- Jul 2024
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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fish oil capsules from fish that ate algae well that means wild fish because Farm fish don't eat algae
for - key insight - farmed fish have no omega 3 because they eat corn, not algae
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- May 2024
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Seit 1970 ist der Bestand an Fischen, die zu wandernde Arten gehören, um 80% gesunken, wie ein neuer Bericht zur Aktualisierung des Living Planet Index zeigt. Verantwortlich ist vor allem die Zerstörung von Fluss- und anderen Wasserökosystemen durch Staudämme, Bergwerke und Schadstoffe. Der Populationsrückgang ist weltweit am deutlichsten ist der in Südamerika und der Karibik. Ein Viertel der Süßwasser Fischarten ist vom Aussterben bedroht.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/21/living-planet-index-migratory-freshwater-fish-populations-decline-dams-weirs-mining-water-abstraction-pollution-threat-aoe
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- Mar 2024
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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there's the famous quote from David Foster Wallace about you know the story about the two fish
metaphor - liberalism and fish in the water - Christopher illustrates the relationship that often persists between - something that is ubiquitous and - its invisibility - He attributes this to David Foster Wallace's metaphoric story of - two young fish swimming in a body of water and - a school of older fish come by and ask them "how's the water?" - to which they respond "what's water?"
adjacency - between - ubiquity - invisibility - liberalism - the unintended consequences of liberalism - adjacency statement - An idea such as liberalism is so fundamental in the fabric of modernity that - everyone takes it for granted and - subsequently, it fades into invisibility - The main challenge of something that is invisible is that - if we cannot see it, - then we cannot really deal with it if there are any problems with it
adjacency - between - Deep Humanity - Common Human Denominators (CHD) - ubiquity - invisibility - adjacency statement - This often-cited metaphor also lies at the heart of Deep Humanity, - an open source praxis that also lay at the heart of Stop Reset Go, developed precisely to deal with - tacit awareness, - hidden assumptions - deeply held and unquestioned beliefs and - ubiquitous ideas that become invisible - In fact, the Common Human Denominators (CHD) of Deep Humanity - is precisely that set of ideas that are - ubiquitously known by all humans - to such an extent that their value becomes invisible - and their appreciation thereby lost - Deep Humanity's purpose is to recover this lost appreciation in order to facilitate a sufficiently powerful collective transition out of our current poly-meta-perma-crisis
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Über 25 Städte haben sich inzwischen dem plant based treaty angeschlossen, darunter Edinburgh Amsterdam und Los Angeles und eine Reihe indischer Städte. Viel ist nicht die völlige Eliminierung von Fleisch und Milch aus der lokalen Küche sondern ihre Klima- und gesundheitsfreundliche konsequente Reduzierung. Vorbild ist die Initiative für den fossil fuel non poliforation pretty. .https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/28/climate/plant-based-treaty-climate.html
Tags
- New York
- cities
- alimentation
- Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative
- Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts
- Anita Krajnc
- by: Cara Buckley
- Plant Based Treaty
- Amsterdam
- Animal Save Movement
- Los Angeles
- Edinburgh
- 2024-02-28
Annotators
URL
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- Aug 2023
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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- for: marine heat wave, fish dieoff, fish kill, extinction, climate departure, climate change - impacts
- title: The unprecedented Pacific Northwest heatwave of June 2021
- date: Feb. 9, 2023
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www.ctvnews.ca www.ctvnews.ca
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- for: fish kill, climate change - impacts, climate departure, fish kill - Australia
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www.vancouverisawesome.com www.vancouverisawesome.com
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None of the 28 streams Cunningham and his colleagues studied hit summertime highs warmer than 25.9 C, the point where warming water can become lethal. But in four rivers, temperatures climbed past 20.3 C, the threshold where some have found juvenile coho stop growing.
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for: climate change - impacts, extinction, biodiversity loss, fish kill, salmon dieoff, stats, stats - salmon, logging, human activity
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paraphrase
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stats
- None of the 28 streams Cunningham and his colleagues studied hit summertime highs warmer than 25.9 C,
- the point where warming water can become lethal.
