1,177,580 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2024
    1. hese were: (1) that themethodical development of one’s own state of grace to a higherand higher degree of certainty and perfection in terms of the lawwas a sign of grace; 124 and (2) that “God’s Providence worksthrough those in such a state of perfection”, i.e. in that He givesthem His signs if they wait patiently and deliberate methodic-ally. 125 Labour in a calling was also the ascetic activity par excellencefor A. H. Francke; 126 that God Himself blessed His chosen onesthrough the success of their labours was as undeniable to him aswe shall find it to have been to the Puritans.
      1. nearing perfection of the law developed the state of grace and was a sign of it.
      2. He provides for his chosen who wait patiently and deliberately
    2. penetration of methodically controlled and super-vised, thus of ascetic, conduct into the non-Calvinistic denomin-ations

      Pietism entered- with the ethic of "the calling" - into non Calvinistic denominations

    3. han the mere worldly respectability ofthe normal Reformed Christian, which was felt by the superiorPietist to be a second-rate Christianity.

      emotions only heightened ethic of calling

    4. Moreover, the emotion wascapable of such intensity, that religion took on a positively hys-terical character, resulting in the alternation which is familiarfrom examples without number and neuropathologically under-standable, of half-conscious states of religious ecstasy withperiods of nervous exhaustion, which were felt as abandonmentby God

      Pietism had emotional element foreign to Calvinism

    5. t wished tomake the invisible Church of the elect visible on this earth.Without going so far as to form a separate sect, its membersattempted to live, in this community, a life freed from all thetemptations of the world and in all its details dictated by God’swill, and thus to be made certain of their own rebirth by externalsigns manifested in their daily conduct

      Pietism- movement away from heady church of theologians and invisible Christians towards the community distinct in the way the go about daily tasks

    6. Modifi-cations in the constitution of the Church resulted from theattempt to separate regenerate from unregenerate Christians,those who were from those who were not prepared for thesacrament, to keep the government of the Church or someother privilege in the hands of the former, and only to ordainministers of whom there was no question

      while you no longer needed to earn your salvation from God- you had to prove to the church that you deserved it and belonged to an IN crowd

    7. his conscious-ness of divine grace of the elect and holy was accompanied by anattitude toward the sin of one’s neighbour, not of sympatheticunderstanding based on consciousness of one’s own weakness,but of hatred and contempt for him as an enemy of God bearingthe signs of eternal damnation

      more us and then in pre-destination- drove towards hatred for the enemy

    8. he idea of the necessity of proving one’sfaith in worldly activity

      proving one's faith- not necessarily earning it- an endless pursuit not derived out of attaining something but closer to deserving what you've given

    9. the world the spiritual aristocracy of the predestined saints ofGod within the world

      the final boss form of spiritual life isn't ascetism- living like a monk but more resembled the life of the saints WITHIN the world

    10. In practice this means that God helps those who help them-selves.63 Thus the Calvinist, as it is sometimes put, himselfcreates64 his own salvation, or, as would be more correct, theconviction of it. But this creation cannot, as in Catholicism, con-sist in a gradual accumulation of individual good works to one’scredit, but rather in a systematic self-control which at everymoment stands before the inexorable alternative, chosen orthe religious foundations of worldly asceticism 69

      Calvinists earn salvation in a sense but looks very different than Catholic means- not ceremonies and certain good works but by continual tedious self control

    11. They are the tech-nical means, not of purchasing salvation, but of getting rid of thefear of damnation. In this sense they are occasionally referred toas directly necessary for salvation61 or the possessio salutis is madeconditional on them

      in a weird extended chain of reasoning- everyday action necessary for means of salvation

      action gets rid of fear of damnation- makes it necessary for salvation

    12. Deep-lying differences of the mostimportant conditions of salvation 50 which apply to the classifica-tion of all practical religious activity appear here. The religiousbeliever can make himself sure of his state of grace either in thathe feels himself to be the vessel of the Holy Spirit or the tool ofthe divine will.

      nothing affectively can occur on a mental or theoretical level on participants behalf in their quest for salvation- God's decisions have been made- can't think your way into being "the chosen"

      Instead- can express fulfillment of role as the chosen through action

    13. so to speak, be considered the mostsuitable means of counteracting feelings of religious anxiety,finds its explanation in the fundamental peculiarities of religiousfeeling in the Reformed Church, which come most clearly tolight in its differences from Lutheranism in the doctrine of justi-fication by faith.

      worldly activity is a means of dealing with religious anxiety

    14. On the other hand, in order toattain that self-confidence intense worldly activity is recom-mended as the most suitable means.47

      other hand- engage intensely with worldly activity to be more confident in pre-dest. status

    15. The exhortation of the apostle to make fast one’s own callis here interpreted as a duty to attain certainty of one’s ownelection and justification in the daily struggle of life.

      be sure about your status in the after life

    16. So far as predestination was not reinterpreted, toneddown, or fundamentally abandoned, 44 two principal, mutuallyconnected, types of pastoral advice appea

      two ways to comfort the congregation dealing with the stress of predestination

    17. How was this doctrine borne36in an age to which the after-life was not only more important,but in many ways also more certain, than all the interests of lifein this world?

      how did everyone not fall into existential questioning spirals about whether or not they were apart of the chosen

    18. Brotherly love, since it may only be prac-tised for the glory of God33 and not in the service of the flesh, 34is expressed in the first place in the fulfilment of the daily tasksgiven by the lex naturæ and in the process this fulfilment assumes apeculiarly objective and impersonal character, that of service inthe interest of the rational organization of our social environ-ment.

      This is def "the answer" but idk what they're saying tbh

    19. . In spite of the necessity of mem-bership in the true Church 27 for salvation, the Calvinist’s inter-course with his God was carried on in deep spiritual isolation

      Calvinists were deeply spiritually isolated

    20. There was not only no magical means of attaining the grace ofGod for those to whom God had decided to deny it, but nomeans whatever.

      beyond just taking mysticism out- remove all availability to earn redemption through action

    21. The genuine Puritan even rejected all signs of religious cere-mony at the grave and buried his nearest and dearest withoutsong or ritual in order that no superstition, no trust in the effectsof magical and sacramental forces on salvation, should creep in

      oh that's why...

    22. his, the complete elimination of salvation through the Churchand the sacraments (which was in Lutheranism by nomeans developed to its final conclusions), was what formed theabsolutely decisive difference from Catholicism.

      opposite of Catholicism- church can't do shiiii

    23. On the other hand, however, we have no intention whateverof maintaining such a foolish and doctrinaire thesis32 as that thespirit of capitalism (in the provisional sense of the termexplained above

      bars tbh

    24. Calvin

      Calvin is the culprit

    1. So we are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows.

      In both speeches, he shows his belief that we will win the war.

    2. This Government will put its trust in the stamina of the American people, and will give the facts to the public just as soon as two conditions have been fulfilled: first, that the information has been definitely and officially confirmed; and, second, that the release of the information at the time it is received will not prove valuable to the enemy directly or indirectly. Most earnestly I urge my countrymen to reject all rumors

      He seems to be more urgent in this speech.

    3. We are now in this war. We are all in it—all the way. Every single man, woman and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history.

      Before in his December 8, 1941: Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War he made it seem more like we needed to rely on the army but now it's ourselves.

    4. The sudden criminal attacks perpetrated by the Japanese in the Pacific provide the climax of a decade of international immorality.

      His tone at the start of this speech differs from his December 8, 1941, Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War, which showed the changing situation between the U.S. and Japan.

    5. We Americans are not destroyers—we are builders. We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this nation, and all that this nation represents, will be safe for our children.

      He justifies his coming actions by asserting as being for the good of his people.

    6. We are now in this war. We are all in it—all the way. Every single man, woman and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history.

      Roosevelt expresses here the total commitment needed from every citizen.

    1. Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives: Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

      His way of speaking at the start of this speech shows the importance of his words.

    2. With confidence in our armed forces—with the unbounding determination of our people—we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us God.

      Here Roosevelt invokes divine intervention, asserting that they are backed by a higher power.

    3. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.

      This statement highlights the determination and resolve , projecting Americas confidence.

    4. Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.

      he creates a rapid sequence to convey the scale of the attacks.

    5. Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy

      Roosevelt’s language is direct and emphatic, making it clear that this is a historic moment requiring immediate attention.

    1. The United States entered the war in a crippling economic depression and exited at the beginning of an unparalleled economic boom.

      its interesting how quickly a nation can grow during a war.

    2. In June 1945, after eighty days of fighting and tens of thousands of casualties, the Americans captured the island of Okinawa.

      it's sad that they're were so many casualties.

    3. But if Britain was safe from invasion, it was not immune from additional air attacks. Frustrated by the Battle of Britain, Hitler began a bombing campaign against cities and civilians

      I don't get the difference, Germany is still attacking them.

    4. Britain and France, alarmed but still anxious to avoid war, agreed that Germany could annex the region in return for a promise to stop all future German aggression. T

      it's interesting how they only cared about themselves.

    5. And by the time the U.S. entered they war, Hitler had betrayed Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union.

      I felt like the soviet union was the strongest allie of germany, i'm also curious why they dropped allience.

    6. Although we typically think of World War II from the perspective of United States involvement beginning in 1941, America came late to the conflict, as it had in World War I. The European war began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland after signing a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union defining the Baltic states as a Russian sphere of influence and then annexing Poland. Germany invaded Poland from the west on September first and its (temporary) ally the U.S.S.R. invaded from the east on the seventeenth. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September third, but once again it would be a couple of years before the U.S. joined its allies against Hitler, and when they did they would have the U.S.S.R. on their side too. Although the Soviets were equally at fault for annexing Poland, they invaded after the allies had already declared war on Germany. And by the time the U.S. entered they war,

      I'm curious why germany wanted to invade poland i wanna know the backstory of it.

    7. Historians still debate when American leaders and the public realized the full extent of the Holocaust.

      The holocaust was very real, despite the evidence there are many deniers.

    8. the Rape of Nanjing

      There is a video on youtube about a survivor of nanjing, its very sad and serves a beatiful testimony, i urge you to check it out.

    9. Members of the Mochida family awaiting transport to an internment camp. Mr. Mochida lost his home and florist business.

      Its scary, what fear and paranoia can do, and Mr. Mochida smiling?!

    10. When it ended, the United States stood alone as the world’s superpower.

      Its crazy how we managed to keep up until now.

    11. The war included industrialized genocide and unleashed the most destructive technology ever used in war.

      With the coming of the modern age, came new demonic weapons.

    12. The Blitz, as the British called the nightly bombing raids on London, killed at least 40,000 civilians.

      Every time I read about the civilians dying, I just feel so angry. Do the invaders or attackers not know that it is so unfair as most civilians were not even involved? Why should they have to die for your desire for something. You’re already killing the soldiers why the civilians too? It makes me so upset.

    13. But no one in the U.S government was going to propose declaring war on Japan to save the Chinese.

      I really hope another state came to help and save the Chinese. I can not imagine being afraid to be the next to die, and praying to be saved without knowing that no other state is willing to come save me and my family. It’s honestly really sad.

    14. Japanese troops raped up to 100,000 women and girls and then shot or bayonetted most of them in what is now recognized as one of the worst atrocities of WWII.

      I feel disgusted and sad. I feel bad for all the women and girls. I feel that the only reason why they probably killed the women and girls after, is because they are evil (obviously) and did not want them to get pregnant with their child. That is absolutely cruel. I also hope that when they mention girls, they don’t mean children through 12-15.

    1. Last Updated: August 7, 2023 Published: May 31, 2019

      The article was written nearly 5 years ago now but it was updated just over a year ago which goes to show how important the issue of Voter Restoration is in the democracy and how important it is to be more up to date with the information in this political environment.

    1. Florida Amendment 4, Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative (2018) From Ballotpedia Jump to: navigation, search

      The Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative which was passed and approved in 2018 and it is something that will always be current in the topics that come up when talking about voting rights as in America, there is a very strained relationship between it's citizen and how they see felons because of the way that the Prison Industrial Complex is set up and the stigma surrounding people who have committed crimes. This article would definitely be a good place to start when it comes to the discussion on the topic and the overwhelming popularity for this amendment in Florida.

    2. Supermajority requirement: A 60 percent supermajority vote was required for the approval of Amendment 4. Contents 1 Aftermath 1.1 Implementing Amendment 4 1.2 Senate Bill 7066 2 Election results 3 Overview 4 Text of measure 4.1 Ballot title 4.2 Ballot summary 4.3 Constitutional changes 4.4 Readability score 5 Support 5.1 Supporters 5.1.1 Officials 5.1.2 Organizations 5.1.3 Individuals 5.2 Arguments 6 Opposition 6.1 Opponents 6.1.1 Officials 6.1.2 Organizations 6.2 Arguments 7 Media editorials 7.1 Support 7.1.1 Additional editorial endorsements 7.2 Opposition 8 Campaign finance 8.1 Support 8.1.1 Donors 8.2 Methodology 9 Polls 10 Background 10.1 Convicted felons voting laws 10.2 Margin-of-victory in past Florida elections 10.3 Gubernatorial elections 10.3.1 2018 10.3.2 2014 MOV: 1 percent 10.3.3 2010 MOV: 1.2 percent 10.4 Presidential elections in Florida 10.4.1 2016 MOV: 1.2 percent 10.4.2 2012 MOV: 0.9 percent 10.4.3 2008 MOV: 2.8 percent 10.5 History of felon voting laws in Florida 10.6 Johnson v. Bush (2005) 10.7 Hand v. Scott (2018) 10.8 Executive Clemency Board 10.9 Election policy on the ballot in 2018 11 Reports and analyses 11.1 Estimated number of disenfranchised felons 12 Path to the ballot 13 How to cast a vote 13.1 Poll times 13.2 Registration requirements 13.3 Automatic registration 13.4 Online registration 13.5 Same-day registration 13.6 Residency requirements 13.7 Verification of citizenship 13.8 Verifying your registration 13.9 Voter ID requirements 14 See also 15 State overview 15.1 Partisan control 15.1.1 Congressional delegation 15.1.2 State executives 15.1.3 State legislature 15.1.4 Trifecta status 15.2 2018 elections 15.3 Demographics 16 State election history 16.1 Historical elections 16.1.1 Presidential elections 16.1.2 U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016 16.1.3 Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016 16.1.4 Congressional delegation, 2000-2016 16.1.5 Trifectas, 1992-2017 17 External links 17.1 Support 17.2 Opposition 18 Footnotes

      Pieces of the article like this show the genuine care of the author to make sure the readers of this page understand the information being relayed. Note: all of the hyper links embedded throughout the text to use as resources.

