- Apr 2024
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Local file Local file
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classify
Ideally, when classifying, one should draw up classes which are mutually exclusive so as to better differentiate the items under consideration. This is not always possible and there are some cases where having overlap my be beneficial in one's work.
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to classify means to draw up a scheme, to class meansto apply it.
Classification is a noun from which classify and class are attendant verbs which should have different meanings. The first is the creation of a plan or scheme and the second is the application of that plan. Defining these becomes important for bigger organizations as the two actions can be carried out by different people and their meaning is even more important for individual note takers as they may be doing both operations simultaneously and thereby miss some important parts of the process which cause issues later on. (¶101)
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ClassificationIV CLASSIFICATION98 Meanings To explain the meaning of the term classifica-tion, let us take a family of related terms andcompare the range of their meaning. The following will serveour purpose:to enumerate, to arrange, to class, to classify, to systemise,to organise.
you have to appreciate him differentiating his terms even if he's not coming to terms with others.
He's a professional librarian at the turn of the 20th century, so his definitions of words like enumerate, arrange, class, classify, systematize, and organize will be intriguing.
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Discrimination
in ¶90-96 he provides some advice about selection and discrimination of reading sources and materials for indexing as a means of cutting down on the information overload problem
Some of his factors include: - relying on experience in a field/area to narrow down - limiting one's scope of activity - staying away from reference books (dictionaries, encyclopedias - discriminate in favor of the specific versus the general - don't admit duplicative literature (unless one is working syntopically—though he doesn't admit this caveat), and prefer the most authoritative sources - prefer authoritative authors, when given, but make space for new writers who may be more careful in their writing and argumentation - discriminate by style and composition and in particular stay away from pernicious advertising-related material (today he might advocate away from listicles, content farms, etc.)
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In this connection it is also usefulsometimes to bear in mind, that the small article does not as-a rule admit of systematic treatment of a given subject, thatperiodical literature is tied to time for its appearance, thatnovelty and notoriety, catering to the masses, i.e. to thealmighty dollar, play a good part in the production of unripeliterature, that some sort of news may be supplied merely tohelp us swallow the ubiquitous advertisement.
Again he's mentioning advertising... obviously it was starting to become a significant factor in people's regular reading sources (presumably magazines) to bear mentioning it and advising caution as a result.
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it would in most cases be sufficient to indexfrom the most authoritative paper
When possible, use the most authoritative source in your work, but one should balance this out with the additional work required to find and quote that source versus taking it from a secondary and reliable source.
Academic researchers ought to default to the original and most authoritative, but others may find it more expedient and just as valuable to rely on secondary sources.
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RE: Thinking about Luhmann's ZKI and ZKII at https://hypothes.is/a/nEPjVPN3Ee6EheNfkl3DfA
I have to wonder if there's an explicit nod to both ZKI and ZKII in Daniel Lüdecke's naming of ZKN3 here? or had he simply gone through prior iterations of the software himself?
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If a variation of any importancebecomes necessary then it is best to start a new index.
Given his experience in the space, the work of creating a second index (card index/zettelkasten), marks an important change or shift in perspective.
This may shed light on Niklas Luhmann's practices between ZKI and ZKII. What were the important differences between the two? Presumably closer focus was important for ZKII.
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Experiencein dealing with quantities of literature and our special knowledgein our particular field should enable us to discriminate so thaton the one hand no information of value is allowed to slip byand on the other hand we are not burdening ourselves withuseless material.
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Advertising although somewhat discredited is anart which rests for its success on a close study of psychology.
psychology was already being applied to advertising in 1908...
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The quantity of literature has increased but the methods of 82•dealing with it or controlling it have not advanced proportion-
The root problem of information overload.
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Quantity
Everything he highlights here is still present over a century later and only amplified to the nth degree.
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to the change from books to articles and papers, whichleads to a large amount of duplication, and the ne-cessity of wading through a great deal of what doesnot interest us directly.