- But in four rivers, temperatures climbed past 20.3 C,
- the threshold where some have found juvenile coho stop growing.
- In some watersheds, deforestation rates climbed to 59 per cent.
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comment
- deforestation may be a contributing factor but there are also other variables like changes in glacial melt water
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- for: climate change - impacts, complexity, fish dieoff, salmon dieoff, convergence, ecosystem - logging, convergence - climate change and logging
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- Jul 2023
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Hitzewellen bedrohen durch ihre zunehmende Zahl und Intensität das globale Ernährungssystem. Der Guardian hat Experten zu den Folgen von Hitzewellen am Land und in den Ozeanen für die Ernährungssicherheit befragt. Hitzewellen haben dramatische Auswirkungen etwa auf die Erträge von Nutzpflanzen und auf Lebensbedingungen von Fischen. Die Folgen sind im Detail oft nur unzureichend erforscht. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/21/rampant-heatwaves-threaten-food-security-of-entire-planet-scientists-warn
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- Jun 2023
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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Okay. I saw two comments here about thawing with water and both were slightly wrong. Hi. I’m a professional and here’s how this works: take the fish and put in a bag (like a ziploc) but NOT the bag it’s vacuum sealed in the freezer. Put in a bowl and run COLD water over it in a stream. (This doesn’t have to be full blast, just over a trickle will do) Do not use hot water. Do not just chuck it in a bowl of cold water.You can mostly leave it alone but if you turn it over so the water is running over both sides it’ll thaw a little quicker. For fish, it can be as little as 5-10 minutes depending on thickness.Additionally: you CAN use the microwave to defrost things/meats as long as you are going to immediately use them in whatever cooking you’re going to do. It’s not ideal for fish but it is possible.Happy cooking!
- Thaw fish with a seal over it, in slightly running water
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- Apr 2023
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beiner.substack.com beiner.substack.com
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You own a fish farm
- A good story
- about how myopic, self-interested short-termism behavior
- can lead to temporary success
- and long term failure
- A good story
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- Jan 2023
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www.cambridge.org www.cambridge.org
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For fish, the number of marks in sequences with and without <Y> correlates markedly with the spring migration and hatching.
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tedgioia.substack.com tedgioia.substack.com
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“There is no substitute for good decisions at the top—and no remedy for stupid ones.”
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- Sep 2022
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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if we grow up in that world we don't know it's pink right because that's all there is that is the background color 00:15:17 it's the thing we are least interested in because it's the most constant thing
!- similar to : fish in ocean metaphor - This is very similar to the fish in the ocean metaphor, where the fish do not know there is such a thing as water because it is so ubiquitous
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Aug 2022
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Local file Local file
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Phenomena can be so familiar that wereally do not see them at all, a matter that has been much discussed by literarytheorists and philosophers. For example, Viktor Shklovskij in the early 1920sdeveloped the idea that the function of poetic art is that of “making strange”the object depicted. “People living at the seashore grow so accustomed to themurmur of the waves that they never hear it. By the same token, we scarcelyever hear the words which we utter . . . We look at each other, but we do not seeeach other any more. Our perception of the world has withered away; what hasremained is mere recognition.”
Fish in water effect
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- Jul 2022
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bafybeiapea6l2v2aio6hvjs6vywy6nuhiicvmljt43jtjvu3me2v3ghgmi.ipfs.dweb.link bafybeiapea6l2v2aio6hvjs6vywy6nuhiicvmljt43jtjvu3me2v3ghgmi.ipfs.dweb.link
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global biomass of largepredatory fish targeted by fisheries has fallenby two-thirds over the past 100 years (53)
biomass of large predatory fallen 66% over last 100 years
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- May 2022
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docs.itascacg.com docs.itascacg.com
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s its name implies, the State Record pane records any command (from a data file, from the command prompt, from the user interface) that changes the model state, as it is issued, and stores it in a record. The record therefore contains all commands necessary to create the current model state.
