10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Feb 2019
  2. Jan 2019
    1. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called "porting."[28] As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.[29]

      Was wondering what this meant.

    2. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, he or she might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.[1][2][3][4][5]

      Important to note that the CC license protects both the creator and the user.

    1. Circulation

      idea

      increasing blood pressure difference could increase volume difference and thereby the amound of CSF exchanged during pulsation.

      hypo

      The bigger the volume difference the more CSF flows through and the deeper it reaches, leading to improvent functioning, namingly waste output>disposal and energy input>supply.

    1. marking the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, which is around King's birthday, January 15. The holiday is similar to holidays set under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. The earliest Monday for this holiday is January 15 and the latest is January 21.

      momentous occasion

    1. The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city-state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. "Vatican" is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager, "Vatican territory".

      Named after "the" hill...

    1. Clement, a 1st-century bishop of Rome, refers to the leaders of the Corinthian church in his epistle to Corinthians as bishops and presbyters interchangeably.

      Important to note that Clements purpose for writing to the Corinthians is because of the same issues Paul had addressed (Gonzalez p. 83).

    2. The writings attributed to the apostles circulated amongst the earliest Christian communities. The Pauline epistles were circulating in collected form by the end of the 1st century AD.

      It is definitely believed today that the Gospels come much later after wide circulation of Paul's text believed to have been as early as 49CE.

    3. Monasticism

      Glad to see this referenced here, and Gonzalez covers it as well, though I must say, I am a bit bummed neither maes specific reference to the early monks as the Desert Fathers. Perhaps that's just their "popular" name, as called by folks like Thomas Merton and Richard Rohr. Either way, their's is a fascinating part of the Christian story and I'm glad to see them getting a little love.

    4. Saul of Tarsus, commonly known as Paul the Apostle, persecuted the early Jewish Christians, such as Saint Stephen, then converted and adopted the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles" and started proselytizing among the Gentiles. He persuaded the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow Gentile converts exemption from most Jewish commandments at the Council of Jerusalem. According to the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Paul's influence on Christian thinking is more significant than any other New Testament author;[3] however, the relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still disputed today.

      Reading the section entitled "Paul's Works" in Gonzalez's text, he seems to downplay Paul's influence and tries to provide some great context for all the other work that was happening that supported his own efforts and travel. I reckon my feeling here, which shouldn't be a total shocker, a bit frustrated with the knowledge that most people tryng to learn a bit about any of this stuff are probably reading these 3 sentences about Paul on wikipedia and callin git a day.

    5. During this period, they were led by James the Just.

      "James the just" - "the New Testament gives no indication as to the career of most of the apostles. Acts tells of the death of James the brother of John." (Gonzalez, 36)

      I also find it interesting how they are using the term "apocalyptic Jewish sects" throughout

    6. The oldest known Christian paintings are from the Roman Catacombs, dated to about AD 200, and the oldest Christian sculptures are from sarcophagi, dating to the beginning of the 3rd century.[16]

      As Gonzalez notes: "Since at first Christians gathered in private homes, it is not likely that there were in their meeting places many decorations or symbols alluding to Christian faith...But as soon as Christians began having their own cemeteries--the catacombs--and their own churches--such as the one in Dura-Europos--Christian art began to develop." (pg 117)

    7. which historians refer to as Jewish Christianity.

      I appreciate this article pointing out that Jesus began another Jewish sect, as we read in Gonzalez, as opposed to referring to it as another religion.

    8. The history of early Christianity covers the period from the origins of Christianity to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

      Okay, so as a test, I thought it was worth noting here how definitive this statement is about the time period considered "early Christianity", when Gonzalez makes clear that "such divisions are always somewhat artificial, and ...it is possible to divide the same history in different ways" (Gonzalez, 1996, p. 11).

