éducatif auprès de jeunes délinquants sur l'empathie et les comportements prosociaux. Elle explore les mesures de réparation pénale, l'importance de l'appartenance à la société, et les différences entre l'empathie cognitive et affective. L'étude expérimentale vise à manipuler l'induction empathique et l'intégration sociale pour observer leur influence sur l'empathie et les comportements prosociaux.

Points forts: + [00:00:17][^3^][3] Contexte de l'étude * Collaboration avec la Sauvegarde du Nord * Focus sur les mesures de réparation pénale pour mineurs délinquants * Objectif de responsabiliser et réinsérer les jeunes + [00:05:02][^4^][4] Processus psychosociaux * Sentiment d'appartenance à la société et empathie comme facteurs clés * Importance de l'identification à différents groupes sociaux * Lien entre l'appartenance, le respect des lois et la coopération + [00:07:15][^5^][5] Empathie cognitive vs affective * Distinction entre comprendre et partager les émotions d'autrui * Impact de l'empathie sur les comportements antisociaux et prosociaux + [00:08:47][^6^][6] Plan expérimental * Manipulation de l'induction empathique et de l'intégration sociale * Évaluation de l'empathie et des comportements prosociaux en fonction de l'intégration sociale de la cible

Résumé de la vidéo [00:09:00][^1^][1] - [00:22:01][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une étude expérimentale sur l'effet du travail éducatif auprès de jeunes délinquants sur l'empathie et les comportements prosociaux. Elle explore les processus psychosociaux impliqués dans les mesures de réparation pénale, l'importance du sentiment d'appartenance à la société et les différences entre l'empathie cognitive et affective.

Points forts: + [00:09:00][^3^][3] L'expérience expérimentale * Manipulation de l'induction empathique et de l'intégration sociale * Influence sur les comportements prosociaux et l'empathie * Différences basées sur l'intégration sociale de la cible + [00:14:57][^4^][4] Méthodologie * Participants : étudiants en psychologie * Mesures de l'empathie cognitive et affective * Évaluation des comportements prosociaux + [00:17:58][^5^][5] Résultats préliminaires * Corrélations entre sentiment d'appartenance et empathie affective * Liens entre attitudes prodélinquantes et empathie cognitive * Effet de l'induction empathique sur l'empathie cognitive + [00:21:30][^6^][6] Interrogations et implications * Comportements prosociaux envers des chercheurs * Questionnement sur l'impact de l'intégration sociale sur la prosocialité

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:23:08][^2^][2]:

La vidéo présente une conférence sur les effets de la distance sociale dans les décisions morales. Elle explore comment notre proximité avec les personnes affecte nos jugements et actions dans des dilemmes moraux, en utilisant l'exemple de la pandémie de COVID-19 pour illustrer les choix difficiles auxquels les médecins ont été confrontés.

Points forts: + [00:00:16][^3^][3] Introduction au sujet * Présentation des travaux de thèse sur la prise de décision morale * Distinction entre la moralité quotidienne et la criminalité + [00:01:07][^4^][4] Exemple de la période COVID-19 * Dilemmes moraux rencontrés par les médecins lors de la priorisation des soins * Influence de la proximité sociale sur les décisions difficiles + [00:03:42][^5^][5] Trois niveaux d'analyse * Analyse intraindividuelle, interindividuelle et intergroupe * Examen des biais liés à la proximité avec les personnes impliquées + [00:10:00][^6^][6] Méthodologie et résultats des études * Présentation des études menées et des techniques utilisées * Discussion des résultats et de leur cohérence avec les hypothèses + [00:20:03][^7^][7] Projet de scoping review * Objectifs de la revue de portée et clarification des concepts * Identification des lacunes et contradictions dans la littérature existante

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:20:31][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo explore les croyances sur le vrai soi et les troubles mentaux, en se concentrant sur la perception et la stigmatisation. Elle présente une recherche exploratoire sur la manière dont les troubles mentaux sont perçus comme reflétant le vrai soi et comment cela influence la stigmatisation.

Points forts: + [00:00:14][^3^][3] Introduction au sujet * Présentation des croyances sur les troubles mentaux * Importance de l'étude des croyances naïves + [00:01:04][^4^][4] Prévalence et stigmatisation * Statistiques sur les troubles mentaux en Europe * Discussion sur la stigmatisation des troubles mentaux et comportementaux + [00:04:06][^5^][5] Le concept de vrai soi * Explication des croyances sur le vrai soi * Influence du vrai soi sur la perception des troubles mentaux + [00:07:51][^6^][6] Questions de recherche * Exploration de la perception du vrai soi dans différents troubles mentaux * Étude des facteurs influençant cette perception + [00:11:14][^7^][7] Méthodologie et résultats * Description des études quantitatives menées * Présentation des résultats et de leur variabilité + [00:19:17][^8^][8] Discussion et conclusion * Interprétation des résultats * Perspectives pour les futures recherches sur les croyances et la stigmatisation

This is an interesting question?

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:19:27][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence de Jan Pfander sur la confiance dans la science. Il explore les raisons pour lesquelles les gens font confiance à la science et l'importance de cette confiance dans divers contextes, tels que le changement climatique et les pandémies. Il discute également des données montrant la corrélation entre la confiance dans la science et la volonté de se faire vacciner ou de suivre les restrictions gouvernementales. Enfin, il examine comment la convergence des opinions parmi les experts peut influencer la perception de leur compétence et de l'exactitude de leurs conclusions.