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- Oct 2021
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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“It seems like such a short time and people are already having to get boosters,” Mr. Poe said. “And the fact that they didn’t realize that earlier in the rollout shows me that there could be other questions that could be out there, like the long-term effects.”
Justified True Belief
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- Jul 2021
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bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-960809-7
DOI: 10.1111/bph.14560
Resource: ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-960809-7
Curator: @ethanbadger
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-960809-7
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- Jun 2021
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caseyboyle.net caseyboyle.net
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What might
dsfjk;alskdfj;askldfj
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- May 2021
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As if how we construct meaning were not actually a matter of personal, intentional choice. P
Meaning as choice. Interpretation is up to us. Like Milton's Satan: "The Mind can make a Heaven of Hell or a Hell of Heaven."
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Feb 2021
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wac.colostate.edu wac.colostate.edu
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Students’ Rights to Their Own Language
Stanley Fish raises a useful point here:
You’re not going to be able to change the world if you are not equipped with the tools that speak to its present condition. You don’t strike a blow against a power structure by making yourself vulnerable to its prejudices. Even as an exercise in political strategy, “having conversations with students about linguistic systems and democratic values” (V.F. Kinloch, “Revisiting the Promise of Students’ Right to Their Own Language,” CCC 57:1, September 2005) strikes me as an unlikely lever for bringing about change; as a strategy for teaching writing, it is a disaster.
And if students infected with the facile egalitarianism of soft multiculturalism declare, “I have a right to my own language,” reply, “Yes , you do, and I am not here to take that language from you; I’m here to teach you another one.” (Who could object to learning a second language?) And then get on with it.
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Annotators
URL
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www.epa.gov www.epa.gov
- Jan 2021
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stackoverflow.com stackoverflow.com
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systemd has such huge documentation. systemd.unit Did you try searching for explanation yourself? What did you find?
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blog.linuxmint.com blog.linuxmint.com
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http://letmegooglethat.com/?q=How+to+change+the+default+search+engine+in+chromium&l=1
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- Dec 2020
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mmd.georgetown.domains mmd.georgetown.domains
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Why do we not have more women or diversity participating in policy making?
"Interpretive communities" create truth, right? So it matters who comprises those communities!
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- Sep 2019
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caseyboyle.net caseyboyle.net
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These items connect an essay to a longer lineage of writers and working with these gears helps understand what kind of machine you’re working with
They also define the Interpretative Community:
LAST TIME I ended by suggesting that the fact of agreement, rather than being a proof of the stability of objects, is a testimony to the power of an interpretive community to constitute the objects upon which its members (also and simultaneously constituted) can then agree.
from "What Makes an Interpretation Acceptable?"
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- Jan 2019
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Local file Local file
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indeliblylinguistic:dialectic.
The dialectic is logos, linguistic.
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- Oct 2018
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Local file Local file
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A theory, in short, is some-thing a practitioner consults when he wishes to perform correctly, withthe term "correctly" here understood as meaning independently of hispreconceptions, biases, or personal preferences.
Fish's definition of a theory.
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www.scribd.com www.scribd.com
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In what I earlier named a bounded-argument space these controls do not have to be imposed by will because they are built into the structure of the discursive situation. In a bounded-argument space, the things one is obliged to say and the things one is forbidden to say are known in advance, either because they are set down in a list of rules or because they are part of the tacit knowledge internalized by every competent practitioner.
Bounded Space definition
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- Aug 2018
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Local file Local file
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Thespace of politics is filled by dispute, contingency, inconsistency, unreason,and passion: here the arts of persuasion rule. Rhetoric is thus the key tountangling the legal and extralegal tensions shot through life in the com-munity, where the networks of identity that make up the civic self intersectand blur together
Stanley Fish all day.
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- Apr 2018
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Local file Local file
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Culler's conventions, Fish's strategies, are not present in the text; rather, they are part of the mental equipment of writers and readers, and only by examining this mental equipment can we explain how writers and readers communicate.
