Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors proposed a framework to estimate the posterior distribution of parameters in biophysical models. The framework has two modules: the first MLP module is used to reduce data dimensionality and the second NPE module is used to approximate the desired posterior distribution. The results show that the MLP module can capture additional information compared to manually defined summary statistics. By using the NPE module, the repetitive evaluation of the forward model is avoided, thus making the framework computationally efficient. The results show the framework has promise in identifying degeneracy. This is an interesting work.

Comment on revised version:

The authors have addressed all the raised concerns and made appropriate modifications to the manuscript. The changes have improved the clarity, methodology, and overall quality of the paper. Given these improvements, I believe the paper now meets the standards for publication in this journal.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors improve the work of Jallais et al. (2022) by including a novel module capable of automatically learning feature selection from different acquisition protocols inside a supervised learning framework. Combining the module above with an estimation framework for estimating the posterior distribution of model parameters, they obtain rich probabilistic information (uncertainty and degeneracy) on the parameters in a reasonable computation time.

The main contributions of the work are:

(1) The whole framework allows the user to avoid manually defining summary statistics, which may be slow and tedious and affect the quality of the results.

(2) The authors tested the proposal by tackling three different biophysical models for brain tissue and using data with characteristics commonly used by the diffusion-MR-microstructure research community.

(3) The authors validated their method well with the state-of-the-art.

(4) The methodology allows the quantification of the inherent model's degeneration and how it increases with strong noise.

The authors showed the utility of their proposal by computing complex parameter descriptors automatically in an achievable time for three different and relevant biophysical models.

Importantly, this proposal promotes tackling, analyzing, and considering the degenerated nature of the most used models in brain microstructure estimation.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review): 

The authors proposed a framework to estimate the posterior distribution of parameters in biophysical models. The framework has two modules: the first MLP module is used to reduce data dimensionality and the second NPE module is used to approximate the desired posterior distribution. The results show that the MLP module can capture additional information compared to manually defined summary statistics. By using the NPE module, the repetitive evaluation of the forward model is avoided, thus making the framework computationally efficient. The results show the framework has promise in identifying degeneracy. This is an interesting work.

We thank the reviewer for the positive comments made on our manuscript. 

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors): 

I have some minor comments. 

(1) The uGUIDE framework has two modules, MLP and NPE. Why are the two modules trained jointly? The MLP module is used to reduce data dimensionality. Given that the number of features for different models is all fixed to 6, why does one need different MLPs? This module should, in principle, be general-purpose and independent of the model used.

The MLP must be trained together with the NPE module to maximise inference performance in terms of accuracy and precision. Although the number of features predicted by the MLP was fixed to six, the characteristics of these six features can be very different, depending on the chosen forward model and the available data, as we showed in Appendix 1 Figure 1. Training the MLP independently of the NPE would result in suboptimal performance of µGUIDE, with potentially higher bias and variance of the predicted posterior distributions. We have now added these considerations in the Methods section.

(2) The authors mentioned at L463 that all the 3 models use 6 features. From L445 to L447, it seems model 3 has 7 unknown parameters. How can one use 6 features to estimate 7 unknowns? 

Thank you for pointing out the lack of clarity regarding the parameters to estimate in this section. Model 3 is a three-compartment model, whose parameters of interest are the signal fraction and diffusivity from water diffusing in the neurite space (fn and Dn), the neurites orientation dispersion index (ODI), the signal fraction in cell bodies (fs), a proxy to soma radius and diffusivity (Cs), and the signal fraction and diffusivity in the extracellular space (fe and De). The signal fractions are constrained by the relationship fn + fs + fe = 1, hence fe  i_s calculated from the estimated _fn and fs. This leaves us with 6 parameters to estimate: fn, Dn, ODI, fs, Cs, De. We clarified it in the revised version of the paper. 

(3) L471, Rician noise is not a proper term. Rician distribution is the distribution of pixel intensities observed in the presence of noise. And Rician distribution is the result of magnitude reconstruction. See "Noise in magnitude magnetic resonance images" published in 2008. I assume that real-valued Gaussian noise is added to simulated data. 

We apologize for the confusion. We added Gaussian noise to the real and imaginary parts of the simulated signals and then used the magnitude of this noisy complex signal for our experiments. We rephrased the sentence for more clarity.

(4) L475, why thinning is not used in MCMC? In figure 3, the MCMC results are more biased than uGUIDE, is it related to no thinning in MCMC? 

We followed the recommendations by Harms et al. (2018) for the MCMC experiments. They analysed the impact of thinning (among other parameters) on the estimated posterior distributions. Their findings indicate that thinning is unnecessary and inefficient, and they recommend using more samples instead. For further details, we refer the reviewer to their publication, along with the theoretical works they cite. We have now added this note in the Methods section.

(5) Did the authors try model-fitting methods with different initializations to get a distribution of the parameters? Like the paper "Degeneracy in model parameter estimation for multi‐compartmental diffusion in neuronal tissue". For the in vivo data, it is informative to see the model-fitting results.

No, we did not try model-fitting methods with different initializations because such methods provide only a partial description of the solution landscape, which can be interpreted as a partial posterior distribution. Although this approach can help to highlight the problem of degeneracy, it does not provide a complete description of all potential solutions. In contrast, MCMC estimates the full posterior distribution, offering a more accurate and precise characterization of degeneracies and uncertainties compared to model-fitting methods with varying initializations. Hence, we decided to use MCMC as benchmark. We have now added these considerations to the Discussion section. 

Reviewer #2 (Public Review): 

Summary: 

The authors improve the work of Jallais et al. (2022) by including a novel module capable of automatically learning feature selection from different acquisition protocols inside a supervised learning framework. Combining the module above with an estimation framework for estimating the posterior distribution of model parameters, they obtain rich probabilistic information (uncertainty and degeneracy) on the parameters in a reasonable computation time. 

The main contributions of the work are: 

(1) The whole framework allows the user to avoid manually defining summary statistics, which may be slow and tedious and affect the quality of the results. 

(2) The authors tested the proposal by tackling three different biophysical models for brain tissue and using data with characteristics commonly used by the diffusion-MRmicrostructure research community. 

(3) The authors validated their method well with the state-of-the-art. 

The main weakness is: 

(1) The methodology was tested only on scenarios with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equal to 50. It is interesting to show results with lower SNR and without noise that the method can detect the model's inherent degenerations and how the degeneration increases when strong noise is present. I suggest expanding the Figure in Appendix 1 to include this information. 

The authors showed the utility of their proposal by computing complex parameter descriptors automatically in an achievable time for three different and relevant biophysical models. 

Importantly, this proposal promotes tackling, analysing, and considering the degenerated nature of the most used models in brain microstructure estimation. 

We thank the reviewer for these positive remarks. 

Concerning the main weakness highlighted by the reviewer: In our submitted work, we presented results both without noise and with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equal to 50 (similar to the SNR in the experimental data analysed). Figure 5 shows exemplar posterior distributions obtained in a noise-free scenario, and Table 1 reports the number of degeneracies for each model on 10000 noise-free simulations. These results highlight that the presence of degeneracies is inherent to the model definition. Figures 3, 6 and 7 present results considering an SNR of 50. We acknowledge that results with lower SNR have not been included in the initial submission. To address this, we added a figure in the appendix illustrating the impact of noise on the posterior distributions. Specifically, Figure 1A of Appendix 2 shows posterior distributions estimated from signals generated using an exemplar set of model parameters with varying noise levels

(no noise, SNR=50 and SNR=25). Figure 1B presents uncertainties values obtained on 1000 simulations for each noise level. We observe that, as the SNR reduces, uncertainty increases. Noise in the signal contributes to irreducible variance. The confidence in the estimates therefore reduces as the noise level increases.  

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):  

Some suggestions: 

Panel A of Figure 2 may deserve a better explanation in the Figure's caption. 

We agree that the description of panel A of figure 2 was succinct and added more explanation in the figure’s caption.  

The caption of Figure 3 should mention that the panel's titles are the parameters of the used biophysical models. 

We added in the caption of figure 3 that the names of the model parameters are indicated in the titles of the panels. We apologise for the confusion it may have created.

In equation (3), the authors should indicate the summation index. 

We apologise for not putting the summation index in equation 3. We added it in the revised version.

In line 474, the authors should discuss if the systematic use of the maximum likelihood estimator as an initializer for the sampling does not bias the computed results. 

Concerning the MCMC estimations, we followed the recommendations from Harms et al. (2018). They investigated the use of starting from the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). They concluded that starting from the MLE allows to start in the stationary distribution of the Markov chain, removing the need for some burn-in. Additionally, they showed that initializing the sampling from the MLE has the advantage of removing salt- and pepper-like noise from the resulting mean and standard deviation maps. We have now added this note in the Methods section.

eLife Assessment

The manuscript reports a valuable finding on dopamine receptor-mediated regulation, the firing of striatal cholinergic interneurons in both healthy and dyskinesia states, identifying that Kv1 channels play a key role in the burst-dependent pause. The study presents solid experimental data, and provides additional mechanistic insights into how burst activity in SCINs leads to a subsequent pause, highlighting the involvement of D1/D5 receptors. This work will be of interest to researchers studying the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Tubert C. et al. investigated the role of dopamine D5 receptors (D5R) and their downstream potassium channel, Kv1, in the striatal cholinergic neuron pause response induced by thalamic excitatory input. Using slice electrophysiological analysis combined with pharmacological approaches, the authors tested which receptors and channels contribute to the cholinergic interneuron pause response in both control and dyskinetic mice (in the L-DOPA off state). They found that activation of Kv1 was necessary for the pause response, while activation of D5R blocked the pause response in control mice. Furthermore, in the L-DOPA off-state of dyskinetic mice, the absence of the pause response was restored by the application of clozapine. The authors claimed that (1) the D5R-Kv1 pathway contributes to the cholinergic interneuron pause response in a phasic dopamine concentration-dependent manner, and (2) clozapine inhibits D5R in the L-DOPA off state, which restores the pause response.

Strengths:

The electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches used in this study are powerful tools for testing channel properties and functions. The authors' group has well-established these methodologies and analysis pipelines. Indeed, the data presented were robust and reliable.

Weaknesses:

Although the paper has strengths in its methodological approaches, there is a significant gap between the presented data and the authors' claims.

There was no direct demonstration that the D5R-Kv1 pathway is dominant when dopamine levels are high. The term 'high' is ambiguous, and it raises the question of whether the authors believe that dopamine levels do not reach the threshold required to activate D5R under physiological conditions.

Furthermore, the data presented in Figure 6 are confusing. If clozapine inhibits active D5R and restores the pause response, the D5R antagonist SCH23390 should have the same effect. The data suggest that clozapine-induced restoration of the pause response might be mediated by other receptors, rather than D5R alone.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Tubert et al presents the role of the D5 receptor in modulating the striatal cholinergic interneuron (CIN) pause response through D5R-cAMP-Kv1 inhibitory signaling. Their model elucidates the on / off switch of CIN pause, likely due to the different DA affinity between D2R and D5R. This machinery may be crucial in modulating synaptic plasticity in cortical-striatal circuits during motor learning and execution. Furthermore, the study bridges their previous finding of CIN hyperexcitability (Paz et al., Movement Disorder 2022) with the loss of pause response in LID mice.

Strengths:

The study had solid findings, and the writing was logically structured and easy to follow. The experiments are well-designed, and they properly combined electrophysiology recording, optogenetics, and pharmacological treatment to dissect/rule out most, if not all, possible mechanisms in their model.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript is overall satisfying with only some minor concerns that need to be addressed. Manipulation of intracellular cAMP (e.g. using pharmacological analogs or inhibitors) can add additional evidence to strengthen the conclusion.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Tubert et al. investigate the mechanisms underlying the pause response in striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs). The authors demonstrate that optogenetic activation of thalamic axons in the striatum induces burst activity in SCINs, followed by a brief pause in firing. They show that the duration of this pause correlates with the number of elicited action potentials, suggesting a burst-dependent pause mechanism. The authors demonstrated this burst-dependent pause relied on Kv1 channels. The pause is blocked by an SKF81297 and partially by sulpiride and mecamylamine, implicating D1/D5 receptor involvement. The study also shows that the ZD7288 does not reduce the duration of the pause and that lesioning dopamine neurons abolishes this response, which can be restored by clozapine.

Weaknesses:

While this study presents an interesting mechanism for SCIN pausing after burst activity, there are several major concerns that should be addressed:

(1) Scope of the Mechanism:

It is important to clarify that the proposed mechanism may apply specifically to the pause in SCINs following burst activity. The manuscript does not provide clear evidence that this mechanism contributes to the pause response observed in behavioral animals. While the thalamus is crucial for SCIN pauses in behavioral contexts, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Activating thalamic input triggers burst activity in SCINs, leading to a subsequent pause, but this mechanism may not be generalizable across different scenarios. For instance, approximately half of TANs do not exhibit initial excitation but still pause during behavior, suggesting that the burst-dependent pause mechanism is unlikely to explain this phenomenon. Furthermore, in behavioral animals, the duration of the pause seems consistent, whereas the proposed mechanism suggests it depends on the prior burst, which is not aligned with in vivo observations. Additionally, many in vivo recordings show that the pause response is a reduction in firing rate, not complete silence, which the mechanism described here does not explain. Please address these in the manuscript.

(2) Terminology:

The use of "pause response" throughout the manuscript is misleading. The pause induced by thalamic input in brain slices is distinct from the pause observed in behavioral animals. Given the lack of a clear link between these two phenomena in the manuscript, it is essential to use more precise terminology throughout, including in the title, bullet points, and body of the manuscript.

(3) Kv1 Blocker Specificity:

It is unclear how the authors ruled out the possibility that the Kv1 blocker did not act directly on SCINs. Could there be an indirect effect contributing to the burst-dependent pause? Clarification on this point would strengthen the interpretation of the results.

(4) Role of D1 Receptors:

While it is well-established that activating thalamic input to SCINs triggers dopamine release, contributing to SCIN pausing (as shown in Figure 3), it would be helpful to assess the extent to which D1 receptors contribute to this burst-dependent pause. This could be achieved by applying the D1 agonist SKF81297 after blocking nAChRs and D2 receptors.

(5) Clozapine's Mechanism of Action:

The restoration of the burst-dependent pause by clozapine following dopamine neuron lesioning is interesting, but clozapine acts on multiple receptors beyond D1 and D5. Although it may be challenging to find a specific D5 antagonist or inverse agonist, it would be more accurate to state that clozapine restores the burst-dependent pause without conclusively attributing this effect to D5 receptors.

Author response:

Public Reviews:

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Tubert C. et al. investigated the role of dopamine D5 receptors (D5R) and their downstream potassium channel, Kv1, in the striatal cholinergic neuron pause response induced by thalamic excitatory input. Using slice electrophysiological analysis combined with pharmacological approaches, the authors tested which receptors and channels contribute to the cholinergic interneuron pause response in both control and dyskinetic mice (in the L-DOPA off state). They found that activation of Kv1 was necessary for the pause response, while activation of D5R blocked the pause response in control mice. Furthermore, in the L-DOPA off-state of dyskinetic mice, the absence of the pause response was restored by the application of clozapine. The authors claimed that (1) the D5R-Kv1 pathway contributes to the cholinergic interneuron pause response in a phasic dopamine concentration-dependent manner, and (2) clozapine inhibits D5R in the L-DOPA off state, which restores the pause response.

Strengths:

The electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches used in this study are powerful tools for testing channel properties and functions. The authors' group has well-established these methodologies and analysis pipelines. Indeed, the data presented were robust and reliable.

Thank you for your comments.

Weaknesses:

Although the paper has strengths in its methodological approaches, there is a significant gap between the presented data and the authors' claims.

There was no direct demonstration that the D5R-Kv1 pathway is dominant when dopamine levels are high. The term 'high' is ambiguous, and it raises the question of whether the authors believe that dopamine levels do not reach the threshold required to activate D5R under physiological conditions.

We acknowledge that further work is necessary to clarify the role of the D5R in physiological conditions. While we haven’t found effects of the D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH23390 on the pause response in control animals (Fig. 3), it is still possible that dopamine levels reach the threshold to stimulate D5R when burst firing of dopaminergic neurons contributes to dopamine release. We believe the pause response depends, among other factors, on the relative stimulation levels of SCIN D2 and D5 receptors, which is likely not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. To reduce ambiguity, we will change the labels referring to dopamine levels in Figure 6F.

Furthermore, the data presented in Figure 6 are confusing. If clozapine inhibits active D5R and restores the pause response, the D5R antagonist SCH23390 should have the same effect. The data suggest that clozapine-induced restoration of the pause response might be mediated by other receptors, rather than D5R alone.

Thank you for letting us clarify this issue. Please note that the levels of endogenous dopamine 24 h after the last L-DOPA challenge in severe parkinsonian mice are expected to be very low. In the absence of an agonist, a pure D1/D5 antagonist would not exert an effect, as demonstrated with SCH23390 alone, which did not have an impact on the SCIN response to thalamic stimulation (Fig. 6). While clozapine can also act as a D1/D5 receptor antagonist, its D1/D5 effects in absence of an agonist are attributed to its inverse agonist properties (PMID: 24931197). Notably, SCH23390 prevented the effect of clozapine, allowing us to conclude that ligand-independent D1/D5 receptor-mediated mechanisms are involved in suppressing the pause response in dyskinetic mice. We will make the point clearer in the Discussion.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Tubert et al presents the role of the D5 receptor in modulating the striatal cholinergic interneuron (CIN) pause response through D5R-cAMP-Kv1 inhibitory signaling. Their model elucidates the on / off switch of CIN pause, likely due to the different DA affinity between D2R and D5R. This machinery may be crucial in modulating synaptic plasticity in cortical-striatal circuits during motor learning and execution. Furthermore, the study bridges their previous finding of CIN hyperexcitability (Paz et al., Movement Disorder 2022) with the loss of pause response in LID mice.

Strengths:

The study had solid findings, and the writing was logically structured and easy to follow. The experiments are well-designed, and they properly combined electrophysiology recording, optogenetics, and pharmacological treatment to dissect/rule out most, if not all, possible mechanisms in their model.

Thank you for your comments.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript is overall satisfying with only some minor concerns that need to be addressed. Manipulation of intracellular cAMP (e.g. using pharmacological analogs or inhibitors) can add additional evidence to strengthen the conclusion.

Thank you for the suggestion. While we acknowledge that we are not providing direct evidence of the role of cAMP, we chose not to conduct these experiments because cAMP levels influence several intrinsic and synaptic currents beyond Kv1, significantly affecting  membrane oscillations and spontaneous firing, as shown in Paz et al. 2021. However, we are modifying the manuscript so there is no misinterpretation about our findings in the current work.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Tubert et al. investigate the mechanisms underlying the pause response in striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs). The authors demonstrate that optogenetic activation of thalamic axons in the striatum induces burst activity in SCINs, followed by a brief pause in firing. They show that the duration of this pause correlates with the number of elicited action potentials, suggesting a burst-dependent pause mechanism. The authors demonstrated this burst-dependent pause relied on Kv1 channels. The pause is blocked by an SKF81297 and partially by sulpiride and mecamylamine, implicating D1/D5 receptor involvement. The study also shows that the ZD7288 does not reduce the duration of the pause and that lesioning dopamine neurons abolishes this response, which can be restored by clozapine.

Weaknesses:

While this study presents an interesting mechanism for SCIN pausing after burst activity, there are several major concerns that should be addressed:

(1) Scope of the Mechanism:

It is important to clarify that the proposed mechanism may apply specifically to the pause in SCINs following burst activity. The manuscript does not provide clear evidence that this mechanism contributes to the pause response observed in behavioral animals. While the thalamus is crucial for SCIN pauses in behavioral contexts, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Activating thalamic input triggers burst activity in SCINs, leading to a subsequent pause, but this mechanism may not be generalizable across different scenarios. For instance, approximately half of TANs do not exhibit initial excitation but still pause during behavior, suggesting that the burst-dependent pause mechanism is unlikely to explain this phenomenon. Furthermore, in behavioral animals, the duration of the pause seems consistent, whereas the proposed mechanism suggests it depends on the prior burst, which is not aligned with in vivo observations. Additionally, many in vivo recordings show that the pause response is a reduction in firing rate, not complete silence, which the mechanism described here does not explain. Please address these in the manuscript.

Thank you for your valuable feedback. While the absence of an initial burst in some TANs in vivo may suggest the involvement of alternative or additional mechanisms, it does not exclude a participation of Kv1 currents. We have seen that subthreshold depolarizations induced by thalamic inputs are sufficient to produce an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) mediated by Kv1 channels (see Tubert et al., 2016, PMID: 27568555). Although such subthreshold depolarizations are not captured in current recordings from behaving animals, intracellular in vivo recordings have demonstrated an intrinsically generated AHP after subthreshold depolarization of SCIN caused by stimulation of excitatory afferents (PMID: 15525771). Additionally, when pause duration is plotted against the number of spikes elicited by thalamic input (Fig. 1G), we found that one elicited spike is followed by an interspike interval 1.4 times longer than the average spontaneous interspike interval. We acknowledge the potential involvement of additional factors, including a decrease of excitatory thalamic input coinciding with the pause, followed by a second volley of thalamic inputs (Fig. 1G-J, after observations by Matsumoto et al., 2001- PMID: 11160526), as well as the timing of elicited spikes relative to ongoing spontaneous firing (Fig. 1D-E). Dopaminergic modulation (Fig. 3) and regional differences among striatal regions (PMID: 24559678) may also contribute to the complexity of these dynamics.

(2) Terminology:

The use of "pause response" throughout the manuscript is misleading. The pause induced by thalamic input in brain slices is distinct from the pause observed in behavioral animals. Given the lack of a clear link between these two phenomena in the manuscript, it is essential to use more precise terminology throughout, including in the title, bullet points, and body of the manuscript.

While we acknowledge that our study does not include in vivo evidence, we believe ex vivo preparations have been instrumental in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the responses observed in vivo. We also agree with previous ex vivo studies in using consistent terminology. However, we will clarify the ex vivo nature of our work in the abstract and bullet points for greater transparency.

(3) Kv1 Blocker Specificity:

It is unclear how the authors ruled out the possibility that the Kv1 blocker did not act directly on SCINs. Could there be an indirect effect contributing to the burst-dependent pause? Clarification on this point would strengthen the interpretation of the results.

Thank you for letting us clarify this issue. In our previous work (Tubert et al., 2016) we showed that the Kv1.3 and Kv1.1 subunits are selectively expressed in SCIN throughout the striatum. Moreover, gabaergic transmission is blocked in our preparations. We are including a phrase to make it clearer in the manuscript.

(4) Role of D1 Receptors:

While it is well-established that activating thalamic input to SCINs triggers dopamine release, contributing to SCIN pausing (as shown in Figure 3), it would be helpful to assess the extent to which D1 receptors contribute to this burst-dependent pause. This could be achieved by applying the D1 agonist SKF81297 after blocking nAChRs and D2 receptors.

Thank you for letting us clarify this point. We show that blocking D2R or nAChR reduces the pause only for strong thalamic stimulation eliciting 4 SCIN spikes (Figure 3G), whereas the D1/D5 agonist SKF81297 is able to reduce the pause induced by weaker stimulation as well (Figure 3C). This may indicate that nAChR-mediated dopamine release induced by thalamic-induced bursts more efficiently activates D2R compared to D5R. We speculate that, in this context, lack of D5R activation may be necessary to keep normal levels of Kv1 currents necessary for SCIN pauses.

(5) Clozapine's Mechanism of Action:

The restoration of the burst-dependent pause by clozapine following dopamine neuron lesioning is interesting, but clozapine acts on multiple receptors beyond D1 and D5. Although it may be challenging to find a specific D5 antagonist or inverse agonist, it would be more accurate to state that clozapine restores the burst-dependent pause without conclusively attributing this effect to D5 receptors.