    9. A popular doctrine of the 4th century was Arianism, the denial of the divinity of Christ, as propounded by Arius

      I'm appreciating how Gonzalez offers relative scale in his historical accounting, such as "no controversy was as far-reaching as Arianism", and that the First Council of Nicea was called in response to this controversy (Gonzales, 1996, p. 38). Wikepedia's entries leave me feeling like I've been delivered a bunch of dots that aren't connected.

    10. The Book of Acts admits conflicts between Hebrews and Hellenists, and Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians, and Aramaic speakers and Greek speakers.

      Gonzalez does a good job of drawing this out: "...a conflict between two groups of Jews: those who kept the customs and language of their ancestors, and those who were more open to Hellenistic influences. In Acts, the people in the first group are called 'Hebrews' and the others are the 'Hellenists'" (p. 25; emphasis added).

    11. the Christian religion continued its spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin.[12] There is no agreement on how Christianity managed to spread so successfully prior to the Edict of Milan

      Gonzalez makes a fascinating point on pages 17-18. He states that, "By the time of Jesus, there were sizable Jewish communities in every major city in the Roman Empire" (p.17). He goes on to say, "Diaspora Judaism is of crucial importance for the history of Christianity, for it was one of the main avenues through which the new faith expanded throughout the Roman Empire (p. 18)"

    12. The development of doctrine, the position of orthodoxy, and the relationship between the various opinions is a matter of continuing academic debate.

      There did not seem to be much scripture, if any, supporting orthodox Christological opinions that underlay Nicene Creed affirmations that many take for granted today as the basis for identifying heresies

    13. Notable early Fathers include

      I appreciated the discussion by Eric in his introductory video of the movement to classify this group as Church Teachers rather than the historic term Church Fathers, an implicit move to deal with inherent patriarchalism

    14. embraced a Neo-platonic and mystical form of paganism

      While this renunciation leads to Julian often being called "the Apostate" many in the Pagan community continue to name him "the Blessed!"

    15. persecutions as the result of local pagan populations putting pressure on the imperial authorities to take action against the Christians in their mids

      One of the ways pagan group created pressure was through rumors about Christian practices and worship. I had not thought of the Eucharist as being a "love feast" (Gonzalez, 2010, p. 59). When references to brothers and sisters in Christ were used in connection with a love feast, I can see where imagination of worship could be seen as a orgy of incest. How quickly ignorance and judgement move us to persecution in error.

    16. summarizing the historical causes of the early success of Christianity

      Another reason for early success of Christianity was it's appeal to the broken and every day people. Jesus welcomed all those not highly regarded in society and Gonzalez notes, "the vast majority of Christians during the first three centuries belonged o the lower echelons of society." (p. 105) So when life beats you up, as it usually does at some point, Christianity offers a place to belong, and to explore forgiveness and hope. This appeal can speak to all of humanity.

    1. It was a replica of the throne of the seventh king of Dahomey, Kpengla. It was given as a gift by ambassadors of the king Adandozan for the, at that time, prince John VI de Portugal in 1810 or 1811 and integrated to the Royal Museum, former name of the National Museum, in 1818.

      The story of the Zinkpo.

  3. Dec 2018
    1. Theosophy is an esoteric religious movement established in the United States during the late nineteenth century. It was founded largely by the Russian émigrée Helena Blavatsky and draws its beliefs predominantly from Blavatsky's writings. Categorised by scholars of religion as part of the occultist current of Western esotericism, it draws upon both older European philosophies like Neoplatonism and Asian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism.
    1. Christ Jesus,[7] the Good Shepherd, 3rd century. The sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include the Gospels and New Testament epistles. The very earliest accounts of belief are contained in these texts, such as early creeds and hymns, as well as accounts of the Passion, the empty tomb, and Resurrection appearances; some of these are dated to the 30s or 40s AD, originating within the Jerusalem Church.[8]

      Just trying this out for the first time. Pretty slick!