Fish : problems with forming problems . .. .
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- Feb 2018
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www.insidehighered.com www.insidehighered.com
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"First, we need to know more about how graduates with humanities degrees are doing in the workplace. Second, we need to know more about how the skills the humanities seek to impart -- critical thinking and communication skills, for instance -- actually matter in the workplace. And third, we need to be willing to adjust our views about which humanities aptitudes are significant (or not) in the extraordinarily dynamic workplace of the coming decades. Along the way, we’re also going to have to get a better grip on just how well we’re doing in fostering the capabilities we deem most relevant to work readiness and success."
This is an argument the Humanities will always lose.
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www.usatoday.com www.usatoday.com
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“It’s part of our increasing tendency to value the conversation and the everyday over the experts and the formal,” she said.
Fish/Rhetoric
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- Jan 2018
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presidentialrhetoric.com presidentialrhetoric.com
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Our fellow citizens, too, who in proportion to their love of liberty keep a steady eye upon the means of sustaining it, do not require to be reminded of the duty they owe to themselves to remedy all essential defects in so vital a part of their system. While they are sensible that every evil attendant upon its operation is not necessarily indicative of a bad organization, but may proceed from temporary causes, yet the habitual presence, or even a single instance, of evils which can be clearly traced to an organic defect will not, I trust, be over-looked through a too scrupulous veneration for the work of their ancestors. The Constitution was an experiment committed to the virtue and intelligence of the great mass of our country-men, in whose ranks the framers of it themselves were to perform the part of patriotic observation and scrutiny, and if they have passed from the stage of existence with an increased confidence in its general adaptation to our condition we should learn from authority so high the duty of fortifying the points in it which time proves to be exposed rather than be deterred from approaching them by the suggestions of fear or the dictates of misplaced reverence.
Jackson's argument for amending the Constitution. What's important to him (or anyone): the end goal (in this case, changing the VP election law) or the supporting logic (the Founders understood their imperfection and so provided ways to rectify structural problems).
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- Nov 2017
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44uc8dkwa8q3f5b66w13vilg-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com 44uc8dkwa8q3f5b66w13vilg-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com
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I personally never seen it as a problem with my patients, but the only people I know who are taking like 20 grams of fish oil are in head trauma recovery programs. People say, "Oh, you should worry about bleeding or bruising." I haven't seen that as a significant problem.
High doses Fish Oil. Omega 3
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- Sep 2017
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futurepress.github.io futurepress.github.io
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There was a fishy flavor to the milk, too, which I could not at all account for, till one morning happening to take a stroll along the beach among some fishermen’s boats, I saw Hosea’s brindled cow feeding on fish remnants, and marching along the sand with each foot in a cod’s decapitated head, looking very slip-shod, I assure ye.
Why the milk tastes fishy: the cows eat fish.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Jun 2017
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opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com
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I will not be attending the Modern Language Association meeting in Seattle (Jan. 5-8), but I have read through the program to see what’s going on and what’s no longer going on in literary studies.
Isn't this a little like a movie reviewer saying, "I haven't seen this movie, but here's the problem with it"?
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- Mar 2017
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environment.yale.edu environment.yale.edu
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Interpretive Communities
Should be credited to Stanley Fish.
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www.jstor.org www.jstor.org
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There may well be a dominant reading, but this can erode over time if the “interpretive community” (Fish 1980) to which it speaks changes or the message lost entirely if that com-munity is decisively disrupted or displaced.14
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fau.digital.flvc.org fau.digital.flvc.org
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interpretive communities
Should be credited to Stanley Fish
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thijs-homan.nl thijs-homan.nl
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interpretive communities
Should be credited to Stanley Fish.
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www.jstor.org.proxyau.wrlc.org www.jstor.org.proxyau.wrlc.org
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ccording to Dobrin, without theory, "composition scholarship will stagnate, and composition as a field will be defined within the narrow confines of a service orientation" (23). We risk invisibility and illegiti macy, and those attributes would have dire consequences for the field as a whole.
True.