Points forts: + [00:00:17][^3^][3] Introduction à la confiance dans la science * Importance de la confiance pour les politiques publiques * Impact sur les actions pendant une pandémie * Corrélation avec la vaccination et le respect des restrictions + [00:03:18][^4^][4] Enquête sur la confiance du public dans la science * Résultats d'une enquête mondiale * Interprétation des niveaux de confiance * Discussion sur l'éducation et son effet sur la confiance + [00:07:17][^5^][5] Convergence des opinions et compétence perçue * Hypothèse sur l'influence de la convergence * Explication avec l'exemple d'Eratosthène et la circonférence de la Terre * Études sur la perception de la compétence basée sur la convergence + [00:13:37][^6^][6] Expérimentation sur la performance des conseillers financiers * Scénario de choix catégoriel pour tester l'effet de convergence * Influence du conflit d'intérêts sur la perception de la compétence * Corrélation entre le consensus perçu et la confiance dans différentes disciplines scientifiques

Dado un rasgo concreto, no se va a poder refutar la tesis, pues el rasgo concreto que ha de darse para refutarla reside en la propia definición que se da prestablecidamente en las premisas. Se equiparan la sintiencia animal A(x) a la humana H(x) como si estan no presentaran T(x) (rasgos) que establecieran diferencias entre ellas. He en estos rasgos donde se puedan incluir objeciones o distinciones tanto en cuanto a diferencias cuatificables, observables y empíricas significativas en términos de procesamiento del dolor, percepción del yo, intereses (voluntad), metacognición, inteligencia, etc.

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:05][^1^][1] - [00:14:17][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo, présentée par Maude Tagand, explore la question de la croyance dans les théories du complot et applique la théorie de la détection du signal pour comprendre les comportements des personnes peu complotistes. Elle examine différentes définitions des théories du complot, le concept de mentalité complotiste, et présente une étude qui mesure la tendance à croire aux complots et la capacité à distinguer les vrais des faux complots.

Points forts: + [00:00:28][^3^][3] Définitions des théories du complot * Différentes approches pour définir les théories du complot * Problèmes d'opérationnalisation des définitions * Proposition d'une définition basée sur le mensonge généralisé + [00:02:14][^4^][4] Croyances dans les théories du complot * Corrélation entre différentes croyances complotistes * Concept de mentalité complotiste et ses implications * Difficulté à définir la faible mentalité complotiste + [00:04:22][^5^][5] Application de la théorie de la détection du signal * Utilisation de la théorie pour analyser les réactions aux complots * Distinction entre vrais et faux complots * Mesure de la tendance générale à croire aux complots + [00:07:02][^6^][6] Résultats de l'étude * Collecte de données auprès de participants francophones * Tâche de catégorisation des complots et mesure de la mentalité complotiste * Corrélation entre mentalité complotiste et distinction des complots

Résumé de la vidéo [00:08:00][^1^][1] - [00:14:17][^2^][2]:

La vidéo présente une étude sur la mentalité complotiste et l'application de la théorie de la détection du signal pour comprendre comment les personnes avec une faible tendance complotiste réagissent aux théories du complot. L'étude utilise des exemples de complots reconnus et non reconnus par les autorités épistémiques pour évaluer la sensibilité et le biais de réponse des participants.

Points forts: + [00:08:00][^3^][3] Vrais et faux complots * Utilisation d'exemples pour catégoriser les complots * Distinction entre complots reconnus et non reconnus * Évaluation de la réaction des participants aux différents complots + [00:10:17][^4^][4] Mentalité complotiste * Analyse de la corrélation entre la mentalité complotiste et la probabilité de croire aux complots * Observation que ceux avec une forte mentalité complotiste ont du mal à distinguer les vrais des faux complots * Confirmation que ceux avec une faible mentalité complotiste sous-estiment l'existence des complots mais distinguent mieux les vrais des faux + [00:11:06][^5^][5] Généralisation des résultats * Extension de l'étude à une population anglophone * Obtention de résultats similaires concernant la mentalité complotiste et la réaction aux complots * Validation de l'outil de mesure utilisé dans l'étude

Version 5 of this preprint has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Genomics.<br /> See the peer reviews and the recommendation.

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:32:58][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une conférence d'Esther Duflo sur les approches expérimentales en éducation, se concentrant sur les programmes et politiques pour les enfants et les jeunes dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen, ainsi que sur les pays affectés par les conflits. Elle aborde l'importance des premières années de développement, l'utilisation des preuves de recherche dans les politiques publiques, et des initiatives humanitaires pour soutenir l'éducation des enfants réfugiés.

Points forts: + [00:01:05][^3^][3] Introduction et contexte * Présentation du centre Global TIES for Children * Focus sur les enfants dans les pays à faible revenu et les zones de conflit * Importance des premières années de développement (0-6 ans) + [00:03:54][^4^][4] Recherche et politique publique * Analyse de l'influence de la recherche sur la politique publique * Importance des relations humaines dans l'élaboration des politiques * Exemple de l'impact de la recherche sur la législation + [00:10:58][^5^][5] Initiative humanitaire Akan Simpson * Collaboration avec les ministères et le secteur humanitaire * Focus sur les enfants réfugiés syriens, vénézuéliens et d'autres régions * Évaluation de l'impact des modèles de services éducatifs + [00:28:00][^6^][6] Engagement des chercheurs dans la législation * Proposition de politiques nationales intégrées pour l'éducation de la petite enfance * Exemple de la proposition "Cradle to Kindergarten" aux États-Unis * Stratégies pour influencer les politiques et les pratiques à grande échelle