Since 1908 there's also been the move towards small digestible social media which increases the dial on repetition and duplication, but the sense of flow created by dopamine hits to be found in the attention economy make these difficult things to overcome.
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The small article does reflect however one very general feature 79in modern activity i.e. to treat the specific rather than thegeneral.
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The neglect of the book is however not altogether advanta- 78geous.
There is a range of reading lengths and levels of argumentation which can be found in these various ranges.
Some will complain about the death of books or the rise of articles or the rise of social media and the attention economy. Where is balance to be found.
Kaiser speaks to these issues in ¶75-79. One must wonder what Kaiser would have thought about the bite-sized nature of social media and it's distracting nature?
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The tendency is becoming more and moreThe Article pronounced to reduce the bulky volume toarticles published in periodical literature, sothat information formerly printed in book form is now cutup into slices and published at intervals. Collective bodies ofall kinds, increasing ad infinitum, almost always have theirorgans of publicity, again mostly periodicals. These and otherfacilities for publishing articles have brought to light innumer-able authors. Who does not read a paper or write an articlenowadays ? Whatever our opinion, we have to deal with thefact that this tendency exists and that it is largely instrumentalin swelling the bulk of indexable literature to almost unmanage-able proportions.
A quote from 1908 about information overload, though not as heavy-handed as other examples, but still complaint-like in nature.
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For the purpose of indexing we shall divide 73our stock of names or terms into those ofconcretes, processes and countries, concretes being the com-modities with which we are concerned, processes indicatingtheir actions, and countries indicating the localities with whichthe concretes are connected (295 et seq.) .
There are likely other metadata he may be missing here: - in particular dates/times/time periods which may be useful for the historians. - others? - general forms of useful metadata from a database perspective?
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it may even be desirable toindex illustrations without description.
I'm reminded of Dennis Duncan's (2022) description of a book which indexed photos as a means of reaching those who were illiterate.
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We quote because we are afraid to-change words, lest there be a change in meaning.
Quotations are easier to collect than writing things out in one's own words, not only because it requires no work, but we may be afraid of changing the original meaning by changing the original words or by collapsing the context and divorcing the words from their original environment.
Perhaps some may be afraid that the words sound "right" and they have a sense of understanding of them, but they don't quite have a full grasp of the situation. Of course this may be remedied by the reader or listener not only by putting heard stories into their own words and providing additional concrete illustrative examples of the concepts. These exercises are meant to ensure that one has properly heard/read and understood a concept. Psychologists call this paraphrasing or repetition the "echo effect" (others might say parroting or mirroring) and have found that it can help to build understanding, connection, and likeability between people. Great leaders who do this will be sure to make sure that credit for the original ideas goes to the originator and not to themselves simply because they repeated it, especially in group settings where their words may have more primacy amidst their underlings.
(I can't find it at the moment, but there's a name/tag for this in my notes? looping?)
Beyond this, can one place the idea into a more clear language than the original? Add some poetry perhaps? Make the concept into a concrete meme to make it more memorable?
Journalists like to quote because it gives primacy of voice to the speaker and provides the reader with the sense that they're getting the original from which they might make up their own minds. It also provides a veneer of vérité to their reportage.
Link this back to Terrence's comedy: https://hypothes.is/a/xe15ZKPGEe6NJkeL77Ji4Q
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Description and illustration are^ comple-mentary, they give together a more complete picture than citherwithout the other.
Kaiser says that "description and illustration are complementary, they give together a more complete picture than either without the other" and this sentiment is similar to Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren's pedagogy of restatement and providing concrete examples a means of testing understanding.
See: - https://hypothes.is/a/RgUa-mOcEe6PChv_seYXZA - https://hypothes.is/a/B3sDhlm5Ee6wF0fRYO0OQg
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Form u hi l
Formulation
Here Kaiser seems to be considering the similar concept of "coming to terms", a process which is far from simple.