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www.jstor.org.proxyau.wrlc.org www.jstor.org.proxyau.wrlc.org
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rather, he doesn't like it because he thinks it makes claims for benefits that cannot be scientifically substantiated and so leaves academe open to all sorts of meddling criticism
But that's not all, right? I'm thinking in terms of Hawk, though Fish doesn't go so far. More specifically, Hawk says the only to teach such values is to give students opportunity to discover it on their own, right?
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an a sentence. Indeed, by characterizing my field as "composition studies" only, Fish leaves out a major part of what we do: addressing not only the structure of language but also the rhetorical means of persuasion
Not any longer.
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inst-fs-dub-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-dub-prod.inscloudgate.net
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(students always know what they are expected to believe)
They always know there's a game and no matter how much I try to break out of this game, construct ways to break these bounds, I am still constrained by the situation. I've merely changed the rules of the game.
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The Eskimo reading is unacceptable because there is at present no interpretive strategy for producing it, no way of "looking" or reading (and remember, all acts of looking or reading are "ways") that would result in the emergence of obviously Eskiri:lO meanings. This does not mean, however, that no such strategy could ever come into play, and it is not difficult to imagine the circumstances under which it would establish itself.
And this is the point.
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- Feb 2017
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www.ncte.org www.ncte.org
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So when Fish says “form” he means “school grammar” and syntax.
No.
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Winterowd states that “current-traditionalism simply has no advocates” (En-glish 14), and among compositionists this is generally true.
hmm
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Translated into pedagogy, this belief typically results in some version of current-traditionalism. And despite some novel elements, Fish’s approach to writing instruction is indeed current-traditional, within a belletristic conception of English as the refined appreciation of literature.
Argument
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Meanwhile, current-traditional composition already has its prominent public intellectual: Stanley Fish.
Contention
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it continues to frame public attitudes toward writing pedagogy, and thus—to the extent that the public assesses practice and influences policy—continues to influence com-position.
The problem.
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current-traditional p
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learningsuite.byu.edu learningsuite.byu.edu
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For current-traditional rhetoric, reality is rational, regular and certain - a realm which when it is not static is at least in a predictable, harmonious, symmetrical balance. Meaning thus exists independent of the perceiving mind, reposing in external reality.
No way Fish believes this.
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- Jul 2016
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books.google.ca books.google.ca
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Retrieval methods designed for small databases decline rapidly in effectiveness as collections grow...
This is an interesting point that is missed in the Distant reading controversies: its all very well to say that you prefer close reading, but close reading doesn't scale--or rather the methodologies used to decide what to close read were developed when big data didn't exist. How to you combine that when you can read everything. I.e. You close read Dickins because he's what survived the 19th C as being worth reading. But now, if we could recover everything from the 19th C how do you justify methodologically not looking more widely?
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- Jun 2016
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No Bias, No Merit: The Case against Blind Submission
Fish, Stanley. 1988. “Guest Column: No Bias, No Merit: The Case against Blind Submission.” PMLA 103 (5): 739–48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/462513.
An interesting essay in the context I'm reading it (alongside Foucault's What is an author in preparation for a discussion of scientific authorship.
Among the interesting things about it are the way it encapsulates a distinction between the humanities and sciences in method (though Fish doesn't see it and it comes back to bite him in the Sokol affair). What Frye thinks is important because he is an author-function in Foucault's terms, I.e. a discourse initiator to whom we return for new insight.
Fish cites Peters and Ceci 1982 on peer review, and sides with those who argue that ethos should count in review of science as well.
Also interesting for an illustration of how much the field changed, from new criticism in the 1970s (when the first draft was written) until "now" i.e. 1989 when political criticism is the norm.