    1. Numerator layout, i.e. lay out according to y and xT (i.e. contrarily to x). This is sometimes known as the Jacobian formulation. Denominator layout, i.e. lay out according to yT and x (i.e. contraril

      两种布局;

    1. Fentanyl, a newer synthetic opioid painkiller, is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine and 30 to 50 times more potent than heroin,[57] with only 2 mg becoming a lethal dose. It is pure white, odorless and flavorless, with a potency strong enough that police and first responders helping overdose victims have themselves overdosed by simply touching or inhaling a small amount.[193][194][195]

      .

    1. A syntactically annotated corpus (treebank) is a part of Russian National Corpus.[2] It contains 40,000 sentences (600,000 words) which are fully syntactically and morphologically annotated. The primary annotation was made by ETAP-3 and then manually verified by competent linguists.
  4. Nov 2018
    1. Net sales = gross sales – (customer discounts, returns, and allowances) Gross profit = net sales – cost of goods sold Operating profit = gross profit – total operating expenses Net profit = operating profit – taxes – interest Net profit = net sales – cost of goods sold – operating expense – taxes – interest
    2. Another equation to calculate net income: Net sales = gross sales – (customer discounts + returns + allowances) Gross profit = net sales – cost of goods sold Gross profit percentage = [(net sales – cost of goods sold)/net sales] × 100%. Operating profit = gross profit – total operating expenses Net income = operating profit – taxes – interest
    3. Another equation to calculate net income: Net sales (revenue) - Cost of goods sold = Gross profit - SG&A expenses (combined costs of operating the company) - Research and development (R&D) = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) - Depreciation and amortization = Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) - Interest expense (cost of borrowing money) = Earnings before taxes (EBT) - Tax expense = Net income (EAT)
    4. Here is how you reach net profit on a P&L (Profit & Loss) account: Sales revenue = price (of product) × quantity sold Gross profit = sales revenue − cost of sales and other direct costs Operating profit = gross profit − overheads and other indirect costs EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) = operating profit + non-operating income Pretax profit (EBT, earnings before taxes) = operating profit − one off items and redundancy payments, staff restructuring − interest payable Net profit = Pre-tax profit − tax Retained earnings = Profit after tax − dividends

      $$Sales Revenue = (Price Of Product) - (Quantity Sold)$$

      $$Gross Profit = (Sales Revenue) - (Cost)$$

      $$Operating Profit = (Gross Profit) - (Overhead)$$

      Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) $$EBIT = (Operating Profit) + (Non-Operating Income)$$ Earnings Before Taxes (EBT) $$EBT = (Operating Profit) - (One Off Items, Redundancy Payments, Staff Restructuring) - (Interest Payable$$

      $$Net Profit = (EBT) - (Tax)$$

      $$ Retained Earnings = (Net Profit) - (Dividends)$$

    5. Net profit is a measure of the fundamental profitability of the venture. "It is the revenues of the activity less the costs of the activity. The main complication is . . . when needs to be allocated" across ventures. "Almost by definition, overheads are costs that cannot be directly tied to any specific" project, product, or division

      Revenue - Cost

    6. Net profit: To calculate net profit for a venture (such as a company, division, or project), subtract all costs, including a fair share of total corporate overheads, from the gross revenues or turnover. Net profit = sales revenue − total costs
    1. He believed giving governments any flexibility in setting money growth would lead to inflation and therefore

      在權衡與法則兩者間,Friedman認為央行應當選擇法則。

    1. Neutronium (sometimes shortened to neutrium,[1] also referred to as neutrite[2]) is a hypothetical substance composed purely of neutrons.

      claim that neutronium is a "hypothetical substance"

    1. A function point is a "unit of measurement" to express the amount of business functionality an information system (as a product) provides to a user.

      function point

    1. Рекомендации Рабочей группы W3C по веб-аннотации (по состоянию на 23 февраля 2017 года): Модель данных веб-аннотации Словарь веб-аннотации Протокол веб-аннотации Архитектура веб-аннотации , интерактивная иллюстрация W3C

      Зафиксировать важность этой страницы! И почему такой страницы до сих пор нет в русскоязычном сегменте?