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Whether we can ex-press in words or not what we observe, has nothing to do withthe fact of observing and reasoning, which must be regardedas quite independent and separate from any record in words.When we arrive at a stage where we desire to reproduce ourobservations by means of language, we enter an entirely newfield of reasoning.
again he's providing ample room for orality.
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Divergence of views istherefore universal and necessarily so. This is of immensevalue to us, difference of opinion is in fact the parent of im-provement and progress. Divergence causes us to comparenotes as it were, it helps to broaden our views.
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Concretes are only known to us superficially.
This seems antithetical to the broader idea of concrete! His definition of concrete isn't very concrete is it?
Is he calling to mind Webster's (1913) definition:
To form into a mass, as by the cohesion or coalescence of separate particles.
If this is the case, then having small notes or excerpts with short indices is clearer for small particles which could then be glued together for summarization.
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emphasises thenecessity of taking note of any serious assertion even if contraryto our own ideas.
Taking note of any serious ideas which are contrary to our own conceptions is important because this may lead us to new realizations about concretes which in turn leads to new frontiers of knowledge.
One must find a way to push through potential cognitive dissonance to compare ideas and sharpen them over time.
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Words are brought into relation according to recognised rulesand thus give language. Language is that by means of whichwe describe or record intelligently. Records represent know-ledge, they give information, information belongs to our businessmaterials; we use it, we apply it, hence we group it into classesto make it accessible, we index it. Broadly speaking literatureis the result of1 observation of concretes2 translating our observations into language.
While Kaiser's definition of literature presumes letters and writing, his use of it doesn't narrow it down to require literacy, it speaks only of observations and language.
Similarly his use of "records" doesn't need to only to require writing.
As such, the description here of recording information, while applicable to literate cultures, leaves plenty of room for oral cultures who use similar systems to do the same thing.
Songlines and related mnemonics are certainly means of indexing information.
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What we record is whatwe observe, what we reason out. The subjects of our observingand reasoning arc things in general, real or imaginary, andthe conditions attaching to them. We shall call them concretesand processes respectively.
His definition of these could stand to be more concrete.
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.Summarising is optional.
Kaiser's emphasis is definitely on indexing which is much more important than summarizing, which he views as optional.
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summarisingwe bring the various extracts into one consistent statement.
this definition is subtly different than the common definition of summarizing, and Kaiser places it last in the list instead of first the way I would have. He doesn't use it in the strict sense of "boiling down" which he'd used in ¶46, but in a sense similar to to beginning to build excerpts back up into something new.
This seems subtly different than authors saying one shouldn't just quote things in their notes, but write them in their own words.
He's treating the excerpting and summarizing as very distinct different steps.
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Stated briefly the work of the intelligence department can be 50brought under the three heads: filing, indexing and summarising.
For Kaiser, his "intelligence department" has three broad functions: summarizing, indexing, and filing.
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A few moment's reflection will showus that if our pieces are too large, we shall not have the same•opportunity of building up. The process of summarising orbuilding up is in fact restricted by the size of the pieces,generally speaking the smaller the pieces the better the chanceto build up. Too large pieces will preclude us altogetherfrom reporting on smaller subjects.
Here Kaiser touches on the broader themes inherent in the concepts of atomic notes, which might be used to build up new and interesting structures. He doesn't specify the "size of a note" nor does he say that one will "know it when they see it", but he's suggesting something very close to it.
Rather than define the appropriate size, a feat which is difficult to do at best, he's providing a very narrow set of benefits for encouraging one to cut things down to size as they index them: small pieces are easier to use to build new things.