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But perhaps the greatest change is the one that renders the key opposition of the essay-between the timeless realm of literature and the pressures and exigencies of politics-inaccurate as a description of the assumptions prevailing in the profession. There are of course those who still believe that literature is defined by its independence of social and political contexts (a "concrete universal" in Wimsatt's terms), but today the most influential and up-to-date voices are those that proclaim exactly the reverse and ar- gue that the thesis of literary autonomy is itself a political one, part and parcel of an effort by the con- servative forces in society to protect traditional values from oppositional discourse. Rather than reflecting, as Ransom would have it, an "order of existence" purer than that which one finds in "actual life," lit- erature in this new (historicist) vision directly and vigorously "participates in historical processes and in the political management of reality" (Howard 25). Moreover, as Louis Montrose observes, if litera- ture is reconceived as a social rather than a merely aesthetic practice, literary criticism, in order to be true to its object, must be rearticulated as a social practice too and no longer be regarded as a merely academic or professional exercise (11-12
How much literary criticism changed between 1979, 1982, and 1988! From ontological wholes to politicised
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Reviewers who receive a paper from which the identifying marks have been removed will immediately put in place an (imagined) set of circumstances of exactly the kind they are supposedly ignoring. I
creating an implied author in peer review
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Nevertheless, there were a few who questioned that definition of fairness and challenged the assumption that it was wrong for reviewers to take institutional affiliation and history into consider- ation. "We consider a result from a scientist who has never before been wrong much more seriously than a similar report from a scientist who has never before been right. . . . It is neither unnatural nor wrong that the work of scientists who have achieved eminence through a long record of important and suc- cessful research is accepted with fewer reservations than the work of less eminent scientists" (196). "A reviewer may be justified in assuming at the outset that [well-known] people know what they are do- ing" (211). "Those of us who publish establish some kind of track record. If our papers stand the test of time . . . it can be expected that we have acquired expertise in scientific methodology" (244). (This last respondent is a woman and a Nobel laureate.)
Fish reporting on the minority in response to Peters and Ceci who argued that track records should count in peer review of science
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A similar point is made by some of the participants in a discussion of peer review published in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences: An International Journal of Current Research and Theory with Open Peer Commentary (5 [1982]: 187-255). The occasion was the report of research conducted by D. P. Peters and S. J. Ceci. Peters and Ceci had taken twelve articles published in twelve different journals, altered the titles, substituted for the names of the authors fictitious names identified as researchers at institu- tions no one had ever heard of (because they were, made up), and resubmitted the articles to the jour- nals that had originally accepted them. Three of the articles were recognized as resubmissions, and of the remaining nine eight were rejected. The response to these results ranged from horror ("It puts at risk the whole conceptual framework within which we are accustomed to make observations and con- struct theories" [245]) to "so what else is new."
Peters & Ceci 1982 comes up!
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c. To the question "What is criti- cism?" Ransom answers with what it is n
Again definition by exclusion
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Before that meeting was held, however, a second letter arrived, written this time by "my" president, informing me that the constitution was in fact already available in the form of the constitution, ready made as it were, of the Milton Society, which also, the letter went on to say, was to provide the model for a banquet, a reception, an after-dinner speaker, an honored scholar, and the publication of a membership booklet, the chief function of which was to be the listing of the publications, recent and forthcoming, of the members. The manner in which work on Spenser is to be recognized and honored will have its source not in a direct confrontation with the poet or his poem but in the apparatus of an organization devoted to another poet. Spenser studies will be imita- tive of Milton studies; the anxiety of influence, it would seem, can work backwards. Moreover, it con- tinues to work. The recent mail has brought me, and some of you, an announcement of a new publication, the Sidney Newsletter, to be organized, we are told, "along the lines of the well-established and highly successful Spenser Newsletter," which was organized along the lines of the well-established and highly successful Milton Newsletter
Colonisation of Milton by the Spenser society. Anxiety of Influence among scholarly societies.