    1. RNAM acts as the advisor for India focused Equity and Fixed Income funds in Japan (launched by Nissay Asset Management) and Korea (Samsung Asset Management)

      NBFC

    1. The relationship of new market exchange systems to indigenous non-market exchange remained a perplexing question for anthropologists. Paul Bohannan argued that the Tiv of Nigeria had three spheres of exchange, and that only certain kinds of goods could be exchanged in each sphere; each sphere had its own different form of special purpose money. However, the market and universal money allowed goods to be traded between spheres and thus served as an acid on established social relationships.[32]

      Not very informational, but maybe look into spheres of exchange

  5. Oct 2018
    1. In English and many other languages using some form of the Latin alphabet, the space is a good approximation of a word divider (word delimiter), although this concept has limits because of the variability with which languages emically regard collocations and compounds.

      пробел -- хороший аппроксиматор разделения слов. но есть коллокации и сложносоставные слова.

    1. Agglutination is a linguistic process pertaining to derivational morphology in which complex words are formed by stringing together morphemes without changing them in spelling or phonetics.
    1. The perplexity of the model q is defined as b − 1 N ∑ i = 1 N log b ⁡ q ( x i ) {\displaystyle b^{-{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\log _{b}q(x_{i})}}

      The perplexity formula is missing the probability distribution \(p\)

    1. Engelbart's career was inspired in December 1950 when he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than "a steady job, getting married and living happily ever after".[14] Over several months he reasoned that: he would focus his career on making the world a better place[15] any serious effort to make the world better would require some kind of organized effort that harnessed the collective human intellect of all people to contribute to effective solutions. if you could dramatically improve how we do that, you'd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems – the sooner the better computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability.[14]

      Engelbart's guiding philosophy

    1. supplementing "how creative men think" and relates that the systems for indexing data are still insufficient and rely too much on linear pathways rather than the association-based system of the human brain

      linear pathways vs association based

    1. disallowing extremely light or extremely dark coats

      I've adopted two goldens who were too dark and too light, respectively, to be showdogs. It's a shame that people abandon these sweet and loving doggos just because they don't qualify for championships.

    2. Golden retrievers are rarely choosy eaters

      Sometimes to their detriment. Be careful of what you leave in their presence! It will probably get eaten.

    1. Shewanella oneidensis is a bacterium notable for its ability to reduce metal ions and live in environments with or without oxygen. This proteobacterium was first isolated from Lake Oneida, NY in 1988, whence its name.[1]

      Test

    1. Following Christopher Strachey,[2] parametric polymorphism may be contrasted with ad hoc polymorphism, in which a single polymorphic function can have a number of distinct and potentially heterogeneous implementations depending on the type of argument(s) to which it is applied. Thus, ad hoc polymorphism can generally only support a limited number of such distinct types, since a separate implementation has to be provided for each type.

      kind of like clojure multimethods but those can dispatch on arbitary function hence arbitrary "property"

    2. In programming languages and type theory, parametric polymorphism is a way to make a language more expressive, while still maintaining full static type-safety. Using parametric polymorphism, a function or a data type can be written generically so that it can handle values identically without depending on their type.[1] Such functions and data types are called generic functions and generic datatypes respectively and form the basis of generic programming.

      so essentially this is just a way to escape the contrains of types--overspecifying the type of argument for e.g. append function

      I guess the behaviour implement cannot really implement on the type of value

    1. Some philosophers think there is an important distinction between "knowing that" (know a concept), "knowing how" (understand an operation), and "acquaintance-knowledge" (know by relation), with epistemology being primarily concerned with the first of these.[10]

      In my opinion, this is the sequence of that people how to obtian the knowledge.

    1. the potency of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function

      物质抑制某特定生物/生化功能的效力

    1. Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[10] The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams.

      test

    1. In certain databases the key values may be points in some multi-dimensional space

      what is the best data structure for such search problems?

