https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/01/we-dont-want-all-the-fluffy-stuff-pacific-islands-push-australia-to-take-strong-action-on-climate

Anwälte, die eng mit Charles Koch und Koch Industries verbunden sind, unterstützen vor dem Supreme Court der USA Fischer, die gegen Fangbeschränkungen durch eine Umweltbehörde klagen. Ziel ist, dass Bundesbehörden auch die Fossilindustrie und andere Bereiche der Wirtschaft nicht mehr wirksam kontrollieren können. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/koch-chevron-deference-supreme-court.html

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2023/dec/12/cop-28-live-latest-updates-climate-conference?page=with:block-6578043a8f08daf1a2a76792#block-6578043a8f08daf1a2a76792

• for: quote, quote - Pacific Northwest heatwave, extinction, biodiversity loss, climate departure
• quote
  • the total number of marine invertebrates killed was almost certainly in the billions.

• for: intertidal zones, Canary in the mineshaft, Pacific Northwest heatwave, marine heatwave
• paraphrase
  • Rocky intertidal shores are some of the most physically stressful habitats on Earth, and
    • many of the species that occupy them often live very close to their physiological tolerance limits.
  • Intertidal ecosystems are therefore often used as bellwethers for the ecological effects of
    • climate change and
    • extreme weather events.
  • Plants and animals that live in the intertidal zone are especially susceptible to extremely high temperatures during daytime low tides,
    • when solar radiation can raise organismal body temperatures well above air temperature.
  • The hottest days of the 2021 heatwave coincided with
    • very low, early afternoon low tides throughout most of the Salish Sea (the inland waters of BC and Washington State).
  • As a result, surface temperatures in excess of 50 °C were observed in the intertidal zone,
    • particularly on gently sloping south and west-facing surfaces that received the most direct solar radiation.

• for: meteorology, forecasting, ensemble forecasting, Pacific Northwest heatwave
• paraphrase
  • forecasts of the magnitude and longevity of the event were very good;
  • although forecasted high-temperature records fell 1–3 °C short of the observed highs in many cases.

• for: definition, definition - heat dome, Pacific Northwest heatwave

• paraphrase

  • This event was widely described in the media as a “heat dome”, wherein
    • subsidence/adiabatic warming,
    • “trapped air”, and
    • sensible heating
  • are the dominant mechanisms driving the anomalous heat.
  • This conceptual model ignores the role of upstream diabatic heating,
    • which our analysis
  • shows is a significant heat source.
  • This “heat dome” phrase is not a common phrase within the scientific community

• comment

  • the authors do not refer to this event as a heat dome, as is popularly used in the media because diabatic heating was involved

• for: weather prediction, climate prediction, Pacific Northwest heatwave, comment, question, question - Pacific Northwest heatwave
• paraphrase
  • near-term forecasts of this event were good, albeit underestimating the magnitude of the maximum temperatures.
• comment
• question
  • could appropriate measures have been in taken, our were the predicted temperature so far off that appropriate measures could not be recommended?
  • in particular, with the mass dieoff from the marine heatwave of an estimate billion marines organisms due to:
    • low tide,
    • high surface air temperature and
    • elevated ocean temperatures,
  • could interventions have been organized such as:
    • increasing dissolved oxygen levels in parts of the ocean dense with sea life or
    • soaking shellfish exposed to extreme sea surface temperature?
  • what are the future impacts in terms of biodiversity loss and extinction?

• for climate change - impacts, climate departure, extinction, biodiversity loss, marine heat wave, ubc, Pacific Northwest heatwave
• paraphrase
• stats
  • An unprecedented heatwave occurred in the Pacific Northwest (PNW)
    • from ~25 June to 2 July 2021,
    • over lands colonially named
      • British Columbia (BC)
      • Alberta (AB) in Canada,
      • Washington (WA),
      • Oregon (OR) in the United States.
  • Near-surface air temperature anomalies reached up to 16–20 °C above normal over a wide region (Fig. 1),
    • with many locations breaking all-time maximum temperature records by more than 5 °C (Fig. 2a).
  • The Canadian national temperature record was broken 3 days in a row, at multiple locations,
    • with the highest temperature of 49.6 °C recorded in Lytton, BC, on 29 June (Figs. 1b),
    • 4.6 °C higher than the Canadian record prior to this event.
  • The new record temperature was reportedly the hottest worldwide temperature recorded north of 45° latitude,
    • and hotter than any recorded temperature in Europe or South America.