    1. whilst it has been argued that the event is inseparablefrom the sense to come of the proposition expressing it, this sense isdisplaced throughout the dimensions normally associated with theproposition and hence cannot finally be grounded in any of them.

      helpful

    2. primacyover signification (and thus, by extension, manifestation

      So this clarifies that signification has primacy over manifestation, which I suppose means that concepts have an inherited durability that antecedes the sage and affects their manifestation. This also calls into question the envelopment of the prior paragraph, because that sentence seems to imply the intentionality of the subject and control over signification. But perhaps I'm missing that that's only partly how it works - the clause 'this dimension also has a role to play.'

    3. constancy

      ...stability (temporary, partial, cannot be assumed) of the signified concept.

      then, desires and beliefs articulated in words depend on the primacy of concepts that make them significant. But desires are greater than the simple urgency of needs, and beliefs greater than simple opinions, so the quote points toward the congealment of a manifested [subject], someone formed by concepts (sense-events) that emerge out of prior sayables. But I find this quote does not at all establish the claim of the prior paragraph, which is making an altogether different point about the meaning (development) of words being independent of particular persons. And the tension between the subject who envelops signification and its later de-velopment is sloppy and seems attributed on the part of Bowden. 'signification... may also be developed (unwrapped) independently of any speaking person' - that's a fine point but I'm cautious about attributing it to Deleuze because it concerns the status of the subject which so far is thoroughly ambiguous, 'personal manifestation' - it seems to import much more general implications from a generic post-war continental philosophy.

    4. hiatus between sense or significationunderstood as the ‘condition of truth’, and the truth of the condi-tioned proposition in relation to the world.

      ok, that's a different direction - conditions of possibility (underlying assumptions?) versus execution of truth. I'm still holding out for a distinction between the truth of sense versus correct facts.

    5. it is generally agreed that it is, quitestraightforwardly, a question of denotation, that is, of the propo-sition’s ‘correspondence’ (or lack thereof) with a factual state ofaffairs

      Exactly - so how do we tease this apart? The truth of sense is not the same as denotative correctness. But what is the falseness of sense? A totally senseless comment is absurd, neither true nor false, but some superficially correct statements can be dangerously wrong if they carry along with them particular assumptions

    6. thanks to the Stoic ontological divisionbetween bodies and incorporeals – the reference and the sense of theproposition – the pure event can be said to subsist in the propositionwhich expresses it as the ‘sense’ or ‘sense-event’ of that proposition

      Note also that the proposition itself is body, not event. But it presumably is caused by the event of the sayable.

    7. the ‘sense’ of the proposition, understood as a ‘sense-event’, that is, as an effect of the way in which language is effectivelybrought to bear on itself.

      When a proposition - perhaps a speech act - characterizes an event it is language used in a particular way which composes the event of sense, much in the way Derrida says somewhere that the event of an utterance or of writing is the sentence. Might be interesting to look again at signature event context.

    8. events

      Kimmerer - the being of the bay, the event of the bay

    9. two points with regard to the logical dimen-sion of incorporeal sense to be related to the physical notion of theincorporeal event-effe

      incorporeal event-effect = sayable, the thing that can be said logical dimension = Sinn = sense-events, the extra meaning of any statement is an event constituted in relation to the sayable. Sinn is an event that captures the sayable, itself an event.

    10. Sense is something ‘extra’ – an altogetherdifferent type of entity – added on to or extracted from the actualutterance. It thus follows that in order to explicitly state the sense ofwhat I say, the sense of my utterance must be taken as the object ofa second utterance. But this second utterance also expresses a sensewhich is, in turn, not identical with that utterance

      tracking Derrida here

    11. incorporeal sense

      remember that paper I wrote I think for Ashley Thompson where I talked about the penumbral quality of things... But also th paper i wrote for Stephania in which the thing that exists is the thing (person) that continually is recreated - three papers now from early grad school I need to try to find!

    12. Zeichen-Sinn-Bedeutung

      Sinn could be sense or deeper meaning, meaning of life but also reason (eg senseless) or orientation, direction Bedeutung - dictionary definition, narrow meaning. these bear relevantly on my trying to figure out the meaning of meaning, mean, orientation, direction, intention - the etymology. Glass half full/empty - same bedeutung, very different Sinn. Zeichen = sign

      Oxford reference" Sign" - "Gottlob Frege invented a method of investigating the relationships in such a triangle through mathematical modeling. His terms for the three parts of the sign are Zeichen, Sinn, and Bedeutung. His study proceeded through a meticulous and mathematically strict analysis of synonymy and in a novel manner linked the logic of representation to truth relations."

    13. two are bodies – the utterance and the name-bearer; but one isincorporeal – the state of affairs signified and sayable, which is true orfalse.

      the event is a sayable in the sense that it is a [thing] that can be said. sayable /= the words but das ding.

    14. The predicate shouldperhaps be thought of less as an extra entity that appears on the scenethan as an aspect of the cut flesh which we abstract in order to present aproper causal analysis

      interesting, not totally sure I follow the ramifications

    15. For the Stoics, whena physical body acts upon another such body, it produces an effector event which is not itself a body but an incorporeal predicate orsayable, corresponding to the verb of the proposition

      helpful

    16. Place is defined, by contrast, asthis which an existent effectively does occupy, or which can be par-tially occupied and partially unoccupied with respect to a particularbody, though without being itself a body

      If void is the possibility of inhabiting is place something like inhabitation? See also place and Aion seem to anticipate Kantian categories, perhaps incorporeals could be see as alternatives.

    17. It is presentin all things which exist and happen, and in this way uses the propernature of all existing things for the government of all

      discussions around pastoral power...

    18. he verb ‘to grow’

      the point here is that it's verb centric. the verb process introduces time, it introduces multiplicity of being and it even makes it possible to say "alice" because the thing designated is apparent or immanent in its continuity across change.

    19. 10

      see note ...the names of pauses and rest... interesting passage personal uncertainty is an objective structure of the event itself quote from LS 3. Events convey and essential irreality.

    Annotators

    1. Managers engage in many different types of planning. In this section you’ll learn about the differences between strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans and how these plans relate to organizational goals.

      There are 4 common types of plans. strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans.

    1. Royal Strengthen Shift Springs KMM Typewriter by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]

      I picked this up from a repair manual, but good to see my reading was correct.

      Forming the tabs on the shift assembly inwards will increase the tension and responsiveness of the shift assembly on older Royal standard typewriters.

    1. Darfur conflict

      Conflict in which appx 200,000 people were killed in a conflict between the Rapid Support Forces and the Sudanese Armed Forces, located between the capital city of Khartoum and the western region of Darfur

    1. RSF is commanded by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo

      known as Hemedti or Little Mohamad - also holds position of deputy head of Sudan's ruling soverign council

    1. Since June the government of Sudan has been pushing into the Nuba Mountains. We have documented numerous cases of the Sudan army targeting civilian, burning villages, raping women and engaging in indiscriminate bombing of civilian areas.

      all familiar

    2. Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North decided to fight back in order to protect its people and achieve representation in the Sudan government.

      This is where our guy went

    3. peace agreement

      After 24 years of conflict between the people of Southern Sudan and the Sudanese government in an effort to create a democratic government in Khartoum, the nation's capital, a peace agreement was signed and separated North and South Sudan.

      The people of the Nuba mountains, fought for South for independence; yet after the peace treaty was signed their lives became increasingly dangerous.

    1. The conceptualization of a cooperative, interdependent Native environ-ment emerges from within Native space as a prominent trope in thespeeches and writings of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, reflectedin the metaphor of the “common pot.”

      The concept of cooperation and interdependence in Native culture means that man and nature coexist harmoniously and share resources together. It is fascinating to see such a topic in 2024.

    2. as they layher on turtle’s back, the woman releases a seed she had carried from theSky World, and the earth is born.

      I really enjoy how however detailed the story becomes, it always refocuses back to the earth, which emphasizes the significance of land and rootedness in Native American culture.

    3. where they have lived like verybad philosophers, preferring, on the basis of a foolishreasoning, the savage to the French life

      It is interesting how the Native American lifestyle is compared to the French, but only such that the French remain superior. The fact that Native Americans' lives did not align with French values deemed the Native Americans as "foolish" and "bad philosophers". This emphasizes the ignorance and strong mindset that the westernized way of living is always 'correct' and better.

    4. common pot

      Europeans’ exploitative tendencies—driven by wealth accumulation and dominance—were seen as harmful to the “common pot,” representing a misalignment with the interdependent nature of Native communities.

    5. Sky Woman, only a mass of water exists beneath the sky, and the wateranimals are its only inhabitants.

      This story not only illustrates the primacy of water but also the resourcefulness and interdependence of various beings. The story reflects values of shared responsibility, adaptability, and communal intelligence, providing a philosophical basis for the interconnectedness in Native thought.

    6. According to Abenaki author Peter Paul Wzokhilain, alnôba-wôgan means both “human nature” and “birth.” It is translated literallyas the activity of “being (or becoming) human.”

      This view contrasts with European perspectives by emphasizing the transformative and relational aspects of humanity rather than mortality.

    1. like a doe in the shade of a woodland rock. Sprawling at her lapped breasts, was her wide-awake fawn, stark naked, its black little body half lifted from the deck, crosswise with its dam’s; its hands, like two paws, clambering upon her; its mouth and nose ineffectually rooting to get at the mark; and meantime giving a vexatious half-grunt, blending with the composed snore of the negress.

      He is compairing people to animals yet again

    2. His hand, black with continually thrusting it into the tar-pot

      This would hurt so bad

    3. suddenly he thought that one or two of them returned the glance and with a sort of meaning. He rubbed his eyes, and looked again; but again seemed to see the same thing

      What is he seeing

    4. But if that story was not true, what was the truth?

      And again we inch closer and closer

    5. as if hiding something.

      we are getting closer to the truth.

    6. The Spaniard, still with a guilty shuffle, repeated his question:

      very interesting roles for master and servant

    7. The slave there carries the padlock, but master here carries the key.”

      Interesting, I dont think hes really carring it willingly

    8. a black man’s slave was Babo, who now is the white’s.”

      justice for Babo hes getting tossed around

    9. The black

      or ya know we could call him by his name

    10. An iron collar was about his neck, from which depended a chain, thrice wound round his body; the terminating links padlocked together at a broad band of iron, his girdle.

      Very strong man

    11. Again quivering, the Spaniard paused.

      Hes hiding something

    12. I know no sadder sight than a commander who has little of command but the name

      Because of his idea of a colonizer and how certain people should never be above others

    13. carrying off numbers of the whites and blacks.

      Seems like hes starting to accept that it takes both white and black people

    14. What the San Dominick wanted was, what the emigrant ship has, stern superior officers. But on these decks not so much as a fourth-mate was to be seen.

      Usually slave ships are well kept and have a good hierarchy, this one is very different from that.

    15. The San Dominick was in the condition of a transatlantic emigrant ship

      So like bad?

    16. Wonted

      The usual

    1. coloured cards on the floor or large table. Identify the user’s goal: say, to reserve a seat on the bus. Identify the high-level steps for achieving that goal, i.e. open the app, search for the appropriate bus and reserve a seat.

      Storyboarding is also a personal favorite of mine! While visualizing the problem and ideal future, it becomes easier to understand which solutions would help address the issue. Additionally, it is a great way to ensure that we are actually coming up with solutions that address the root causes. During EDUC 789, my teammates and I had different visions for how to address our wicked problem (or thought we did). When I felt we were getting stuck, I suggested that we all storyboarded our understandings and what we thought would address the issue. Doing this exercise helped us understand how to build on each other's ideas, while also realigning with our problem statement. After all, "a picture is worth a thousand words."

    2. Mind maps are visual diagra

      ​On a slightly different note, I love journey/process mapping. While it is commonly used in the initial 'Empathy' phase (although not limited to this), I think it is also a valuable tool for identifying areas for ideation. In fact, I once showed a stakeholder the process map I created about students' experiences before and during in-school therapy, and it was a valuable exercise. Not only did it help with identifying potential solutions, but it also clarified my understanding of the wicked problem's causes.