Thank you for your insightful observation. We acknowledge the difficulty of targeting dopamine receptors pharmacologically due to the lack of highly selective D1/D5 inverse agonists. We used SCH23390, which is a highly selective D1/D5 receptor antagonist devoid of inverse agonist effects, to block clozapine’s ability to restore SCIN pauses (Figure 6C). This indicates that the restoration of SCIN pauses by clozapine depends on D1/D5 receptors. Furthermore, in a previous study, we demonstrated that clozapine’s effect on restoring SCIN excitability in dyskinetic mice (a phenomenon mediated by Kv1 channels in SCIN; Tubert et al., 2016) was not due to its action on serotonin receptors (Paz, Stahl et al., 2022). While our data do not rule out the potential contribution of other receptors, such as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, we believe they strongly support the role of D1/D5 receptors. To reflect this, we will add a statement discussing the potential contribution of receptors beyond D1/D5.

Author response:

We thank the editor and reviewers for their feedback. We believe we can address the substantive criticisms in full, first, by providing a more explicit theoretical basis for the method. Then, we believe criticism based on assumptions about phase consistency across time points are not well founded and can be answered. Finally, in response to some reviewer comments, we will improve the surrogate testing of the method.

We will enhance the theoretical justification for the application of higher-order singular value decomposition (SVD) to the problem of irregular sampling of the cortical area. The initial version of the manuscript was written to allow informal access to these ideas (if possible), but the reviewers find a more rigorous account appropriate. We will add an introduction to modern developments in the use of functional SVD in geophysics, meteorology & oceanography (e.g., empirical orthogonal functions) and quantitative fluid dynamics (e.g., dynamic mode decomposition) and computational chemistry. Recently SVD has been used in neuroscience studies (e.g., cortical eigenmodes). To our knowledge, our work is the first time higher-order SVD has been applied to a neuroscience problem. We use it here to solve an otherwise (apparently) intractable problem, i.e., how to estimate the spatial frequency (SF) spectrum on a sparse and highly irregular array with broadband signals.

We will clarify the methodological strategy in more formal terms in the next version of the paper. But essentially SVD allows a change of basis that greatly simplifies quantitative analysis. Here it allows escape from estimating the SF across millions of data-points (triplets of contacts, at each sample), each of which contains multiple overlapping signals plus noise (noise here defined in the context of SF estimation) and are inter-correlated across a variety of known and unknown observational dimensions. Rather than simply average over samples, which would wash out much of the real signal, SVD allows the signals to be decomposed in a lossless manner (up to the choice of number of eigenvectors at which the SVD is truncated). The higher-order SVD we have implemented reduces the size of problem to allow quantification of SF over hundreds of components, each of which is guaranteed certain desirable properties, i.e., they explain known (and largest) amounts of variance of the original data and are orthonormal. This last property allows us to proceed as if the observations are independent. SF estimates are made within this new coordinate system.

We will also more concretely formalise the relation between Fourier analysis and previous observations of eigenvectors of phase that are smooth gradients.

We will very briefly review Fourier methods designed to deal with non-uniform sampling. The problems these methods are designed for fall into the non-uniform part of the spectrum from uniform–non-uniform–irregular–highly-irregular–noise. They are highly suited to, for example, interpolating between EEG electrodes to produce a uniform array for application of the fast Fourier transform (Alamia et al., 2023). However, survey across a range of applied maths fields suggests that no method exists for the degree of irregular sampling found in the sEEG arrays at issue here. In particular, the sparseness of the contact coverage presents an insurmountable hurdle to standard methods. While there exists methods for sparse samples (e.g., Margrave & Fergusen, 1999; Ying 2009), these require well-defined oscillatory behavior, e.g., for seismographic analysis. Given the problems of highly irregular sampling, sparseness of sampling and broadband, nonstationary signals, we have attempted a solution via the novel methods introduced in the current manuscript. We were able to leverage previous observations regarding the relation between eigenvectors of cortical phase and Fourier analysis, as we outline in the manuscript.

We will extend the current 1-dimensional surrogate data to better demonstrate that the method does indeed correctly detect the ordinal relations in power on different parts of the SF spectrum. We will include the effects of a global reference signal. Simulations of cortical activity are an expensive way to achieve this goal. While the first author has published in this area, such simulations are partly a function of the assumptions put into them (i.e., spatial damping, boundary conditions, parameterization of connection fields). We will therefore use surrogate signals derived from real cortical activity to complete this task.

Some more specific issues raised:<br /> (1) Application of the method to general neuroscience problems:<br /> The purpose of the manuscript was to estimate the SF spectrum of phase in the cortex, in the range where it was previously not possible. The purpose was not specifically to introduce a new method of analysis that might be immediately applicable to a wide range of available data-sets. Indeed, the specifics of the method are designed to overcome an otherwise intractable disadvantage of sEEG (irregular spatial sampling) in order to take advantage of its good coverage (compared to ECoG) and low volume conduction compared to extra-cranial methods. On the other hand, the developing field of functional SVD would be of interest to neuroscientists, as a set of methods to solve difficult problems, and therefore of general interest. We will make these points explicit in the next version of the manuscript. In order to make the method more accessible, we will also publish code for the key routines (construction of triplets of contacts, Morlet wavelets, calculation of higher-order SVD, calculation of SF).

(2) Novelty:<br /> We agree with the third reviewer: if our results can convince, then the study will have an impact on the field. While there is work that has been done on phase interactions at a variety of scales, such as from the labs of Fries, Singer, Engels, Nauhaus, Logothetis and others, it does not quantify the relative power of the different spatial scales. Additionally, the research of Freeman et al. has quantified only portions of the SF spectrum of the cortex, or used EEG to estimate low SFs. We would appreciate any pointers to the specific literature the current research contributes to, namely, the SF spectrum of activity in the cortex.

(3) Further analyses:<br /> The main results of the research are relatively simple: monotonically falling SF-power with SF; this effect occurs across the range of temporal frequencies. We provide each individual participant’s curves in the supplementary Figures. By visual inspection, it can be seen that the main result of the example participant is uniformly recapitulated. One is rarely in this position in neuroscience research, and we will make this explicit in the text.

The research stands or falls by the adequacy of the method to estimate the SF curves. For this reason most statistical analyses and figures were reserved for ruling out confounds and exploring the limits of the methods. However, for the sake of completeness, we will now include the SF vs. SF-power correlations and significance in the next version, for each participant at each frequency.

Since the main result was uniform across participants, and since we did not expect that there was anything of special significance about the delayed free recall task, we conclude that more participants or more tasks would not add to the result. As we point out in the manuscript, each participant is a test of the main hypothesis. The result is also consistent with previous attempts to quantify the SF spectrum, using a range of different tasks and measurement modalities (Barrie et al., 1996; Ramon & Holmes 2015; Alexander et al., 2019; Alexander et al., 2016; Freeman et al., 2003; Freeman et al. 2000). The search for those rare sEEG participants with larger coverage than the maximum here is a matter of interest to us, but will be left for a future study.

(4) Sampling of phase and its meaningfulness:<br /> The wavelet methods used in the present study have excellent temporal resolution but poor frequency resolution. We additionally oversample the frequency range to produce visually informative plots (usually in the context of time by frequency plots, see Alexander et al., 2006; 2013; 2019). But it is not correct that the methods for estimating phase assume a narrow frequency band. Rather, the poor frequency resolution of short time-series Morlet wavelets means the methods are robust to the exact shape of the waveforms; the signal need be only approximately sinusoidal; to rise and fall. The reason for using methods that have excellent resolution in the time-domain is that previous work (Alexander et al., 2006; Patten et al. 2012) has shown that traveling wave events can last only one or two cycles, i.e., are not oscillatory in the strict sense but are non-stationary events. So while short time-window Morlet wavelets have a disadvantage in terms of frequency resolution, this means they precisely do not have the problem of assuming narrow-band sinusoidal waveforms in the signal. We strongly disagree that our analysis requires very strong assumptions about oscillations (see last point in this section).

Our hypothesis was about the SF spectrum of the phase. When the measurement of phase is noise-like at some location, frequency and time, then this noise will not substantially contribute to the low SF parts of the spectrum compared to high SFs. Our hypothesis also concerned whether it was reasonable to interpret the existing literature on low SF waves in terms of cortically localised waves or small numbers of localised oscillators. This required us to show that low SFs dominate, and therefore that this signal must dominate any extra-cranial measurements of apparent low SF traveling waves. It does not require us to demonstrate that the various parts of the SF spectrum are meaningful in the sense of functionally significant. This has been shown elsewhere (see references to traveling waves in manuscript, to which we will also add a brief survey of research on phase dynamics).

The calculation of phase can be bypassed altogether to achieve the initial effect described in the introduction to the methods (Fourier-like basis functions from SVD). The observed eigenvectors, increasing in spatial frequency with decreasing eigenvalues, can be reproduced by applying Gaussian windows to the raw time-series (D. Alexander, unpublished observation). For example, undertaking an SVD on the raw time-series windowed over 100ms reproduces much the same spatial eigenvectors (except that they come in pairs, recapitulating the real and imaginary parts of the signal). This reproducibility is in comparison to first estimating the phase at 10Hz using Morlet wavelets, then applying the SVD to the unit-length complex phase values.

(5) Other issues to be addressed and improved:<br /> clarity on which experiments were analyzed (starting in the abstract) discussion of frequencies above 60Hz and caution in interpretation due to spike-waveform artefact or as a potential index of multi-unit spiking discussion of whether the ad hoc, quasi-random sampling achieved by sEEG contacts somehow inflates the low SF estimates

References (new)<br /> Patten TM, Rennie CJ, Robinson PA, Gong P (2012) Human Cortical Traveling Waves: Dynamical Properties and Correlations with Responses. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38392. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038392<br /> Margrave GF, Ferguson RJ (1999) Wavefield extrapolation by nonstationary phase shift, GEOPHYSICS 64:4, 1067-1078<br /> Ying Y (2009) Sparse Fourier Transform via Butterfly Algorithm SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 31:3, 1678-1694

eLife Assessment

This study introduces a novel method for estimating spatial spectra from irregularly sampled intracranial EEG data, revealing cortical activity across all spatial frequencies, which supports the global and integrated nature of cortical dynamics. The study showcases important technical innovations and rigorous analyses, including tests to rule out potential confounds; however, the lack of comprehensive theoretical justification and assumptions about phase consistency across time points renders the strength of evidence incomplete. The dominance of low spatial frequencies in cortical phase dynamics continues to be of importance, and further elaboration on the interpretation and justification of the results would strengthen the link between evidence and conclusions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The paper uses rigorous methods to determine phase dynamics from human cortical stereotactic EEGs. It finds that the power of the phase is higher at the lowest spatial phase.

Strengths:

Rigorous and advanced analysis methods.

Weaknesses:

The novelty and significance of the results are difficult to appreciate from the current version of the paper.

(1) It is very difficult to understand which experiments were analysed, and from where they were taken, reading the abstract. This is a problem both for clarity with regard to the reader and for attribution of merit to the people who collected the data.

(2) The finding that the power is higher at the lowest spatial phase seems in tune with a lot of previous studies. The novelty here is unclear and it should be elaborated better. I could not understand reading the paper the advantage I would have if I used such a technique on my data. I think that this should be clear to every reader.

(3) It seems problematic to trust in a strong conclusion that they show low spatial frequency dynamics of up to 15-20 cm given the sparsity of the arrays. The authors seem to agree with this concern in the last paragraph of page 12. They also say that it would be informative to repeat the analyses presented here after the selection of more participants from all available datasets. It begs the question of why this was not done. It should be done if possible.

(4) Some of the analyses seem not to exploit in full the power of the dataset. Usually, a figure starts with an example participant but then the analysis of the entire dataset is not as exhaustive. For example, in Figure 6 we have a first row with the single participants and then an average over participants. One would expect quantifications of results from each participant (i.e. from the top rows of GFg 6) extracting some relevant features of results from each participant and then showing the distribution of these features across participants. This would complement the subject average analysis.

(5) The function of brain phase dynamics at different frequencies and scales has been examined in previous papers at frequencies and scales relevant to what the authors treat. The authors may want to be more extensive with citing relevant studies and elaborating on the implications for them. Some examples below:<br /> Womelsdorf T, et alScience. 2007<br /> Besserve M et al. PloS Biology 2015<br /> Nauhaus I et al Nat Neurosci 2009

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this paper, the authors analyze the organization of phases across different spatial scales. The authors analyze intracranial, stereo-electroencephalogram (sEEG) recordings from human clinical patients. The authors estimate the phase at each sEEG electrode at discrete temporal frequencies. They then use higher-order SVD (HOSVD) to estimate the spatial frequency spectrum of the organization of phase in a data-driven manner. Based on this analysis, the authors conclude that most of the variance explained is due to spatially extended organizations of phase, suggesting that the best description of brain activity in space and time is in fact a globally organized process. The authors' analysis is also able to rule out several important potential confounds for the analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics in EEG.

Strengths:

There are many strengths in the manuscript, including the authors' use of SVD to address the limitation of irregular sampling and their analyses ruling out potential confounds for these signals in the EEG.

Weaknesses:

Some important weaknesses are not properly acknowledged, and some conclusions are over-interpreted given the evidence presented.

The central weakness is that the analyses estimate phase from all signal time points using wavelets with a narrow frequency band (see Methods - "Numerical methods"). This step makes the assumption that phase at a particular frequency band is meaningful at all times; however, this is not necessarily the case. Take, for example, the analysis in Figure 3, which focuses on a temporal frequency of 9.2 Hz. If we compare the corresponding wavelet to the raw sEEG signal across multiple points in time, this will look like an amplitude-modulated 9.2 Hz sinusoid to which the raw sEEG signal will not correspond at all. While the authors may argue that analyzing the spatial organization of phase across many temporal frequencies will provide insight into the system, there is no guarantee that the spatial organization of phase at many individual temporal frequencies converges to the correct description of the full sEEG signal. This is a critical point for the analysis because while this analysis of the spatial organization of phase could provide some interesting results, this analysis also requires a very strong assumption about oscillations, specifically that the phase at a particular frequency (e.g. 9.2 Hz in Figure 3, or 8.0 Hz in Figure 5) is meaningful at all points in time. If this is not true, then the foundation of the analysis may not be precisely clear. This has an impact on the results presented here, specifically where the authors assert that "phase measured at a single contact in the grey matter is more strongly a function of global phase organization than local". Finally, the phase examples given in Supplementary Figure 5 are not strongly convincing to support this point.

Another weakness is in the discussion on spatial scale. In the analyses, the authors separate contributions at (approximately) > 15 cm as macroscopic and < 15 cm as mesoscopic. The problem with the "macroscopic" here is that 15 cm is essentially on the scale of the whole brain, without accounting for the fact that organization in sub-systems may occur. For example, if a specific set of cortical regions, spanning over a 10 cm range, were to exhibit a consistent organization of phase at a particular temporal frequency (required by the analysis technique, as noted above), it is not clear why that would not be considered a "macroscopic" organization of phase, since it comprises multiple areas of the brain acting in coordination. Further, while this point could be considered as mostly semantic in nature, there is also an important technical consideration here: would spatial phase organizations occurring in varying subsets of electrodes and with somewhat variable temporal frequency reliably be detected? If this is not the case, then could it be possible that the lowest spatial frequencies are detected more often simply because it would be difficult to detect variable organizations in subsets of electrodes?

Another weakness is disregarding the potential spike waveform artifact in the sEEG signal in the context of these analyses. Specifically, Zanos et al. (J Neurophysiol, 2011) showed that spike waveform artifacts can contaminate electrode recordings down to approximately 60 Hz. This point is important to consider in the context of the manuscript's results on spatial organization at temporal frequencies up to 100 Hz. Because the spike waveform artifact might affect signal phase at frequencies above 60 Hz, caution may be important in interpreting this point as evidence that there is significant phase organization across the cortex at these temporal frequencies.

A last point is that, even though the present results provide some insight into the organization of phase across the human brain, the analyses do not directly link this to spiking activity. The predictive power that these spatial organizations of phase could provide for spiking activity - even if the analyses were not affected by the distortion due to the narrow-frequency assumption - remains unknown. This is important because relating back to spiking activity is the key factor in assessing whether these specific analyses of phase can provide insight into neural circuit dynamics. This type of analysis may be possible to do with the sEEG recordings, as well, by analyzing high-gamma power (Ray and Maunsell, PLoS Biology, 2011), which can provide an index of multi-unit spiking activity around the electrodes.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors propose a method for estimation of the spatial spectra of cortical activity from irregularly sampled data and apply it to publicly available intracranial EEG data from human patients during a delayed free recall task. The authors' main findings are that the spatial spectra of cortical activity peak at low spatial frequencies and decrease with increasing spatial frequency. This is observed over a broad range of temporal frequencies (2-100 Hz).

Strengths:

A strength of the study is the type of data that is used. As pointed out by the authors, spatial spectra of cortical activity are difficult to estimate from non-invasive measurements (EEG and MEG) due to signal mixing and from commonly used intracranial measurements (i.e. electrocorticography or Utah arrays) due to their limited spatial extent. In contrast, iEEG measurements are easier to interpret than EEG/MEG measurements and typically have larger spatial coverage than Utah arrays. However, iEEG is irregularly sampled within the three-dimensional brain volume and this poses a methodological problem that the proposed method aims to address.

Weaknesses:

The used method for estimating spatial spectra from irregularly sampled data is weak in several respects.

First, the proposed method is ad hoc, whereas there exist well-developed (Fourier-based) methods for this. The authors don't clarify why no standard methods are used, nor do they carry out a comparative evaluation.

Second, the proposed method lacks a theoretical foundation and hinges on a qualitative resemblance between Fourier analysis and singular value decomposition.

Third, the proposed method is not thoroughly tested using simulated data. Hence it remains unclear how accurate the estimated power spectra actually are.

In addition, there are a number of technical issues and limitations that need to be addressed or clarified (see recommendations to the authors).

My assessment is that the conclusions are not completely supported by the analyses. What would convince me, is if the method is tested on simulated cortical activity in a more realistic set-up. I do believe, however, that if the authors can convincingly show that the estimated spatial spectra are accurate, the study will have an impact on the field. Regarding the methodology, I don't think that it will become a standard method in the field due to its ad hoc nature and well-developed alternatives.

eLife Assessment

The authors show MRI relaxation time changes that are claimed to originate from cell membrane potential changes. This would be very important if true because it may provide a mechanism whereby membrane potential changes could be inferred noninvasively. However, the membrane potential manipulations applied here will induce cell swelling, and cell swelling has been previously shown to affect relaxation time. Therefore, the claim that the relaxation time changes observed in this manuscript are due to cell membrane potential changes is inadequately supported.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper examines changes in relaxation time (T1 and T2) and magnetization transfer parameters that occur in a model system and in vivo when cells or tissue are depolarized using an equimolar extracellular solution with different concentrations of the depolarizing ion K+. The motivation is to explain T2 changes that have previously been observed by the authors in an in vivo model with neural stimulation (DIANA) and to try provide a mechanism to explain those changes.

Strengths:

The authors argue that the use of various concentrations of KCL in the extracellular fluid depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell pellets used and that this change in membrane potential is the driving force for the T2 (and T1-supplementary material) changes observed. In particular, they report an increase in T2 with increasing KCL concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of pellets of SH-SY5Y cells. To offset the increasing osmolarity of the ECF due to the increase in KCL, the NaCL molarity of the ECF is proportionally reduced. The authors measure the intracellular voltage using patch clamp recordings, which is a gold standard. With 80 mM of KCL in the ECF, a change in T2 of the cell pellets of ~10 ms is observed with the intracellular potential recorded as about -6 mv. A very large T1 increase of ~90 ms is reported under the same conditions. The PSR (ratio of hydrogen protons on macromolecules to free water) decreases by about 10% at this 80 mM KCL concentration. Similar results are seen in a Jurkat cell line and similar, but far smaller changes are observed in vivo, for a variety of reasons discussed. As a final control, T1 and T2 values are measured in the various equimolar KCL solutions. As expected, no significant changes in T1 and T2 of the ECF were observed for these concentrations.

Weaknesses:

While the concepts presented are interesting, and the actual experimental methods seem to be nicely executed, the conclusions are not supported by the data for a number of reasons. This is not to say that the data isn't consistent with the conclusions, but there are other controls not included that would be necessary to draw the conclusion that it is membrane potential that is driving these T1 and T2 changes. Unfortunately for these authors, similar experiments conducted in 2008 (Stroman et al. Magn. Reson. in Med. 59:700-706) found similar results (increased T2 with KCL) but with a different mechanism, that they provide definite proof for. This study was not referenced in the current work.

It is well established that cells swell/shrink upon depolarization/hyperpolarization. Cell swelling is accompanied by increased light transmittance in vivo, and this should be true in the pellet system as well. In a beautiful series of experiments, Stroman et al. (2008) showed in perfused brain slices that the cells swell upon equimolar KCL depolarization and the light transmittance increases. The time course of these changes is quite slow, of the order of many minutes, both for the T2-weighted MRI signal and for the light transmittance. Stroman et al. also show that hypoosmotic changes produce the exact same timecourse as the KCL depolarization changes (and vice versa for the hyperosmotic changes - which cause cell shrinkage). Their conclusion, therefore, was that cell swelling (not membrane potential) was the cause of the T2-weighted changes observed, and that these were relatively slow (on the scale of many minutes).

What are the implications for the current study? Well, for one, the authors cannot exclude cell swelling as the mechanism for T2 changes, as they have not measured that. It is however well established that cell swelling occurs during depolarization, so this is not in question. Water in the pelletized cells is in slow/intermediate exchange with the ECF, and the solutions for the two compartment relaxation model for this are well established (see Menon and Allen, Magn. Reson. in Med. 20:214-227 (1991). The T2 relaxation times should be multiexponential (see point (3) further below). The current work cannot exclude cell swelling as the mechanism for T2 changes (it is mentioned in the paper, but not dealt with). Water entering cells dilutes the protein structures, changes rotational correlation times of the proteins in the cell and is known to increase T2. The PSR confirms that this is indeed happening, so the data in this work is completely consistent with the Stroman work and completely consistent with cell swelling associated with depolarization. The authors should have performed light scattering studies to demonstrate the presence or absence of cell swelling. Measuring intracellular potential is not enough to clarify the mechanism.

So why does it matter whether the mechanism is cell swelling or membrane potential? The reason is response time. Cell swelling due to depolarization is a slow process, slower than hemodynamic responses that characterize BOLD. In fact, cell swelling under normal homeostatic conditions in vivo is virtually non-existent. Only sustained depolarization events typically associated with non-naturalistic stimuli or brain dysfunction produce cell swelling. Membrane potential changes associated with neural activity, on the other hand, are very fast. In this manuscript, the authors have convincingly shown a signal change that is virtually the same as what was seen in the Stroman publication, but they have not shown that there is a response that can be detected with anything approaching the timescale of an action potential. So one cannot definitely say that the changes observed are due to membrane potential. One can only say they are consistent with cell swelling, regardless of what causes the cell swelling.

For this mechanism to be relevant to explaining DIANA, one needs to show that the cell swelling changes occur within a millisecond, which has never been reported. If one knows the populations of ECF and pellet, the T2s of the ECF and pellet and the volume change of the cells in the pellet, one can model any expected T2 changes due to neuronal activity. I think one would find that these are minuscule within the context of an action potential, or even bulk action potential.