  6. Sep 2018
    1. Li (理, pinyin lǐ)is a concept found in Neo-Confucian Chinese philosophy. It refers to the underlying reason and order of nature as reflected in its organic forms.

      Li

    1. Communism forgets that life is individual. Capitalism forgets that life is social, and the Kingdom of Brotherhood is found neither in the thesis of Communism nor the antithesis of Capitalism but in a higher synthesis. It is found in a higher synthesis that combines the truths of both".[44]

      When did King switch from "the beloved community" to "the Kingdom of Brotherhood." This quote is very Hegelian - is this the Royce influence?

    2. An interesting page. Definitely steers away from any explicitly Marxist understanding. Has the "monopoly capitalism" school ever identified "economic democracy" as the counter-movement?

    1. A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that worked. A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be patched up to make it work. You have to start over with a working simple system

      would be interesting to find an exeptions

    1. Back to my question I once asked myself:

      What would I do if I had everything I wanted? Relating to the social, material, and mental categories.. Nothing? Just observing my own mind, how thoughts appear into consciousness, how it feels to be aware? Would that be called nothing or something?

    1. literature

      easier for the lower classes to afford a book as opposed to paying to go to the opera or something else, hence some of the overall holistic appeal?

    2. Secularism and doubts about the accuracy of the Old Testament grew as the scientific outlooked rapidly gained ground among the better educated.

      people were having THOUGHTS?!

    3. imposed fresh moralistic values

      how can one impose someone moral's? i'm not talking about forcing or influencing people to do something, what I'm saying is you can't really force someone to truly feel that way on a moral level about something

    4. Moral standards improved very dramatically, e

      while it is understood that religion can be overall positive for a community is it not a little biased for the author here to blanket state that everyones moral standards improved because they were forced to practice a certain religion?

    1. Leapfrogging in developing countries

      I think this concept cannot be applied to a developing country. A society who never made the experience and the learning path of how the technology was made and conceived. Because I found that certain technologies as are mentioned in this paragraph never rech the level of functionality like in developed countries. The reason is always something, soon or later, will went wrong and nobody will knows how to fix the problem. Then locals have to call a foreign engineer to look what the problem is. And then the parent company never send the best professional to the locals in order to see what the problem is. Then there are other problems like cultural communication between foreign engineer and local engineer and the problem enters in a vicious cycle of "We did all what we could". The other problems are these technologies are seen and transferred out of its system without the corresponding social captial and its value chain constructed.

  7. Aug 2018
    1. reported that the police estimated there were 8,600 in London alone in 1857

      Sadly, a percentage of these prostitutes were children, as Dr. Utell touched upon in Wednesday's class. They may not have been included in this statisical analysis, but they were a part of this "Great Social Evil".

    2. Respectability was their code—a businessman had to be trusted, and must avoid reckless gambling and heavy drinking.

      I believe this was a popular belief for the Greeks as well. Indulgent 'activities' were never taken too far, as the self must maintain a level of decorum and intellectual acuity.

    3. India provides an example of the London-based financiers pouring money and expertise into a very well built system designed for military reasons (after the Mutiny of 1857), and with the hope that it would stimulate industry

      The same can be said for Sri Lanka. These two countries are prime examples of Britain's first attempts of Asian colonization...and eventual failures. Even to this day countries like Japan and China are pumping money and supplies into the militias of these countries in hopes of turning them into "mini colonies". On the bright side, British English is the standard of English taught in both these countries to this day.

    4. They taught in Sunday schools, visited the poor and sick, distributed tracts, engaged in fundraising, supported missionaries, led Methodist class meetings, prayed with other women, and a few were allowed to preach to mixed audiences.

      The life Jane Eyre almost lived.

    5. novelist Charles Dickens, for example, worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in a debtors' prison.