    3. Using analogies can take your idea-generation sessions to a whole new level of creativit

      Yes, I love using analogies because it encourages me to think outside the box and draw inspiration from other successful models! For example, when I was researching how to encourage more diverse students to enroll in AP classes, I thought about how looking at options on Amazon and reviews help people make informed buying decisions. Taking inspiration from this, I came up with a database which shared syllabi of AP classes, prerequisites, and student reviews, to help students choose the best AP classes for themselves.

    4. onstraints

      I hear what they are saying about constraints stifling our creativity. However, personally, when someone gives me so much freedom, I go blank. Therefore, maybe it would be helpful to remove one constraint at a time. For example, in the first ideation round, we may decide not to constrain ourselves financially; in the next, we may ease the constraints of the political environment around us. I feel like this more focused approach would help me generate a greater number of ideas.

    5. bad ideas only.

      What an innovative idea! :) This might be the convergent-thinker in me, but I feel like I would need to have a few guidelines of what "worst" means in order to be productive. Also, maybe we should rename it "improbable/outlandish ideas" instead of "worst." The term "worst" suggests that it exacerbates the issue. However, design thinkers, I think we have the duty to propose solutions that at least doesn't make systemic equity worse.

    6. an hour-long

      Wow, an hour long?? I think I would have to be in a group to sustain the ideation process.

    7. criticism is eliminate

      Interestingly, I find that I criticize my own ideas more than others' ideas. When talking to others, I think my pursue to create a positive, encouraging environment results in my building on ideas and asking follow-up questions. On the other hand, when I brainstorm alone, my mind automatically filters ideas and determine which ones make it to the paper. I am excited to continue reading and hopefully find solutions to alleviate this issue.

    1. activity areas are all next to each other and radiate from this social hub, something like a village commons

      What would be the hub on the farm?

    1. If the "Hanks Effect" was really so prominent, then we should see the commensurate rise in price of 5 Series Smith Coronas and particularly the Clipper and the Silent which he's also mentioned several times. In fact, he's said these would be the typewriter he'd keep if he had to get rid of all others. Given this fact, it has to be, in part, a variety of other factors which inflates the prices.

      Personally I think that it's a combination of the fact that they were manufactured at the peak of typewriter use and manufacturing and before companies began using more plastic and cheaper manufacturing methods, but were also done in a later timeperiod when exterior design and color were on the rise as a differentiator in the marketplace. Quality, form, and function become part of a trifecta which drive desire and collectability.

    1. What does it mean exactly to recognise properties and relations as objective entities?

      This is very close to what Bowden is saying about the Stoics in Logic and Sense

    1. When transgender citizens and workers askedthe state to recognize their gender and to treat andpay them accordingly, their pushback made visiblethe way that new technologies, far from being neu-tral, were in fact a battleground in the process ofdefining and stabilizing “traditional” or normativeconcepts of gender

      Here Hicks describes this computation: Input: Transgender citizens and workers asking to be treated Ouput: British government said no and made a pushback to the idea

    2. Hergovernment employers wrote that it was in her“own interest” (in their opinion) to “continuewearing men’s clothes for the time being” inorder to avoid a significant reduction in pay.

      Here Hicks describes this social norm "Wearing men's clothes for the time being in order to avoid a significant reduction in pay". Because Ferguson is now a transitioned into a male they expect him to wear male clothes and not female clothes.

    1. I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.

      Conveys the hardships and uncaring natures of life and how painful it is to have the sentience to realize this. The speaker decides it would be better to be a creature that is blissful to the nature of life

    1. The heaving speech of air, a summer sound    Repeated in a summer without end And sound alone.

      Conveys the possible meaningless of life that is a strong theme in modernism.

    1. What brought the kindred spider to that height,Then steered the white moth thither in the night?

      Conveys how life can be confusing and cruel by showing how there was no real reason or force other than chance that the moth came.

    2. Assorted characters of death and blightMixed ready to begin the morning right,

      Conveys how there will always be tragedy in life by symbolizing the spider as death and the light as life

    1. And life is too much like a pathless wood Where your face burns and tickles with the cobwebs Broken across it, and one eye is weeping

      Could be trying to convey the hardship and meaningless of life by comparing it to being lost in the woods. Being lost is often thought of as being concerning and the forest being uncaring that you are lost, representing life.

    1. NATURAL RESOURCESINTRODUCTIONThis section describes both the land and water resources of Shenandoah County. Itpresents information on the County's topography, geology, soils, and water resources. Theseresources provide many opportunities, but also pose some severe environmental problems.Development should be guided away from areas with serious limitations, such as steep slopes,shallow depth to bedrock, flood plains, prime agricultural lands, wetlands, and sinkholes. Mapsshowing general geology, general soils, the hydrogeologic survey of Shenandoah County, andgeneralized development limitations are included.Natural resources were briefly addressed in individual paragraphs about topography,climatology, minerals, soils, hydrology, and forests in the 1973 Plan, along with a general soilsmap. Soils data has since been updated with the Shenandoah County Soils Survey.
    1. For audiences versed in these local meanings, then, a dancer who is performing on pointe and sticking out her chest does not move like the type of person who should be a revolutionary hero in a Chinese socialist story.

      YES

    2. hus, in 1956, when others were criticizing the BDS graduation performance for what they saw as excessive ballet influences, You published an article in the People’s Daily in which he reviewed the show positively and called for even more ballet in the future

      the duality, the author argues ballet gained support because it finally had its own identity and way to differentiate itself

    1. When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.–Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

      This ideal of equality in 1776 excluded women, Indigenous people, and enslaved Africans.

    1. Limestone & Karst Terrain The Valley’s abundant limestone is evidence that the area was once under ocean water, long before the tectonic plates collided. Limestone forms in warm, shallow seas when generations of tiny sea creatures die and accumulate on the ocean floor, later to compress into solid rock. Karst Because of its limestone base, the Shenandoah Valley is karst, a terrain type with distinctive landforms and water resources. Slightly acidic water wore through the bedrock over many millions of years, leaving caves, caverns, and sinkholes. Streams and springs disappear and reappear over time. Aquifers Water that filters through the rocks collects in underground reservoirs, or aquifers. Aquifers are underground rock layers filled with groundwater in the spaces between fractured limestone, silt, gravel, and sand. Aquifers closer to the surface, used for irrigation and drinking water, are re-charged by rainwater. They are very useful but also extremely vulnerable to contamination. Caves & Caverns The water that dissolves limestone and other soluble rocks in the Shenandoah Valley leaves behind caves and caverns. In some caves and caverns, the deposits of dissolved minerals left by dripping water make the features of stalactites, stalagmites, and columns. Luray Caverns, a National Natural Landmark in the Valley, is ornately decorated with cascades, columns, stalactites, stalagmites and pools. Other Rocks & Minerals Many rocks and minerals occupy the Shenandoah Valley besides limestone. Other sedimentary rocks in the region are sandstone, shale, and coal. There are igneous rocks like granite, gabbro, and basalt, and metamorphic rocks like slate, gneiss, and quartzite. Manganese, iron ores, zinc, lead, sulfur, gypsum, and pyrite are relatively common Shenandoah Valley minerals. The Valley yields small amounts of oil and natural gas. Also present is red clay, an oceanic sediment with iron oxide, along with fossils of sea creatures like brachiopods and trilobites.
    2. Mountain & Valley Building About half a billion years ago, the rocks that now make up the Shenandoah Valley solidified from ancient tidal flat sediments into vast, horizontal layers of limestone, shale, sandstone, and dolomite.
    3. Geology of the Shenandoah Valley Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park blockquote {border-left: 5px solid #fff;} Wall made from limestone removed from the roadbed during construction of Valley Turnpike NPS Photo by Ann & Rob Simpson Underground and surface forces, acting over many millions of years, created the Shenandoah Valley and its surrounding hills and ridges. These long, slow processes continue today as the Valley region gradually weathers, erodes, levels, and deposits soil.
    1. To get a list of all the public domain scans, as of this writing:

      ```` javascript ([ ...document.querySelectorAll("table.auto-style21 a") ]). filter((x) => ( x.textContent.includes("19") && !x.textContent.includes("1929") && !x.textContent.includes("193") && !x.textContent.includes("194"))). map((x) => { let when = x.textContent; if (!when.includes(",")) when = when.split().reverse().join(" ") + " 01";

      try {
        var result = (new Date(when)).toISOString().substr(0, ("1928-10-29T...").indexOf("T"));
      } catch (ex) {
        console.log(x.textContent, when, ex);
      }
      
      if (when != x.textContent) {
        result = result.substr(0, ("1987-12-09").length - ("-09").length);
      }
      return result;
      