There are a few smaller issues that should be addressed.<br /> (1) Why were complicated imaging sequences used to measure T1 and T2? On a Bruker system it should be possible to do very simple acquisitions with hard pulses (which will not need dictionaries and such to get quantitative numbers). Of course, this can only be done sample by sample and would take longer, but it avoids a lot of complication to correct the RF pulses used for imaging, which leads me to the 2nd point.<br /> (2) Figure S1 (H) is unlike any exponential T2 decay I have seen in almost 40 years of making T2 measurements. The strange plateau at the beginning and the bump around TE = 25 ms are odd. These could just be noise, but the fitted curve exactly reproduces these features. A monoexponential T2 decay cannot, by definition, produce a fit shaped like this.<br /> (3) As noted earlier, layered samples produce biexponential T2 decays and monoexponential T1 decays. I don't quite see how this was accounted for in the fitting of the data from the pellet preparations. I realize that these are spatially resolved measurements, but the imaging slice shown seems to be at the boundary of the pellet and the extracellular media and there definitely should be a biexponential water proton decay curve. Only 5 echo times were used, so this is part of the problem, but it does mean that the T2 reported is a population fraction weighted average of the T2 in the two compartments.<br /> (4) Delta T1 and T2 values are presented for the pellets in wells, but no absolute values are presented for either the pellets or the KCL solutions that I could find.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Min et al. attempt to demonstrate that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect changes in neuronal membrane potentials. They approach this goal by studying how MRI contrast and cellular potentials together respond to treatment of cultured cells with ionic solutions. The authors specifically study two MRI-based measurements: (A) the transverse (T2) relaxation rate, which reflects microscopic magnetic fields caused by solutes and biological structures; and (B) the fraction or "pool size ratio" (PSR) of water molecules estimated to be bound to macromolecules, using an MRI technique called magnetization transfer (MT) imaging. They see that depolarizing K+ and Ba2+ concentrations lead to T2 increases and PSR decreases that vary approximately linearly with voltage in a neuroblastoma cell line and that change similarly in a second cell type. They also show that depolarizing potassium concentrations evoke reversible T2 increases in rat brains and that these changes are reversed when potassium is renormalized. Min et al. argue that this implies that membrane potential changes cause the MRI effects, providing a potential basis for detecting cellular voltages by noninvasive imaging. If this were true, it would help validate a recent paper published by some of the authors (Toi et al., Science 378:160-8, 2022), in which they claimed to be able to detect millisecond-scale neuronal responses by MRI.

Strengths:

The discovery of a mechanism for relating cellular membrane potential to MRI contrast could yield an important means for studying functions of the nervous system. Achieving this has been a longstanding goal in the MRI community, but previous strategies have proven too weak or insufficiently reproducible for neuroscientific or clinical applications. The current paper suggests remarkably that one of the simplest and most widely used MRI contrast mechanisms-T2 weighted imaging-may indicate membrane potentials if measured in the absence of the hemodynamic signals that most functional MRI (fMRI) experiments rely on. The authors make their case using a diverse set of quantitative tests that include controls for ion and cell type-specificity of their in vitro results and reversibility of MRI changes observed in vivo.

Weaknesses:

The major weakness of the paper is that it uses correlational data to conclude that there is a causational relationship between membrane potential and MRI contrast. Alternative explanations that could explain the authors' findings are not adequately considered. Most notably, depolarizing ionic solutions can also induce changes in cellular volume and tissue structure that in turn alter MRI contrast properties similarly to the results shown here. For example, a study by Stroman et al. (Magn Reson Med 59:700-6, 2008) reported reversible potassium-dependent T2 increases in neural tissue that correlate closely with light scattering-based indications of cell swelling. Phi Van et al. (Sci Adv 10:eadl2034, 2024) showed that potassium addition to one of the cell lines used here likewise leads to cell size increases and T2 increases. Such effects could in principle account for Min et al.'s results, and indeed it is difficult to see how they would not contribute, but they occur on a time scale far too slow to yield useful indications of membrane potential. The authors' observation that PSR correlates negatively with T2 in their experiments is also consistent with this explanation, given the inverse relationship usually observed (and mechanistically expected) between these two parameters. If the authors could show a tight correspondence between millisecond-scale membrane potential changes and MRI contrast, their argument for a causal connection or a useful correlational relationship between membrane potential and image contrast would be much stronger. As it is, however, the article does not succeed in demonstrating that membrane potential changes can be detected by MRI.

Author response:

Public Reviews:

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper examines changes in relaxation time (T1 and T2) and magnetization transfer parameters that occur in a model system and in vivo when cells or tissue are depolarized using an equimolar extracellular solution with different concentrations of the depolarizing ion K+. The motivation is to explain T2 changes that have previously been observed by the authors in an in vivo model with neural stimulation (DIANA) and to try provide a mechanism to explain those changes.

Strengths:

The authors argue that the use of various concentrations of KCL in the extracellular fluid depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell pellets used and that this change in membrane potential is the driving force for the T2 (and T1-supplementary material) changes observed. In particular, they report an increase in T2 with increasing KCL concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of pellets of SH-SY5Y cells. To offset the increasing osmolarity of the ECF due to the increase in KCL, the NaCL molarity of the ECF is proportionally reduced. The authors measure the intracellular voltage using patch clamp recordings, which is a gold standard. With 80 mM of KCL in the ECF, a change in T2 of the cell pellets of ~10 ms is observed with the intracellular potential recorded as about -6 mv. A very large T1 increase of ~90 ms is reported under the same conditions. The PSR (ratio of hydrogen protons on macromolecules to free water) decreases by about 10% at this 80 mM KCL concentration. Similar results are seen in a Jurkat cell line and similar, but far smaller changes are observed in vivo, for a variety of reasons discussed. As a final control, T1 and T2 values are measured in the various equimolar KCL solutions. As expected, no significant changes in T1 and T2 of the ECF were observed for these concentrations.

Weaknesses:

While the concepts presented are interesting, and the actual experimental methods seem to be nicely executed, the conclusions are not supported by the data for a number of reasons. This is not to say that the data isn't consistent with the conclusions, but there are other controls not included that would be necessary to draw the conclusion that it is membrane potential that is driving these T1 and T2 changes. Unfortunately for these authors, similar experiments conducted in 2008 (Stroman et al. Magn. Reson. in Med. 59:700-706) found similar results (increased T2 with KCL) but with a different mechanism, that they provide definite proof for. This study was not referenced in the current work.

It is well established that cells swell/shrink upon depolarization/hyperpolarization. Cell swelling is accompanied by increased light transmittance in vivo, and this should be true in the pellet system as well. In a beautiful series of experiments, Stroman et al. (2008) showed in perfused brain slices that the cells swell upon equimolar KCL depolarization and the light transmittance increases. The time course of these changes is quite slow, of the order of many minutes, both for the T2-weighted MRI signal and for the light transmittance. Stroman et al. also show that hypoosmotic changes produce the exact same timecourse as the KCL depolarization changes (and vice versa for the hyperosmotic changes - which cause cell shrinkage). Their conclusion, therefore, was that cell swelling (not membrane potential) was the cause of the T2-weighted changes observed, and that these were relatively slow (on the scale of many minutes).

What are the implications for the current study? Well, for one, the authors cannot exclude cell swelling as the mechanism for T2 changes, as they have not measured that. It is however well established that cell swelling occurs during depolarization, so this is not in question. Water in the pelletized cells is in slow/intermediate exchange with the ECF, and the solutions for the two compartment relaxation model for this are well established (see Menon and Allen, Magn. Reson. in Med. 20:214-227 (1991). The T2 relaxation times should be multiexponential (see point (3) further below). The current work cannot exclude cell swelling as the mechanism for T2 changes (it is mentioned in the paper, but not dealt with). Water entering cells dilutes the protein structures, changes rotational correlation times of the proteins in the cell and is known to increase T2. The PSR confirms that this is indeed happening, so the data in this work is completely consistent with the Stroman work and completely consistent with cell swelling associated with depolarization. The authors should have performed light scattering studies to demonstrate the presence or absence of cell swelling. Measuring intracellular potential is not enough to clarify the mechanism.

We appreciate the reviewer’s comments. We agree that changes in cell volume due to depolarization and hyperpolarization significantly contribute to the observed changes in T2, PSR, and T1, especially in pelletized cells. For this reason, we already noted in the Discussion section of the original manuscript that cell volume changes influence the observed MR parameter changes, though this study did not present the magnitude of the cell volume changes. In this regard, we thank the reviewer for introducing the work by Stroman et al. (Magn Reson Med 59:700-706, 2008). When discussing the contribution of the cell volume changes to the observed MR parameter changes, we will additionally discuss the work of Stroman et al. in the revised manuscript.

In addition, we acknowledge that the title and main conclusion of the original manuscript may be misleading, as we did not separately consider the effect of cell volume changes on MR parameters. To more accurately reflect the scope and results of this study and to consider the reviewer 2’s suggestion, we will adjust the title to “Responses to membrane potential-modulating ionic solutions measured by magnetic resonance imaging of cultured cells and in vivo rat cortex” and will also revise the relevant phrases in the main text.

Finally, when [K+]-induced membrane potential changes are involved, there seems to be factors other than cell volume changes also appear to influence T2 changes. Our ongoing study shows that there are differences in T2 changes (for the same volume changes) between two different situations: pure osmotic volume changes vs. [K+]-induced volume changes (e.g., hypoosmotic vs. depolarization). Furthermore, this study suggests that mechanisms such as changes in free (primarily intracellular) and bound water within a voxel play an important role in generating this T2 difference. Our group is preparing a manuscript for this follow-up study and will report on it shortly.

So why does it matter whether the mechanism is cell swelling or membrane potential? The reason is response time. Cell swelling due to depolarization is a slow process, slower than hemodynamic responses that characterize BOLD. In fact, cell swelling under normal homeostatic conditions in vivo is virtually non-existent. Only sustained depolarization events typically associated with non-naturalistic stimuli or brain dysfunction produce cell swelling. Membrane potential changes associated with neural activity, on the other hand, are very fast. In this manuscript, the authors have convincingly shown a signal change that is virtually the same as what was seen in the Stroman publication, but they have not shown that there is a response that can be detected with anything approaching the timescale of an action potential. So one cannot definitely say that the changes observed are due to membrane potential. One can only say they are consistent with cell swelling, regardless of what causes the cell swelling.

For this mechanism to be relevant to explaining DIANA, one needs to show that the cell swelling changes occur within a millisecond, which has never been reported. If one knows the populations of ECF and pellet, the T2s of the ECF and pellet and the volume change of the cells in the pellet, one can model any expected T2 changes due to neuronal activity. I think one would find that these are minuscule within the context of an action potential, or even bulk action potential.

In the context of cell swelling occurring at rapid response times, if we define cell swelling simply as an “increase in cell volume,” there are several studies reporting transient structural (or volumetric) changes (e.g., ~nm diameter change over ~ms duration) in neuron cells during action potential propagation (Akkin et al., Biophys J 93:1347-1353, 2007; Kim et al., Biophys J 92:3122-3129, 2007; Lee et al., IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 58:3000-3003, 2011; Wnek et al., J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 54:7-14, 2015; Yang et al., ACS Nano 12:4186-4193, 2018). These studies show a good correlation between membrane potential changes and cell volume changes (even if very small) at the cellular level within milliseconds.

As mentioned in the Response 1 above, this study does not address rapid dynamic membrane potential changes on the millisecond scale, which we explicitly discussed as one of the limitations in the Discussion section of the original manuscript. For this reason, we do not claim in this study that we provide the reader with definitive answers about the mechanisms involved in DIANA. Rather, as a first step toward addressing the mechanism of DIANA, this study confirms that there is a good correlation between changes in membrane potential and measurable MR parameters (e.g., T2 and PSR) when using ionic solutions that modulate membrane potential. Identifying T2 changes that occur during millisecond-scale membrane potential changes due to rapid neural activation will be further addressed in future studies.

There are a few smaller issues that should be addressed.

(1) Why were complicated imaging sequences used to measure T1 and T2? On a Bruker system it should be possible to do very simple acquisitions with hard pulses (which will not need dictionaries and such to get quantitative numbers). Of course, this can only be done sample by sample and would take longer, but it avoids a lot of complication to correct the RF pulses used for imaging, which leads me to the 2nd point.

We appreciate the reviewer’s suggestion regarding imaging sequences. We would like to clarify that dictionaries were used for fitting in vivo T2 decay data, not in vitro data. Sample-by-sample nonlocalized acquisition with hard pulses may be applicable for in vitro measurements. However, for in vivo measurements, a slice-selective multi-echo spin-echo sequence was necessary to acquire T2 maps within a reasonable scan time. Our choice of imaging sequence was guided by the need to spatially resolve MR signals from specific regions of interests while balancing scan time constraints.

(2) Figure S1 (H) is unlike any exponential T2 decay I have seen in almost 40 years of making T2 measurements. The strange plateau at the beginning and the bump around TE = 25 ms are odd. These could just be noise, but the fitted curve exactly reproduces these features. A monoexponential T2 decay cannot, by definition, produce a fit shaped like this.

The T2 decay curves in Figure S1(H) indeed display features that deviate from a simple monoexponential decay. In our in vivo experiments, we used a multi-echo spin-echo sequence with slice-selective excitation and refocusing pulses. In such sequences, the echo train is influenced by stimulated echoes and imperfect slice profiles. This phenomenon is inherent to the pulse sequence rather than being artifacts or fitting errors (Hennig, Concepts Magn Reson 3:125-143, 1991; Lebel and Wilman, Magn Reson Med 64:1005-1014, 2010; McPhee and Wilman, Magn Reson Med 77:2057-2065, 2017). Therefore, we fitted the T2 decay curve using the technique developed by McPhee and Wilman (2017).

(3) As noted earlier, layered samples produce biexponential T2 decays and monoexponential T1 decays. I don't quite see how this was accounted for in the fitting of the data from the pellet preparations. I realize that these are spatially resolved measurements, but the imaging slice shown seems to be at the boundary of the pellet and the extracellular media and there definitely should be a biexponential water proton decay curve. Only 5 echo times were used, so this is part of the problem, but it does mean that the T2 reported is a population fraction weighted average of the T2 in the two compartments.

We understand the reviewer’s concern regarding potential biexponential decay due to the presence of different compartments. In our experiments, we carefully positioned the imaging slice sufficiently remote from the pellet-media interface. This approach ensures that the signal predominantly arises from the cells (and interstitial fluid), excluding the influence of extracellular media above the cell pellet. We will clearly describe the imaging slice in the revised manuscript. As mentioned in our Methods section, for in vitro experiments, we repeated a single-echo spin-echo sequence with 50 difference echo times. While Figure 1C illustrates data from five echo times for visual clarity, the full dataset with all 50 echo times was used for fitting. We will clarify this point in the revised manuscript to avoid any misunderstanding.

(4) Delta T1 and T2 values are presented for the pellets in wells, but no absolute values are presented for either the pellets or the KCL solutions that I could find.

As requested by the reviewer, we will include the absolute values in the revised manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Min et al. attempt to demonstrate that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect changes in neuronal membrane potentials. They approach this goal by studying how MRI contrast and cellular potentials together respond to treatment of cultured cells with ionic solutions. The authors specifically study two MRI-based measurements: (A) the transverse (T2) relaxation rate, which reflects microscopic magnetic fields caused by solutes and biological structures; and (B) the fraction or "pool size ratio" (PSR) of water molecules estimated to be bound to macromolecules, using an MRI technique called magnetization transfer (MT) imaging. They see that depolarizing K+ and Ba2+ concentrations lead to T2 increases and PSR decreases that vary approximately linearly with voltage in a neuroblastoma cell line and that change similarly in a second cell type. They also show that depolarizing potassium concentrations evoke reversible T2 increases in rat brains and that these changes are reversed when potassium is renormalized. Min et al. argue that this implies that membrane potential changes cause the MRI effects, providing a potential basis for detecting cellular voltages by noninvasive imaging. If this were true, it would help validate a recent paper published by some of the authors (Toi et al., Science 378:160-8, 2022), in which they claimed to be able to detect millisecond-scale neuronal responses by MRI.

Strengths:

The discovery of a mechanism for relating cellular membrane potential to MRI contrast could yield an important means for studying functions of the nervous system. Achieving this has been a longstanding goal in the MRI community, but previous strategies have proven too weak or insufficiently reproducible for neuroscientific or clinical applications. The current paper suggests remarkably that one of the simplest and most widely used MRI contrast mechanisms-T2 weighted imaging-may indicate membrane potentials if measured in the absence of the hemodynamic signals that most functional MRI (fMRI) experiments rely on. The authors make their case using a diverse set of quantitative tests that include controls for ion and cell type-specificity of their in vitro results and reversibility of MRI changes observed in vivo.

Weaknesses:

The major weakness of the paper is that it uses correlational data to conclude that there is a causational relationship between membrane potential and MRI contrast. Alternative explanations that could explain the authors' findings are not adequately considered. Most notably, depolarizing ionic solutions can also induce changes in cellular volume and tissue structure that in turn alter MRI contrast properties similarly to the results shown here. For example, a study by Stroman et al. (Magn Reson Med 59:700-6, 2008) reported reversible potassium-dependent T2 increases in neural tissue that correlate closely with light scattering-based indications of cell swelling. Phi Van et al. (Sci Adv 10:eadl2034, 2024) showed that potassium addition to one of the cell lines used here likewise leads to cell size increases and T2 increases. Such effects could in principle account for Min et al.'s results, and indeed it is difficult to see how they would not contribute, but they occur on a time scale far too slow to yield useful indications of membrane potential. The authors' observation that PSR correlates negatively with T2 in their experiments is also consistent with this explanation, given the inverse relationship usually observed (and mechanistically expected) between these two parameters. If the authors could show a tight correspondence between millisecond-scale membrane potential changes and MRI contrast, their argument for a causal connection or a useful correlational relationship between membrane potential and image contrast would be much stronger. As it is, however, the article does not succeed in demonstrating that membrane potential changes can be detected by MRI.

We appreciate the reviewer’s comments. We agree that changes in cell volume due to depolarization and hyperpolarization significantly contribute to the observed MR parameter changes. For this reason, we have already noted in the Discussion section of the original manuscript that cell volume changes influence the observed MR parameter changes. In this regard, we thank the reviewer for introducing the work by Stroman et al. (Magn Reson Med 59:700-706, 2008) and Phi Van et al. (Sci Adv 10:eadl2034, 2024). When discussing the contribution of the cell volume changes to the observed MR parameter changes, we will additionally discuss both work of Stroman et al. and Phi Van et al. in the revised manuscript.

In addition, this study does not address rapid dynamic membrane potential changes on the millisecond scale, which we explicitly discussed as one of the limitations of this study in the Discussion section of the original manuscript. For this reason, we do not claim in this study that we provide the reader with definitive answers about the mechanisms involved in DIANA. Rather, as a first step toward addressing the mechanism of DIANA, this study confirms that there is a good correlation between changes in membrane potential and measurable MR parameters (although on a slow time scale) when using ionic solutions that modulate membrane potential. Identifying T2 changes that occur during millisecond-scale membrane potential changes due to rapid neural activation will be further addressed in future studies.

Together, we acknowledge that the title and main conclusion of the original manuscript may be misleading. To more accurately reflect the scope and results of this study and to consider the reviewer’s suggestion, we will adjust the title to “Responses to membrane potential-modulating ionic solutions measured by magnetic resonance imaging of cultured cells and in vivo rat cortex” and will also revise the relevant phrases in the main text.

we decided yesterday to just use the build number and no "beta" anywhere. Please remove "beta" everywhere and use "current version (0.1.17)" or something like that

for - webcast - youtube channel - Adventures in Awareness - Bernard Kastrup - from - essay - The end of scarcity? From Polycrisis to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed

from - essay - The end of scarcity? From Polycrisis to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - https://hyp.is/XajXQJKfEe-CsteXYeBHhw/ageoftransformation.org/the-end-of-scarcity-from-polycrisis-to-planetary-phase-shift/

The closing bracket is included in the bold which is inconsistent with the following paragraphs. The ** in markdown should be moved left of the bracket. There is a PR for this (and a couple of other typo fixes) already here: https://github.com/S3-working-group/s3-practical-guide/pull/31

eLife Assessment

The authors have provided a valuable addition to the literature on large-scale electrophysiological experiments across many labs. The evidence that the authors provided was incomplete - while some comparisons with analyses outside of the manuscript's approaches were provided, a more complete manuscript would have compared with alternative standardized analyses. In particular, alternative spike sorting metrics and the alternative of GLM-based analysis of data would have made the interpretation of the results clearer.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors explore a large-scale electrophysiological dataset collected in 10 labs while mice performed the same behavioral task, and aim to establish guidelines to aid reproducibility of results collected across labs. They introduce a series of metrics for quality control of electrophysiological data and show that histological verification of recording sites is important for interpreting findings across labs and should be reported in addition to planned coordinates. Furthermore, the authors suggest that although basic electrophysiology features were comparable across labs, task modulation of single neurons can be variable, particularly for some brain regions. The authors then use a multi-task neural network model to examine how neural dynamics relate to multiple interacting task- and experimenter-related variables, and find that lab-specific differences contribute little to the variance observed. Therefore, analysis approaches that account for correlated behavioral variables are important for establishing reproducible results when working with electrophysiological data from animals performing decision-making tasks. This paper is very well-motivated and needed. However, what is missing is a direct comparison of task modulation of neurons across labs using standard analysis practice in the fields, such as generalized linear model (GLM). This can potentially clarify how much behavioral variance contributes to the neural variance across labs; and more accurately estimate the scale of the issues of reproducibility in behavioral systems neuroscience, where conclusions often depend on these standard analysis methods.

Strength:

(1) This is a well-motivated paper that addresses the critical question of reproducibility in behavioural systems neuroscience. The authors should be commended for their efforts.

(2) A key strength of this study comes from the large dataset collected in collaboration across ten labs. This allows the authors to assess lab-to-lab reproducibility of electrophysiological data in mice performing the same decision-making task.

(3) The authors' attempt to streamline preprocessing pipelines and quality metrics is highly relevant in a field that is collecting increasingly large-scale datasets where automation of these steps is increasingly needed.

(4) Another major strength is the release of code repositories to streamline preprocessing pipelines across labs collecting electrophysiological data.

(5) Finally, the application of MTNN for characterizing functional modulation of neurons, although not yet widely used in systems neuroscience, seems to have several advantages over traditional methods.

Weaknesses:

(1) In several places the assumptions about standard practices in the field, including preprocessing and analyses of electrophysiology data, seem to be inaccurately presented:

a) The estimation of how much the histologically verified recording location differs from the intended recording location is valuable information. Importantly, this paper provides citable evidence for why that is important. However, histological verification of recording sites is standard practice in the field, even if not all studies report them. Although we appreciate the authors' effort to further motivate this practice, the current description in the paper may give readers outside the field a false impression of the level of rigor in the field.

b) When identifying which and how neurons encode particular aspects of stimuli or behaviour in behaving animals (when variables are correlated by the nature of the animals behaviour), it has become the standard in behavioral systems neuroscience to use GLMs - indeed many labs participating in the IBL also has a long history of doing this (e.g., Steinmetz et al., 2019; Musall et al., 2023; Orsolic et al., 2021; Park et al., 2014). The reproducibility of results when using GLMs is never explicitly shown, but the supplementary figures to Figure 7 indicate that results may be reproducible across labs when using GLMs (as it has similar prediction performance to the MTNN). This should be introduced as the first analysis method used in a new dedicated figure (i.e., following Figure 3 and showing results of analyses similar to what was shown for the MTNN in Figure 7). This will help put into perspective the degree of reproducibility issues the field is facing when analyzing with appropriate and common methods. The authors can then go on to show how simpler approaches (currently in Figures 4 and 5) - not accounting for a lot of uncontrolled variabilities when working with behaving animals - may cause reproducibility issues.

When the authors introduce a neural network approach (i.e. MTNN) as an alternative to the analyses in Figures 4 and 5, they suggest: 'generalized linear models (GLMs) are likely too inflexible to capture the nonlinear contributions that many of these variables, including lab identity and spatial positions of neurons, might make to neural activity'). This is despite the comparison between MTNN and GLM prediction performance (Supplement 1 to Figure 7) showing that the MTNN is only slightly better at predicting neural activity compared to standard GLMs. The introduction of new models to capture neural variability is always welcome, but the conclusion that standard analyses in the field are not reproducible can be unfair unless directly compared to GLMs.

In essence, it is really useful to demonstrate how different analysis methods and preprocessing approaches affect reproducibility. But the authors should highlight what is actually standard in the field, and then provide suggestions to improve from there.

(2) The authors attempt to establish a series of new quality control metrics for the inclusion of recordings and single units. This is much needed, with the goal to standardize unit inclusion across labs that bypasses the manual process while keeping the nuances from manual curation. However, the authors should benchmark these metrics to other automated metrics and to manual curation, which is still a gold standard in the field. The authors did this for whole-session assessment but not for individual clusters. If the authors can find metrics that capture agreed-upon manual cluster labels, without the need for manual intervention, that would be extremely helpful for the field.

(3) With the goal of improving reproducibility and providing new guidelines for standard practice for data analysis, the authors should report of n of cells, sessions, and animals used in plots and analyses throughout the paper to aid both understanding of the variability in the plots - but also to set a good example.