Ausführliche Erklärung des El Nino Phänomens mit einer instruktiven Animation. In diesem und im kommenden Jahr könnte dieses Phänomen in Verbindung mit den Temperaturerhöhungen durch die Treibhausgase zu globalen Temperaturrekorden führen. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit wird es Extremwetterereignisse verstärken.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/24/el-nino-how-the-weather-event-is-affecting-global-heating-in-2023

Die australische Regierung fördert aktiv die Vernetzung der Wirtschaft mit dem größten mineralölkonzern der Welt der saudischen Aramco - die auch von allen Firmen der Welt den höchsten emissionsausstoß verursacht. Aramco hat im März einen Gewinn von 161 Milliarden Dollar bekannt gegeben, den größten Gewinn in der gesamten Geschichte der Mineralölindustrie. der Guardian berichtet über Proteste gegen dazu geplantes regierungsevent.

Interview mit dem Meteorologen Eric Guilyardi über die Folgen von El Niño – mit 80% Wahrlscheinlichkeit kommt es dazu in diesem Jahr. Extremwetterereignisse in Australien, Indonesien und den Phillippinen (Trockenheiten), im Ozean (Hitzewellen mit Korallenbleichen) und in Südamerika (Starkregen) werden wahrscheinlicher. Für dieses oder das kommende Jahr ist mit einem globalen Temperaturreckord zu rechnen.

Prof. Devi Sridhar. (2021, April 8). Biden-Harris Administration gets that it is COVID-19 itself hurting the economy (the virus circulating, not just the restrictions). Stopping COVID-19 is best way to get people’s lives & livelihoods back. [Tweet]. @devisridhar. https://twitter.com/devisridhar/status/1380095008787857409

'No obvious relationship to historic events' is blatantly inaccurate here. The US military was active in the Pacific for the entirety of this time frame reestablishing the power in the Pacific US colonies. It naturally would follow that volcanic activity would be reported at higher rates as military vessels were combing the area.

Yee, A. (n.d.). COVID’s Outsize Impact on Asian Americans Is Being Ignored. Scientific American. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/covids-outsize-impact-on-asian-americans-is-being-ignored/

Covid Explodes in Cancun, Los Cabos as New Wave Hits Mexico. (2021, July 23). Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-23/covid-explodes-in-cancun-and-los-cabos-as-third-wave-hits-mexico

McClure, H. (2021, May 12). How conspiracy theories led to Covid vaccine hesitancy in the Pacific. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/13/how-conspiracy-theories-led-to-covid-vaccine-hesitancy-in-the-pacific

the Guardian. ‘Pandemic Forcing Girls in South-East Asia and Pacific out of School and into Marriage – Study’, 15 March 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/16/pandemic-forcing-girls-in-south-east-asia-and-pacific-out-of-school-and-into-marriage-study.

Reuters. ‘New Zealand to Resume Taking Refugees a Year after Covid Border Closure’. the Guardian, 5 February 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/05/new-zealand-to-resume-taking-refugees-a-year-after-covid-border-closure.

Chen, Shawna. ‘Biden Administration to Offer $250 Million in Grants to Help Address COVID Response Inequities’. Axios. Accessed 10 March 2021. https://www.axios.com/covid-inequities-biden-250-million-grants-faf391fc-53e5-409b-94c8-894426108d05.html.

The Canadian Pacific Railway company was incorporated in 1881. Less than five years later the transcontinental line from Montreal to Port Moody, a distance of 2,893 miles, was completed (Eagle, 3). Its original purpose was in the construction of a transcontinental railway, to fulfill a promise made to British Columbia upon its entry into Confederation in 1871. On November 7th, 1885, company director Donald Smith drove the last spike among the mountains of British Columbia, marking the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway (Woodcock, 47). It was completed in less than half the time it was originally contracted for; and the feat of building this three-thousand-mile railroad over difficult terrain in less than five years can be largely attributed to William Cornelius Van Home, the first General Manager of the Canadian Pacific (Woodcock, 54). The creation of the CPR provided Canada with a transportation infrastructure necessary for its western ambitions and allowed the country to make use of the land it had acquired. Its completion in 1885 “marked an important stage in the process by which Canada changed from a loose group of scattered colonies, divided by a great waste of prairie and mountains inhabited only by Indians and fur traders, into the nation it is today” (Woodcock, 48). The CPR soon became the country’s most successful narrative and played an important role in the development of the nation by connecting the Canadian territory from east to west and unifying the dominion in its path.