      }) ````

    1. Residents Library $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1631"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2flibrary", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Library"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2flibrary" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Clarke County Library — part of the Handley Regional Library system — is a great resource for books, audio books, CDs, and DVDs for kids, teens, and adults. The library also has meeting rooms and public WiFi, and it hosts special programs for children and adults. Library cards are free for residents of Clarke and Frederick counties and City of Winchester. Clarke County Library is located in the Berryville-Clarke County Government Center (first floor) at 101 Chalmers Ct. in Berryville, Va. Hours 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. Monday through Thursday 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday and Saturday Office (540) 955-5144 ccl@handleyregional.org (540) 955-5178 (fax) Clarke County Branch Manager Alison Waddell (540) 955-5190 awaddell@handleyregional.org
    1. Services Local, State, and U.S. government links $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_1231_1375"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fservices%2flocal-state-and-u-s-government", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Local%2c+State%2c+and+U.S.+government+links"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fservices%2flocal-state-and-u-s-government" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); The external websites listed below are for your convenience. The appearance of a link on this or any other Clarke County government site does not constitute an endorsement, recommendation, or certification, nor should the presence of a link suggest the site has any relationship with Clarke County government.  Local Town of Berryville  Town of Boyce Clarke Conservation Easement Authority Clarke County Public Schools John H. Enders Fire Company & Rescue Squad Blue Ridge Volunteer Fire & Rescue Co.  Boyce Volunteer Fire Company Top of Virginia Regional Chamber includes Clarke County and Town of Berryville  Handley Regional Library includes Clarke County Library State Virginia Association of Counties Commonwealth of Virginia official website Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles Virginia Department of Transportation VDOT builds, maintains, and operates roads, bridges, and tunnels in the Commonwealth. Virginia Department of Emergency Management VineLink Virginia Victim Information & Notification Everyday (VINE) provides victims of crime timely information about criminal cases and the status of offenders. Water Information from the EPA - Shenandoah Watershed Profile  includes water sources, pollutants, stream flows, and more U.S. Census Bureau - American Fact Finder  ICC - International Code Council a non-profit association dedicated to building safety Social Security Administration Ready  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
    1. Government » Fire, EMS & Emergency Management Outdoor Burning Restrictions $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_1163_1263"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2ffire-ems-emergency-management%2foutdoor-burning", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Outdoor+Burning+Restrictions"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2ffire-ems-emergency-management%2foutdoor-burning" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Before starting an outdoor fire of any kind, residents should call the Clarke County Emergency Communications Center at (540) 955-1234. By doing so, ECC operators will know how to respond should a passerby call 911 to report a fire, and ECC will know where outdoor burning is taking place should the fire get out of control. What are the rules for open burning in Virginia? The State Air Pollution Control Board’s Regulation for Open Burning specifies what materials may or may not be burned, and has seasonal restrictions on open burning for certain localities. The Virginia Department of Forestry provides information regarding outdoor fire laws and burn ban restrictions. What am I not allowed to burn? No one in Virginia may burn tires or other hazardous materials at any time. Regulation 9VAC-130-30 has a complete list of opening burning prohibitions. If you live in an area that restricts open burning, you must observe your local ordinance. If you live in an area with a smog problem, there are specific prohibitions on certain activities during the prime smog months of May through September. What can I burn? If you live in an area that does not have a local burning ordinance and you do not have curbside pickup, you can burn leaves and some household trash. Regulation 9VAC5-130-40 has a complete list of what and when households and certain businesses may burn. Helpful Tips: • Keep a garden hose handy in case of sudden, uncontrolled fire spread. • Burn dry leaves. Wet leaves produce unnecessary smoke. • Burn small piles no more than 3-feet wide and 2-feet tall. Large piles do not always burn completely. • Never use gas, lighter fluid, or any other fuel to kindle or rekindle a fire. If leaves need fuel to burn, they are too wet, creating potential for injury. • Keep small children away from fires and out of the smoke.
    1. Residents Outdoor Burning $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1463"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2foutdoor-burning", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Outdoor+Burning"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2foutdoor-burning" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Before starting an outdoor fire of any kind, residents must call the Emergency Communications Center at (540) 955-1234. By doing this, ECC operators will know how to respond should a passerby call 911 to report a fire, and they will know where outdoor burning is taking place should a fire get out of control. Virginia law restricts outdoor burning from Feb. 15 through April 30 every year, when high winds are most prevalent during daytime hours. Outdoor burning is only permitted between 4 p.m. and midnight during this 11-week period.   Burning garbage, refuse, trash, rubbish, and other forms of liquid or solid waste is prohibited at all times in Clarke County. Burning wood, brush, grass, trimmings, and/or leaves is permitted in all areas of Clarke County, provided: • Fire must be a minimum of 50 feet from any structure and 300 feet from any occupied dwelling. • Anyone who intends to burn brush must have written permission from those who occupy dwellings 300 feet away. • Anyone who intends to burn brush must constantly attend the fire at all times. • Burning must be done in such a way as to minimize any nuisance to neighbors. • Open burning for land and site clearing operations for commercial, industrial, or residential development is permitted only after obtaining a permit from Clarke County Fire & EMS and Emergency Management. Call (540) 955-5113. Open burning for these purposes is permitted provided conditions required by Clarke County Fire, EMS & Emergency Management and Clarke County Building Department are met. Recreational bonfires and campfires are permitted if the fuel consists only of seasonal dry hardwood, ignited with a small quantity of paper. Fires can be no more than 5-by-5 feet in circumference and may not burn more than 3 hours at any one time. At no time shall bonfires or campfires be used for waste disposal purposes. Helpful Tips: • Keep a garden hose handy in case of sudden, uncontrolled fire spread. • Burn dry leaves. Wet leaves produce unnecessary smoke. • Burn small piles no more than 3-feet wide and 2-feet tall. Large piles do not always burn completely. • Never use gas, lighter fluid, or any other fuel to kindle or rekindle a fire. If leaves need fuel to burn, they are too wet, creating potential for injury. • Keep small children away from fires and out of the smoke.   Read more about Outdoor Burning Restrictions.
    1. Residents Public Safety $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1353"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fpublic-safety", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Public+Safety"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fpublic-safety" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Sign up for emergency notifications using the “CodeRED” and “Text-to-911”  links at left. If using a smartphone, jump to subpage.  Clarke County’s main public safety departments are:  • Clarke County Sheriff’s Office, 100 N. Church St., Berryville, (540) 955-5152 • Fire, EMS & Emergency Management, 101 Chalmers Ct., Berryville, (540) 955-5113 • Clarke County Communications Center, 100 N. Church St., Berryville, emergency 911 and non-emergency (540) 955 1234
    2. The Sheriff's Office also has a drug collection unit in the lobby of its office at 100 N. Church St. in Berryville. Access to the collection unit is available 24 hours a day. The drug collection unit helps residents safely dispose of expired or unwanted medications, including controlled substances, that may otherwise be diverted, abused, or contaminate rivers, streams, and the public water supply.
    1. eptic Tank Cleaning Repair and Installation You might feel overwhelmed or clueless about where your septic is going?  Do not worry, Johnny Blue is here to help educate you and other homeowners about how their septic works and why it is very important to have it maintained.  With experience and knowledge, the licensed experts at Johnny Blue Inc. understand that when a septic back up happens, it needs attention right away.  If you have an emergency, we have experienced staff standing by who are ready to help.  When it comes to regular maintenance, we recommend pumping the solid tank every 3-5 years.  When solids are not pumped regularly, the solid waste material can enter your drainfield and cause clog.  Septic repair can be very simple like cleaning a filter or it can also be costly like replacement of a drainfield.  If you have questions, call us.  We are here to help you!  Our team of licensed professional does not cut corners.  Quality work is the only work we do.
    1. Our Septic Installation Process Our approach to septic tank installation service is comprehensive and meticulous. Here’s a quick look at how we handle each project: 1. Site Evaluation We first visit your property to assess the best location for your new septic system. This involves evaluating the land layout, proximity to water bodies, and other crucial factors. 2. Soil Testing We perform soil testing to determine the soil’s capacity to absorb and treat wastewater. This step is critical in ensuring the longevity and effectiveness of your septic system. 3. Permit Acquisition We handle all the paperwork for you, acquiring the necessary permits for septic tank installation according to local regulations. 4. Excavation and Tank Placement Our team carefully excavates the site and strategically places the tank to ensure optimal functionality. 5. Leach Field Installation We then install the leach or drain field to distribute the treated wastewater into the ground. 6. Final Inspection After the installation, we conduct a thorough final inspection to ensure everything functions as it should.
    1. For more information about septic pump-outs, contact the Natural Resource Department located in the Berryville-Clarke County Government Center (second floor) located at 101 Chalmers Ct., in Berryville, Va. Hours 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday Lorien Lemmon Conservation Planner & GIS Coordinator (540) 955-5134 llemmon@clarkecounty.gov
    2. Residents Septic Pump Out $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1627"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fseptic-pump-out", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Septic+Pump+Out"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fseptic-pump-out" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Onsite septic systems are among the top contamination sources for local and regional water, including the Chesapeake Bay. An average of 40 percent of wells tested across Clarke County in the 1990s had coliform levels that exceeded water quality standards. Recent studies of Clarke County wells indicate 57 percent of samples have coliform levels exceeding water quality standards, indicating a worsening problem for the groundwater, which is the source of well water.
    1. Services Trash & Recycling $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_1222_1355"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fservices%2ftrash-recycling", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Trash+%26+Recycling"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fservices%2ftrash-recycling" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Clarke County Convenience Center, located at 90 Quarry Rd. (Rt. 612) in the northeastern part of the county, is county operated for Clarke residents only. This facility is not for commercial use. The center accepts bagged household trash (10 bags maximum) and un-bagged recyclables. (See details below.) An attendant is always on site to assist residents, maintain the site, and ensure residents comply with posted policies. Find more details about local trash collection as well as where to dispose of hazardous materials, appliances, yard waste (including Christmas trees), etc. using the links at left. If using a smartphone, jump to subpage. The Quarry Road facility is open: • 3 to 7 p.m. Friday • 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday • 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Sunday • 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Monday Hours may change because of weather or other conditions. If use greatly increases, Clarke County may revise the schedule and open on other weekdays. Convenience Center is closed: • New Year’s Day • Easter Sunday • Memorial Day • Independence Day • Labor Day • Thanksgiving Day • Christmas Day Clarke County residents may use any of these six trash facilities: • 90 Quarry Rd., Berryville (operated by Clarke County) • 280 Landfill Rd., Winchester (operated by Frederick County) • 4201 Stonewall Jackson Hwy., White Post (operated by Frederick County) • 235 Hot Run Dr., Stephenson (operated by Frederick County) • 801 Greenwood Rd., Winchester (operated by Frederick County) • 47 Blue Mountain Rd., Front Royal (operated by Warren County) Clarke County Convenience Center has separate recycling containers for paper, cardboard, aluminum and steel cans, clean glass bottles and jars (with corks, caps, and lids removed), and plastic (#1 and #2). The facility does not accept plastics #3 through #7. The Convenience Center accepts clean glass bottles and jars for recycling. Residents must remove all corks, caps, and lids before placing glass in the container. Do NOT put mirrors, windows, heat-tempered glass such as Pyrex and mixing bowls, ceramic mugs and plates, wine glasses, or any trash (including plastic bags) in the recycling container. For glass recycling to continue in Clarke County, glass bottles and jars must be clean. Do not put plastic bags of any kind in any of the recycling containers. The Quarry Road facility does not accept yard waste, appliances, furniture, or hazardous materials of any kind. See “Yard Waste, Appliances & Hazardous Materials” link at left. If using a smartphone, jump to subpage.   Dumping trash of any kind on the ground or around the Clarke County Convenience Center property is prohibited and violators will be prosecuted. Illegal dumping constitutes a Class 1 misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $2,500 and/or up to one year in imprisonment. The Clarke County Convenience Center site is under video surveillance 24/7. Town of Berryville provides trash pickup and recycling for residents and businesses within its town limits. Town of Boyce provides trash pickup for its residents.
    1. Mission The purpose of Blandy Experimental Farm is to increase understanding of the natural environment through research and education. In that natural systems support and increasingly are affected by humans, ecological and environmental literacy are fundamental requirements for citizens, policy-makers, and society as a whole. Blandy Experimental Farm exists to promote this understanding through education and research on plants, plant biology, ecology, evolution, the environmental sciences, and the manner in which all of these are used and affected by humans.  The three principal programs designed to achieve this mission include: University research and education Outreach and environmental education The State Arboretum of Virginia
    1. BRCTH provides life-enhancing, equine-assisted activities for individuals with disabling conditions, including those who are “at risk”, in the northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and contingent counties in WV.   We serve adults and children from age four.  In order to provide these services to the community, we rely upon a dedicated team of volunteers.  See our Volunteer page for more information. BRCTH is located at Almeda Farm, 749 Salem Church Rd, Boyce, VA 22620 in Clarke County.  The facility features large indoor and outdoor arenas, rolling pastureland, riding trails and a functional, well-appointed barn. Our herd consists of our pony, Honey, and two horses, Dillon and Dublin. We are currently looking for another horse to add to the herd. Contact us for more details and let us know if have any leads.
    1. Serenity Farm Virginia A Sanctuary Where People Heal Animals and Animals Heal People
    1. Government Social Services $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1155"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2fsocial-services", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Social+Services"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2fsocial-services" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Clarke County Department of Social Services (CCDSS) is the locally administered office of the Virginia Department of Social Services. CCDSS administers Child Protective Services, In-Home and Prevention Services, Foster Care, Fostering Futures, and Adoption for families and children. CCDSS also provides Adult Protect Services and Adult Services for the elderly and disabled. In addition to services programs, Clarke County Department of Social Services administers benefit programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps), Medicaid, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Child Care Subsidy, Employment Assistance, and Energy Assistance programs. Find more benefits and services information use the links at left. If using a smartphone, jump to subpage. Clarke County Department of Social Services is located at 311 E. Main St. in Berryville, Va.  Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday Fax: (540) 955-3958 Jen Parker Director of Social Services (540) 955-3700 (800) 552-7096 (DSS hotline) jennifer.l.parker@dss.virginia.gov Sarita Emmons Family, Child, and Adult Services Supervisor (540) 955-5167 sarita.emmons1@dss.virginia.gov Christy Ryan Human Services Assistant III (540) 955-3700 christina.ryan@dss.virginia.gov Johanna Arauz Ponce de Leon Administrative Services Manager (540) 955-3701 Johanna.Arauz-PoncedeLeon@dss.virginia.gov Clarke County Social Services FY 2023 Annual Report Clarke County Social Services 2023-25 Strategic Plan Clarke County Social Services FY 2021 Annual Report Clarke County Board of Social Services Children’s Services Act (CSA) 2024 Senior Angel Program  2024 Children Angel Program
    1. 2024 General Reassessment process As required by law, Clarke County has been working on a general reassessment of real estate in the county this past year. To complete this work, the county hired Wampler-Eanes to visit each property and provide an updated value of the property and improvements. Wampler-Eanes also completed a sales ratio report based on recent real estate transactions in the county. While the final numbers are still being computed, we do expect a significant increase in values as the last reassessment was completed in 2019. A recent Washington Post article noted that nationwide, home prices have surged 54% since 2019. The new values become effective January 1, 2025.
    1. Residents Clarke County Citizens Academy $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1662"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fclarke-county-citizens-academy", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Clarke+County+Citizens+Academy"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fclarke-county-citizens-academy" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Clarke County Supervisors and government employees value civic engagement and want to create opportunities for individuals to learn more about how their government offices, boards, commissions, and departments function. Clarke residents and business owners ages 18 and up may enroll in the Clarke County Citizens Academy, a program designed to engage as well as elicit feedback.
    1. COSTS: All Points Broadband will notify property owners approximately 60 to 90 days before service becomes available to their addresses. For the first 12 months after service is available at any location, All Points Broadband’s standard installation fee of $199 will include any length of service drop required to make service available to a location. The lowest speed plan of 50/50 mbps is estimated to cost $59.99 per month with plans as large as 1/1 gbps also available.
    2. Residents Broadband Internet Access $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1459"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fbroadband-internet-access", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Broadband+Internet+Access"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fresidents%2fbroadband-internet-access" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); All Points Broadband (APB) and the Northern Shenandoah Valley Regional Commission (NSVRC) provide regular updates to Clarke County during their multi-year infrastructure construction of the universal broadband project in seven counties, including Clarke. In Clarke, APB will install 270 miles of fiber infrastructure in order to reach more than 3,200 currently unserved locations; substantial completion of last-mile network is expected in 2025. On May 2, 2024, APB presented this “All Points Broadband NSVRC Project Update” to representatives from the seven-county project area. To check eventual availability in your area, go to www.apbfiber.com and click “Get Started.”
    1. Government Treasurer $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_1271_1157"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2ftreasurer-s-office", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Treasurer"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2ftreasurer-s-office" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); The Treasurer’s Office collects real estate and personal property taxes, and sells dog licenses. Treasurer is an elected position. Make Clarke County tax payments online – with or without an account – at tax.clarkecounty.gov. View tax payment history, report a change of address, report new, sold, moved, and disposed of vehicles, report vehicle high mileage, and register dogs to comply with local dog licensing regulations. Online e-checks incur no processing fees, and credit card payment fees are the same online as they are for payments made at the Treasurer’s Office. The Treasurer’s Office is located in the Berryville-Clarke County Government Center (first floor) at 101 Chalmers Ct. in Berryville, Va. Hours 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday Account payments accepted until 4:15 p.m.   Sharon Keeler Treasurer (540) 955-5160 treasurer@clarkecounty.gov Ron Crouse Chief Deputy (540) 955-5160 rcrouse@clarkecounty.gov Glenda Hernandez Deputy I (540) 955-5160 ghernandez@clarkecounty.gov Julie Sweetser Deputy I (540) 955-5160 jsweetser@clarkecounty.gov Tracy Wilkerson Deputy II (540) 955-5160 twilkerson@clarkecounty.gov   Additional Information Direct questions regarding the valuation of Real or Personal property (including vehicles) to the Commissioner of Revenue. Direct questions regarding water and sewer bills to the Clarke County Sanitary Authority. View Commissioner of Revenue Forms. Important Dates Jan. 31: Dog tags due for renewal each year; tags and licenses go on sale each Nov. 1 June 5: County Real Estate and Personal Property Tax due (first half) Dec. 5: County Real Estate & Personal Property Tax due (second half)   NOTICE: The Clarke County Cigarette Tax increased on Jan. 1, 2023. Stamps are 40 cents each. Businesses that sell cigarettes should know: • Stamps can be purchased at the Clarke County Treasurer’s Office located on the first floor of the government center at 101 Chalmers Ct. in Berryville. Normal business hours are 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. A completed Stamp Order Form and full payment is required at the time of purchase. • Stamps can also be purchased by mail. Send a completed and signed Stamp Order Form along with full payment to: Clarke County Treasurer’s Office, P.O. Box 537, Berryville VA 22611 • The completed Stamp Order Form must include your shipping information, including location and shipping account number. The Treasurer’s Office will do its best to mail stamps as quickly as possible, but the office is busier at certain times of the year than others. 2023 Stamp Order Form Non-Judicial Real Estate Sale
    1. Water & Sewer $(function () { var widgetContext = "widget_3_0_1161"; //start VISPP-4466 var useDesignThemFontSizeCss = window.visionOptions.useDesignThemFontSizeCss; var folderPath = useDesignThemFontSizeCss == true ? window.visionOptions.currentDesignFolderPath : window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; if (!folderPath) folderPath = window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath; var resizeTimer; var resizeFaqTabs = function () { $(".faq_widget").each(function () { var tabheight = $(this).find(".faq_tab_nav").height(); $(this).find(".faqtab_section").attr("style", "min-height: " + (tabheight - 42) + "px"); }); }; var SetFontSize = function (fontsize) { $("#active_font").attr("href", folderPath + fontsize).attr("data-css", fontsize); var url = window.location.origin + visionOptions.virtualApplicationPath + "Shared/ChangeFontSizeCookie"; var cookieValue = fontsize ? fontsize : "small.css"; var cookieInt; switch(cookieValue){ case("xx-small.css"): cookieInt=1; break; case ("x-small.css"): cookieInt = 2; break; case ("small.css"): default: cookieInt = 3; break; case("medium.css"): cookieInt=4; break; case ("large.css"): cookieInt = 5; break; } $.frontendAjax({ url: url, type: 'POST', contentType: 'application/json', data: JSON.stringify({ cookieValue: cookieInt}), success: function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) { if (data && data.success) { $("#active_font").attr("href", window.visionOptions.mainFolderPath + cookieValue).attr("data-css", cookieValue); } } }); if ($(".faq_tab_nav").length > 0) { clearTimeout(resizeTimer); resizeTimer = setTimeout(function () { resizeFaqTabs(); }, 200); } }; $(".font_larger").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "medium.css": SetFontSize("large.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "xx-small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".font_smaller").on("click", function () { switch ($("#active_font").attr("data-css")) { case "large.css": SetFontSize("medium.css"); break; case "medium.css": SetFontSize("small.css"); break; case "small.css": SetFontSize("x-small.css"); break; case "x-small.css": SetFontSize("xx-small.css"); break; } return false; }); $(".text_size").on("click", function () { SetFontSize("x-small.css"); return false; }); //end VISPP-4466 $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").click(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); else $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }); $("div").click(function () { if ($("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); $(document).click(function (e) { if (!$(e.target).closest("#share").length > 0) { $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").removeClass("click-active"); $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); } }); var shareContainerTimeout = null; $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseover', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").show(); }, 100); }); $("#" + widgetContext + " #share").bind('mouseleave', function () { //If not relate to click event if (shareContainerTimeout) { clearTimeout(shareContainerTimeout); shareContainerTimeout = null; } shareContainerTimeout = setTimeout(function () { if (!$("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").hasClass("click-active")) $("#" + widgetContext + " div#share").find("ul").hide(); }, 200); }); $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").click(function () { var windowHeight = 485; if (window.innerWidth <= 648) { windowHeight = 545; } var opts = { title: "Feedback", url: "/Template/GetFeedbackPartial?feedbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2fwater-sewer", useFrame: true, height: windowHeight, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.feedback_link").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog feedback_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); //Safari iOS: No click event $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").bind("click touchstart", function () { var shareEmailTitle = document.itemTitle ? encodeURIComponent(document.itemTitle.trim()).replace(/[!'()*]/g, escape) : "Water+%26+Sewer"; var opts = { title: "Click to submit an email online", url: "/Template/GetShareEmailPartial?shareUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.clarkecounty.gov%2fgovernment%2fwater-sewer" + "&shareTitle=" + shareEmailTitle, useFrame: true, height: 485, onClosed: function (result) { if (result != undefined && result.IsOk == true) { $.refreshTempMessage(result.Message); } $("header#" + widgetContext + " a.send_share_email").focus(); }, skin: 'viClientDialog send_share_email_lightbox', fixed: false }; $.viClientDialog(opts).open(); }); }); Clarke County Sanitary Authority operates the public water and sewer systems that serve the Town of Boyce, the villages of Millwood and White Post (water only), and commercial uses at the intersection of U.S. 50 and U.S. 340. The Clarke County Sanitary Authority is a governmental corporation created by the Board of Supervisors in 1988.  Prospect Hill Spring provides water for approximately 400 households and businesses in Boyce, Millwood, and White Post as well as the Waterloo Commercial District. Sewage is processed at the Boyce Sewage Treatment Facility. Inboden Environmental Services Inc. manages the water and sewer systems. Find water quality reports and CCSA forms using the links at left. If using a smartphone, use jump to subpage at top. The Clarke County Sanitary Authority office is located at 129 Ramsburg Lane in Berryville, Va. Hours 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday Sarah Shiley Sanitary Authority Senior Billing Manager-Clerk (540) 955-5185 ccsa@clarkecounty.gov Inboden Environmental Services (800) 648-1010 (office) (540) 325-0748 (emergency) minboden@4ies.com Boyce Wastewater Treatment Plant (540) 837-2092
    1. There arethree major ways in which semiosis relates to other elements of social practices and of social events:as a facet of action; in the construal (representation) of aspects of the world; and in the constitutionof identities. And there are three semiotic (or discourse-analytical) categories corresponding tothese: genre, discourse and style.