Other general comments:

(1) In the discussion (line 383) the authors conclude: 'This is reassuring, but points to the need for large sample sizes of neurons to overcome the inherent variability of single neuron recording'. - Based on what is presented in this paper we would rather say that their results suggest that appropriate analytical choices are needed to ensure reproducibility, rather than large datasets - and they need to show whether using standard GLMs actually allows for reproducible results.

(2) A general assumption in the across-lab reproducibility questions in the paper relies on intralab variability vs across-lab variability. An alternative measure that may better reflect experimental noise is across-researcher variability, as well as the amount of experimenter experience (if the latter is a factor, it could suggest researchers may need more training before collecting data for publication). The authors state in the discussion that this is not possible. But maybe certain measures can be used to assess this (e.g. years of conducting surgeries/ephys recordings etc)?

(3) Figure 3b and c: Are these plots before or after the probe depth has been adjusted based on physiological features such as the LFP power? In other words, is the IBL electrophysiological alignment toolbox used here and is the reliability of location before using physiological criteria or after? Beyond clarification, showing both before and after would help the readers to understand how much the additional alignment based on electrophysiological features adjusts probe location. It would also be informative if they sorted these penetrations by which penetrations were closest to the planned trajectory after histological verification.

(4) In Figures 4 and 6: If the authors use a 0.05 threshold (alpha) and a cell simply has to be significant on 1/6 tests to be considered task modulated, that means that they have a false positive rate of ~30% (0.05*6=0.3). We ran a simple simulation looking for significant units (from random null distribution) from these criteria which shows that out of 100.000 units, 26500 units would come out significant (false error rate: 26.5%). That is very high (and unlikely to be accepted in most papers), and therefore not surprising that the fraction of task-modulated units across labs is highly variable. This high false error rate may also have implications for the investigation of the spatial position of task-modulated units (as effects of the spatial position may drown in falsely labelled 'task-modulated' cells).

(5) The authors state from Figure 5b that the majority of cells could be well described by 2 PCs. The distribution of R2 across neurons is almost uniform, so depending on what R2 value one considers a 'good' description, that is the fraction of 'good' cells. Furthermore, movement onset has now been well-established to be affecting cells widely and in large fractions, so while this analysis may work for something with global influence - like movement - more sparsely encoded variables (as many are in the brain) may not be well approximated with this suggestion. The authors could expand this analysis into other epochs like activity around stimulus presentation, to better understand how this type of analysis reproduces across labs for features that have a less global influence.

(6) Additionally, in Figure 5i: could the finding that one can only distinguish labs when taking cells from all regions, simply be a result of a different number of cells recorded in each region for each lab? It makes more sense to focus on the lab/area pairing as the authors also do, but not to make their main conclusion from it. If the authors wish to do the comparison across regions, they will need to correct for the number of cells recorded in each region for each lab. In general, it was a struggle to fully understand the purpose of Figure 5. While population analysis and dimensionality reduction are commonplace, this seems to be a very unusual use of it.

(7) In the discussion the authors state: "This approach, which exceeds what is done in many experimental labs". Indeed this approach is a more effective and streamlined way of doing it, but it is questionable whether it 'exceeds' what is done in many labs. Classically, scientists trace each probe manually with light microscopy and designate each area based on anatomical landmarks identified with nissl or dapi stains together with gross landmarks. When not automated with 2-PI serial tomography and anatomically aligned to a standard atlas, this is a less effective process, but it is not clear that it is less precise, especially in studies before neuropixels where active electrodes were located in a much smaller area. While more effective, transforming into a common atlas does make additional assumptions about warping the brain into the standard atlas - especially in cases where the brain has been damaged/lesioned. Readers can appreciate the effectiveness and streamlining provided by these new tools without the need to invalidate previous approaches.

(8) What about across-lab population-level representation of task variables, such as in the coding direction for stimulus or choice? Is the general decodability of task variables from the population comparable across labs?

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors sought to evaluate whether observations made in separate individual laboratories are reproducible when they use standardized procedures and quality control measures. This is a key question for the field. If ten systems neuroscience labs try very hard to do the exact same experiment and analyses, do they get the same core results? If the answer is no, this is very bad news for everyone else! Fortunately, they were able to reproduce most of their experimental findings across all labs. Despite attempting to target the same brain areas in each recording, variability in electrode targeting was a source of some differences between datasets.

Major Comments:

The paper had two principal goals:<br /> (1) to assess reproducibility between labs on a carefully coordinated experiment<br /> (2) distill the knowledge learned into a set of standards that can be applied across the field.<br /> The manuscript made progress towards both of these goals but leaves room for improvement.

(1) The first goal of the study was to perform exactly the same experiment and analyses across 10 different labs and see if you got the same results. The rationale for doing this was to test how reproducible large-scale rodent systems neuroscience experiments really are. In this, the study did a great job showing that when a consortium of labs went to great lengths to do everything the same, even decoding algorithms could not discern laboratory identity was not clearly from looking at the raw data. However, the amount of coordination between the labs was so great that these findings are hard to generalize to the situation where similar (or conflicting!) results are generated by two labs working independently.

Importantly, the study found that electrode placement (and thus likely also errors inherent to the electrode placement reconstruction pipeline) was a key source of variability between datasets. To remedy this, they implemented a very sophisticated electrode reconstruction pipeline (involving two-photon tomography and multiple blinded data validators) in just one lab-and all brains were sliced and reconstructed in this one location. This is a fantastic approach for ensuring similar results within the IBL collaboration, but makes it unclear how much variance would have been observed if each lab had attempted to reconstruct their probe trajectories themselves using a mix of histology techniques from conventional brain slicing, to light sheet microscopy, to MRI imaging.

This approach also raises a few questions. The use of standard procedures, pipelines, etc. is a great goal, but most labs are trying to do something unique with their setup. Bigger picture, shouldn't highly "significant" biological findings akin to the discovery of place cells or grid cells, be so clear and robust that they can be identified with different recording modalities and analysis pipelines?

Related to this, how many labs outside of the IBL collaboration have implemented the IBL pipeline for their own purposes? In what aspects do these other labs find it challenging to reproduce the approaches presented in the paper? If labs were supposed to perform this same experiment, but without coordinating directly, how much more variance between labs would have been seen? Obviously investigating these topics is beyond the scope of this paper. The current manuscript is well-written and clear as is, and I think it is a valuable contribution to the field. However, some additional discussion of these issues would be helpful.

(2) The second goal of the study was to present a set of data curation standards (RIGOR) that could be applied widely across the field. This is a great idea, but its implementation needs to be improved if adoption outside of the IBL is to be expected. Here are three issues:

(a) The GitHub repo for this project (https://github.com/int-brain-lab/paper-reproducible-ephys/) is nicely documented if the reader's goal is to reproduce the figures in the manuscript. Consequently, the code for producing the RIGOR statistics seems mostly designed for re-computing statistics on the existing IBL-formatted datasets. There doesn't appear to be any clear documentation about how to run it on arbitrary outputs from a spike sorter (i.e. the inputs to Phy).

(b) Other sets of spike sorting metrics that are more easily computed for labs that are not using the IBL pipeline already exist (e.g. "quality_metrics" from the Allen Institute ecephys pipeline [https://github.com/AllenInstitute/ecephys_spike_sorting/blob/main/ecephys_spike_sorting/modules/quality_metrics/README.md] and the similar module in the Spike Interface package [https://spikeinterface.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/qualitymetrics.html]). The manuscript does not compare these approaches to those proposed here, but some of the same statistics already exist (amplitude cutoff, median spike amplitude, refractory period violation).

(c) Some of the RIGOR criteria are qualitative and must be visually assessed manually. Conceptually, these features make sense to include as metrics to examine, but would ideally be applied in a standardized way across the field. The manuscript doesn't appear to contain a detailed protocol for how to assess these features. A procedure for how to apply these criteria for curating non-IBL data (or for implementing an automated classifier) would be helpful.

Other Comments:

(1) How did the authors select the metrics they would use to evaluate reproducibility? Was this selection made before doing the study?

(2) Was reproducibility within-lab dependent on experimenter identity?

(3) They note that UCLA and UW datasets tended to miss deeper brain region targets (lines 185-188) - they do not speculate why these labs show systematic differences. Were they not following standardized procedures?

(4) The authors suggest that geometrical variance (difference between planned and final identified probe position acquired from reconstructed histology) in probe placement at the brain surface is driven by inaccuracies in defining the stereotaxic coordinate system, including discrepancies between skull landmarks and the underlying brain structures. In this case, the use of skull landmarks (e.g. bregma) to determine locations of brain structures might be unreliable and provide an error of ~360 microns. While it is known that there is indeed variance in the position between skull landmarks and brain areas in different animals, the quantification of this error is a useful value for the field.

(5) Why are the thalamic recording results particularly hard to reproduce? Does the anatomy of the thalamus simply make it more sensitive to small errors in probe positioning relative to the other recorded areas?

Shows the systematic risk

Royal Typewriter KMG Mainspring Drawband Tightened Adjusted Tension by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]

On the left rear corner underneath the carriage when moved to the right, one can easily see the mainspring and drawband assembly. Just behind it is a worm drive operated by a screw. Turning this screw counterclockwise will advance the worm drive to the left and increase the tension on the mainspring.

similar?

this is already an interpretation. you should first say what is shown descriptively.

wordy

I wonder whether this should be combined with the next paragraph because they belong together.

start sentence with this because it helps the reader

see my comments above.

maybe just say "same as in Study 1?)

del. does not add anything

in the above section, the use of italics helps here without making the reader seasick

lab? The monkey lab :)

unclear what this refers to: The woman/man continua or the two conditions. If only continua, then does order of trials apply only to the two-dimensional condition?

more efficient in one sentence: once on a woman continuum (anchors were not woman and woman) and once on a man ...

(you have to add italics, of course :)

I would just give the ref

what is "the lab"? why bring up lab at all?

The prediction of greater complexity arises from Free Energy Principle and Active Inferencen not Evolution.

I like his attempt to use evolution-related vocabulary to frame his narrative; he has a different intuition of Friston's free energy principle than myself. my understanding of friston does not depend of evolution-related memes for its dynamics

Perhaps another way to describe what is happening instead of "energy-dissipation" is "Life translates 'free (random) energy' into patterns which can persist and evolve into meta-patterns and so on"

Or "Emergence arises from patterns able to form & self-sustain in the presence of continuous dynamics (energy) "

Surprised to see Karl Friston (who identified the Free Energy Principle) has yet to be mentioned anywhere so far.

Beautifully summarized. I was introduced to this "biophysics of intelligence" lens by the podcast Machine Learning Street Talk's interview of Karl Friston. https://youtu.be/V_VXOdf1NMw? The first 10 minutes are particularly of interest to technologists interested in the future of AI beyond LLMs (e.g. chat gpt)

Conceptually interesting . Skeptical that the precision of understanding and mechanisms from physics and chemistry apply as precisely to planetary dynamics as he suggests, but this claim is a logical inference derived from the free energy principle as posited by Karl Friston

Seth, I hope you don't hate this for not being level lol (it's the only one in this gallery)

for: Major Evolutionary Transitions in individuality, MET, MET in Individuality

• Abstract
  • The evolution of life on earth has been driven by a small number of major evolutionary transitions.
  • These transitions have been characterized by individuals that could previously replicate independently, cooperating to form a new, more complex life form.
  • For example,
    • archaea and eubacteria formed eukaryotic cells, and
    • cells formed multicellular organisms.
  • However, not all cooperative groups are en route to major transitions.
  • How can we explain why major evolutionary transitions have or haven’t taken place on different branches of the tree of life?
    • We break down major transitions into two steps:
      • the formation of a cooperative group and
      • the transformation of that group into an integrated entity.
    • We show how these steps require
      • cooperation,
      • division of labor,
      • communication,
      • mutual dependence, and
      • negligible within-group conflict.
  • We find that certain ecological conditions and the ways in which groups form have played recurrent roles in driving multiple transitions.
  • In contrast, we find that other factors have played relatively minor roles at many key points, such as
    • within-group kin discrimination and
    • mechanisms to actively repress competition.
  • More generally, by identifying the small number of factors that have driven major transitions, we provide a simpler and more unified description of how life on earth has evolved.

Royal KMM KMG Typewriter Feet Spacers Original Smashed Rubber Replaced by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]

Squished rubber feet spacers on the Royal standard typewriters can cause interfere with the universal bar and when they do, they'll need replacement.

This is the same sort of interference seen on Olympia SM3s due to their squished/flattened rubber gaskets, though the symptoms are different.

"Phoenix typewriter. Have a Royal day!" <br /> A slightly different sign off from Duane's usual... :)

ROYAL KMM Replacing Type Bar Link Remove Arm Repaired Typewriter by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]

This is roughly what I expected to be the case. I've got to shift the fulcrum pivot wire so I can reattach my Q and @ on a Royal KMG.

Roughly similar to Gerren's video on swapping out typefaces, but with a slightly different technique for speed of doing that. See: https://hypothes.is/a/I_-9rBV2Ee-eMotzy9_Z-Q

How To Guide- Swapping Type Bars on a Manual Typewriter -Full tips and tricks by [[The HotRod Typewriter Co.]]

eLife Assessment

In this paper, Seon and Chung investigate changes in own risk-taking behavior, when they are being observed by a "risky" or "safe" player. Using computational modeling and model-informed fMRI, the authors present solid evidence that participants adjust their choice congruent with the other player's type (either risky or safe). The conclusions of the paper are an important contribution to the field of social decision-making as they show a differentiated adjustment of choices and not just a universally riskier choice behavior when being observed as has been claimed in previous studies.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Seon and Chung's study investigates the hypothesis that individuals take more risks when observed by others because they perceive others to be riskier than themselves. To test this, the authors designed an innovative experimental paradigm where participants were informed that their decisions would be observed by a "risky" player and a "safe" player. Participants underwent fMRI scanning during the task.

Strengths:

The research question is sound, and the experimental paradigm is well-suited to address the hypothesis.

Weaknesses:

I have several concerns. Most notably, the manuscript is difficult to read in parts, and I suggest a thorough revision of the writing for clarity, as some sections are nearly incomprehensible. Additionally, key statistical details are missing, and I have reservations about the choice of ROIs.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study aims to investigate how social observation influences risky decision-making. Using a gambling task, the study explored how participants adjusted their risk-taking behavior when they believed their decisions were being observed by either a risk-averse or risk-seeking partner. The authors hypothesized that individuals would simulate the choices of their observers based on learned preferences and integrate these simulated choices into their own decision-making. In addition to behavioral experiments, the study employed computational modeling to formalize decision processes and fMRI to identify the neural underpinnings of risky decision-making under social observation.

Strengths:

The study provides a fresh perspective on social influence in decision-making, moving beyond the simple notion that social observation leads to uniformly riskier behavior. Instead, it shows that individuals adjust their choices depending on their beliefs about the observer's risk preferences, offering a more nuanced understanding of how social contexts shape decision-making. The authors provide evidence using comprehensive approaches, including behavioral data based on a well-designed task, computational modeling, and neuroimaging. The three models are well selected to compare at which level (e.g., computing utility, risk preference shift, and choice probability) the social influence alters one's risky decision-making. This approach allows for a more precise understanding of the cognitive processes underlying decision-making under social observation.

Weaknesses:

While the neuroimaging results are generally consistent with the behavioral and computational findings, the strength of the neural evidence could be improved. The authors' claims about the involvement of the TPJ and mPFC in integrating social information are plausible, but further analysis, such as model comparisons at the neuroimaging level, is needed to decisively rule out alternative interpretations that other computational models suggest.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This is an important paper using a novel paradigm to examine how observation affects the social contagion of risk preferences. There is a lot of interest in the field about the mechanisms of social influence, and adding in the factor of whether observation also influences these contagion effects is intriguing.

Strengths:

(1) There is an impressive combination of a multi-stage behavioural task with computational modelling and neuroimaging.

(2) The analyses are well conducted and the sample size is reasonable.

Weaknesses:

(1) Anatomically it would be helpful to more explicitly distinguish between dmPFC and vmPFC. Particularly at the end of the introduction when mPFC and vmPFC are distinguished, as the vmPFC is in the mPFC.

(2) The authors' definition of ROIs could be elaborated on further. They suggest that peaks are selected from neurosynth for different terms, but were there not multiple peaks identified within a functional or anatomical brain area? This section could be strengthened by confirming with anatomical ROIs where available, such as the atlases here http://www.rbmars.dds.nl/lab/CBPatlases.html and the Harvard-Oxford atlases.

(3) How did the authors ensure there were enough trials to generate a reliable BOLD signal? The scanned part of the study seems relatively short.

(4) It would be helpful to add whether any brain areas survived whole-brain correction.

(5) There is a concern that mediation cannot be used to make causal inferences and much larger samples are needed to support claims of mediation. The authors should change the term mediation in order to not imply causality (they could talk about indirect effects instead) and highlight that the mediation analyses are exploratory as they would not be sufficiently powered (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843527/).

(6) The authors may want to speculate on lifespan differences in this susceptibility to risk preferences given recent evidence that older adults are relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence (Zhu et al, 2024, comms psychology).

CORRECT ORDER:*>>->+

The manumission of slaves was actually one of the major factors that eventually sprung the Anti-Slavery movement into action and conflict of the northern and southern states.

The article mentions Lockes' "natural law" which is the central idea that all people of all genders and race had the right to life, liberty, and property. The fundamentals of freedom and our constitution today.

This time was crucial for the building of the first United States government but also excluded the lives of many who weren't "white".

The American Revolution had everlasting consequences on the country as a whole and affecting the lives of woman, slaves, and Native Americans.

suffering for love used to be seen as a good thing

Yes

Question #4) In the article, "ovigerous" is defined as referring to female crabs that are carrying eggs. The term "spermatheca" refers to the reproductive organ in female crabs that stores sperm. The text explains that "presence of sperm in the spermathecae indicates both recent and past mating success." The evidence that a female Dungeness crab had recently mated is the presence of a sperm plug in her reproductive tract. The study found that 69% of the captured females had sperm plugs, indicating they mated in the year of collection. Additionally, it reported that 83% of the females could produce viable eggs based on the presence of either sperm plugs or swollen spermathecae. Regarding mating frequency, the text notes that female crabs do not extrude eggs every year. Some females may skip egg production in certain years, as indicated by previous studies referenced in the article. However, the data suggest that female crabs that are mature and have molted typically mate after each molt, leading to variable annual reproductive success.

Question) Given that a significant percentage of female Dungeness crabs were found to have recently mated, yet not all extrude eggs annually, what further research could be conducted to understand the factors influencing the variability in reproductive success among these females, and how might environmental conditions or population dynamics play a role in their mating and egg-laying behaviors?

Question 7) The season for Dungeness crab starts December 1st according to the 2012 article. Only male crab the size of 6.25(in) or 159(mm) minimum may be harvested during this season and the season ends August 14th. The fall months are avoided because this is when male molting season is. According to the ODFW website, the updated minimum size for harvest is 5.75(in) or 146.05(mm). The updated open season dates start December 1st and end October 15th. In order to go crabbing you must be 12 years or older and have a shellfish license. When catching the crab you must release any female crab immediately and any male crab must be measured. When measuring you want to use a crab gauge and you measure across their back horizontally, not including their spike on each side. When determining sex, on the underside of the male crab you will see a long skinny triangle and on female it will be more wide and round. over the past years, not much has changed regulation-wise, only a slight change in size and dates. For commercial crabbing the regulations have stayed the same since 2012, minimum size being 6.25(in) or 159(mm) and the season starting December 1st and ending August 14th. Although if you are commercial crabbing, you must have a commercial crabbing license and no more than 15 crab on each vessel.

Question: If crabbing for females was aloud, only for recreational crabbing, and only at females maximum size, would this drop the population of Dungeness crab too much? or would it not affect the population significantly?

The shift to one coral species (Montipora) over others is rare. How does this phase shift impact other organisms in the reef, like fish and invertebrates? Could it lead to a decline in species that depend on diverse coral for shelter?

"I believe" really helps us see that this is very opinionated before we actually read the quote.

Any proof that he is going to do this if he wins? Or is this just what she/ the left thinks will happen?

Another thing that has me curious is to see what economic political and religious activities were most prominent? Some explorers were Christian but among the Natives I would be interested in knowing more about their practices. I truly believe in knowing both sides of history and I think this applies to this. John White going in to a new area, the reader knowing more about the Natives practices would help us empathize and see it from a new perspective. Both sides need to be treated accordingly.

ipfs gateway port setting

This sentence shows the who, it's important to remember who in history we are talking about. One of the biggest reasons it is important to keep track of who is because cultural differences. For example the Dutch culture is significantly different from the Spanish. Knowing that all these explorers wanted to claim land helps better understand the background. Lastly, knowing what is being claimed allows the reader to feel more involved and better comprehend what occurred.

This part of a sentence may not seem too significant by itself but the year and the number of enslaved is highly important. Knowing when slavery took place is super relevant. on the other hand, knowing that 609 enslaved Africans is what a ship could carry at a time truly puts things in perspective. This shows how bad slavery could be when used to its fullest worst potential. Slavery was horrible and unfortunate affected many people.

To me this sentence is a good definition to give information on what slave ships were like. Knowing what the Brookes were like and the trade act can be important to help better understand slavery. When reading through knowing about the iron leg shackles helps put things in perspective. Slavery was horrible and reading definitions or better explained sentences helps to better grasp what took place.

The piece stands out for its evocative visual style that merges primitive aesthetics with a contemporary sensibility and for its deep historical roots. Its refusal to delineate clearly between character perception and objective reality challenges readers to reconsider the nature of truth within storytelling. In my opinion, Leishman's work is refreshingly original and transformative in the digital literature landscape—it pushes boundaries and invites a level of interaction and immersion that is profoundly thought-provoking and representative of the medium's potential to redefine literary engagement.

basicallly % calculates the remainder of the division

Will this be used for compensation to families, rebuilding, etc?

The new colony offers a higher quality of life; those with labor skills can come to work in the colony and make more money and have a more advantageous life than in England while being highly respected and revered.

This basically states that if you have unfortunate or rough circumstances in England, you are sure to have a much better chance of being able to sustain yourself and/ or attain wealth, status and land in the new colony. If this is their selling point, I'm interested to know how those with status and wealth in England felt about the possibility of a more level playing field in the new Colony and if the recruitment garnered much interest from them?

Slave owners were awarded land based on their ownership of slaves, but slaves were awarded none of their own.

John Horne advertised that it would be very likely for a woman who made the trip to be purchased as wife by an honest man as long as they met two requirements; that they were under 50 years old and civil. This particular selling point geared towards unmarried women helps illustrate how important it was for a woman to be married in this time to secure their social, economic and legal status.

Who exactly is Robert Horne? Did he hold an important role within the colony or was he just hired to publish the advertisement?

The voices of the original occupants of this land being offered is completely omitted.

*being of or relating to the upper class or gentry.

*The lowest price a financial security, commodity or index has traded or been published in a specific time frame.

The Right Honorable Lords Proprietors were a group of eight English Nobleman who had been granted the land of Carolina by Charles II as a reward for their support and efforts to help him regain the throne of England.

The promise of "full and free" religious liberty sounds good; however, I have to question how honest this promise of religious freedom is considering that part of the justification for initially traveling to the new world was to religiously influence and convert natives (and advance economically while doing so). Perhaps, some freedom from the dominance of Catholic Spain but not a full and free liberty to "worship God after their own way" as the text suggests.

Robert Horne was recruiting both men and women of various skills, status and backgrounds who were willing to relocate to the new colony in order to help develop/ expand the colony of Carolina with a series of incentives/ promises that included religious freedom, economic advancement and land.

This quote is an example of an opinion being made by the person being interviewed. Despite this it is a fact that this information was said and used by the journalist.

The study’s findings indicate that the presence or absence of top predators can affect factors such as size and mortality rates of lower trophic level species, underscoring the nuanced dynamics of coral reef communities.

This sentence articulates an important prediction regarding the ecological consequences of fishing on coral reef ecosystems, specifically concerning the demographic responses of non-targeted prey species following the removal of top predators.