      Dickens' experiences working in a blacking factory at such a young age is likely the inspiration for some of his novels such as "Oliver Twist". The novel is about an orphan boy named Oliver Twist who ends up living on the streets with other orphan children.

    6. Virginia Woolf said the angel had to be killed.

      Virginia Woolf wrote about women needing to have the space to write, think, and be themselves in "A Room of One's Own". Women need their own space to express themselves and expand their ideas.

    7. They instead concentrated on the argument that it was not necessary to believe in God in order to behave in moral fashion.

      I feel this is an important point that was over looked then and forgotten now. People can be good people and not have a religious background or upbringing.

    8. Blasphemy laws meant that promoting atheism could be a crime and was vigorously prosecuted.

      I find it interesting that religion was such an important part of people's everyday lives back then. People were punished because they didn't believe in God, or they didn't practice the religion they were supposed to.

    9. English family life increasingly became compartmentalised

      similar to the seperate social spheres for men and women, work and home were kept seperate

    10. The Victorian frame of mind is largely composed of their characteristic modes of thought and feeling

      makes sense as the middle class is usually the largest so once they had more time to be involved politically rather than just work, they had a good influence

    11. extension of scientific assumptions

      This kind of answers my question, they felt social problems should be solved more scientifically rather than based on religion.

    12. Nonconformists fighting bitterly against the established status of the Church of England, especially regarding education and access to universities and public office.

      it seems like the church was having a positive effect on these changes, so why so much push back?

    13. Their movement, often called "Philosophic Radicalism," fashioned a formula for promoting the goal of "progress" using scientific rationality, and businesslike efficiency, to identify, measure, and discover solutions to social problems.

      I feel like we could use some of this today

    14. rapid rise of the middle class, in large part displacing the complete control long exercised by the aristocracy.

      I find this interesting since (at least in jane eyre) there seemed to be a lot of reflection of aristocracy in the novel

    15. The princely states were not affected and remained under British guidance.[17]

      So basically Britian was getting a lot more land/power and after this im guessing stuff kinda went quiet politically?

    16. There were unprecedented demographic changes: the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901,[3] and Scotland's population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901.

      people have lots of kids in peaceful/prosperous times (following war)

    17. romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts

      interesting that romanticism is matched with the higher moral values rather than rationalism.

    18. There was a strong religious drive for higher moral standards

      I'm wondering what happened in the Georgian period that made them want higher morals?

    1. He believed that anomie is common when the surrounding society has undergone significant changes in its economic fortunes, whether for better or for worse and, more generally, when there is a significant discrepancy between the ideological theories and values commonly professed and what was actually achievable in everyday life. This was contrary to previous theories on suicide which generally maintained that suicide was precipitated by negative events in a person's life and their subsequent depression.

      Is this what America is experiencing in the midst of Donald J. Trump's new Republican party?

      I'm left wondering if there is a potential link to Jonah Goldberg having used the word Suicide specifically in the title of his recent book? Neither Durkheim nor anomie appear within the text however.

    1. Ile-Ibinu Yoruba words (by which name the country was afterward known)

      Indigenous name of the Kingdom of Benin

      The indigenous name of the Kingdom of Benin is Ile-Ibinu, although it was known as simply Ubunu during its first century of origin.

      The Kingdom of Benin, or Ile-Ubinu, emerged in a region formerly named Igodomigodo. At the founding of Benin in the 11th century, the kingdom's inhabitants knew it as Ubinu (related to the word for a center for king's governance), but by the fall of the Ogiso dynasty in the 12th century, it became known as Ile-Ibinu, the name by which it was known for the majority of its history. The name Benin is a Portuguese corruption of the Kingdom's original name.

      Alt details: The Portuguese corruption 'Benin' became commonly accepted by locals as the name for Benin City after the 15th century. (Fact check this.) Ubinu was colloquially referred as Bini by its inhabitants. Some regions/tribes referred to the Kingdom as Ubinu up until the 19th century.