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Here is the real message of the letter and the real rationale of the Spenser Society of America: to multiply the institutional contexts in which writing on Spenser will at once be demanded and published. It so happens that the letter was written before the society's first meeting, but as this sentence shows, the society need never have met at all, since its most impor- tant goal-the creation of a Spenser industry with all its attendant machinery-had already been achieved
The creation of the Spenser industry: how communities create fields
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. It follows then that the machinery of the institution does not grow up to accommodate needs that are independently perceived but that, rather, the institutional machinery comes first and the needs then follow, as do the ways of meeting them. In short, the work to be done is not what the institution responds to but what it create
On the creative nature of literary criticism
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t "[ilf Northrop Frye should write an essay attacking archetypal criticism, the article would by definition be of much greater significance than an article by another scholar attack- ing the same approach" (Schaefer 5). The reason, of course, is that the approach is not something in- dependent of what Northrop Frye has previously said about it; indeed, in large part archetypal criticism is what Northrop Frye has said about it, and therefore anything he now says about it is not so much to be measured against an independent truth as it is to be regarded, at least potentially, as a new pronouncement of what the truth will hereafter be said to be
author-function at work: Frye is an author-concept and his work is a coherent whole--an Oeuvre.
This is absolutely fine for literary criticism and the humanities. The same is in practice true of the sciences--what Steven Hawking says about physics is more interesting than other people, especially if he reverses his previous claims. But in contrast to Frye, where a reversal is a change in the discursive practice (cf. Foucault), in the case of science, it should not be the case that hearing a "great man" reverse himself is more significant than hearing an unknown post-doc. The reversal should be evidence-based.
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what the Waddington-Lewis example shows (among other things) is that merit, rather than being a quality that can be identified independently of professional or institutional conditions, is a product of those conditions; and, moreover, since those conditions are not stable but change con- tinually, the shape of what will be recognized as meritorious is always in the process of changing too. So that while it is true that as critics we write with the goal of living up to a standard (of worth, illumi- nation, etc.) it is a standard that had been made not in eternity by God or by Aristotle but in the profes- sion by the men and women who have preceded us; and in the act of trying to live up to it, we are also, and necessarily, refashioning
merit is fashioned by communal practice
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Everyone is aware of that risk, although it is usually not acknowledged with the explicitness that one finds in the opening sentence of Raymond Waddington's essay on books 11 and 12 of Paradise Lost. "Few of us today," Waddington writes, "could risk echoing C. S. Lewis's condemnation of the concluding books of Paradise Lost as an 'untransmuted lump of futurity"' (9). The nature of the risk that Wad- dington is about not to take is made clear in the very next sentence, where we learn that a generation of critics has been busily demonstrating the subtlety and complexity of these books and establishing the fact that they are the product of a controlled poetic design. What this means is that the kind of thing that one can now say about them is constrained in advance, for, given the present state of the art, the critic who is concerned with maintaining his or her professional credentials is obliged to say something that makes them better. Indeed, the safest thing the critic can say (and Waddington proceeds in this es- say to say it) is that, while there is now a general recognition of the excellence of these books, it is still the case that they are faulted for some deficiency that is in fact, if properly understood, a virtue. Of course, this rule (actually a rule of thumb) does not hold across the board. When Waddington observes that "few of us today could risk," he is acknowledging, ever so obliquely, that there are some of us who could. Who are they, and how did they achieve their special status? Well, obviously C. S. Lewis was once one (although it may not have been a risk for him, and if it wasn't why wasn't it?), and if he had not already died in 1972, when Waddington was writing, presumably he could have been one again. That is, Lewis's status as an authority on Renaissance literature was such that he could offer readings with- out courting the risk facing others who might go against the professional grain, the risk of not being listened to, of remaining unpublished, of being unattended to, the risk of producing something that was by definition-a definition derived from prevailing institutional conditions-without me
on the necessity of discovering virtue in literary work as a professional convention of our discipline.