This sentence highlights a critical aspect of ecological dynamics in marine systems, specifically within coral reefs. It acknowledges that while traditional models of trophic cascades—where predator removal leads to increased prey populations—are infrequent in marine environments, the indirect consequences of these changes can still significantly affect community structure and function.

This sentence emphasizes the complexity of ecological impacts caused by fishing in coral reef ecosystems. While many studies have focused on the more apparent consequences of fishing—such as changes in the abundance and size of target fish species—the authors argue that the effects extend beyond these metrics.

This sentence highlights the key findings of the study regarding the impact of fishing on top predator species in two contrasting environments: Kiritimati, where human fishing activities are prevalent, and Palmyra, a protected area with no fishing.

This can be taken as a fact because there is evidence that will be able to back it up.

This is a conclusion. The user's who are in more favor of the AI tool do not pay the fee to remove it as stated above.

The fact that the journalists mentioned that his source was reliable could be biased. We don't know this source so it could be a bad one. or even worse it was just a straight lie.

This quote gives us a better understanding on how much the journalists knows about the film. Before this all that was known was the release date and stars. The fact that the setting isn't really known shows how early on this film is.

This journalist Is primarily focused on human interest in this article. Christopher Nolan is a big name director so even just a release date can spark mass interest into any of his films

This adjective wasn't necessary, they could have just said, "The metal rod was slid into the graduated cylinder".

Bay Shillings is a term from the massachusetts colony. It was a silver coin used in the 17th century.

another conclusion - nothing to prove this

Right out the gate with the title there is a conclusion being made. The fact is that Amazon just announced a new benefit, the conclusion is that Prime Members are going to love it. There is no way to prove that, it is a conclusion.

Refering to the Bible and human nature.

Armies would lay siege to heavily fortified areas, usually castles or cities, to force thier enemy into submission by cutting them off from the rest of thier army and slowly starving them out.

Basically looting

Colonel is a military rank.

Who were the inmates, what crimes did they commit?

i agree that legends were very popular and they remind of beowolf as well

we need to consider not only moshup’s point of view but also the tribe that he claims to have protected and killed the bird in favor of but we do not get there side of the story

this story is significant to the historical context of the native Americans as it describes there history and how happy they were until a great bird came to disrupt there life, we don’t know what this bird represents but it ruined there lives and stole there children and moshup put a stop to it and killed the bird

comparing the actions of a giant to be similar to native American practices which might imply this giant used to be a native tribe member himself before coming to this island.

how old is the giant and how did he get to this island? and why does he choose to stay there?

this is when english speaker obtained the story but the natives could have been telling this story for hundreds of years at this point making it an ancient folk tale

the audience of this story in context is both tacknashes tribe and the other tribes that may have heard it from him and his tribe but outside context both we and future native tribes are the target audience

when the tales are passed down from generation to generation it is believed they are only stories to scare children or to pass the time but often the hold a lesson or some manner of truth and tackanash found this out.

i believe what is being implied here is that when moshup smokes his pipe since it is so big and he smokes for so long it creates an obscuring fog which is actually just smoke.

is he implying in some way that while smoking he could have went to this island and ate the children himself, not being the hero in the story but the villian?

what are the hills of thunder and are they connected to spirits in some way?

the native American people and access to there folk tales were very rare and restricted as the natives at first only shared the stories among themselves so these stories to us are newer and less understood.

I didn't even know NTCA meant until now.

This is actually something that makes sense but also it was an also critical time because the unemployment rate had increased and started decreasing by 2010

The social security breach that happened recently was incredibly unwarranted, especially since there was a huge responsibility on the protection of social security information. It climaxed to the point where everyone was informed online to shut down their credit cards immediately, as having your Social Security stolen leaves you in an extremely vulnerable position.

I once heard a lecture from a cybersecurity expert, and they had us understand that cybersecurity is a matter of balancing needs against profit. The example he gave was that if you had $100, you wouldn't buy a $100 locked box to keep it safe, maybe a 5 or 15 dollar lock. So it's never a matter of what is the "most" secure, but what can be the most practically secured.

This is so fascinating to me. As they were mentioning risks they used real-world situations and linked the articles to learn more about the event. Each one of these events seems crazy and I can't believe I haven't heard of most of them. This shows that even when you think you are being private some things are just out of your control.

This really emphasizes that cybersecurity goes beyond just technology; it also involves human behavior. People often reuse passwords for convenience, unaware of how easily that habit can be exploited. It’s both fascinating and a bit frightening how trust can be manipulated—take the example of the NSA impersonating Google. Social engineering serves as a perfect reminder that hackers don’t always need sophisticated tools; sometimes, they just need to deceive people into trusting the wrong thing. Phishing emails and fake QR codes are particularly clever because they depend on people acting quickly without thinking. The reference to Frank Abagnale from Catch Me If You Can re

I think that a less obvious reason for privacy on social media is the fear of garnering an online presence that isn't true to who you actually are as a person. More specifically, if someone were to post certain aspects like their body, expensive clothes, or expensive food for example, a false narrative that the user is uber-rich may be fostered and ultimately may affect the user's relationships with others in real life.

Another example of "private" data you want companies to have access to may be your user meta-data. In the case that you lose access to your account, you would want to be able to recover it via a password change.

One excellent example is the European Union's GDPR(General Data Protection Regulation), which protects privacy as a fundamental right. The "right to be forgotten," which enables people to ask for the removal of personal information, is one noteworthy clause that reflects the idea that people should have control over their information in the digital age. However, the U.S. lacks the comprehensive, overarching structure found in the EU, and privacy rights are frequently sector-specific (e.g., health, financial).

I believe that being overly private is better than being excessively public. You do not know what information someone is looking for or needs from you, so giving the bare minimum allows you to stay more private. Another thing I think is that while you are signing up for most social media, you are willingly giving up some forms of privacy. It may be small or unuseful, but social media weren't created to be private, so it's exactly what you're signing up for.

I am happy that some governments make it a priority to protect individuals privacy rights. The European unions general data protection regulation is a great piece of legislation and is a step in the right direction.

I immediately thought of this quotes from Buddha "In the end, only three things matter: how much you loved, how gently you lived, and how gracefully you let go of things not meant for you." and "The root of all suffering is attachment.". I believe that in order to achieve fulfillment and peace one should go with the flow of life and to not cling to her own comfort and expectations.

There is this saying "Exactly what you run away from you end up chasing" and I believe the opposite works as well. What you do not chase you attract.

This is all about noticing small components that make up the whole picture and appreciating those.

Another moment in which her life lesson has benefited her to become a better writer gaining more languages to use for herself and as she states for her kids.

Context: in this sentence it feels like she is telling essentially people the old famous quote "with power comes responsibility".

Design: she uses a unique design here as if she was writing a news letter for the new York times

Context: In this scene the author is explaining to us the perspective she gained on people when writing often times then not people tend to just simply write sometimes without even checking or choosing between different words and as result just like her teacher explained has consequences of taking wrong turns due to the human nature of impulsiveness. and with that understanding gains a new perspective on spelling and grammar as a whole.

Details: what the author shows us is added layer on to what she has become today. The issues of forced marriage in her country and the overwhelming reality of what might happen pushes her to be the loud voice in both speech and in words that she continues to use till this day and how it is also used to bring out the inner leader in her giving her the ability to influence others even after her story.

This article is an example of timeliness, as the game happened on Wednesday night, impact, as it will effect a lot of people both involved with the two teams that played, as well as most of the college football world, and prominence, as the college football playoff is significant and heavily followed by millions of people around the world

The statement of this game being one of the most significant college football results of the week is an opinion as other people can disagree by the time the college football week is over

This is a statement of fact. The reporter cited a source (ESPN) to back up his claim and further clarified by stating "the AP poll era (since 1936)" in the statement.

Me starts thinking about cornering the market in Lettera 32s and 3D printing Valentine cases to put onto them...

I think the title of this section should be the MRCombined Cube - all the other sections go by the name of the cube.

eLife Assessment

In this useful study, the authors tested a novel approach to eradicating HIV reservoirs by constructing a herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based therapeutic vaccine and evaluating efficacy in experimental infections of chronically SIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated macaques. While mean viremia at rebound was lower in the HSV vaccine-treated group, the evidence presented appears to be incomplete, as the group size was small and the viral load at rebound was highly variable. This is a revised paper, but the support for the conclusions, particularly the effect of the HSV-vectored therapeutic vaccine on the SIV reservoir in the SIV-infected macaques, remains limited.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors constructed a novel HSV-based therapeutic vaccine to cure SIV in a primate model. The novel HSV vector is deleted for ICP34.5. Evidence is given that this protein blocks HIV reactivation by interference with the NFkappaB pathway. The deleted construct supposedly would reactivate SIV from latency. The SIV genes carried by the vector ought to elicit a strong immune response. Together the HSV vector would elicit a shock and kill effect. This is tested in a primate model.

Strengths and weaknesses:

(1) Deleting ICP34.5 from the HSV construct has a very strong effect on HIV reactivation. The mechanism underlying increased activation by deleting ICP34.5 is only partially explored. Overexpression of ICP34.5 has a much smaller effect (reduction in reactivation) than deletion of ICP34.5 (strong activation); this is acknowledged by the authors that no full mechanistic explanation can be given at this moment.

(2) No toxicity data are given for deleting ICP34.5. How specific is the effect for HIV reactivation? A RNA seq analysis is required to show the effect on cellular genes.

A RNA seq analysis was done in the revised manuscript comparing the effect of HSV-1 and deleted vector in J-LAT cells (Fig S5). More than 2000 genes are upregulated after transduction with the modified vector in comparison with the WT vector. Hence, the specificity of upregulation of SIV genes is questioned. Authors do NOT comment on these findings. In my view it questions the utility of this approach.

(3) The primate groups are too small and the results to variable to make averages. In Fig 5, the group with ART and saline has two slow rebounders. It is not correct to average those with the single quick rebounder. Here the interpretation is NOT supported by the data.

Although authors provided some promising SIV DNA data, no additional animals were added. Groups of 3 animals are too small to make any conclusion, especially since the huge variability in response. The average numbers out of 3 are still presented in the paper, which is not proper science.

No data are given of the effect of the deletion in primates. Now the deleted construct is compared with an empty vector containing no SIV genes. Authors provide new data in Fig S2 on the comparison of WT and modified vector in cells from PLWH, but data are not that convincing. A significant difference in reactivation is seen for LTR in only 2/4 donors and in Gag in 3/4 donors. (Additional question what is meaning of LTR mRNA, do authors relate to genomic RNA??)

Discussion

HSV vectors are mainly used in cancer treatment partially due to induced inflammation. Whether these are suitable to cure PLWH without major symptoms is a bit questionable to me and should at least be argued for.

The RNA seq data add on to this worry and should at least be discussed.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this article Wen et. al., describe the development of a 'proof-of-concept' bi-functional vector based out of HSV-deltaICP-34.5's ability to purge latent HIV-1 and SIV genomes from cells. They show that co-infection of latent J-lat T-cell lines with a HSV-deltaICP-34.5 vector can reactivate HIV-1 from a latent state. Over- or stable expression of ICP 34.5 ORF in these cells can arrest latent HIV-1 genomes from transcription, even in the presence of latency reversal agents. ICP34.5 can co-IP with- and de-phosphorylate IKKa/b to block its interaction with NF-k/B transcription factor. Additionally, ICP34.5 can interact with HSF1 which was identified by mass-spec. Thus, the authors propose that the latency reversal effect of HSV-deltaICP-34.5 in co-infected JLat cells is due to modulatory effects on the IKKa/b-NF-kB and PP1-HSF-1 pathway.

Next the authors cleverly construct a bifunctional HSV based vector with deleted ICP34.5 and 47 ORFs to purge latency and avoid immunological refluxes, and additionally expand the application of this construct as a vaccine by introducing SIV genes. They use this 'vaccine' in mouse models and show the expected SIV-immune responses. Experiments in rhesus macaques (RM), further elicit potential for their approach to reactivate SIV genomes and at the same time block their replication by antibodies. What was interesting in the SIV experiments is that the dual-functional vector vaccine containing sPD1- and SIV Gag/Env ORFs effectively delayed SIV rebound in RMs and in some cases almost neutralized viral DNA copy detection in serum. Very promising indeed, however there are some questions I wish the authors explored to answer, detailed below.

Overall, this is an elegant and timely work demonstrating the feasibility of reducing virus rebound in animals, and potentially expand to clinical studies. The work was well written, and sections were clearly discussed.

Strengths:

The work is well designed, rationale explained and written very clearly for lay readers.<br /> Claims are adequately supported by evidence and well designed experiments including controls.

Weaknesses:

(1) It looks like ICP0 is also involved in latency reversal effects. More follow-up work will be required to test if this is in fact true.

(2) It is difficult to estimate the depletion of the latent viral reservoir. The authors have tried to address this issue. A more convincing argument to this reviewer will be data to demonstrate that after the bi-functional vaccine, the animals show overall reduction in the number of circulating latent cells. The feasibility to obtain such a result is not clearly demonstrated.

(3) The authors state that the reduced virus rebound detected following bi-functional vaccine delivery is due to latent genomes becoming activated and steady-state neutralization of these viruses by antibody response. This needs to be demonstrated. Perhaps cell-culture experiments from specimen taken from animals might help address this issue. In lab cultures one could create environments without antibody responses, under these conditions one would expect higher level of viral loads being released in response to the vaccine in question.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors constructed a novel HSV-based therapeutic vaccine to cure SIV in a primate model. The novel HSV vector is deleted for ICP34.5. Evidence is given that this protein blocks HIV reactivation by interference with the NF-kB pathway. The deleted construct supposedly would reactivate SIV from latency. The SIV genes carried by the vector ought to elicit a strong immune response. Together the HSV vector would elicit a shock and kill effect. This is tested in a primate model.

Thank you for your kind comments and suggestions, which are very helpful in improving our manuscript. We have carefully revised our manuscript and performed additional experiments accordingly, and we now think this version has been substantially improved for your reconsideration.

Strengths and weaknesses:

(1) Deleting ICP34.5 from the HSV construct has a very strong effect on HIV reactivation. Why is no eGFP readout given in Figure 1C as for WT HSV? The mechanism underlying increased activation by deleting ICP34.5 is only partially explored. Overexpression of ICP34.5 has a much smaller effect (reduction in reactivation) than deletion of ICP34.5 (strong activation); so the story seems incomplete.

Thank you for your careful review and kind reminder.

(1) We are sorry for the misunderstanding of Figure 1C. In the experiment of Figue 1C, we used an HSV-1 17 strain containing GFP (HSV-GFP) and HSV-DICP34.5 (recombinant HSV-1 17 strain with ICP34.5 deletion based on HSV-GFP) to reactivate the HIV latency cell line (J-Lat 10.6 cell). Since detecting GFP cannot distinguish between HSV infection and HIV reactivation, we assessed the reactivation by measuring the mRNA levels of HIV LTR upon stimulation with either HSV-GFP or HSV-ΔICP34.5. Actually, in Figure 1B, we had verified the reactivation efficacy by infecting J-Lat 10.6 cells with the HSV-1 17 strain containing GFP (HSV-GFP) and found significant upregulation of mRNA levels of HIV-1 LTR, Tat, Gag, Vif, and Vpr. We have adjusted the corresponding descriptions accordingly in the revised manuscript.

(2) We agree with your insightful mention that the mechanism underlying increased activation by HSV-ΔICP34.5 is worthy to be further explored in the future study. In this study, we found that ICP34.5 play an antagonistic role with the reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-1 mainly through the modulation of host NF-κB and HSF1 pathways, while HSV-1 (especially HSV-ΔICP34.5) might reactivate HIV latency through NF-κB, HSF1, and other yet-to-be-determined mechanisms. Thus, ICP34.5 overexpression can only a partial effect on the reduction of the HIV latency reactivation by HSV-1. We have mentioned this issue in the revised “Discussion section”. “Intriguingly, these findings collectively indicated that ICP34.5 might play an antagonistic role in the reactivation of HIV by HSV-1, and thus our modified HSV-DICP34.5 constructs can effectively reactivate HIV/SIV latency through the release of imprisonment from ICP34.5. However, ICP34.5 overexpression had only a partial effect on the reduction of the HIV latency reactivation, indicating that HSV-DICP34.5-based constructs can also reactivate HIV latency through other yet-to-be-determined mechanisms.” (Lines 334 to 340).

(2) No toxicity data are given for deleting ICP34.5. How specific is the effect for HIV reactivation? An RNA seq analysis is required to show the effect on cellular genes.

Thank you for your questions and suggestions.

(1) It’s well known that ICP34.5 is a neurotoxicity factor that can antagonize host immune responses, and previous studies (in gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy) have shown that the safety of recombinant HSV-based vector can be improved by deleting ICP34.5. In this study, we also found that HSV-DICP34.5 exhibited lower virulence and replication ability than its parental strain (HSV-GFP) (Figure 1D, Figure S1). In addition, HSV-DICP34.5 induced a lower level of inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in primary CD4+ T cells from PLWH compared to HSV-GFP stimulation, likely due to its lower virulence and replication ability (Figure 1I-K). In addition, the CD4+ /CD8+ T cell ratio (Figure 5I) and body weight (Figure S9) after treatment were effectively ameliorated in the SIV-infected macaques of the ART+HSV-DICP34.5-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. Our data also demonstrated that there was no significant effect on the cell composition of peripheral blood in the SIV-infected macaques of ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group (Figure S10). Thus, these data suggest the safety of HSV-DICP34.5 in PLWH might be tolerable. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(2) In our study, we found both adenovirus and vaccinia virus cannot reactivate HIV latency (Figure S3). In addition, the deletion of ICP0 gene from HSV-1 diminished the reactivation effect of HIV latency by HSV-1 (Figure S4). Thus, these data suggested the reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-1 might be virus-specific. Of course, this might be further investigated in future studies. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(3) To explore the mechanism of reactivating viral latency by HSV-DICP34.5-based constructs, we performed RNA-seq analysis (Figure S5). We have added the corresponding description accordingly in the revised manuscript.

(3) The primate groups are too small and the results to variable to make averages. In Figure 5, the group with ART and saline has two slow rebounders. It is not correct to average those with a single quick rebounder. Here the interpretation is NOT supported by the data.

We agree with you that this is a pilot study with limited numbers of rhesus macaques. Although the number of macaques was relatively limited, these nine macaques were distributed evenly based on the background level of age, sex, weight, CD4 count, and viral load (VL) (Table S2). All SIV-infected macaques used in this study had a long history of SIV infection and had several courses of ART therapy, which mimics treatment of chronic HIV-1 infection in humans. These macaques were infected with SIVmac239 for more than 5 years, and highly pathogenic SIV-infected macaques have been well-validated as a stringent model to recapitulate HIV-1 pathogenesis and persistence during ART therapy in humans. Indeed, in our Chinese rhesus model, ART treatment effectively suppressed SIV infection to undetectable levels in plasma, and upon ART discontinuation, virus rapidly rebounded, which is very similar with that in ART-treated HIV patients. We think the results of this pilot study were very promising for further studies which will be expanded the scale of animals and then to preclinical and clinical study in our next projects. Thank you for your understanding.

As for your question regarding “the two animals with low VL and slow rebound”, our explanation is following: As mentioned above, these macaques were distributed evenly based on the background level of CD4 count and VL (Table S2), and then there were different change of viral load and viral rebound in different groups. Thus, we think these data can support our interpretation. Moreover, our conclusion can also be supported from at least three evidences.

(1) The VL in the ART+saline group promptly rebounded after ART discontinuation, with an average 8.63-fold increase in the rebounded peak VL compared with the pre-ART VL (Figure 5A, D and E). However, plasma VL in the ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group exhibited a delayed rebound interval (Figure 5B-D).

(2) There was a lower rebounded peak VL than pre-ART VL in the ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group (average 12.20-fold decrease), while a higher rebounded peak VL than pre-ART VL in the ART+HSV-empty group (average 2.74-fold increase) (Figure 5E).

(3） We found significant suppression of total SIV DNA and integrated SIV DNA provirus in the ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. However, the copies of the SIV DNA provirus were significantly improved in the ART+HSV-empty group and ART+saline group (Figure 5F-G).

Thank you for your understanding.

Discussion

HSV vectors are mainly used in cancer treatment partially due to induced inflammation. Whether these are suitable to cure PLWH without major symptoms is a bit questionable to me and should at least be argued for.

Thank you for your kind question comment and question. We confirmed the enhanced reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-∆ICP34.5 in primary CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV (PLWH) (Figure S2). As mentioned above, previous studies have shown that the safety of recombinant HSV-based vector can be improved by deleting ICP34.5. In this study, we also found that HSV-DICP34.5 exhibited lower virulence and replication ability than its parental strain (HSV-GFP) (Figure 1D, Figure S1). In addition, HSV-DICP34.5 induced a lower level of inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in primary CD4+ T cells from PLWH compared to HSV-GFP stimulation, likely due to its lower virulence and replication ability (Figure 1I-K). In addition, the CD4+ /CD8+ T cell ratio (Figure 5I) and body weight (Figure S9) after treatment were effectively ameliorated in the SIV-infected macaques of the ART+HSV-DICP34.5-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. Our data also demonstrated that there was no significant effect on the cell composition of peripheral blood in the SIV-infected macaques of ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group (Figure S10). Thus, these data suggest the safety of HSV-DICP34.5 in PLWH might be tolerable. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this article, Wen et. al. describe the development of a 'proof-of-concept' bi-functional vector based on HSV-deltaICP-34.5's ability to purge latent HIV-1 and SIV genomes from cells. They show that co-infection of latent J-lat T-cell lines with an HSV-deltaICP-34.5 vector can reactivate HIV-1 from a latent state. Over- or stable expression of ICP 34.5 ORF in these cells can arrest latent HIV-1 genomes from transcription, even in the presence of latency reversal agents. ICP34.5 can co-IP with- and de-phosphorylate IKKa/b to block its interaction with NF-k/B transcription factor. Additionally, ICP34.5 can interact with HSF1 which was identified by mass-spec. Thus, the authors propose that the latency reversal effect of HSV-deltaICP-34.5 in co-infected JLat cells is due to modulatory effects on the IKKa/b-NF-kB and PP1-HSF-1 pathway.

Next, the authors cleverly construct a bifunctional HSV-based vector with deleted ICP34.5 and 47 ORFs to purge latency and avoid immunological refluxes, and additionally, expand the application of this construct as a vaccine by introducing SIV genes. They use this 'vaccine' in mouse models and show the expected SIV-immune responses. Experiments in rhesus macaques (RM), further elicit the potential for their approach to reactivate SIV genomes and at the same time block their replication by antibodies. What was interesting in the SIV experiments is that the dual-functional vector vaccine containing sPD1- and SIV Gag/Env ORFs effectively delayed SIV rebound in RMs and in some cases almost neutralized viral DNA copy detection in serum. Very promising indeed, however, there are some questions I wish the authors had explored to get answers to, detailed below.

Overall, this is an elegant and timely work demonstrating the feasibility of reducing virus rebound in animals, with the potential to expand to clinical studies. The work was well-written, and sections were clearly discussed.

Strengths:

The work is well designed, rationale explained, and written very clearly for lay readers.<br /> Claims are adequately supported by evidence and well-designed experiments including controls.

Thank you for your nice comments regarding our work.

Weaknesses:

(1) While the mechanism of ICP34.5 interaction and modulation of the NF-kB and HSF1 pathways are shown, this only proves ICP34.5 interactions but does not give away the mechanism of how the HSV-deltaICP-34.5 vector purges HIV-1 latency. What other components of the vector are required for latency reversal? Perhaps serial deletion experiments of the other ORFs in the HSV-deltaICP-34.5 vector might be revealing.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In fact, we are currently further exploring some potential viral genes of HSV-1 that might play a role in the reactivation of HIV latency. We have found that the deletion of ICP0 gene from HSV-1 diminished the reactivation effect of HIV latency by HSV-1 (Figure S4), showing that ICP0 might play a vital role for the reactivation. Of course, this might be further investigated in future studies. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(2) The efficacy of the HSV vaccine vectors was evaluated in Rhesus Macaque model animals. Animals were chronically infected with SIV (a parent of HIV), treated with ART, challenged with bi-functional HSV vaccine or controls, and discontinued treatment, and the resulting virus burden and immune responses were monitored. The animals showed SIV Gag and Env-specific immune responses, and delayed virus rebound (however rebound is still there), and below-detection viral DNA copies. What would make a more convincing argument to this reviewer will be data to demonstrate that after the bi-functional vaccine, the animals show overall reduction in the number of circulating latent cells. The feasibility of obtaining such a result is not clearly demonstrated.