In order for the railway to be profitable, the CPR needed more passengers and cargo, however few people inhabited the Canadian west at that time. The CPR operated mostly in the wilderness and the usefulness of the prairies was considered to have great potential for the newly formed Dominion of Canada. As early as 1881, Canadian Pacific got involved in land settlement and land sales. Under the initial contract with the Canadian Government to build the railway, the CPR was granted 25,000,000 acres of land and the Canadian Pacific began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada. Canadian Pacific advertised land for settlers in Eastern Canada and the United States, and placed advertisements in European newspapers describing the fertile land of the Canadian Prairies. In 1909, Canadian Pacific spent more money promoting immigration than the Canadian government (Eagle).

The CPR represented the long-awaited liberation of the Canadian West; however, it was a privately-owned corporation as well as a national dream and its profits benefited the Canadian Pacific Railway company, not the nation as a whole (Friesen, 8). Its power in western Canada was immense and without competition, Canadian Pacific was a monopoly. However, as more people continued to head west, settlements sprang up overnight and there soon developed both a need for more transportation and a break in the monopoly and power of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company (Lowe, 53). In 1904, the passage of the Transcontinental Railway Bill through the Parliament of Canada became one of the most significant legislative acts for the Dominion of Canada (MacKenzie King, 136). It represented the movement away from the privately owned Canadian Pacific Railway Corporation and the need for more security and independence in regard to the industrial and commercial expansion of Canada.

Photo Credit: The Last Spike

Bibliography:

Friesen, Gerald, A. 1984. "Preparing for Western Settlement, 1870-1890." Journal of The West 23, no. 4: 5-10. 

Lowe, Norman, J. 1978. "Canada's Third Transcontinental Railway: The Grand Trunk Pacific/National Transcontinental Railways." Journal of The West 17, no. 4: 52-61. 

Regehr, T. D. The Canadian Northern Railway: Pioneer Road of the Northern Prairies, 1895–1918. Toronto: Macmillan. 1976.

W. L. MacKenzie King. "The National Transcontinental Railway of Canada." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 19, no. 1 (1904): 136-48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884867.

Woodcock, George. 1958. "The Canadian Pacific Railway." History Today 8, no. 1: 47-55. 

The Pacific Science Congress is in core meeting for the Pacific Science Association. These meetings take place every four years in various locations throughout the Asia- Pacific Rim and Basin. Various scientists, at different levels of expertise, present at the congress. Presentations are based on the central theme and have anywhere between 1000 and 2000 people in attendance. Each meeting has a President and a Secretary-General who represent them. The first meeting took place between August 2 and 20, 1920 in Honolulu, HI. The meetings and the

Starting in 1969, there have been twelve Pacific Science Inter-Congresses. These meetings are smaller and focus on a more central theme. They, like the Pacific Science Congresses, take place every four years, staggered between them. They also are located in similar locations in the Pacific region.

The article quotes Dr. Ian McTaggart-Cowan, who was speaking on August 26, 1975, during the 13th Pacific Science Congress in Vancouver, Canada at the University of British Columbia. Dr. McTaggart Cowan was the President for this meeting. For that year, the Pacific Science Congress's theme was “Sublethal Effects of Pollution on Aquatic Organisms”. Since this meeting, there hasn’t been another meeting in Canada or one with focus on the issues Arctic Canada faces. The most recent congress took place summer of 2016 in Taipai, Taiwan, with the theme “Sceince, Technology, and Innovation: Building a Sustainable Future in Asia and the Pacific.” These meetings are so important because they bring together a group of scientists with similar studies and interests. By presenting and sharing their ideas, scientists can work together to have a conscious and sustainable Pacific.

Annotated from the Pacific Science Association's website www.pacificscience.org.

No. The TPP is another trade agreement created by corporations, for corporations -- with no input from everyone else.

http://www.michaelgeist.ca/tag/tpp/<br> https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/12/how-tpp-will-affect-you-and-your-digital-rights<br> https://act.eff.org/action/tell-congress-to-vote-no-on-the-tpp

The EFF calls on Americans to urge Congress to oppose the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), a trade deal negotiated entirely in secret. This page provides a form that makes it easy to email your representatives.