      Semiotikken forholder sig til andre elementer af sociale praksisser som et aspekt af handling, repræsentation af verden og konstruktionen af identiteter. Disse svarer til genre, diskurs og stil, som henholdsvis forholder sig til: måder at handle, det sprog man bruger og måden praksis formidles; sprogbruget, der repræsenterer verden indenfor samme felt på forskellige måder og; stile, som aktører indordner sig under.

    2. The social process can be seen as the interplay between three levels of social reality: socialstructures, practices and events

      I tilfældet af cookies kunne den sociale struktur være EU, praksissen kunne være sikringen af online-privatliv og sikkerhed gennem valget, og begivenheden kunne være brugeren, som bliver bedt om at tage stilling til cookies.

  2. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. 12:20

      The timestamps in O'Hara's poem serve as a journal of his day, structuring the poem and adding a personal touch. The multiple timestamps in the first stanza further highlight the journal-like quality of the poem, and the importance of time recording and demonstration for O'Hara.

  3. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. certain

      Using certain and certainly further emphasizes the sentences within Matisse and the words following certain/ certainly. Also, having the following words pop out to the reader to see why certain/ certainly were used.

      https://www.etymonline.com/word/certainly#:~:text=%22without%20doubt%20or%20question%2C%20assuredly,%2B%20%2Dly%20(2).

    1. Second, ANT focuses attention on the black boxes em-ployed by actants, those who act or cause others to act. Black boxes, once enlisted,become actants themselves, inscribing and shaping the behavior of those employingthem

      Cookie-accept banneret kan måske ses som en af disse black-boxes, som "pr. selvfølgelige forståelser" har til mål at højne graden af privatliv og sikkerhed på nettet.

    2. We were struck by the common discourse in these literatures – privacy isimportant, the computer is an important cause of privacy issues, and governmentlegislation and business practices are progressively addressing the issues throughinternational standards, such as FIP. The literature was unable to explain how, ifprivacy was so important, this local issue and legislation supposedly protecting pri-vacy could be so easily dismissed.

      Interessant at debatten staid hviler på nogle af de samme forudsætninger, og hvordan Cookie-politikken er udtryk for en udvidelse af samme. Hvad gør valget ved debatten; indlejrer det de samme forudsætninger som dem FIP bygger på, eller ændrer det diskursen?

    1. You can link to a block by adding #^ at the end of your link destination followed by a unique block identifier. For example, [[2023-01-01#^37066d]].

      Genera automáticamente el identificador y lo agrega al contenido de referencia, lo cual deja la marca en caso de no usar una otra herramienta que no sea Obsidian.

      Por una parte me parece una funcionalidad muy interesante, pero por otra, es contraria, en cierta manera, al sentido y filosofía de Markdown.

    1. Existing facilities that can filter carbon dioxide out of the air only have the capacity to capture 0.01 million metric tons of CO2 globally today, costing companies like Microsoft as much as $600 per ton of CO2. That’s very little capacity with a very high price tag.

      Calma, Justine. “Trying to Reverse Climate Change Won’t Save Us, Scientists Warn.” Msn.Com, 1729, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/trying-to-reverse-climate-change-won-t-save-us-scientists-warn/ar-AA1sN6OC?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=20987699b6484dd5c9aad7c390f9e4cd&ei=4.

    1. If loneliness is an archetypal sense built into us all from the very beginning, then, to be alive is also to be lonely. Loneliness, therefore, will come and go as it chooses in the course of a lifetime, quite apart from our efforts to deny or avoid this reality.

      如果孤独是一种从一开始就根植于我们所有人的原型感觉,那么活着也就意味着孤独。因此,孤独会在一生中不由我们控制地来来去去,不管我们如何努力否认或避免这一现实。

    1. Kerr (1975)

      paper illustrates some of the problems you might run into when you try to use incentive schemes in real life

    1. Shape the NextGeneration of AI withyour ExpertiseVIEW OPPORTUNITIESGet paid training cutting-edge AI on your own schedule

    Annotators

    URL

    1. Kant shifted the referent of the term from the terrifying object to the perceiving subject's experience of that object. In this way, the sublime became a potentially empowering model in which the subject, at first overwhelmed by terror or incomprehension, as in Burke's account, then had recourse to the faculty of Reason, and became assured of its own independent powers of consciousness.

      Kant

    1. Introducing The Internet's Files API

    2. accessing private files
      • generating a time-limited access URL or
      • creating a public group for your files.
    3. creating a private file storage solution with full CDN support and built-in access controls

      built in access control

    4. appreciate the immutability and content addressability of IPFS

      immutability and content addressability

    5. Surviving and scaling through the NFT boom was our trial by fire

      NFT boom tril by fire

    6. Building the largest and most scalable IPFS pinning service

      scalable pining service

    7. Introducing The Internet's Files API

      Description

    1. Playground is here: Build, test, and iterate on RAG apps with intuitive, low-code tools.Read the blog
    2. Elasticsearch is Open Source.  Again!(It's also the world's most popular vector database.)

      vector database

      to - open source again

    Annotators

    URL

    1. As the title promises, the structure of ‘Walking’ is meandering, almost desultory. …. The strategy of the essay is to unsettle expectations by providing, instead of a walk between specified locations, a directionless meditation on the activity in its abstract form. As a result, the essay is not an excursion that its readers can enjoy from the safe remove of time and space, but an aimless collection of philosophical remarks, a labyrinth in which Thoreau's readers lose themselves and, in losing themselves, are implicated in the ‘truth’ of the essay

      The act of writing as a transgression

    1. motions and distractions can also interfere with our clarity. Being aware of the varying levels of abstraction within language can help us create clearer and more “whole” messages.

      Since I travel alot for work, I am always meeting new people. Speaking up clearly and loudly is something I've noticed I do not do very well. It seems the nerves get the best of me and I am unable to speak how I normally would. I will be focusing on this more as I grow in my communication journey

    1. exam, that retains the same meaning. And last, we can form new words by blending old ones together. Words like breakfast and lunch blend letters and meaning to form a new word—brunch.

      The language the kids are using now a days is just insane. "Skibity rizz' means you have charisma or charm. These are not just words used around friends, kids are saying these words in social context where there should be some level of respect. Language seems to be changing for the worst. Maybe I am just getting old but there seems to be a dumbing down of language with the younger generation.

    2. “queer” movement of the 1980s and ’90s that reclaimed queer as a positive identity marker for some gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. Even though some people embrace reclaimed words, they still carry their negative connotations and are not openly accepted by everyone.

      Situations like this have always peaked some curiosity inside me. I've thought about this quite a bit, the LGBT community reclaimed this word and put a positive spin on, however referring to someone as queer if your not in that community is seen as derogitory. Even when just describing it. Why does language seem to get captured in different groups and only able to be used by those groups? Does society just generally agree that this is the case and we all accept it?

    3. Some people are generally not good at or comfortable with receiving and processing other people’s feelings. Even those with good empathetic listening skills can be positively or negatively affected by others’ emotions. Expressions of anger can be especially difficult to manage because they represent a threat to the face and self-esteem of others

      I remember being in a relationship where I was unable to express my emotions. If something bothered me it was an attack on the other person. I also see this alot in the workplace, they preach safety culture but as soon as you speak up about the unsafe practices you are attacking the company and the management. It is not healthy to live like that but unfortunatley thats the reality. Hopefully this course will teach me how to properly recieve the response and rebuttle it.