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By the process of indexing therefore we boildown, we reduce our materials to that which is essential forour purpose, we create a nucleus of effective information, in-formation which will be of real use to us in the pursuit ofour business. We cast aside what after due examination isfound to be of no value or to lie outside our field of action.
compare this boiling down to his comment at https://hypothes.is/a/psgmlu7qEe6MIiNGfuzB2A
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ur materials naturally fall into two classes,Materials Camples and literature; they represent oneand the same thing— commodities, the one inconcrete form and the other in abstract form. One is thecommodity and the other describes it.
the definitions of samples and literature here are presumed and not well defined.
In the case of note taking for text-based cases, one could potentially considers direct quotes as the "samples".
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Classification work is however not quite as simple as it maylook, on the contrary, it is a rather tricky subject, for wemust give our classes a name, we must define them, we mustknow at any rate ourselves where they begin and where theyend. It would never do for the classes to interfere with each,other, they must be defined so that they neither overlap amongthemselves nor leave any ground of the organisation as a wholeuncovered. That is certainly a difficulty but it is not insur-mountable where patience and perseverance are brought to»bear.
Kaiser's idea of classification work bears close similarity to Mortimer Adler/Charles Van Doren's concept of coming to terms. There are subtle shades between ideas which must be differentiated so as to better situate them with respect to others.
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Since a smaller number can be more easily 29of numbers controlled than a larger one, the aim of or-ganisation obviously is to reduce the numbersto a manageable compass so as to assure adequate control.That is done by dividing the numbers off into groups, depart-ments, classes etc. Thus we may have classes of materials,labour etc, or we may have classes of kinds of materials,labour etc, according to the nature of our business and theextent of our organisation. These classes provide us with thefoundation, the fixed points on which our organisation can bebuilt up.Classification — the mapping out of the various classes— is there- 30fore a subject of the greatest importance in all organisationwork.
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The same applies to reorganisation, whoseobject is merely to substitute superior for inferior control oradequate for inadequate control.
Substituting what Kaiser calls "superior for inferior control" which he defines as "reorganization" is a path which allows for the ideas behind the progressive enhancement of raw (fleeting) notes to commonplacing, to indexing, to a Luhmann-artig zettelkasten to work for a broad variety of people. Not everyone will require the same level of organization.
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Organisation may be called the science of the 27numbers simultaneous control of numbers. Organisa-tion whether small or large, is the directconsequence of numbers and the greater the numbers, the moreneed for organisation. Numbers compel us to organise, withoutsome organisation there can be no effective management, noeffective control
This is the reasoning for why we'll want an indexed system. The vast wealth of information may be overwhelming, but with the ability to organize and control it (by writing it down and indexing it) we can turn it into something useful.
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an organisation, i.e. a set of specialised systemscoordinated to work collectively with the same end in view.
organization<br /> : specialized systems carrying out concerted actions toward a stated goal or purpose
Note that even if some members of the organization create statistical noise in their actions, the larger organization may still move in a useful direction
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One transaction at a time would generallynot lead either to much work or muchbusiness, and besides, a transaction cannot always be completedwhile you wait. The consequence is that we arrive at a num-ber of transactions going on simultaneously. When we nowreach the stage of too much work, then we must find waysand means to supplement our energy. Thus we arrive at amultitude of transactions by means of concerted action.
While using different verbiage, Kaiser is talking about the idea of information overload here and providing the means to tame it by appropriately breaking it up into pieces upon which we might better apply our energies to turn it into something.
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Our individuality is our greatest asset.
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The unit of our activity is the single transac-tion. The activity of the large'st organisationis but a multiple of the single transaction
Here in rough form is a different definition of C. Hidalgo's personbyte and firmbyte idea.
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Reference numbers to paragraphs in vol I are distinguishedby a preceding I
Even in writing his book, which takes the form of a numbered and indexed card index, he's making explicit links to the similar card index which he made in volume 1 of the book. It's as if he's created his own hypertext of linked material between the two volumes.
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The first draft of this scheme of indexing was worked out inPhiladelphia in 1896-7 and after some years of constant appli-cation involving an index of some 50,000 cards it was re-written-in the light of experience gained.