This is a really interesting and useful passage for my first year lectures
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Instead they would be dismissed as being a waste of a colleague's time, or as beside the point, or as uninformed, or simply as unprofessional. This last judgment would not be a casual one; to be unprofessional is not simply to have violated some external rule or piece of decorum. It is to have ig- nored (and by ignoring flouted) the process by which the institution determines the conditions under which its rewards will be given or withheld. These conditions are nowhere written down, but they are understood by everyone who works in the field and, indeed, any understanding one might have of the field is inseparable from (because it will have been produced by) an awareness, often tacit, of these con- ditions
On the role of professionalism in enforcing community standards:
[T]o be unprofessional is not simply to have violated some external rule or piece of decorum. It is to have ignored (and by ignoring flouted) the process by which the institution determines the conditions under which its rewards will be given or withheld. These conditions are nowhere written down, but they are understood by everyone who works in the field and, indeed, any understanding one might have of the field is inseparable from (because it will have been produced by) an awareness, often tacit, of these conditions
This is very applicable to scientific authorship
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convention is a way of acknowledging that we are engaged in a com- munity activity in which the value of one's work is directly related to the work that has been done by others;
Convention is a way of acknowledging we are engaged in a community activity in which the value of one's work is directly related to the work that has been done by others.
Interesting riff on professionalism in this whole paragraph.
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one bothers to define it, except negatively as everything apart from the distractions of rank, affilia- tion, professional status, past achievements, ideological identification, sex, "or anything that might be known about the author"
People are able to define merit by its absence... like excellence.
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Everyone agrees that intrinsic merit should be protected; it is just a ques- tion of whether or not the price of protection-the possible erosion of the humanistic community-is too high. In what follows I would like not so much to enter the debate as to challenge its terms by argu- ing that merit is not in fact identifiable apart from the "extraneous considerations" that blind submis- sion would supposedly eliminate. I want to argue, in short, that there is no such thing as intrinsic merit, and indeed, if I may paraphrase James i, "no bias, no merit
Fish arguing that intrinsic merit doesn't exist
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. Predict- ably, Schaefer's statement provoked a lively exchange in which the lines of battle were firmly, and, as I will argue, narrowly, drawn. On the one hand those who agreed with Schaefer feared that a policy of anonymous review would involve a surrender "to the spurious notions about objectivity and absolute value that . . . scientists and social scientists banter about"; on the other hand those whose primary concern was with the fairness of the procedure believed that "[jiustice should be blind" ("Correspon- dence" 4). Each side concedes the force of the opposing argument-the proponents of anonymous re- view admit that impersonality brings its dangers, and the defenders of the status quo acknowledge that it is important to prevent "extraneous considerations" from interfering with the identification of true merit (5)
Discussion of debate at MLA about plan to introduce blind submission to PMLA and comparison with sciences and social sciences.
Tags
- positivism
- foucault 1969
- conventions
- booth 1961
- community
- professional standards
- double-blind
- societies
- merit
- ethics
- fish 1988
- authority
- disciplinary difference
- foucault 1979
- excellence
- peer-review
- peters & ceci 1982
- literary criticism
- creation vs. discovery
- methods of definition
- communities of practice
- economics
- bias
- implied author
- extrinsic rewards
- scientific vs. discursive schools
- authorship
- scholarly communication
- rewards
- history
Annotators
URL
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screen.oxfordjournals.org screen.oxfordjournals.org
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verningthis function is the belief that there must be - at a particular levelof an author's thought, of his conscious or unconscious desire — apoint where contradictions are resolved, where the incompatibleelements can be shown to relate to one another or to cohere arounda fundamental and originating contradiction. Fin
This is not true (in theory) of scientific authorship. We don't judge the coherence of the oeuvre.
Again it conflict with Fish's view of literary criticism
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Assuming that we are dealing with an author, is everything hewrote and said, everything he left behind, to be included in hiswork
This is very interesting, because it brings in Booth's Implied Author (i.e., basically, the "Author brand"). For literature, this is a real thing. We are interested in specific canons and ouevres because we like them and are attracted to the implied author they represent. But in Science writing, there should not be a similar implied author--in the sense that we shouldn't find science better because one person and wrote it and not another; we don't see science in terms of the ouevre of the author, but rather the instance of the work.
This then finally, ties to Fish's point about how anonymity is not appropriate to literary criticism: he sees the existence of an ouevre being relevant there in a way it shouldn't be in science.
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