    1. As we just learned, the relationship between the symbols that make up our language and their referents is arbitrary, which means they have no meaning until we assign it to them.

      This is a tricky one because words in different regions of our own country have different meaning. For example when I moved to Tennessee for a couple years they use tabogins. I had to no idea what they were referring to, but turns out thats just a beanie. Moving to the south I had to basically learn a whole new vocabulary, Kinfolk which is family member or close friend. Holler, didint mean to yell but it means a valley or long road in the base of the hills where people live.

    2. a farmer might have kept a pebble in a box to represent each chicken he owned. As further advancements made keeping track of objects-representing-objects more difficult, more abstract symbols and later written words were able to stand in for an idea or object. Despite the fact that these transitions occurred many thousands of years ago, we can trace some words that we still use today back to their much more direct and much less abstract origins.

      I feel like language has become so complex that it is again becoming a thing for the pepople of power and status. Think about taxes, or Wall Street, the language they use is so complex but it boils down to such simple meanings. I think they do this to keep normal people from being able to play the game by making it so complicated that the average person just gives up. Language is being used as a form of war on the average people.

    1. The two nations agreed to a cease-fire on August 12 and formally signed the Treaty of Paris in December.

      received Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines.

    1. Importantly, reversible protein phosphorylation provides a major regulatory mechanism in conformational dynamics and compaction of IDPs

      Have you explored whether this phosphorylation-dependent structural rearrangement may play a role in the function of other NHR AF1 or F domains?

    2. The ability of AF1c phosphovariants to adopt multiple structural changes likely creates distinct binding surfaces within the NTD, enabling GR to selectively interact with different regulatory complexes along its signal transduction pathway.

      This is a very insightful study! I'm curious if you can model how this newly formed helical structure binds to AF1 interacting domains present on such proteins as TBP?

    1. borylation processes in good yield

      Alkyl arenes underwent borylation forming a single product or a mixture of products depending on the substitution pattern, ortho, meta or para.

    2. Neither substrate underwent

      No borylation takes place at the hindered geminal dimethyl groups.

    3. more hindered tert-butyl group

      Monoborylation took place at the n-butyl group and not at the more hindered t-butyl group.

    4. These reactions occurred without direction by the existing functional groups.

      Several functional groups that containied methyl groups underwent borylation at the primary C-H bonds. Once again, the specificity of the C-H bonds was proven.

    5. Likewise, the reaction of pentylcyclohexane,

      When the borylation reaction was conducted with pentylcyclohexane with only one set of primary C-H bonds, only these bonds reacted. This shows the high specificity of the catalyst [Ir(OMe)(COD)]2 and 2-mphen for the primary C-H bonds.

    1. Among the 12 most highly ranked features across protein families are hydrogen bonds (MI=0.775), total surface tension (MI=0.763), london dispersion forces (MI=0.758), repulsive interactions (MI=0.722), internal tension (MI=0.708), ASA (MI=0.694), hydrophobic contacts (MI=0.561), TG frequency (MI=0.562), internal hydrophobicity (MI=0.561), VN frequency (MI=0.556), total hydrophobicity (MI=0.539), and GG frequency (MI=0.509).

      This is really interesting! I think it could also be interesting to see if any of the features (these or others) correlate or if any features could be predictive of others?

    2. Here we present InteracTor, a new toolkit for the extraction of three types of protein feature encodings: interaction features, physicochemical features, and compositional features.

      This is super cool! I can't wait to try it out!

    3. Extract atom, residue, and sequence information from PDB file (Figure 1A): This step involves parsing the Protein Data Bank (PDB) file to obtain the atomic types, 3D coordinates, and the amino acid sequence of the protein

      I'm curious if you can use this with structures predicted by AlphaFold or ESMFold. Related to that, I'm curious if you need to do any sort of pre-processing of the structures (mostly for AlphaFold and ESMFold structures because they're known to not always have optimal side chain placement).

    1. eLife Assessment

      This valuable study shows that eliminating a large portion of the principal neurons in the mammalian olfactory bulb does not affect the initial establishment of the circuit but has an impact on its maintenance. The strength of the paper is that the anatomical changes induced by genetic ablation of neurons are clear-cut. There is solid support for the findings, with a description of the structural and behavioral effects of ablating the majority of M/T neurons.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      This paper aims to address the establishment and maintenance of neural circuitry in the case of a massive loss of neurons. The authors used genetic manipulations to ablate the principal projection neurons, the mitral/tufted cells, in the mouse olfactory bulb. Using diphtheria toxin (Tbx21-Cre:: loxP-DTA line) the authors ablated progressively large numbers of M/T cells postnatally. By injecting diphtheria toxin (DT) into the Tbx21-Cre:: loxP-iDTR line, the authors were able to control the timing of the ablation in the adult stage. Both methods led to the successful elimination of a majority of M/TCs by 4 months of age. The authors made a few interesting observations. First, they found that the initial pruning of the remaining M/T cell primary dendrite was unaffected. However, in adulthood, a significant portion of these cells extended primary dendrites to innervate multiple glomeruli. Moreover, the incoming olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons, as examined for those expressing the M72 receptor, showed a divergent innervation pattern as well. The authors conclude that M/T cell density is required to maintain the dendritic structures and the olfactory map. To address the functional consequences of eliminating a large portion of principal neurons, the authors conducted a series of behavioral assays. They found that learned odor discrimination was largely intact. On the other hand, mating and aggression were reduced. The authors concluded that learned behaviors are more resilient than innate ones.

      The study is technically sound, and the results are clear-cut. The most striking result is the contrast between the normal dendritic pruning during early development and the expanded dendritic innervation in adulthood. It is a novel discovery that can lead to further investigation of how the single-glomerulus dendritic innervation is maintained. The authors conducted a few experiments to address potential mechanisms, but it is inconclusive, as detailed below. It is also interesting to see that the massive neuronal loss did not severely impact learned odor discrimination. This result, together with previous studies showing nearly normal odor discrimination in the absence of large portions of the olfactory bulb or scrambled innervation patterns, attests to the redundancy and robustness of the sensory system.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      The authors make the interesting observation that the developmental refinement of apical M/T cell dendrites into individual glomeruli proceeds normally even when the majority of neighboring M/T cells are ablated. At later stages, the remaining neurons develop additional dendrites that invade multiple glomeruli ectopically and, similarly, OSN inputs to glomeruli lose projection specificity as well. The authors conclude that the normal density of M/T neurons is not required for developmental refinement, but rather for maintaining specific connectivity in adults.

      Comments on revised submission:

      The authors have adjusted the interpretation of their findings and as a consequence, the conclusions are now better supported by the data. However, the evidence for the absence of a role of firing in regulating ectopic dendrites is still insufficient.

    4. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      This paper aims to address the establishment and maintenance of neural circuitry in the case of a massive loss of neurons. The authors used genetic manipulations to ablate the principal projection neurons, the mitral/tufted cells, in the mouse olfactory bulb. Using diphtheria toxin (Tbx21-Cre:: loxP-DTA line) the authors ablated progressively large numbers of M/T cells postnatally. By injecting diphtheria toxin (DT) into the Tbx21-Cre:: loxP-iDTR line, the authors were able to control the timing of the ablation in the adult stage. Both methods led to the successful elimination of a majority of M/TCs by 4 months of age. The authors made a few interesting observations. First, they found that the initial pruning of the remaining M/T cell primary dendrite was unaffected. However, in adulthood, a significant portion of these cells extended primary dendrites to innervate multiple glomeruli. Moreover, the incoming olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons, as examined for those expressing the M72 receptor, showed a divergent innervation pattern as well. The authors conclude that M/T cell density is required to maintain the dendritic structures and the olfactory map. To address the functional consequences of eliminating a large portion of principal neurons, the authors conducted a series of behavioral assays. They found that learned odor discrimination was largely intact. On the other hand, mating and aggression were reduced. The authors concluded that learned behaviors are more resilient than innate ones.

      The study is technically sound, and the results are clear-cut. The most striking result is the contrast between the normal dendritic pruning during early development and the expanded dendritic innervation in adulthood. It is a novel discovery that can lead to further investigation of how the single-glomerulus dendritic innervation is maintained. The authors conducted a

      few experiments to address potential mechanisms, but it is inconclusive, as detailed below. It is also interesting to see that the massive neuronal loss did not severely impact learned odor discrimination. This result, together with previous studies showing nearly normal odor discrimination in the absence of large portions of the olfactory bulb or scrambled innervation patterns, attests to the redundancy and robustness of the sensory system. The discussion should take into account these other studies in a historical context.

      Main comments:

      (1) In previous studies, it has been concluded that dendritic pruning unfolds independently, regardless of the innervation pattern or activity of the OSNs. The new observation bolsters this conclusion by showing that a loss of neighboring M/T cells does not affect the developmental process. A more nuanced discussion comparing the results of these studies would strengthen the paper.

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion. We now include an extended discussion citing relevant previous works in the manuscript (Lines 351-374).

      (2) The authors propose that a certain density of M/T is required to prevent the divergent innervation of primary dendrites, but the evidence is not sufficient to support this proposal. The experiment with low-dose DT injection to ablate a smaller portion of M/T cells did not change the percentage of cells innervating two or more glomeruli. The authors suggest that a threshold must be met, but this threshold is not determined.  

      In our experiments using high-dose DT, we hypothesized that there may be many empty glomeruli (glomeruli not innervated by M/T cells), and as a result, that some of the remaining M/T cells could branch their apical dendrite tuft into multiple empty glomeruli. To test this hypothesis, we carried out another experiment using a lower dose of DT. In this experiment, the fraction of remaining M/T cells was 25% (~10,000 M/T cells), which was higher than with the high DT dose (5%, or around 2,000 M/T cells) , but still significantly lower than wild type mice (~40,000 cells M/T cells). With around 2,000 glomeruli and 10,000 M/T per bulb, it could be expected that each glomerulus would be innervated by ~5 M/T cells (on average). However, we found that the percentage of M/T cells projecting to multiple glomeruli (around 40%) was similar when either 10,000 or 2,000 of M/T remained in the bulb. In addition, it is important to emphasize that even in wt animals with a full set of M/T cells, a small percentage of M/T cells still innervate more than one glomerulus (Lin et al., 2000). Together, these observations suggest that the innervation of multiple glomeruli by M/T cells is not simply due to the presence of empty glomeruli, and that our hypothesis was not correct.

      We have added a comment explaining this issue in the Results section (Lines 200-203).

      (3) The authors suggest that neural activity is not required for this plasticity. The evidence was derived primarily from naris occlusion and neuronal silencing using Kir2.1. While the results are consistent with the notion, it is a rather narrow interpretation of how neural activity affects circuit configuration. Perturbation of neural activity also entails an increase in firing. Inducing the activity of the neurons may alter this plasticity. Silencing per se may induce a homeostatic response that expands the neurite innervation pattern to increase synaptic input to compensate for the loss of activity. Thus, further silencing the cells may not reduce multiglomerular innervation, but an increased activity may.

      The experiments with Kir2.1 demonstrate that the structural plasticity observed after reducing the total number of M/T cells in an animal is not regulated by the firing action potentials in the remaining cells. Instead, this experiment indicates that the observed structural plasticity may be regulated by other types of mechanisms (including increased synaptic excitation as suggested by the reviewer) that do not require the firing of action potentials in M/T cells. 

      We now have included a comment regarding this point (Lines 243-247).  

      (4) There is a discrepancy between this study and the one by Fujimoto et al. (Developmental Cell; 2023), which shows that not only glutamatergic inputs to the primary dendrite can facilitate pruning of remaining dendrites but also Kir2.1 overexpression can significantly perturb dendritic pruning. This discrepancy is not discussed by the authors.

      We agree that it would be useful to contrast these two works.

      In our experiments, performed in adult animals, we blocked sensory input by performing naris occlusion before we induced ablation of M/T cells. In a separate experiment, also in adult animals, we expressed the Kir2.1 channel, to reduce the ability of neurons to fire action potentials. With both types of manipulations, we observed that the ablation of a large fraction of M/T cells still caused the remaining M/T cells to maintain a single apical dendrite that sprouts several new tufts towards multiple glomeruli. A recent paper (Fujimoto et al., 2023)) in which Kir2.1 was expressed in a large percentage of M/T starting during embryonic development showed that these “silent” M/T cells failed to prune their arbors to a single dendrite. In aggregate, these observations indicate that action potentials are necessary for the normal pruning that occurs during perinatal development (Fujimoto et al., 2023), but are not required for the expansion of dendritic trees caused by ablating a large fraction of M/T cells in adult animals (our current manuscript).

      We have now explained the differences between both studies in the manuscript (Lines 427-439).

      (5) An alternative interpretation of the discrepancy between the apparent normal pruning by p10 and expanded dendritic innervation in adulthood is that there are more cells before P10, when ~25% of M/T cells are present, but at a later date only 1-3% are present. 

      The relationship between the number of M/T cells and single glomerulus innervation has not been explored during postnatal development. It would be important to test this hypothesis.

      We agree with this comment, and in lines 375-381 we discuss the discrepancy between normal refinement during development, and dendritic sprouting in adults.