Thank you for your valuable mention. We have now provided more data about this issue. We found significant suppression of total SIV DNA and integrated SIV DNA provirus in the ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. However, the copies of the SIV DNA provirus were significantly improved in the ART+HSV-empty group and ART+saline group (Figure 5F-G). We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(3) The authors state that the reduced virus rebound detected following bi-functional vaccine delivery is due to latent genomes becoming activated and steady-state neutralization of these viruses by antibody response. This needs to be demonstrated. Perhaps cell-culture experiments from specimens taken from animals might help address this issue. In lab cultures one could create environments without antibody responses, under these conditions one would expect a higher level of viral loads to be released in response to the vaccine in question.

Thanks for your kind mention and suggestion. We performed the following cell experiment to address this issue. Primary CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV (PLWH) were isolated, and then infected with HSV or HSV-∆ICP34.5 constructs. As expected, we confirmed the enhanced reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-∆ICP34.5 (Figure S2). Thank you.

(4) How do the authors imagine neutralizing HIV-1 envelope epitopes by a similar strategy? A discussion of this point may also help.

Thank you for your kind comment. We have added the corresponding discussion in the revised manuscript. “The current consensus on HIV/AIDS vaccines emphasizes the importance of simultaneously inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Therefore, we believe that incorporating the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies into our future optimizing approaches may lead to better therapeutic outcomes.” (Lines 384 to 388)

(5) I thought the empty HSV-vector control also elicited somewhat delayed kinetics in virus rebound and neutralization, can the authors comment on why this is the case?

Thank you for your careful review and mention. We agree with you that the HSV-1 empty vector does exhibit somewhat a delayed rebound. We think the possible reason is: Although the empty HSV-vector cannot elicit SIV-specific CTL responses, it effectively activates the latent SIV reserviors, and then these activated virions can be partially killed by ART drugs. Therefore, even without carrying HIV/SIV antigens, somewhat delayed kinetics in virus rebound may be observed. Thank you.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

(1) The authors should provide toxicity data for HSV transduction after deleting ICP34.5 and provide an explanation of why overexpression of ICP34.5 has such a small effect.

Thank you for your questions and suggestions. As mentioned above, we now provided data for the safety of HSV-DICP34.5-based constructs.

(1) It’s well known that ICP34.5 is a neurotoxicity factor that can antagonize host immune responses, and previous studies (in gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy) have shown that the safety of recombinant HSV-based vector can be improved by deleting ICP34.5. In this study, we also found that HSV-DICP34.5 exhibited lower virulence and replication ability than its parental strain (HSV-GFP) (Figure 1D, Figure S1). In addition, HSV-DICP34.5 induced a lower level of inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in primary CD4+ T cells from PLWH compared to HSV-GFP stimulation, likely due to its lower virulence and replication ability (Figure 1I-K). In addition, the CD4+ /CD8+ T cell ratio (Figure 5I) and body weight (Figure S9) after treatment were effectively ameliorated in the SIV-infected macaques of the ART+HSV-DICP34.5-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. Our data also demonstrated that there was no significant effect on the cell composition of peripheral blood in the SIV-infected macaques of ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group (Figure S10). Thus, these data suggest the safety of HSV-DICP34.5 in PLWH might be tolerable. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(2) We agree with your insightful mention that the mechanism underlying increased activation by HSV-ΔICP34.5 is worthy to be further explored in the future study. In this study, we found that ICP34.5 play an antagonistic role with the reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-1 mainly through the modulation of host NF-κB and HSF1 pathways, while HSV-1 (especially HSV-ΔICP34.5) might reactivate HIV latency through NF-κB, HSF1, and other yet-to-be-determined mechanisms. Thus, ICP34.5 overexpression can only a partial effect on the reduction of the HIV latency reactivation by HSV-1. We have mentioned this issue in the revised “Discussion section”. “Intriguingly, these findings collectively indicated that ICP34.5 might play an antagonistic role in the reactivation of HIV by HSV-1, and thus our modified HSV-DICP34.5 constructs can effectively reactivate HIV/SIV latency through the release of imprisonment from ICP34.5. However, ICP34.5 overexpression had only a partial effect on the reduction of the HIV latency reactivation, indicating that HSV-DICP34.5-based constructs can also reactivate HIV latency through other yet-to-be-determined mechanisms.” (Lines 334 to 340).

(2) How specific is the effect for HIV reactivation? An RNA seq analysis is required to show the effect on cellular genes.

Thank you for your questions and suggestions.

(1) In our study, we found both adenovirus and vaccinia virus cannot reactivate HIV latency (Figure S3). In addition, the deletion of ICP0 gene from HSV-1 diminished the reactivation effect of HIV latency by HSV-1 (Figure S4). Thus, these data suggested the reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-1 might be virus-specific. Of course, this might be further investigated in future studies. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(2) To explore the mechanism of reactivating viral latency by HSV-DICP34.5-based constructs, we performed RNA-seq analysis (Figure S5). Results showed that there were numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to HSV-ΔICP34.5 infection. Among them, 2288 genes were upregulated, and 611 genes were downregulated. GO analysis showed the enrichment of these DEGs in cellular cycle, cellular development, and cellular proliferation, and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated the enrichment in pathways such as cellular cycle and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. We have added the corresponding description accordingly in the revised manuscript.

(3) A comparison in primates has to be given for constructs with or without ICP34.5 to validate cell culture data (what is an empty vector?)

Thank you for your reminder. In the revised manuscript, we performed the following cell experiment to address this issue. Primary CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV (PLWH) were isolated, and then infected with HSV or HSV-∆ICP34.5 constructs. As expected, we confirmed the enhanced reactivation of HIV latency by HSV-∆ICP34.5 (Figure S2). Thank you.

(4) Legends should be improved in writing and content.

Thank you for your kind mention. In the revised version, we have improved both the manuscript content and the legends of all Figures have been carefully revised in writing and content. Thank you.

(5) The primate groups should be enlarged before any reliable conclusions can be made. Inflammatory/tox data should be provided.

Thank you for your question.

(1) As mentioned above, we agree with you that this is a pilot study with limited numbers of rhesus macaques. Although the number of macaques was relatively limited, these nine macaques were distributed evenly based on the background level of age, sex, weight, CD4 count, and viral load (VL) (Table S2). All SIV-infected macaques used in this study had a long history of SIV infection and had several courses of ART therapy, which mimics treatment of chronic HIV-1 infection in humans. These macaques were infected with SIVmac239 for more than 5 years, and highly pathogenic SIV-infected macaques have been well-validated as a stringent model to recapitulate HIV-1 pathogenesis and persistence during ART therapy in humans. Indeed, in our Chinese rhesus model, ART treatment effectively suppressed SIV infection to undetectable levels in plasma, and upon ART discontinuation, virus rapidly rebounded, which is very similar with that in ART-treated HIV patients. We think the results of this pilot study were very promising for further studies which will be expanded the scale of animals and then to preclinical and clinical study in our next projects. Thank you for your understanding.

(2) As well known, ICP34.5 is a neurotoxicity factor that can antagonize host immune responses, and previous studies have shown that the safety of recombinant HSV-based vector can be improved by deleting ICP34.5. In this study, we also found that HSV-DICP34.5 exhibited lower virulence and replication ability than its parental strain (HSV-GFP) (Figure 1D, Figure S1). In addition, HSV-DICP34.5 induced a lower level of inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in primary CD4+ T cells from PLWH compared to HSV-GFP stimulation, likely due to its lower virulence and replication ability (Figure 1I-K). In addition, the CD4+ /CD8+ T cell ratio (Figure 5I) and body weight (Figure S9) after treatment were effectively ameliorated in the SIV-infected macaques of the ART+HSV-DICP34.5-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. Our data also demonstrated that there was no significant effect on the cell composition of peripheral blood in the SIV-infected macaques of ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group (Figure S10). Thus, these data suggest the safety of HSV-DICP34.5 in PLWH might be tolerable. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

(6) Discuss the potential of inflammatory HSV vaccines to be used in PLWH without clinical symptoms.

Thank you for your mention. As discussed above, we found that HSV-DICP34.5 exhibited lower virulence and replication ability than its parental strain (Figure 1D, Figure S1), and we also found that HSV-DICP34.5 induced a lower level of inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in primary CD4+ T cells from PLWH compared to HSV-GFP stimulation, likely due to its lower virulence and replication ability (Figure 1I-K). In addition, the CD4+ /CD8+ T cell ratio (Figure 5I) and body weight (Figure S9) after treatment were effectively ameliorated in the SIV-infected macaques of the ART+HSV-DICP34.5-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. Our data also demonstrated that there was no significant effect on the cell composition of peripheral blood in the SIV-infected macaques of ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group (Figure S10). Thus, these data suggest the safety of HSV-DICP34.5 in PLWH might be tolerable. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

I think the authors have done due diligence to the experimental system, and collected evidence to show the feasibility of delaying virus rebound in macaques. However, I would encourage the authors to perform experiments that can back up the claim that delayed virus rebound is due to neutralization effects, or perhaps due to a reduction in viral reservoir. I believe insights into this process will add rigor, and push the relevance of the study to the next level.

Thank you for your nice comment and valuable suggestion. We have now provided more data about this issue. We found significant suppression of total SIV DNA and integrated SIV DNA provirus in the ART+HSV-sPD1-SIVgag/SIVenv group. However, the copies of the SIV DNA provirus were significantly improved in the ART+HSV-empty group and ART+saline group (Figure 5F-G). We also discussed that incorporating the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies into our future optimizing approaches may lead to better therapeutic outcomes in the revised Discussion section. We have added the corresponding description in the revised manuscript. Thank you.

Altogether, all of the above comments and suggestions are very helpful in improving our manuscript. We have taken these comments into account seriously and try our best to address these questions point-by-point. After making extensive revisions, we now submit this revised manuscript for your re-consideration. Thank you again for all of your comments and suggestions.

eLife Assessment

This useful study reports on the impact of antibiotic pressure on the genomic stability of the mc2155 strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, a model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The findings of the study indicate that exposure to antibiotics did not lead to the development of new adaptive mutations in controlled laboratory environments, challenging the notion that antibiotic resistance arises from drug-induced microevolution. The genomic analysis provides detailed insights into the stability of M. smegmatis following exposure to standard TB treatment antibiotics, and the evidence suggesting that antibiotic pressure does not contribute to the emergence of new adaptive mutations is solid.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Molnar, Suranyi and colleagues have generated a useful dataset characterizing the rate of mutations in Mycobacterium smegmatis - a non-pathogenic model mycobacterial strain, to several antibiotics at sub-lethal dose. The whole genome sequencing approach used is a strength of this study. Overall, the results are consistent with a low rate of mutations, consistent with other reports in Mycobacterium smegmatis and in vitro and clinical studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The data supports phenotypic tolerance rather than genetic mutations as a driver.

The revised manuscript is improved and addresses several concerns raised by the reviewers from the previous rounds. These relate primarily to the presentation of data in the figures, but there is also new data in Figure 2 to show an increased MIC for M. smegmatis under antibiotic pressure. An additional dataset of sequences from ciprofloxacin-treated bacteria has also been generated and made publicly accessible, which will be of interest to the community.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary

In this study, the authors evaluate the impact of selective pressure from chemotherapeutic drugs on the development of drug resistance in Mycobacteria, specifically through the acquisition of genetic mutations or phenotypic tolerance. Their findings indicate that treatment with sublethal concentrations of first-line antibiotics does not lead to enhanced mutation rates.

Strengths

The use of the mutation accumulation assay demonstrating low spontaneous mutation rates combined with the display of an increased MIC supports drug resistance as a consequence of phenotypic tolerance. Additionally, the use of the ciprofloxacin tolerance assay in combination with whole genome sequencing demonstrating a lack of mutations provides further support of this. The results now support the authors claims.

Weaknesses

Besides an increase in DNA stress response other underlying tolerance mechanisms were not established - increased efflux pump, thickening of the cell wall, decrease in metabolic processes, rerouting of metabolic processes etc.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes how antibiotics influence genetic stability and survival in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Prolonged treatment with first-line antibiotics did not significantly impact mutation rates. Instead, adaptation to these drugs appears to be mediated by upregulation of DNA repair enzymes. While this study offers robust data, findings remain correlative and fall short of providing mechanistic insights.

Strengths:

The strength of this study is the use of genome-wide approaches to address the specific question of whether or not mycobacteria induce mutagenic potential upon antibiotic exposure.

Comments on revised version:

The authors responded adequately to my comments, and I have no further suggestions for the revised manuscript.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Molnar, Suranyi and colleagues have probed the genomic stability of Mycobacterium smegmatis in response to several anti-tuberculosis drugs as monotherapy and in combination. Unlike the study by Nyinoh and McFaddden http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21497 (which should be cited), the authors use a sub-lethal dose of antibiotic. While this is motivated by sound technical considerations, the biological and therapeutic rationale could be further elaborated.

In the mutation accumulation experiments, we needed to ensure continuous and reproducible growth of a small number of colonies across multiple passages. This technical requirement necessitated the use of sublethal drug concentrations. However, sublethal doses also have biological relevance. Noncompliance with prescribed antibiotic regimens and the presence of antibiotic residues in food due to the extensive use of antibiotics in agricultural mass production are two obvious sources of prolonged exposure to sublethal antibiotics.

The results the authors obtain are in line with papers examining the genomic mutation rate in vitro and from patient samples in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in vitro in Mycobacterium smegmatis and in vitro in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (although the study by HL David (PMID: 4991927) is not cited). The results are confirmatory of previous studies.

The two cited studies, along with several others, did not distinguish between genetic mutations and phenotypic responses to drug exposure (the fluctuation test alone is not suitable for this). Therefore, their objectives are not comparable to ours, which specifically investigated whether resistant colonies carry adaptive mutations. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the relevance of these studies and have now cited them in the appropriate sections in the text.

It is therefore puzzling why the authors propose the opposite hypothesis in the paper (i.e antibiotic exposure should increase mutation rates) merely to tear it down later. This straw-man style is entirely unnecessary.  

The phenomenon of stress-inducible mutagenesis in bacterial evolution remains a topic of heated debate. The emergence of genetically encoded resistance may stem from either microevolution or the dissemination of pre-existing variants from polyclonal infections under drug pressure. We believe that the Introduction presents both of these hypotheses in a balanced manner to elucidate the rationale behind our mutation accumulation investigations.  

The results on the nucleotide pools are interesting, but the statistically significant data is difficult to identify as presented, and therefore the new biological insights are unclear.

We now indicate statistical significance in the figure, in addition to the detailed statistical analysis of all dNTP measurements provided in Table S5.

Finally, the authors show that a fluctuation assay generates mutations with higher frequencies that the genetic stability assays, confirming the well-known effect of phenotypic antibiotic resistance.

What we show is that the fluctuation assay generated bacteria that tolerated the applied antibiotic without developing mutations. Conclusions about mutation rates are often drawn from fluctuation assays without confirming genetic-level changes, a discrepancy that persists despite these assays accounting for both phenotypic and genotypic alterations. By combining genome sequencing with fluctuation assays, our approach emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between these changes. While fluctuation assays remain valuable, inexpensive, and simple tools for evaluating the response of bacterial populations to various selective environments, they should not be considered definitive indicators of genetic changes.

Recommendations For The Authors:

The quality of the figures can be significantly improved. In Figure 1, cell lengths can be shown on separate histograms or better still as violin plots to enable better comparisons.

Thank you for the suggestion. We have revised the data presentation accordingly.

Details for statistical tests should be provided in the figure legend.  

Statistical details are now added in the figure legend.

In Figure 2, the number of data points is not mentioned.

Statistical information is now added to the new Figure 2, which has been revised extensively based on suggestions from all Referees.

The data in Figure 3 would be much easier to comprehend as a heatmap.  

The figure we provided is a color gradient table representing different gene expression levels, along with numerical data and statistical significance indicated within the color boxes, expanding the information content of a traditional heatmap. In response to the Referee's suggestion, we also prepared a hierarchical clustering heatmap, demonstrating that the grouping of rows and columns based on functional information in the original figure is consistent with the clustering pattern observed in the heatmap (Figure S5). As the original figure is more informative and better structured, we have included the new figure in the supplementary materials.

No statistical tests are provided for Figure 4.

We now indicate statistical significance in the figure and describe the statistical analysis in the figure legend, as suggested. Additionally, Table S5 is dedicated to the statistical analysis of the dNTP data.  

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

In this study, the authors assess whether selective pressure from drug chemotherapy influences the emergence of drug resistance through the acquisition of genetic mutations or phenotypic tolerance. I commend the authors on their approach of utilizing the mutation accumulation (MA) assay as a means to answer this and whole genome sequencing of clones from the assay convincingly demonstrates low mutation rates in Mycobacteria when exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Also, quantitative PCR highlighted the upregulation of DNA repair genes in Mycobacteria following drug treatment, implying the preservation of genomic integrity via specific repair pathways.

Even though the findings stem from M. smegmatis exposure to antibiotics under in vitro conditions, this is still relevant in the context of the development of drug resistance so I can see where the authors' train of thought was heading in exploring this. However, I think important experiments to perform to more fully support the conclusion that resistance is largely associated with phenotypic rather than genetic factors would have been to either sequence clones from the ciprofloxacin tolerance assay (to show absence/ minimal genetic mutations) or to have tested the MIC of clones from the MA assay (to show an increase in MIC).

Thank you for acknowledging the values of the manuscript and for the insightful suggestions for improvement. We agree on the necessity to directly connect the mutation accumulation experiments with the tolerance assay, and we have performed both suggested additional experiments.  

(1) We repeated the ciprofloxacin tolerance assay (Figure S6) using a large number of plates to gather enough cells for genomic DNA extraction and whole genome sequencing. The sequencing confirmed the absence of mutations in bacteria grown in both 0.3 and 0.5 ug/ml ciprofloxacin. We integrated this result in the revised manuscript text, while the sequencing data are available at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) with PRJEB71590 project number.

(2) We resuscitated three different clones from the MA assays stored at -80°C and tested the MIC of the respective drugs. The results are presented in Figure 2C. Except for EMB, we observed an increase in MIC values across the treatments.

There seems to be a disconnect between making these conclusions from experiments conducted under different conditions, or perhaps the authors can clarify why this was done.  

Molecular biology analysis methods are not easily compatible with long-term mutation accumulation experiments, or at least we could not establish the necessary conditions. When DNA or RNA extraction was required, we had to adjust the experimental scale for further analysis, which could be done in liquid culture. We believe that the suggested critical back-and-forth control experiments have significantly improved the comparability of the results.

With regards to the sub-inhibitory drug concentration applied, there is significant variation in the viability as calculated by CFUs following the different treatments and there is evidence that cell death greatly affects the calculation of mutation rate (PMCID: PMC5966242). For instance, the COMBO treatment led to 6% viability whilst the INH treatment led to 80% cell viability. Are there any adjustments made to take this into account?

We agree with and have been aware of the notion that cell death affects the calculation of the mutation rate. We included treatment optimization data on agar plates (Table 1 and Figure S2), which now demonstrate that the applied subinhibitory drug concentrations resulted in ≤10% viability across all treatments in the MA assay. This minimizes the potential discrepancy in the mutation rate calculation caused by variable cell death.  

It would also be useful to the reader to include a supplementary table of the SNPs detected from the lineages of each treatment - to determine if at any point rifampicin treatment led to mutations in rpoB, isoniazid to katG mutations, etc.  

Overall, while this study is tantalizingly suggestive of phenotypic tolerance playing a leading role in drug resistance (and perhaps genetic mutations a sub-ordinate role) a more substantial link is needed to clarify this.

The SNPs identified from the lineages of each treatment are compiled in the 'unique_muts.xls' file within the Figshare document bundle that was originally enclosed with the manuscript. In response to your suggestion, we have now added a simplified version of this data set in Table S2, listing the detected SNPs. Notably, no confirmed adaptive mutation developed in our experiments; rifampicin treatment did not result in mutations in rpoB, nor did isoniazid lead to mutations in katG.

Recommendations For The Authors:

I would suggest moving Figure 1 to the supplementary - it shows that cell wall targeting drugs cause cell shortening and DNA replication targeting drugs cause cell elongation as would be expected and this is simply a secondary observation, not one that is central to the paper.  

We agree that this is not a novel or unexpected observation. However, we used it as an indicator of drug effectiveness, particularly for bacteriostatic cell wall-targeting drugs in liquid culture that induced moderate cell death. Following Reviewer 1's suggestions, we extensively revised the figure to better convey our intended message. We believe the updated version now more clearly demonstrates the drugs' impact, and for this reason, we have opted to keep it in the main text.

Figure 2 and Table 2 show the same data so this can be combined as a paneled figure or one moved to the supplementary. It would be useful to include a diagram of how the MA assay was conducted, similar to the CIP tolerance assay figure.

Thank you for the suggestions. We have added a diagram to Figure 2 explaining the MA assay (Figure 2A), as well as the MIC experiment conducted on the MA cells (Figure 2C). To avoid redundancy, Table 2 has been removed.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes how antibiotics influence genetic stability and survival in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Prolonged treatment with first-line antibiotics did not significantly impact mutation rates. Instead, adaptation to these drugs appears to be mediated by upregulation of DNA repair enzymes. While this study offers robust data, findings remain correlative and fall short of providing mechanistic insights.

Strengths:

The strength of this study is the use of genome-wide approaches to address the specific question of whether or not mycobacteria induce mutagenic potential upon antibiotic exposure.

Weaknesses:

The authors suggest that the upregulation of DNA repair enzymes ensures a low mutation rate under drug pressure. However, this suggestion is based on correlative data, and there is no mechanistic validation of their speculations in this study.

Furthermore, as detailed below, some of the statements made by the authors are not substantiated by the data presented in the manuscript.

Finally, some clarifications are needed for the methodologies employed in this study. Most importantly, reduced colony growth should be demonstrated on agar plates to indicate that the drug concentrations calculated from liquid culture growth can be applied to agar surface growth. Without such validations, the lack of induced mutation could simply be due to the fact that the drug concentrations used in this study were insufficient.

Thank you for appreciating the manuscript's merits and for the instructive suggestions. We agree that demonstrating reduced colony growth on agar plates is important to validate the relevance of the drug concentrations used in the study. In response, we have added the treatment optimization data on agar plates in Figure S2 and reorganized Table 1 to show the decrease in CFU achieved with the applied subinhibitory drug concentrations.

We acknowledge that the observed upregulation of DNA repair enzymes and the low mutation rates under drug pressure represent correlative data. We removed the reference to mechanism from the abstract and avoided presenting the qPCR results as a mechanistic explanation in the text. We have only raised the possibility that correlation could be a causal relationship: "The observed upregulation of the relevant DNA repair enzymes might account for the low mutation rate even under drug pressure." We recognize the necessity for a new series of targeted experiments to provide mechanistic explanations. We added the following text to the Discussion:

“The observed activation of DNA repair processes likely mitigates mutation pressure, ensuring genome stability. However, to confirm this hypothesis, these investigations should be conducted using genetically modified DNA repair mutant strains.”

In the current manuscript, we aim to convincingly demonstrate that long-term antibiotic pressure did not induce the occurrence of new adaptive mutations.

Recommendations For The Authors:

Additional specific comments are:

Page 2. Do not italicize "Mycobacteria", which is not considered a scientific name.

Corrected.

Page 4. "Bacto pepcone" is a typo.

Corrected.

Page 6. "Quiagen" is a typo.

Corrected.

Page 9. In Table 1, RIF being described as a protein synthesis inhibitor is misleading.

Corrected.

Page 9. The statement "Specifically, following RIF, CIP, and MMC treatments, we observed cells elongating by more than twofold, whereas INH and EMB treatments led to a reduction in cell length." cannot be justified by Figure 1, as the cell length information is not conveyed in this figure.