      Cre is expressed in M/T cells and it induces DTA expression starting around P0. The elimination of M/T cells starts at this time, and continues until by P10, when more than 75% of M/T have been eliminated. At P21 more than 90% of M/T have been eliminated, and their number remains stable thereafter.

      Pruning of the dendrites of M/T cells starts at P0 and it is mostly complete by P10. Therefore, it is possible that between P0 and P7, when dendrites are being pruned, the number of M/T cells remaining in the bulb is still over a threshold that does not interfere with the process of normal dendrite pruning. We agree that it would be very informative to perform additional experiments in the future where a large set of M/T cells could be ablated before pruning occurs (ideally before P0). 

      (6) The authors attribute the change in the olfactory map to the loss of M/T cells. Another obvious possibility is that the diffused projection is a response to the change in the olfactory bulb size. With less space to occupy, the axons may be forced to innervate neighboring glomeruli. It is not known how the total number of glomeruli is affected. This question could be addressed by tracking developmental changes in bulb volume and glomerular numbers.

      Certainly, this is a possibility, and we have now included a comment on this regard in the manuscript (Lines 473-480). 

      We believe that there are three likely scenarios that could account for these observations:

      (a) After ablating M/T cells, the tufts of the remaining M/T cells sprout into multiple glomeruli, and this causes the axons of OSNs to project into multiple glomeruli.

      (b) Ablating M/T cells may cause changes in other OB cells that make synapses in the glomeruli (ETCs, PGCs, sAC, etc…), and the misrouting of OSN axons that we observed in our experiments may be a secondary effect caused by the elimination of M/T cells.

      (c) After ablating the majority of M/T cells, the olfactory bulb gets reduced in size, and the axons of OSNs find it difficult to precisely converge on a target that now has become smaller. As a result, the axons of OSNs fail to converge on single glomeruli.

      (7) The retained ability to discriminate odors upon reinforced training is not surprising in light of a number of earlier studies. For example, Slotnick and colleagues have shown that rats losing ~90% of the OB can retain odor discrimination. Weiss et al have shown that humans without an olfactory bulb can perform normal olfactory tasks. Gronowitz et al have used theoretical prediction and experimental results to demonstrate that perturbing the olfactory map does not have a major impact on olfactory discrimination. Fleischmann et al have shown that mice with a monoclonal nose can discriminate odors. The authors should discuss their results in these contexts.

      We apologize for this important oversight - we now include a more elaborate discussion including the relevant references as suggested in the manuscript (Line 483-496).

      (8) It should be noted that odor discrimination resulting from reinforcement training does not mean normal olfactory function. It is a highly artificial situation as the animals are overtrained. It should not be used as a measure of the robustness of the olfactory sense. Natural odor discrimination (without training), detection threshold, and innate appetitive/aversive response to certain odors may be affected. These experiments were not conducted.

      We agree that the standard tests commonly used to measure olfactory function require substantial training, and thus, are quite artificial. However, these tests are used because they allow a more precise quantification of olfactory function than those relying on natural behaviors.  

      We have now included a few sentences to address this point in the results (Lines 321322) and discussion sections (Lines 541-543).

      (9) The social behaviors were conducted using relatively coarse measures (vaginal plug and display of aggression). Moreover, these behaviors are most likely affected by the disruption of the AOB mitral cells and have little to do with the dendritic pruning process described in the paper. It is misleading to lump social behaviors with innate responses to odors.

      This point follows the same logic as the previous one. The olfactory tests that rely on natural behaviors are quite coarse and difficult to quantify. In contrast, the olfactory tests using apparatuses such as olfactometers can be quantified with precision, but they are artificial. We agree that some of the naturalistic behaviors that we studied such as mating or aggression may depend to a large extent on the AOB (although it is possible that the MOB may also be involved in these tasks to a degree). In our initial version of the manuscript, we commented on the anticipated relative involvement of the MOB and AOB in the studied tasks, but we have now added some additional sentences to make this point clearer. In addition, we now add a comment indicating that it is possible that the abnormal behaviors could simply be due to a reduction in the number of AOB M/T cells (~98.5% and ~ 85% elimination of M/T cells in the AOB in Tbx::DTA and Tbx::iDTR mice, respectively), regardless of the abnormal dendritic pruning of main OB M/T cells (Lines 530-534).

      See Figure 5E - M/T cells in AOB (Lines 1238-1239). 

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      The authors make the interesting observation that the developmental refinement of apical M/T cell dendrites into individual glomeruli proceeds normally even when the majority of neighboring M/T cells are ablated. At later stages, the remaining neurons develop additional dendrites that invade multiple glomeruli ectopically, and similarly, OSN inputs to glomeruli lose projection specificity as well. The authors conclude that the normal density of M/T neurons is not required for developmental refinement, but rather for maintaining specific connectivity in adults.

      The observations are indeed quite striking; however, the authors' conclusions are not entirely supported by the data.

      (1) It is unclear whether the expression of diphtheria toxin that eventually leads to the ablation of the large majority of M/T neurons compromises the cell biology of the remaining ones.

      DT is an extremely potent toxin that kills cells by inhibiting proteins translation, and it has been demonstrated that the presence of a single DT molecule in a cell is sufficient to kill it, because of its highly efficient catalytic activity. Accordingly, previous experiments have shown that DT kills cells within a few hours after its appearance in the cytoplasm (Yamaizumi et al., 1978). In other words, all the published evidence suggests that if a cell is exposed to the action of DT, that cell will die shortly. There is no evidence that cells exposed to DT can survive and experience long-term effects. Finally, previous works have not observed any long-term changes in neurons directly caused by the actions of DT (Johnson et al., 2017).

      (2) The authors interpret the growth of ectopic dendrites later in life as a lack of maintenance of dendrite structure; however, maybe the observed changes reflect actually adaptations that optimize wiring for extremely low numbers of M/T neurons. The finding that olfactory behavior was less affected than predicted supports this interpretation.

      We do not know the cellular or molecular mechanisms that explain why reducing the density of M/T cells is followed by the growth of ectopic dendrites from the remaining M/T cells. We agree that the functional outcome of growing ectopic dendrites may result in an optimization of wiring in the bulb and could explain why olfactory function is relatively preserved. We now include a comment regarding this possibility (Lines 513-525).   

      (3) The number of remaining M/T neurons is much higher at P10 than later. Can the relatively large number of remaining neurons (or their better health status) be the reason that dendrites refine normally at the early developmental stages rather than a (currently unknown) developmental capacity that preserves refinement?

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion, which was also raised by reviewer 1. 

      We agree with this comment, and in lines 375-381 we discuss the discrepancy between normal refinement during development, and dendritic sprouting in adults.

      Cre is expressed in M/T cells and it induces DTA expression starting around P0. The elimination of M/T cells starts at this time, and continues until by P10, when more than 75% of M/T have been eliminated. At P21 more than 90% of M/T have been eliminated, and their number remains stable thereafter.

      Pruning of the dendrites of M/T cells starts at P0 and it is mostly complete by P10. Therefore, it is possible that between P0 and P7, when dendrites are being pruned, the number of M/T cells remaining in the bulb is still over a threshold that does not interfere with the process of normal dendrite pruning. We agree that it would be very informative to perform additional experiments in the future where a large set of M/T cells could be ablated before pruning occurs (ideally before P0). 

      (4) While the effect of reduced M/T neuron density on both M/T dendrites and OSN axons is described well, the relationship between both needs to be characterized better: Is one effect preceding the other or do they occur simultaneously? Can one be the consequence of the other?

      Previous works have demonstrated that disrupting the topographic projection of the OSN axons has no effect on the structure of the apical dendrite of M/T cells (Ma et al., 2014; Nishizumi et al., 2019). Our experiments ablating a large fraction of M/T cells suggest that they are necessary for the correct targeting of OSN axons into the bulb. However, our experiments do not allow us to tell apart these 2 scenarios: 

      (a) the ablation of a large fraction of M/T cells directly causes the sprouting of the apical dendrite of M/T cells, and that this sprouting in turn causes the abnormal projection of OSN axons onto the bulb. 

      (b) the ablation of a large fraction of M/T cells first causes the axons of OSN to project abnormally onto multiple glomeruli in the bulb, and this in turn causes the dendrite of remaining M/T cells to sprout onto multiple glomeruli. 

      We now include a comment on the manuscript explaining this point. (Lines 473-492)

      (5) Page 7: the observation that not all neurons develop additional dendrites is not a sign of differences between cell types, it may be purely stochastic.

      This is correct, and we mention these 2 scenarios in the discussion (Line 407-408). 

      (6) Page 8: the fact that activity blockade did not affect the formation of ectopic dendrites does not suggest that the process is not activity-dependent: both manipulations have the same effect and may just mask each other.

      The experiments with Kir2.1 demonstrate that the structural plasticity observed after reducing the total number of M/T cells in an animal is not regulated by the firing action potentials in the remaining cells. Instead, this experiment indicates that the observed structural plasticity may be regulated by other types of mechanisms (including increased synaptic excitation as suggested by the reviewer) that do not require the firing of action potentials in M/T cells. 

      We now have included a comment regarding this point (Lines 243-247).  

      (7) It remains unclear how the observed structural changes can explain the behavioral effects.

      We agree that the relationship between structural changes and behavior was not appropriately explained in our manuscript. Our manipulations cause two major changes in the olfactory system, one primary, and several secondary. The primary change is a large reduction in the number of M/T cells both in the MOB and AOB. This reduction in M/T cell number triggers significant secondary changes in the connectivity of the bulb, including an abnormal projection of OSNs onto the OB, and the growth of ectopic dendrites from the remaining M/T cells into multiple glomeruli.

      The behavioral abnormalities displayed by these mice is ultimately caused by the reduction in the number of M/T cells, but it is likely that the secondary structural changes could regulate some of the behavioral phenomena that we observed. For example, in principle, it is possible that the ectopic dendrites innervating several glomeruli could help the bulb to perceive smells with a much reduced number of M/T cells. On the other hand, this promiscuous growth of dendrites into multiple glomeruli could make it more difficult for the animals to discriminate between smells. The same argument could be made about the fact that OSN axons project onto multiple glomeruli: we simply do not know if this change helps or makes it more difficult for the animal to detect smells.  

      We now include a comment regarding this issue (Lines 513-525).   

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Additional experiments and a more thorough discussion of the results, as suggested in the public review, would significantly strengthen the paper. Below are some specific parts that need to be addressed.

      There is a lack of information on how M/T cell numbers are quantified. Without the information, it is difficult to evaluate the claim. Using the tdTomato signal may miss cells that are not labeled due to the transgenic effect. 

      Although we cannot conclude that we are identifying the complete set of M/T cells (because the transgenic lines may fail to label some M/T cells), the number of M/T cells that we observed is similar to that previously reported (Richard et al., 2010). This concern has been included in the Results section (Lines 121-124).

      A more detailed description about M/T cells quantification has been added into the method section (Lines 627-632).

      There is a lack of information on the timeline of treatment and how measurement of the olfactory bulb volume is conducted.

      We now include a more detailed description of how the volume of the OB was measured in the methods (Lines 621-623).

      The volume measurement is inconsistent with the pictures shown. In Figure 1, supplemental data 2 panels B and C, it appears that the bulbs in DTA and DTR mice are about half in length in each dimension. This would translate into ~1/8 of the volume of the control mice.

      We measured the volume of the bulbs based on the Neurolucida reconstructions, and we observed that in both DTA and iDTR mice the volumes of their bulbs are roughly 50% compared to a wild type mouse. In Figure 1 - figure supplement 2 the sections that were shown for wild type, DTA and iDTR mice were not taken at the same position in the bulb, and this gave the impression that the bulbs from DTA and iDTR were much smaller than they really are. We now show sections for these three animals at equivalent positions in the bulb. 

      Figure 1 E and F have no legend.

      We apologize for this mistake - we have now added the legend for Figures 1E and F (Lines 1009-1013).

      Figure 3, supplemental data 2, it is not clear what the readers should be looking at. The data is confusing even for experts in the field. The authors should describe the figures more clearly, pointing out what they are supposed to show.

      We apologize for this, and we have now added a more detailed description of Figure3 – figure supplement 2 (Lines 1153-1167).

      In several figures, it is not clearly written what the comparisons were for where there are indications of statistical significance above the bars.

      We have now included a more detailed description of the statistics comparison in the figure legends.

      AAV serotype should be specified.

      The AAV serotype used to label M/T cells was the AAV-PHP.eB. We have added this information in the methods section of the manuscript. 

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Minor points

      Page 5, para 2: "The decrease in neuronal plasticity with age": it is unclear what "the decrease" refers to.

      We have changed this sentence in the text to make it clear:

      “The decrease in structural plasticity of M/T cells after apical dendrite refinement (Mizrahi and Katz, 2003),….”

      Line 146-148

      Is there a quantification of the effect of Kir2.1 overexpression alone (example shown in Figure 3D)?

      We did an experiment in IDTR animals in which a fraction of M/T cells expressed Kir2.1, and we split these animals in 2 groups: (a) animals that received an injection of DT, and (b) animals that did not receive any DT. We quantified the effect of Kir2.1 on M/T cells from animals that received DT injection (with an ablation of around of 90% of M/T cells) and we did not observe any clear statistically significant differences between cells expressing Kir2.1 or neurons that did not express Kir2.1 from other iDTR animals that also received DT injections. We did not quantify the possible effects of kir2.1 in the group of animals that did not receive DT because on a first inspection we did not observe any clear differences between Kir2.1 cells and neighboring wild type cells. 

      References

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      Johnson RE, Tien N-W, Shen N, Pearson JT, Soto F, Kerschensteiner D. 2017. Homeostatic plasticity shapes the visual system’s first synapse. Nat Commun 8:1220. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01332-7

      Lin DM, Wang F, Lowe G, Gold GH, Axel R, Ngai J, Brunet L. 2000. Formation of precise connections in the olfactory bulb occurs in the absence of odorant-evoked neuronal activity. Neuron 26:69–80. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81139-3

      Ma L, Wu Y, Qiu Q, Scheerer H, Moran A, Yu CR. 2014. A developmental switch of axon targeting in the continuously regenerating mouse olfactory system. Science 344:194–197. doi:10.1126/science.1248805

      Nishizumi H, Miyashita A, Inoue N, Inokuchi K, Aoki M, Sakano H. 2019. Primary dendrites of mitral cells synapse unto neighboring glomeruli independent of their odorant receptor identity. Commun Biol 2:1–12. doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0252-y

      Richard MB, Taylor SR, Greer CA. 2010. Age-induced disruption of selective olfactory bulb synaptic circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:15613–15618. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007931107

      Yamaizumi M, Mekada E, Uchida T, Okada Y. 1978. One molecule of diphtheria toxin fragment A introduced into a cell can kill the cell. Cell 15:245–250. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90099-5

    1. eLife Assessment

      This study presents a valuable finding on a potential signaling pathway responsible for the direct effects of nicotine on intestinal stem cell growth and tumorigenesis.  The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid. This research will be of interest to medical biologists specializing in intestinal tumors.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      In their manuscript, authors Isotani et al used in vivo and ex vivo models to show that nicotine could promote stemness and tumorigenicity in murine model. The authors further provided data supporting that the effects of nicotine on stem cell proliferation and tumor initiation were mediated by the Hippo-YAP/TAZ and Notch signal pathway.

      Strengths and weaknesses:

      The major strength of this study is the using a set of tools, including Lgr5 reporter mice (Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-CreERT2 mice), stem cell-specific Apc knockout mice (Lgr5CreER Apcfl/fl mice), organoids derived from these mice and chemical compounds (agonists and antagonists) to demonstrate nicotine affects stem cells rather than Paneth cells, leading to increased intestinal stemness and tumorigenicity. Whereas, all models are restricted to mice, lacking analysis of human samples or human intestinal organoids to prove the human relevant of these findings. Although the revised manuscript has significantly improved in the quality of pictures, there seems to be still a discrepancy in Figure 2A: quantification result suggested that NIC (1um) treatment increased the number of colonies from 300 to around 450 (1.5 folds), whereas representative picture shown that the difference was 3 to 12 living organoids (4 folds).

      Overall, the presented results could support their conclusions. A previous study reported that nicotine acts through the α2β4 nAChR to enhance Wnt production by Paneth cells, which subsequently affects ISCs. In contrast, this manuscript demonstrated that nicotine directly promotes ISCs through α7-nAChR, independent of Paneth cells. Therefore, this manuscript offers novel insights into the mechanism of nicotine's effects on the mouse intestine.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      The manuscript by Isotani et al characterizes the hyperproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) induced by nicotine treatment in vivo. Employing a range of small molecule inhibitors, the authors systematically investigated potential receptors and downstream pathways associated with nicotine-induced phenotypes through in vitro organoid experiments. Notably, the study specifically highlights a signaling cascade involving α7-nAChR/PKC/YAP/TAZ/Notch as a key driver of nicotine-induced stem cell hyperproliferation. Utilizing a Lgr5CreER Apcfl/fl mouse model, the authors extend their findings to propose a potential role of nicotine in stem cell tumorgenesis. The study posits that Notch signaling is essential during this process.

      Strengths and Weaknesses:

      One noteworthy research highlight in this study is the indication, as shown in Figure 2 and S2, that the trophic effect of nicotine on ISC expansion is independent of Paneth cells. In the Discussion section, the authors propose that this independence may be attributed to distinct expression patterns of nAChRs in different cell types. To further substantiate these findings, the authors provided qPCR analysis of nAchRs in ISCs and Paneth cells from isolated whole small intestine, indicating that α7-nAChR uniquely responds to nicotine treatment among various nAChRs. And the authors further strengthen the clinical relevance of the study by exploring human scRNA-seq dataset, in which α7-nAChR is indeed also expressed in human ISCs and Paneth cells.

      As shown in the same result section, the effect of nicotine on ISC organoid formation appears to be independent of CHIR99021, a Wnt activator. In the Lgr5CreER Apcfl/fl mouse model, it is known that APC loss results in a constitutive stabilization of β-catenin, thus the hyperproliferation of ISCs by nicotine treatment in this mouse model is likely beyond Wnt activation. The authors have included such discussion.

      In Figure 4, the authors investigate ISC organoid formation with a pan-PKC inhibitor, revealing that PKC inhibition blocks nicotine-induced ISC expansion. It's noteworthy that PKC inhibitors have historically been used successfully to isolate and maintain stem cells by promoting self-renewal. Therefore, it is surprising to observe no or reversal effect on ISCs in this context. The authors have now included an additional PKC inhibitor Sotrastaurin to confirm the role of PKC in nicotine-induced ISC expansion.

      Overall, the manuscript has provided sufficient experimental evidence to address my concerns and also significantly enhanced its quality.

    4. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In their manuscript, "Nicotine enhances the stemness and tumorigenicity in intestinal stem cells via Hippo-YAP/TAZ and Notch signal pathway", authors Isotani et al claimed that this study identifies a NIC-triggered pathway regulating the stemness and tumorigenicity of ISCs and suggest the use of DBZ as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating intestinal tumors. However, the presented data do not support the primary claims.

      Weaknesses:

      My main reservation is that the quality of the results presented in the manuscript may not fully substantiate their conclusions. For instance, in Figure 2 A and B, it is challenging to discern a healthy organoid. This is significant, as the entirety of Figure 2 and several panels in Figures 3 - 5 are based on these organoid assays. Additionally, there seems to be a discrepancy in the quality of results from the western blot, as the lanes of actin do not align with other proteins (Figure 6B).

      We directly count organoids under microscopy as described previously (Igarashi M et.al., Cell.2016 Igarashi M et.al., Aging Cell.2019). When we count the number of organoids, we exactly can discern which are alive or dead organoids under microscope. Hence, we will detail the method and show which are alive or dead organoids using arrows in our revised version (Figure2A and B).

      Moreover, as reviewer1 pointed out, the number of organoids originated from intestinal or colonic crypts can be affected by dead organoids as in Figure2A and 2B. However, almost all colonies from isolated intestinal stem cells (ISCs) (Figure 2C and D) are alive, so the number of colonies are less affected by dead colonies in those experiments using isolated ISCs. Since all organoid data in Figure 3-5 are based on the same method as that of Figure2C and D, the data quality of Figures 3-5 cannot be affected by dead colonies.

      Finally, to improve data quality of Figure6B, we repeated this experiments and replaced it by new figures.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The manuscript by Isotani et al characterizes the hyperproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) induced by nicotine treatment in vivo. Employing a range of small molecule inhibitors, the authors systematically investigated potential receptors and downstream pathways associated with nicotine-induced phenotypes through in vitro organoid experiments. Notably, the study specifically highlights a signaling cascade involving α7-nAChR/PKC/YAP/TAZ/Notch as a key driver of nicotine-induced stem cell hyperproliferation. Utilizing a Lgr5CreER Apcfl/fl mouse model, the authors extend their findings to propose a potential role of nicotine in stem cell tumorgenesis. The study posits that Notch signaling is essential during this process.

      Strengths and Weaknesses:

      One noteworthy research highlight in this study is the indication, as shown in Figure 2 and S2, that the trophic effect of nicotine on ISC expansion is independent of Paneth cells. In the Discussion section, the authors propose that this independence may be attributed to distinct expression patterns of nAChRs in different cell types. To further substantiate these findings, it is suggested that the authors perform tissue staining of various nAChRs in the small intestine and colon. This additional analysis would provide more conclusive evidence regarding how stem cells uniquely respond to nicotine. It is also recommended to present the staining of α7-nAChR from different intestinal regions. This will provide insights into the primary target sites of nicotine in the gut tract. Additionally, it is recommended that the authors consider rephrasing the conclusion in this section (lines 123-124). The current statement implies that nicotine does not affect Paneth cells, which may be inaccurate based on the suggestion in line 275 that nicotine might influence Paneth cells through α2β4-nAChR. Providing a more nuanced conclusion would better reflect the complexity of nicotine's potential impact on Paneth cells.

      It was difficult to obtain nAchRs antibodies usable in immunostaining. Hence, we instead performed qPCR of nAchRs in ISCs and Paneth cells from isolated whole small intestine (new Figure3C), although we cannot know the difference of the nAchRs expression in different intestinal regions by this method. Although the comparatively high expression was observed in α7-nAChR and α8nAChR in both ISCs and Paneth cells, the significant difference between ISCs and Paneth cells were not observed (Figure3C). 

      Interestingly, nicotine up-regulated only the expression of α7-nAChR in ISCs, suggesting the specifical response of α7-nAChR to nicotine (Figures 3C and D). We paraphrased the conclusion of the paragraph according to reviewer’s suggestion.

      As shown in the same result section, the effect of nicotine on ISC organoid formation appears to be independent of CHIR99021, a Wnt activator. Despite this, the authors suggest a potential involvement of Wnt/β-catenin activation downstream of nicotine in Figure 4F. In the Lgr5CreER Apcfl/fl mouse model, it is known that APC loss results in a constitutive stabilization of β-catenin, thus the hyperproliferation of ISCs by nicotine treatment in this mouse model is likely beyond Wnt activation. Therefore, it is recommended that the authors reconsider the inclusion of Wnt/β-catenin as a crucial signaling pathway downstream of nicotine, given the experimental evidence provided in this study.

      We appreciate for this important suggestion. Certainly, Wnt/β-catenin was activated in Nicotine treated ISCs. However, as reviewer points out, the hyperproliferation of ISCs by nicotine treatment is likely beyond Wnt activation.  According to the reviewer’s suggestion, we removed Wnt/β-catenin as a crucial signaling pathway downstream of nicotine (Figure 5G).

      In Figure 4, the authors investigate ISC organoid formation with a panPKC inhibitor, revealing that PKC inhibition blocks nicotine-induced ISC expansion. It's noteworthy that PKC inhibitors have historically been used successfully to isolate and maintain stem cells by promoting self-renewal. Therefore, it is surprising to observe no effect or reversal effect on ISCs in this context. A previous study demonstrated that the loss of PKCζ leads to increased ISC activity both in vivo and in vitro (DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.007). Additionally, to strengthen this aspect of the study, it would be beneficial for the authors to present more evidence, possibly using different PKC inhibitors, to reproduce the observed results with Gö 6983. This could help address potential concerns or discrepancies and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of PKC in nicotine-induced ISC expansion.

      Gö 6983 is a pan-PKC inhibitor against for PKCα, PKCβ, PKCγ, PKCδ and PKCζ with IC50 of 7 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 10 nM and 60 nM, respectively. Since we used Gö 6983 at the concentration of 10nM in our experiment, we consider PKCζ may not be possible target of nicotine. Additionally, we treated using 5nM Sotrastaurin, another pan-PKC inhibitor, which is supposed not to affect PKCζ. The observed result with Gö 6983 was reproduced by Sotrastaurin (Supplemental Figure 3E).

      An additional avenue that could enhance the clinical relevance of the study is the exploration of human datasets. Specifically, leveraging scRNA-seq datasets of the human intestinal epithelium (DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03852-1) could provide valuable insights. Analyzing the expression patterns of nAChRs across diverse regions and cell types in the human intestine may offer a potential clinical implication.

      We analyzed distribution pattern nAChRs of by scRNA-seq datasets of the human intestinal epithelium (DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03852-1). In consistent with mouse data (Figure3C), the expression of human α7-nAChR is higher than that of other nAChRs. The difference of the expression between ISCs and Paneth cells is not clear as in that of mouse (Supplemental Figure4A and B). From mouse and human data, we speculate the induction of specific nAChR by nicotine is essence of ISC response to nicotine, rather than the distribution of nAChRs.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The manuscript could benefit from addressing a few minor points to enhance its quality before publication:

      (1) Ensure all images are presented in higher resolution to improve visual clarity.

      We replaced all images by those with higher resolution.

      (2) Quantify Western blot results accurately for rigor and precision in data representation.

      We quantified all blots.

      (3) Include error bars in control groups where missing, particularly in Figures 3C and 4D, to enhance data interpretation.

      We included error bars in control groups in new Figure 3C and 4D.

      (4) The layout of Figure S3B, S4A and S4B should be corrected.

      We corrected the layout of those Figures.

    1. This type of source is known as a feature piece. Feature pieces combine journalism and storytelling. The New York times is known for journalistic integrity , but this source may reflect the bias of the perspective of the writer on this political issue. As a result, there may be some bias in this source.

    1. They more frequently turn out to vote, engage in political discussions, attend campaign events, contribute money, contact public officials, and the like (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady 1995; Schlozman, Verba, & Brady, 2012)

      These citations are fairly old, and it would be likely to find more recent studies if they exist. The newest citation is over a decade old, while this does not mean the information is invalid, it could be helpful to find newer sources that have since built on this principle.