Thank you for pointing this out, the revised Figure 1 conveys the cell length information.

Page 10. If the experiment shown in Figure S1 was done in an acidic growth condition, the figure legend should clearly indicate the fact. Additionally, the assay condition should be described in detail in the Methods section.

Thank you, the required information is now included in both the figure legend and the Methods section.

Page 10. If PZA does not work against M. smegmatis, it seems pointless to add it to the COMBO treatment. Please clarify why it was included in the drug combination experiment.

We added the following text to clarify the use of PZA: “Regardless of its inefficacy as a monotherapy, we included PZA in the combination treatment, as we could not rule out the possibility that PZA interacts with the other three drugs or that PZA elimination mechanisms are equally active in M. smegmatis under this regimen.”

Page 10. Generation times calculated from liquid culture cannot be applied to colony growth on an agar plate. The growth behaviors on a solid surface will be totally different from planktonic suspension growth. The numbers of generations indicated here will be inaccurate.

You are absolutely right. We conducted an experiment to calculate the number of generations on plates under the same conditions as used in the MA assay. We found, indeed, a different (doubled) generation time from what was determined in liquid culture. We have adjusted the mutation rates accordingly.

Page 12. Was the experiment shown in Figure 3 done in a liquid culture? If so, the transcriptional profile could be different from the experiment shown in Figure 2, which was done on an agar plate.

Yes, the experiment shown in Figure 3 was conducted in liquid culture. We acknowledge that the transcriptional profile could differ from the experiment shown in Figure 2, which was performed on an agar plate. However, technical limitations required us to use liquid cultures for these experiments.

Page 14. Regarding the statement "INH and EMB coincided with a decreased concentration of these [dCTP and dTTP] nucleotides", by examining Table S5, I do not see any statistical reductions in dCTP and dTTP levels.

Thank you for bringing this to our attention. We have made the necessary corrections to ensure that the text and data are now aligned.

Page 14. Similarly to the comment above, the statement "RIF, CIP and MMC treatments promoted an increase in the dCTP and dTTP pools" is misleading as each drug seems to increase either dCTP or dTTP, not both.

Same as above.

Page 14. The authors state, "a larger overall dNTP pool size coincides with a larger cell size and vice versa (Figure 4H)". Please indicate the unit of the pool size for the graph shown in Figure 4H. According to the legend, I assume that it refers to the concentration. The term "pool size" may be misleading as it implies quantity rather than concentration.

Page 15. Figure 4H is impossible to understand. The left y-axis label looks as if it is a ratio of cell length to volume. There is no point in having these three data on a single graph. Please separate them into individual graphs. Also, what is the spacing between the tick marks? The data also seem inconsistent with the values given in Table S1. For example, the mean volume of COMBO is larger than the control (according to Table S1), and yet the graph in Figure 4H indicates that COMBO's relative length is less than 1.

Thank you for your feedback. We have corrected these and created what we hope is a clearer figure.

Figure S1. Clarify what the gray shade in the graph represents.

The gray shade was unnecessary, so we removed it when recoloring the figure to ensure a more coherent color scheme across the different treatments.

Figure S1. Relative viability cannot be determined by OD600. CFU needs to be determined to assess cell viability.

Thank you. We changed the incorrect term viability to growth inhibition.

This is an example of speculation because it is inferencing what is expected to happen.

This is another example of an attribution.

This fact is important to include because it shows the impact this outbreak is actually having on specific regions. Since one person has died because of it, this makes the case a bigger deal.

Being that they have multiple suppliers for their sliver onions, it is hard to determine who exactly is causing this E. coli outbreak. This statement also appears to be a fact since they have yet to draw a conclusion.

This is an example of an attribution. The writer is clearly stating where they got this information from, so it does not imply opinion.

I want to highlight on the word, "may," this implies they have yet to reach a distinct conclusion.

Restoration to 18th Century Notes Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Death of Cromwell: Leads to political instability. Charles II's Return: Parliament invites him to rule, marking the start of the Restoration. Initial Anarchy: Political turmoil follows; Charles II serves as a "figurehead." James II's Absolute Rule: Attempts to restore Catholicism create insecurity in Parliament. William of Orange's Intervention: Invited to intervene, leading to the Glorious Revolution (bloodless). The Bill of Rights: Establishes Parliament as the de facto ruler, with the king as titular head, ending conflict between king and Parliament. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Background: Irish author, clergyman, and master of satire. Faced hardships: father died, raised in poverty by an uncle. Moved to England during the Glorious Revolution. Career Highlights: Became an Anglican priest. Wrote political tracts, poems, and notable satirical works. Notable Works: A Modest Proposal: Satirical essay addressing poverty in Ireland. Gulliver’s Travels: Most popular work, blending adventure with social critique. A Tale of a Tub: Another significant satire. Themes: Ranges from love/beauty to death/revenge; darker tones reflect personal struggles. A Modest Proposal (1729) Overview: Addresses poverty and overpopulation in Ireland through an absurd proposal. Key Elements: Humor: Uses absurdity to draw attention. Criticism: Critiques societal neglect of the poor. Moral Voice: Presents a moral argument ironically. Irony and Sarcasm: Highlights the ridiculousness of the proposal. Taboo Topics: Engages with sensitive issues to provoke discussion. Five Elements of Satire Ridicule: Makes subjects seem absurd, inviting scorn and amusement. Seriousness: Addresses significant societal issues humorously. Problem Identification: Aims to highlight and correct flaws in society. Mock-Heroic Tone: The speaker may be oblivious to their own absurdity. Modern Satire Examples The Onion: Satirical news outlet that parodies journalism. Comments on real and fictional events humorously. The Colbert Report: Satirical TV show featuring Stephen Colbert as a conservative pundit. Uses satire to critique political and media landscapes.

Restoration Reading & Supplementary Materials The Restoration in England (1660) The Restoration period marks the reinstatement of the monarchy in England with Charles II, following the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. This era saw the revival of the Church of England and the arts, which had been stifled during Cromwell’s Puritan rule. Charles II's reign (1660-1685) allowed for flourishing sports, science, and cultural pursuits.

In-depth Overview: YouTube Video on the Restoration Puritanism Humor: Horrible Histories Clip Culinary Insights: Supersizer’s Go...Restoration The Georgian Period in England (1714-1830) This period, named for the four Hanoverian kings named George, features influential writers and thinkers:

Samuel Pepys (d. 1703)

Known for his Diary, which offers a personal account of life from 1660-1669. Read an excerpt: Pepys Diary Great Plague Context: Diary of Samuel Pepys & Covid-19 Alexander Pope (d. 1744)

Renowned poet and satirist, famous for works like "An Essay on Man." Read Epistles I and VIII: Essay on Man Samuel Johnson (d. 1784)

Noted lexicographer known for A Dictionary of the English Language (1755). Explore Johnson's Dictionary: Johnson's Dictionary Online Jonathan Swift (d. 1745)

Famous for Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal, a satirical commentary on poverty in Ireland. Read A Modest Proposal: A Modest Proposal Read Chapters 1 and 2 of Gulliver's Travels: Gulliver's Travels Key Themes and Concepts Satire: Understanding Swift’s use of satire is crucial. His extreme proposals highlight societal indifference to poverty, using irony to provoke thought and action. Cultural Revival: The Restoration and Georgian periods marked a significant cultural revival, influencing literature, arts, and social thought.

Another fact/statistic in the article

The writer is backing up his opinion as not a simple analysis

A start'em sit'em article will most likely be all opinion based because it is the writer giving you his opinion on who to start in fantasy football and who to sit

eLife Assessment

Yamamoto and Matano provide convincing evidence that a G63E CD8+ T-cell escape mutation in the accessory viral protein Nef facilitates the induction of neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses in rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac239. Functional analyses support that this mutation specifically impairs Nef`s ability to stimulate PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 signalling. This important study suggests that the accessory viral Nef protein impairs B cell function and effective humoral immune responses and is of interest for researchers and physicians interested in HIV/AIDS and vaccine development.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) evolved numerous mechanisms to compromise effective immune responses but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, Yamamoto and Matano examined the humoral immune response in a large number of rhesus macaques infected with the difficult-to-neutralize SIVmac239 strain and identified a subgroup of animals showing significant neutralizing Ab responses. Sequence analyses revealed that in most of these animals (7/9) but only a minority in the control group (2/19) SIVmac variants containing a CD8+ T-cell escape mutation of G63E/R in the viral Nef gene emerged. Functional analyses revealed that this change attenuates the ability of Nef to stimulate PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 signalling. The authors propose that this improved induction of SIVmac239 nAb is reciprocal to antibody dysregulation caused by a previously identified human PI3K gain-of-function mutation associated with impaired anti-viral B-cell responses. Altogether, the results suggest that PI3K signalling plays a role in B-cell maturation and generation of effective nAb responses. Preliminary data indicate that Nef might be transferred from infected T cells to B cells by direct contact. However, the exact mechanism and the relevance for vaccine development requires further studies

Strengths of the study are that the authors analyzed a large number of SIVmac-infected macaques to unravel the biological significance of the known effect of the interaction of Nef with PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 signaling. This is interesting and may provide a novel means to improve humoral immune responses to HIV. In the revised version the authors made an effort to address previous concerns. Especially, they provide data supporting that Nef might be transferred to B cells by direct cell-cell contact. In addition, the provide some evidence that G63R that also emerged in most animals does not share the disruptive effect of G63G although experimental examination and discussion why G63R might emerge remains poor. Another weakness that remains is that some effects of the G63E mutation are modest and effects were not compared to SIVmac constructs lacking Nef entirely. The evidence for a role of Nef G63E mutation on PI3K and the association with improved nAb responses was largely convincing and it is appreciated that the authors provide additional evidence for a potential impact of "soluble" Nef on neighboring B cells. However, the experimental set-up and the results are difficult to comprehend. It seems that direct cell-cell contact is required and membranes are exchanged. Since Nef is associated with cellular membranes this might lead to some transfer of Nef to B cells. However, the immunological and functional consequences of this remain largely elusive. Alternatively, Nef-mediated manipulation of helper CD4 T cells might also impact B cell function and effective humoral immune responses. As previously noted, the presentation of the results and conclusions was in part very convoluted and difficult to comprehend. While the authors made attempts to improve the writing parts of the manuscript are still challenging to follow. This applies even more to the rebuttal (complex words combined with poor grammar), which made it difficult to assess which concerns have been satisfactory addressed.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This work describes the induction of SIV-specific NAb responses in rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac239, a neutralization-resistant virus. Typically, host NAb responses are not detected in animals infected with SIVmac239. In this work, seventy SIVmac239-infected macaques were retrospectively screened for NAb responses and a subset of nine animals were identified as NAb-inducers. The viral genomes from 7/9 animals that induced NAb responses were found to encode nonsynonymous mutation in the Nef gene (amino acid G63E). In contrast, Nef G63E mutation was found only in 2/19 NAb non-inducers - implicating that the Nef G63E mutation is selected in NAb inducers. Measurement of Nef G63E frequencies in plasma viruses suggested that Nef G63E selection preceded NAb induction. Nef G63E mutation was found to mediate escape from Nef-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. To examine the functional phenotype of Nef G63E mutant, its effect on downmodulation of Nef-interacting host proteins was examined. Infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaque CD4+ T cell lines with WT or Nef G63E mutant SIV suggested that Nef mutant reduces S473 phosphorylation of AKT. Using flow cytometry-based proximity ligation assay, it was shown that Nef G63E mutation reduced binding of Nef to PI3K p85/p110 and mTORC2 GβL/mLST8 and MTOR components - kinase complex responsible AKT-S473 phosphorylation. In vitro B-cell Nef invasion and in vivo imaging/flow cytometry-based assays were employed to suggest that Nef from infected cells can target Env-specific B cells. Lastly, it was determined that NAb inducers have significantly higher Env-specific B-cells responses after Nef G63E selection when compared to NAb non-inducers. Finally, a corollary was drawn between the Nef G63E-associated B-cell/NAb induction phenotype and activated PI3K delta syndrome (APDS), which is caused by activating GOF mutations in PI3K, to suggest that Nef G63E-meidated induction of NAb response is reciprocal to APDS.

Strengths:

This study aims to understand the viral-host interaction that governs NAb induction in SIVmac239-infected macaques - this could enable identification of determinants important for induction of NAb responses against hard-to-neutralize tier-2/3 HIV variants. The finding that SIV-specific B-cell responses are induced following Nef G63E CD8+ T-cell escape mutant selection argue for an evolutionary trade-off between CTL escape and NAb induction. Exploitation of such a cellular-humoral immune axis could be important for HIV/AIDS vaccine efforts.

Although more validation and mechanistic basis are needed, the corollary between PI3K hyperactive signaling during autoimmune disorders and Nef-mediated abrogated PI3K signaling could help identify novel targets and modalities for targeting immune disorders and viral infections.

We are grateful for the supportive and insightful comments. The work did seem to unintendedly highlight a conceptual link between extrinsic and intrinsic immune perturbations. We will keep working on both wings, aiming to evoke synergisms.

Weaknesses:

Although the paper does have strengths in principle, the weaknesses of the paper are that the mechanistic basis of Nef-mediated induction of NAb responses are not directly examined. For example, it remains unclear whether SIVmac239 with engineered G63E mutation in Nef would induce faster and potent NAb responses. A macaque challenge study is needed to address this point.

We appreciate the point. We do have certain difficulties in availability of macaques for de novo experiments. As partially discussed in ver1, the identified Nef phenotype selected post-acute infection confers an enhanced CD4+ T cell-killing effect (revised Fig 4F), and it is likely that de novo infection with the mutant would redirect the trajectory of infection to rapid disease/AIDS progression accompanying generalized immune failure by boosting acute-phase CD4 destruction. In other words, mutant de novo infection may not necessarily be directly discussable as an attempt for reconstitution. It appears equally critical to understand the mutant in vitro on an immunosignaling basis, and in the current work we have focused on depicting this as the first step. We will work on reconstitution experiments with emphasis on pharmacology in our future study.

As presented, the central premise of the paper involves infected cell-generated Nef (WT or G63E mutant) being targeted to adjacent Env-specific B cells. However, it remains unclear how this is transfer takes place. A direct evidence demonstrating CD4+ T cell-associated and/or cell-free Nef being transferred to B-cell is needed to address this concern.

We appreciate the point, also pointed out by Reviewers 2 and 3. We have performed three sets of in vitro reconstitution experiments graphically/functionally addressing how Nef transfer from CD4+ T cells to B cells can be modulated (new Fig 6) and edited text accordingly.

The interaction between Nef and PI3K signaling components (p85, p110, GβL/mLST8, and MTOR) has been explored using PLA assay, however, this requires validation using additional biochemical and/or immunoprecipitation-based approaches. For example, is Nef (WT or mutant form) sufficient to affect PI3K-induced phosphorylation of Akt in an in vitro kinase assay? Moreover, the details regarding the binding events of WT vs mutant Nef with PI3K signaling components is lacking in this study. Lastly, it is unclear whether the interaction of Nef with PI3K signaling components is a conserved function of all primate lentiviruses or is this SIV-specific phenotype.

We appreciate the point. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis via pulldown with the mTORC2-intrinsic cofactor Sin1 (revised Fig 4E), showing decreased G63E-Nef binding, should confer robustness to the statement combined with initial manipulation results (Fig 4C). As Sin1 is mTORC2- and not mTORC1-intrinsic, results should be strengthened. Phosflow may be a standard readout nowadays for pAkt itself. Related with sequence variation, conservation will be addressed in studies ahead. We concisely mentioned on this in the revision (Lines 390-391).

It has been previously reported that the region of Nef encoding glycine at position 63 is not conserved in HIV-1 (Schindler et al, Journal of Virology 2004). Thus, does HIV-1 Nef also function in induction of NAb responses in humans? or the observed phenotype specific to SIV?

We appreciate the point, and do not have an answer at the moment. We will explore in our HIV-1-infected patient cohort (Hau et al, AIDS 2022) and other occasions whether corresponding phenotypes may exist. We have mentioned on this point in the revised manuscript (Line 392-393).

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

It is well known that human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) evolved numerous mechanisms to compromise effective immune responses but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, Yamamoto and Matano examined the humoral immune response in a large number of rhesus macaques infected with the difficult-to-neutralize SIVmac239 strain. They identified a subgroup of animals that showed significant neutralizing Ab responses. Sequence analyses revealed that in most of these animals (7/9) but only a minority in the control group (2/19) SIVmac variants containing a CD8+ T-cell escape mutation of G63E/R in the viral Nef gene emerged. They further show that this change attenuates the ability of Nef to stimulate PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 signaling. The authors propose that this induction of SIVmac239 nAb induction is reciprocal to antibody dysregulation caused by a previously identified human PI3K gain-of-function (Ref). Altogether, the results suggest that PI3K signaling plays a key role in B-cell maturation and generation of effective nAb responses.

Strengths of the study are that the authors analyzed a large number of SIVmac-infected macaques to unravel the biological significance of the known effect of the interaction of Nef with PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 signaling. This is interesting and may provide a novel means to improve humoral immune responses to HIV. Weaknesses are that only G63E and not G63R that also emerged in most animals was examined in most functional assays. Some effects of the G63E mutation seem modest and comparison to a grossly nef-defective SIVmac construct would be desirable to better assess to impact of the mutation of Nef-mediated stimulation of PI3K. While the impact of this Nef mutations on PI3K and the association with improved nAb responses is largely convincing, the results on the potential impact of soluble Nef on neighboring B cells is much less clear. SIVmac239 infects and manipulates helper CD4 T cells and these are essential for the activation and differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells and effective humoral immune responses. Without additional functional evidence that Nef indeed specifically targets and manipulated B cells these results and conclusions should be made with much greater caution. Finally, the presentation of the results and conclusions is partly very convoluted and difficult to comprehend. Editing to improve clarity is highly recommended.

We are very grateful for the supportive and visionary review and suggestions. Experiments have been performed to improve the points raised. This work inevitably involved interdisciplinary factors to even hit on the schematic (NAbs, B cells, CD4+T, CD8+T, viral escape, immunosignaling, IEI as extrapolation & microscopy implementations) and convoluted sections should have existed. We attempted streamlining of certain portions and edited writing throughout, and hope that it became more straightforward.

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

As outlined in the public review, I found the results potentially very interesting but parts of the manuscript much more complex and confusing than necessary. In addition, the methods on the potential impact of soluble Nef on neighboring B cells in vivo was difficult to assess but altogether this part was not convincing. Have the following specific suggestions:

We are very grateful for the scholarly review, and encouraging and suggestive comments on this orphan work. In the revision we designed experiments to address the properties of Nef transfer to append understanding on the in vivo B-cell data. Recommendations have been addressed as follows.

(1) Title: "AIDS virus-neutralizing antibody induction reciprocal to a PI3K gain-of-function disease". Think this title hardly reflects the data; SIVmac cause simian AIDS and is not the "AIDS virus" the 2nd part is more appropriate for discussion than for the title (and the abstract).

We appreciate the point. The original intent of the title was to conceptually bridge two differing fields of virus-host interaction and inborn errors of immunity/immunosignaling on an original article basis. Certain papers (Mudd et al, Nature 2012 etc) do utilize the term AIDS virus, and we similarly chose the term for simplification to non-virologists at initial submission.

That being said, we understand the scholarly point raised, and feel that the initial aim can be well attained by retaining the key host effector PI3K in the title, as in the revised submission titled “SIV-specific neutralizing antibody induction following selection of a PI3K drive-attenuated nef variant”.

(2) Abstract and throughout: As the authors show, SIVmac is not generally "neutralization resistant"; difficult to neutralize is more appropriate and should be used throughout. Also, the abstract and other parts are more complicated than necessary.

We appreciate the point. HIV/SIV Env immunology work utilizes “neutralization-resistant” for SIVmac239 (e.g., Mason et al, PLoS Pathog 2016), and autologous titer positivity of ~10% at this size of examination does appear low amongst lentiviruses. Nevertheless, as recommended, “difficult-to-neutralize” better describes the nature, and we have switched the term accordingly.

Linked with title modification, we reflected the comment on abstract structure and switched the main introductory sentence (Here we…) to a more data-based one instead of depicting extrapolation, and have modified phrasings in the latter half.

(3) The intro seems a bit biased. Immune evasion due to mutations and proviral integration that play key roles in viral persistence are not mentioned. nAbs are not known to efficiently control HIV or SIV replication in vivo (not even in the present study). Thus, a more "balanced" presentation of the role of nAbs in vivo is desirable.

We agree with the comment. Introduction in ver1 submission was compressed to just display humoral immune perturbation examples across persistence-prone viral infections, and indeed it should be much better to layout the multiscale strategies of lentiviruses in manifesting viral persistence. We have appended two sets of texts, one on the fundamental integrating retroviral life cycle and another on the wide spectrum of accessory protein-driven perturbation. As pointed out, the current endogenous induction is of course not early enough to exert suppressive impact on replication as like in exogenous Ab passive infusions. We have accordingly modulated text to improve the balance.

(4) Lines 73-76: rephrase for clarity.

We acknowledge the comment and have rephrased accordingly.

(5) Line 92: "linked with sustained Env-specific B-cell responses after the mutant Nef selection". After or during in one case; the time frame varies enormously and this should be discussed.

We appreciate the comment. The six Nef-G63E mutant-selecting NAb inducers subjected to B-cell analysis were the ones that showed precedence in Fig 2D (mutant before induction). That being said, we modified text as suggested (Line 104 in revised uploaded text). Text related to temporal deviation has been appended (Lines 378-383 in revised uploaded text).

(6) The authors should discuss G63R and include it in the functional analyses.

We appreciate the comment. Discussion on Nef-G63R in ver1 submission was kept minimal because statistical significance for selection was marginal. We generated a Nef-G63R mutant and results are appended in Fig 4-Figure Supplement 2.

(7) Lines 124/5: conservation only applies to SIVsmm/mac Nefs and this region is also frequently deleted/length-variable in primary HIV-1 Nefs.

We appreciate the comment. We modified description of the region accordingly (Lines 139-141 in revised text).

(8) Lines 153-155: Statement doesn't seem to make sense. The triple mutant Nef SIVmac construct was not attenuated for replication but specifically disrupted in CD3 down-modulation.

We acknowledge the comment. It had meant that the consequent plasma viral load showed a trend of decrease (as in the Graphical Abstract of the work) which should (in a simplistic view) influence antigenicity for humoral immune responses. Yet it is very true that virological replicative capacity was comparable with wild-type as in Fig.1. We have taken down the related text and rephrased it (Ref remains cited in introduction).

(9) Lines 178/9: levels in PI3K gain-of-function mice "with full disease phenotype (Avery et al., 2018)". This needs more information, e.g. what disease exactly are they talking about?

We are grateful for the correction, and have appended text and introduced the mentioned congenital disease in the Introduction section in advance. In-detail description is also appended in the Discussion section.

(10) Lines 186/7: "Env-stimulating high-MOI infection also accelerated phenotype appearance, with enhanced 50% reduction (Figure 4C, right)". Modify text and corresponding figure for clarity.

We acknowledge the comment. We revised as: “A high-MOI SIV infection, comprising higher initial concentration of extracellular Env stimuli, also accelerated phenotype appearance from day 3 to day 1 post-infection with stronger pAkt reduction”.

(11) The validity of the results described in the section "Targeting of lymph node Env-specific B cells by Nef in vivo" was difficult to assess. Altogether, however, I didn't find them convincing, especially since a negative control (e.g. macaques infected with nef-deleted SIVmac) are missing.

We acknowledge the comment. As a pure experimental control, whole-Nef deletion may assist for subtracted baselines. Within this work, the staining per se at least should be highly specific (mAb multiply verified in other applications and cytometry panel also designed for minimal spillover into AF488 channel). On in vivo basis, direct comparison may be somewhat frustrated by the fact that reduction in other pleiotropic effects of Nef seem to more dominate upon Nef deletion, as a set of reduced viremia, robust CD8 responses, killer CD4 responses and increased binding Ab titers (Johnson et al, J Virol 1997, Gauduin et al, J Exp Med 2006, Fukazawa et al, Nat Med 2012, Adnan et al, PLoS Pathog 2016 etc) leading to altered trajectory. We promise that we will work on refinement of the methodology in studies ahead.

(12) Lines 309-319: This paragraph made little sense to me (as did lines 328-331).

We acknowledge the comment and have edited both sections.

Reviewer #3 (Additional Reviewer):

In this manuscript, Hiroyuki Yamamoto et al examined virus-specific antibody responses and identified a subgroup of nine individuals, out of seventy SIVmac239 rhesus macaques of Burmese origin infected with SIVmac239, that develop neutralizing antibodies (NAb). The authors propose the emergence of a nef mutant (Nef-G63E) that impacts on B cell maturation resulting in PI3K gain-of-function.

My major concerns are:

The authors by different aspect addressed the role of the emergence of Nef-G63E mutant in individuals developing NAb. The manuscript is confused and the rational not always clearly stated. This reflects the two aspects of the manuscript (i) NAb identification in a subgroup of macaque and (2) the identification this nef mutation.

We are grateful for the comprehensive and scholarly comments. As pointed out, the work did need to confront potential bifurcation of the influence of the obtained viral immunosignaling phenotype for CD4-intrinsic (which might be your specialty) and B-cell-intrinsic impact. Based on your suggestions we have acquired additional data and revised the manuscript as attached.

The authors used both males (n=57) and females (n=13). However, there is no indication related to the sex regarding NAb inducers versus non-NAb Inducers. The notion of "highly pathogenic" is certainly not correct (see the introduction). Pathogenicity is also depending on monkey origin. Thus, cynomolgus are less sensitive to SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 compared to rhesus macaques (Ling B Aids 2002; Reimann KA, J Virol 2005; Cumont MC, J Virol 2008), or to pigtails used in US. Indeed, the authors used Burmese macaques, and therefore the dynamics of pathogenicity is different to rhesus macaque (Indian origin) housed in US. How many animals have been sacrificed out of the 61 animals? Herein, the animals are surviving longer (more than one year), and therefore the notion of "highly pathogenic" merits to be modulated.

We appreciate the comment. We have accordingly appended sex information (M/F: 8/1 versus 49/12 in NAb inducers vs non-inducers, p > 0.99 by Fisher’s exact test) in the methods section. As pointed out there are differences in the frequency and rate of AIDS progression among macaques of differing origin, whereas we have also previously reported reproducible AIDS progression dependent on MHC-I genotypes in the Burmese rhesus macaques utilized (Nomura, Yamamoto et al., J Virol 2012). Adhering to advice, we have attenuated the term to “pathogenic” in the revised manuscript and appended one reference showing pathogenesis gradation from a cell-death perspective (Cumont 2008).

Furthermore, no indication is provided regarding CD4 T cell dynamics, or CD8 T cells. In particular, the extent of T cell immunodeficiency may compromise humoral response. Therefore, this data needs to be shown. Indeed, previous reports have indicated that early CD4 T cell depletion is associated with defective humoral response. Furthermore, Tfh cell depletion was reported in several immune tissues, which are essential for B cell immune response like the spleen. Thus, this should be discussed as an alternative mechanism to the absence of NAb. Indeed, the authors found higher and persistent env-specific plasmablast cells in NAb inducers than that observed in non-NAb inducers figure 6. Why to have selected twelve individuals out of 61 individuals for assessing anti-env response (Supplemental S3 for figure 1, panel 1), and only eleven for western blots. The explanation in the text is absent. This requires to be clearly stated. See lines 108-110.

We appreciate the comment. As in other sections, this study utilized available cryopreserved samples from a retrospective cohort, also having heterogeneity in data acquisition along the way. We acknowledge that some supplemental data are particularly limited in information, which is also a reason they are presented in SI. We felt that one important core was to secure samples for Nef-G63E-selecting NAb inducers versus viremic non-inducers, for which we acquired six versus twelve in the B-cell analysis.

We (Nakane et al, PLoS ONE 2013) and others (Hirsch et al, J Virol 2004) have already reported on western blotting-basis that SIV-infected rapid progressors tend to manifest serological failure (impaired binding Ab-WB bands). Therefore, to compare quantitative traits at this basal stage (Fig 1), we judged that NAb inducer comparison with more non-rapid-progressing (>60 wk survival) non-inducers would be a criterion. We have mentioned on this in the revised manuscript (results/methods). Additionally, we have replaced the immunoblotting result with one more non-inducer (n = 12) to enhance results. Please note that there are lot deviations in strip-coated antigen (e.g., gp160) but the result is comparable (now covers 12/13 of animals with >60-wk survival).

The authors indicated the frequencies of Nef-G63E mutant in figure 2 panel C. However. no information is indicated in the legend about the number of NAb non-inducers used to calculate this frequency. The authors indicated line 127, "only in two of the nineteen NAb non-inducers, including one rapid progressor". Thus, different numbers of individuals are used through the manuscript. For the readers, this is clearly a statement that needs to be clarify and to refer to what. This is not homogeneous along the text and the analyses performed.

We appreciate the comment, and have appended the number in the revised Fig 2C. As aforementioned, heterogeneity of sample number in different sections is indeed a limitation of the work, and have mentioned this in the Discussion.

The rational related to the sentence lines 140-142. Please clarify.. "NAb induction is not associated with these MHC-I genotypes (P = 0.25 by Fisher's exact test, data not shown) but with the Nef-G63E mutation itself".

We appreciate the comment. We have rephrased it as:

“Ten of nineteen NAb non-inducers also had either of these alleles (Figure 1-figure supplement 1). This did not significantly differ with the NAb inducer group (P = 0.25 by Fisher’s exact test, data not shown), indicating that NAb induction was not simply linked with possession of these MHC-I genotypes but instead required furthermore specific selection of the Nef-G63E mutation.” (Lines 159-162).

In supplemental figure 3, only 7 individuals have been tested, while the authors indicated "Ten of nineteen NAb non-inducers also had either of these alleles". Why only seven? In NAb Burmese monkeys, the authors indicate specific T cells capable to recognize WT nef peptide, but not G63E peptide mutant. Thus, nef is immunogenic in vivo generating T cells despite to be mutated.

In contrary, non-NAb-inducers demonstrate the absence of nef specific T cells (supplemental figure 3, excepted R01-011 panel A). Although, the authors propose an escape mutant for CD8 T cells, this is not associated with the absence of immunogenicity and not with a difference in viral load in comparison to NAb inducers (panel C). Therefore, the conclusions merit to be revised. Thus, this part of the manuscript is confusing. Please clarify the rational to link NAb and Nef specific CD8 T cells.

We appreciate the comment. 7 out of 8 non-inducers positive for the allele and not selecting for the Nef-G63E mutant was available for analysis. The relative contribution of this single Nef62-70 epitope-specific CTL response is speculated not to be largely impacting viral control, among the many induced. This is basally discussed in a previous paper (Nomura, Yamamoto et al., J Virol 2012), more suggestive of an MHC-I haplotype-level correlation with plasma viral load. We assume that the CTL pressure-driven selection of Nef-G63E mutant was a rather pure immunosignaling trigger under persistent viremia. We appended this in the revised text (Line 172).

In the next part of the manuscript, the authors assessed the function of this Nef-G63E mutant. The rational to introduce Ferritin in this part of the document is not clear for the reader. Furthermore, a subgroup for each (NAb+ versus NAb-) is shown: 4 for NAbneg versus 6 for NAbpos.

We appreciate the point. As introduced, Swingler et al Cell Host Microbe 2008 reported HIV-infected macrophage-derived ferritin as a potentially B cell-disrupting factor. In that paper, viral load, ferritin and binding antibody titers positively correlated. Current data shows that SIVmac239-specific NAb induction is distinct from such kinetics already versus viral load (Fig 3-Supplement 1C), and ferritin levels were measured for some available samples more simply for confirmation. We appended three more available samples in the NAb- group. (The six NAb+/G63E animals correspond to the ones with B-cell data in Figure 7.) Statistical results appear unaffected and robust, as shown in this version. The revised manuscript incorporates appended explanation for the former.

Similarly, whereas the authors observed a role of nef mutant on pAkt Ser473 (less induced) in comparison to WT, the authors suggest that this may have an impact on T cell survival.

We appreciate the point. In the first submission we obtained peripheral memory Tfh decrease, whereas it is true that this is indirect. In the current revision we have addressed apoptotic cell death, shown to increase with Nef-G63E mutation (Figure 4F).

The rational to analyze CXCR3-CXCR5+PD-1+ memory follicular Th (Tfh) is not clear. Moreover, the references used are not the adequately cited. Indeed, these papers show an expansion. See the literature for a depletion (Xu H, J Immunol. 2015; Moukambi F, PLoS Pathog. 2015; Yamamoto T, Sci Transl Med. 2015; Xu H, J Immunol. 2018 Moukambi F, Mucosal Immunol. 2019).

We appreciate these points on in vivo CD4+ T cells.

Peripheral memory Tfh was reported to correlate with Ab cross-reactivity in one human cohort (Locci et al, Immunity 2013) and we concisely examined the subset in the current NAb induction. We mentioned this in the revised manuscript.

Moukambi F et al, PLoS Pathog 2015 & Mucosal Immunol 2019 are demonstrative work on acute-phase destruction. We have cited non-neonatal/vaccine-related ones suggested, including these two, in the revised manuscript. The biphasic dysregulation of Th (acute-phase destruction and chronic-phase adverse hyper-expansion) may indeed have a unique role with the current phenotype, which is beyond aim of the current analysis. We have concisely mentioned on this in the Discussion.

Then, the authors assess the potential B-cell-intrinsic influence of the G63E-Nef phenotype. The rational here is clearly indicated, making sense with figure 1. Furthermore, this part is clearer. The dot-plots merit to be revised and the markers used better stated. The authors indicate that Nef invasion upregulates pAkt Ser473 assuming aberrant PI3K/mTORC2 signaling. What is the impact of Nef-G63E mutant on pAkt Ser473 using in vitro model of transfer. This is not addressed for comparison.

We appreciate the remarks/suggestions, also pointed out by Reviewers 1 and 2. We have performed three sets of in vitro reconstitution experiments visually and functionally addressing how Nef transfer to B cells can be modulated (new Fig 6), and edited text accordingly.

Minor points are:

- the presence of references in the legend.

-some Ab clones are in the table, however they are not used such CD38 and CD138, which are well known to be non-valid B cell markers for monkeys."

We appreciate the suggestions.

Mentioning on reference have been removed from the legend (Fig.1, Fig. 3) and moved to the corresponding Methods section (Fig. 1).

We also understood this well in advance (CD38/CD138), and incorporated them in the memory B-cell panel just to check whether they ever behave in a specific pattern. As expected, no notable behavior was observed in these NAb inducers.

Platforms are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, users' information may leak. Also, while platforms collect users' preferences, users' info may be kind of transparent on the internet.

There is potential profit comes from violating users' privacy. For example, these information can be sell to ad companies to make targeting ads. Or sell these data to third parties. And it is hard for users to find out social media sell their information, the risks involve is low.

Because it shows how businesses might produce new information on users without their knowledge or agreement, the idea of inferred data—such as shadow profiles made by social media companies—is worrisome. This type of privacy violation frequently takes place in the background and is challenging for users to keep an eye on or manage. Furthermore, Facebook's collection of information on users without accounts demonstrates how widespread data tracking has become. The broad ramifications of contemporary data surveillance are demonstrated by the fact that even non-users' information can be collected without their agreement.Because it shows how businesses might produce new information on users without their knowledge or agreement, the idea of inferred data—such as shadow profiles made by social media companies—is worrisome.

I think that all major social media companies should make there privacy laws clear when signing up for them. Unclear privacy rules can result in a misunderstanding between the user and the corporation and it can lead to the users privacy being violated.

This is a telling sign that many in Paine's audience are Christian. It illustrates Paine's understanding of who his audience is, and takes advantage of that knowledge to drive home the points he's making to the part of his audience.

This is a significant in that a system that had long been accepted by many is being challenged here. It shows a difference in belief many colonists have in contrast to their predecessors.

Why is the cause of America great for the cause of mankind? What benefits does rebellion does it bring for everybody else in the world?

Why does Paine avoid getting personal? Is there a downside to expressing something personal? What being personal weaken the argument Paine is trying to lay out?

This shows an understanding from Paine that many colonists are not fully for rebellion, even with it looming on the horizon. Thus Paine adds this part in to show understanding in the fact that he likely won't gain any favor for writing, at least not yet.

This highlights the time Paine lived, where most continents were ruled by monarchies, or if not that something similar. This shows how much of a step the colonies are taking, which in effect was fighting a system of government that was in charge of almost every nation on Earth.

Oppression is normally a situation in which people governed unfairly and cruelly, with rights and freedoms being suppressed. Paine is trying to get across that the colonists are being oppressed because of the amount of power Britain have over them.

It's important to highlight that the answers are in the people who live in the neighborhoods, they reflect the problems and the ways we can improve. These communities benefit economically and the redline system decides their future in an unfair way .

I wonder if the women from other nations (outside of America) had the same problem post WWII of not being properly compensated for their service

I never had historical context for the origin of this meme so this was cool to learn

The tragedy of these acts of sexual violence and their abuse of comfort women, including drug-induced compliance, continues to affect Chinese people (women in particular)

It is evident that the Indigenous did not wish to kill John, as they commended him for defending himself against the attack. Earlier in the text, we can also see that they aided him in minimizing the damage to his frostbitten leg, and provided him with snowshoes to use in the heavy snowfall. These all demonstrate that although he was a prisoner, John was still being taken care of to a reasonable extent.

This excerpt shows the non-sedentary lifestyle of the Indigenous. Rather than set up a settlement, they were setting up camp wherever they made a kill, as we can see here. In both articles, travel is a major theme, showing that Indigenous groups kept captives with them while traveling, as they did not possess dungeons or prisons in which to keep prisoners.

It is interesting that the captors only let John eat once he has done certain tasks (supply them with wood and water), whereas Mary was given broth without conducting any tasks. This could be due to gender differences, as keeping John weak to prevent him from revolting would have been a possible strategy.

This passage shows us the close knit nature of Indigenous societies, as no man or woman was left behind. When they were unable to carry the bier through the thick woods, they took turns carrying the man through the woods, rather than just leaving him.

Religious syncretism

Even Kim Kardashian has come to defend the brothers, influencing her followers to advocate for them too. This case has also been in lots of young people's media, especially through TikTok.

This signifies that the American mindset has developed greatly over the past couple of decades and is more understanding.

I think this has become very relevant today. Even recently with the Abercrombie CEO sex trafficking scandal, people often tend to believe only women are victims of sexual abuse which is just completely false.

All this detail was explicitly shown in the Netflix series.

These brothers being young and conventionally attractive displayed a different side of America; a side that supports murderers because of their good looks and interesting background.

Both of these cases are engraved in the nations mind. Many people can look back at when these cases first began and describe in detail what happened. People love the drama, with case being wealthy, white men, and from Hollywood all eyes all over America were on a television screen. Furthermore, these cases being televised and becoming so popular signifies that the nation is obsessed with murder, drama, and sexual appeal.

Both of these shows that aired on Netflix got huge media attention, and caused an uproar on social media, often with people defending the two brothers. Many people even took to social media to call for a retrial to show their support and love to the brothers.

Times are very different now compared to how they were in the 1980s. Sex crimes and offenses were often overlooked and doubted highly in the courts. Now, with the rise of these cases the criminal justice system handles these cases very seriously due to how common these crimes have unfortunately become.

It is important to note that this case has had an unprecedented amount of attention since it first came about. People feel very strongly about this case, and the brothers have thousands upon thousands of supporters.

Crash course on typewriter maintenance and repair

A list of resources and references for the budding typewriter repair person. There is a lot here that I've compiled and consumed over the last six months, so don't be overwhelmed. Half the battle is figuring out where to find all these things, so if nothing else, this should shave off a month of reading and researching.

Basic Introductory Material

Get a notebook and be ready to take some notes so you'll remember where you found the random information you're bound to pick up over time and are able to occasionally review it.

Work your way through Sarah Everett's excellent Typewriter 101 videos (at least the first five): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJtHauPh529XYHI5QNj5w9PUdi89pOXsS

Read Richard Polt's book which is a great overview to the general space:<br /> Polt, Richard. The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist’s Companion for the 21st Century. 1st ed. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2015.

Next watch the documentary California Typewriter. Documentary. Gravitas Pictures, 2016. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5966990/. It has some interesting subtle material hiding within it, but it will give you a good idea of where you're headed off to.

Get a machine (or four) you can practice on. Get a flat head screwdriver and maybe a small adjustable wrench. Buy some mineral spirits and a small headed toothbrush and clean out your first machine. Buy some light sewing machine oil and try oiling it. Search YouTube for videos about how to repair anything that may be wrong with it.

Basic restoration advice: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-restoration.html

On colloquial advice for degreasing, cleaning, and oiling manual typewriters https://boffosocko.com/2024/08/09/on-colloquial-advice-for-degreasing-cleaning-and-oiling-manual-typewriters/

Repair Manuals

Create an account on typewriterdatabase.com which will give you some additional access to catalogs, manuals, and dealer catalogs.

They also have some openly accessible material like:<br /> * https://typewriterdatabase.com/manuals.php

Printed manuals: https://www.lulu.com/search?adult_audience_rating=00&contributor=Ted+Munk&page=1&pageSize=50 PDF manuals: https://sellfy.com/twdb

Ted Munk's website also has a plethora of ephemera that is often useful * https://munk.org/typecast/

Richard Polt's list of service manuals, which also includes some correspondence course typewriter repair classes: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-manuals.html#servicemanuals

Tools

In rough order of increasing complexity:

• Typewriter Tool Kit from the DOLLAR TREE by Just My Typewriter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-7E4fM6gBw
• Some simple basics and where to get them: https://boffosocko.com/2024/08/11/adding-to-my-typewriter-toolset/
• Typewriter tools of the trade: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5bKk93rtxs
• Lucas Dul's Toolset presentation: https://virtualhermans.com/lucas-dul
• Tour of an advanced hobbyist/semi-pro shop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZjf6InMlgU

Tools can be expensive, so start out small with just a few things and expand as you need them. You'll be amazed at what you can accomplish with a single thin bladed flathead screwdriver, an adjustable wrench, a rag, a bottle of Simple Green cleaning solution, and a bottle of isopropyl alcohol.

Videos

Subscribe to and become acquainted with YouTube channels like the following:

• Duane Jensen's Phoenix Typewriter https://www.youtube.com/@phoenixtypewriter2136
• Gerren Balch's HotRod Typewriter Company https://www.youtube.com/@HotRodTypewriter
• Joe Van Cleave https://www.youtube.com/@Joe_VanCleave
• Sarah Everett's Just My Typewriter https://www.youtube.com/@JustMyTypewriter

While watching a variety of videos is great, as you're doing specific repairs search YouTube and you're likely to find full demos of the repairs you're doing yourself.

I've compiled a playlist of videos for repair of an Olympia SM3 which, while specific to the SM3, is a an excellent outline/overview of how to disassemble a portable typewriter, where many of the adjustment points are as well as an outline of the order to do them in.

If you're not a good typist or don't have experience in the area, try out some of the following short films which will also provide some useful historical perspective:

• Basic Typing: Methods. Vol. MN-1512a. United States Navy Training Film, 1943. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztyzGit1dTI.
• Basic Typing: Machine Operation. Vol. MN-1512b. United States Navy Training Film, 1943. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-REJEArnjE.
• Advanced Typing: Shortcuts. Vol. MN-1512c. United States Navy Training Film, 1943. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUJfCfqgsX0.
• Advanced Typing: Duplicating and Manuscript. Vol. MN-1512d. United States Navy Training Film, 1943. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ve5JnTUzvo.
• Maintenance Of Office Machines. Vol. MN-1513. United States Navy Training Film, 1943. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocdxgkxKAKo.

Internships & Apprenticeships

If you have the time and flexibility try arranging an internship or apprenticeship with a local typewriter repair shop. Meet your local repair people even if you can't spend the time on an internship. You'll learn a lot and create relationships with businesses who will more easily swap/supply you with machines they're parting out or access to tools which may otherwise be difficult to source.

• https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-repair.html

Podcasts

• Austin Typewriter Ink https://www.austintypewriterink.com/ati-the-podcast.html
• Charm Type Repair https://charmtypepodcast.podbean.com/

Some useful Bibliography

• Athey, Ralph S. Typewriter Repair Training Course. Tarentum, PA: Typewriter Repair Training, 1957. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/AtheyTypewriterRepair.pdf.
• Atkinson, Annelise. Typewriter SOS: The DIY Guide to Fixing Common Problems with Typewriters, 2014. https://www.amazon.com/Typewriter-SOS-Fixing-Problems-Typewriters/dp/1520902700/.
• Hausrath, Alfred H., and Eugene L. Dahl. Typewriter Care. Edited by Walter K.M. Slavik. Federal Work Improvement Program United States Civil Service Commission and Government Division, U.S. Treasury Department, 1945. http://archive.org/details/twcare-1945.
• Jones, Clarence LeRoy. The Manual Typewriter Repair Bible. Edited by Theodore Munk. The Typewriter Repair Bible Series, 2017. https://www.lulu.com/shop/ted-munk/the-manual-typewriter-repair-bible/paperback/product-1vgk72jp.html.
• Kasten, R. M. “First Aid for Typewriters.” Popular Science Monthly, May 1941.
• Kravitz, Bryan. Hints for a Happy Typewriter. Bryan Kravitz, 1983. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/Hints-Happy-TW.pdf.
• Hutchison, Howard. The Typewriter Repair Manual. 1st ed. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa: Tab Books, 1981. https://www.amazon.com/typewriter-repair-manual-Howard-Hutchison/dp/0830600345.
• Munk, Theodore. “The Typewriter Database,” 2012. https://typewriterdatabase.com/.
• Pearce, H. G. Complete Instructions: How to Repair, Rebuild, and Adjust Underwood Typewriters With Handy Reference for Locating Trouble Quickly. Bridgeport, CT: Typewriter Mechanics Publishing Co., 1920. https://johnesimmons.com/Typewriter/Articles/Manualpdf/Underwood_Repair_Manual.pdf.
• Polt, Richard. “The Classic Typewriter Page : All About Typewriters,” 2009. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/index.html.
• Scadden, David T. Approved Home Study Course in Typewriter Repair and Service. Little Falls, NJ: Typewriter Repair School, 1959. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/homestudycourse.pdf.

Good luck on your journey!

reply to u/fontinalispluma at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1gaza5x/learning_typewriter_maintenance_and_repair/

If ligand I weak field ligand then it will be S.P>

More and more people are getting college degrees, which that high school degrees are less valuable or the college degree will worth more. Thinking about jobs such as "secretary" that we read about in Tuesday's reading. The job description and responsibilities can also change so that it requires a higher degree. Now, so many people are getting bachelor's degrees that further education or a lot of experience is needed to be competitive.

This is a sad reality for many schools such as Santa Ana. Constant faculty turnover would result in less experienced teachers and rookie teachers taking their place. Teachers can also be discouraged because they want to teach and help the students, but instead have to "baby-sit" or grow to have an apathetic attitude because nothing seems to work.

This is interesting. There is definitely a difference in top and bottom socioeconomic schools, but what makes more of a difference in gaps are nonschool factors. We've been reading about this in previous readings. Where you live matters and overlaps with SES which also afffects where you go to school and the opportunities you are exposed to. Cognitive stimulation can be affected by family structure and how much support and attention a child recieves.

16:30 "But the only fatwa that has, in fact, said that no images of Mohammed are permitted, and that includes Islamic paintings, not just the cartoons, came out in 2013 in Saudi Arabia by a Salafi cleric whose name is Al-Munajid. And there are other fatwas like Asistani, the Shi'i cleric, who says these images are perfectly fine, as long as they're respectful."

20:00 Fatwas can be issued (like the above) in a vacuum without any real conversation within the Islamic community. Few years back even building a snowman fatwa as haram. Animals are decapitated in Saudi textbooks. People in 20th century having 14th century book that depicts a head, decapitating it (al-ras).

15:30 The advent of media allowing for more images to be produced of the prophet. This in turn led to more anxiety under the Islamic community. See The Message (and the other movies) as examples of this increase of anxiety.