Julius Kaiser built a card index (zettelkasten) of 50,000 index cards based on a system he says he worked out between 1896-7 when he was Librarian of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum. In following years he applied the system to three additional card indexes (of unmentioned sizes).
His experience in doing this provides significant ethos for his coming arguments and discussion.
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by system we eliminate duplication, we concentratecontrol;
Part of Luhmann's practice in looking up ideas to place in his zettelkasten first was a means of preventing duplication of ideas. If an idea is repeated, that can be noted on the extant card as evidence that others see the idea too or one can compare the potential subtle differences as a means of expanding the space.
Eliminating duplication also assists in the ratchet effect of collecting information and connecting it.
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means of control.
Note Kaiser's repeated use of "control" within the book as an ongoing theme. He, like many is looking to overcome information overload, but frames it within a system which provides readers and knowledge workers with control over it.
He doesn't mention information overload as a phrase, but hints at it in earlier portions. (where? find an example)
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You cannot buy a ready-made intelligence departmenton which to run your business.
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what little indexing is attempted can only 14be described as an unsystematic effort. The catchword methodof the catalogue has been bodily transplanted to indexing,which makes it very difficult to control our indexed informationproperly, and limits our supply of information to that whichwill fall in with the catchword method
Catchwords (broad or even narrow topics) can be useful, but one should expand beyond these short words to full phrases or even sentences/paragraphs which contain atomic (or perhaps molecular) ideas that can be linked.
We could reframe the atomic as simple catchwords, and make molecular ideas combinations of these smaller atoms which form larger and fuller thoughts which can be linked and remixed with others.
Dennis Duncan (2022) touches on this in his book on Indexing when he looks at indexes which contained portions of their fuller text which were later removed and thereby collapsing context. Having these pieces added back in gave a fuller picture of ideas within an index. Connect this idea with his historical examples.
Great indexes go beyond the catchword to incorporate full ideas with additional context. To some extent this is what Luhmann was doing at larger scale compared to his commonplacing brethren who were operating far more closely to the catchword (tag) level. (Fortunately they held the context in their heads and were thus able to overcome some of the otherwise inherent problems.)
The development of all of this historically seems to follow the principle of small pieces loosely joined.
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The dif-ference between a catalogue and an index is so great thatthey ought not to be confused; a catalogue mainly deals withbooks, an index mainly handles information.
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t our index would refer us to electricitywherever mentioned in the text of our literature if usableinformation is given, and it should also tell us something more—the aspect under which it is treated in each case. Whetherand from what aspect information is usable, that we must decidefor ourselves.
Kaiser speaks here of the issue of missing index entries in commercial and even library-based indexes versus the personal indexing of one's own card index/zettelkasten.
Some of the problem comes down to a question of scale as well as semantics, but there's also something tied up with the levels of specificity from broad category headwords to more specific, and finally down to the level of individual ideas. Some of this can be seen in the levels of specificity within the Syntopicon though there aren't any (?, doublecheck) of links from one idea directly to another.
Note that while there may be direct links from a single idea to another, there is still infinite space by which one can interpose additional ideas between them.
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printed indexes leave the contents almost entirelyuntouched.
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it follows that no purchasable articlecan supply our individual wants so far as a key to our stockof information is concerned. We shall always be mainly de-pendent in this direction upon our own efforts to meet ourown situation.
I appreciate his emphasis on "always" here. Though given our current rise of artificial intelligence and ChatGPT, this is obviously a problem which people are attempting to overcome.
Sadly, AI seem to be designed for the commercial masses in the same way that Google Search is (cross reference: https://hypothes.is/a/jx6MYvETEe6Ip2OnCJnJbg), so without a large enough model of your own interests, can AI solve your personal problems? And if this is the case, how much data will it really need? To solve this problem, you need your own storehouse of personally curated data to teach an AI. Even if you have such a store for an AI, will the AI still proceed in the direction you would in reality or will it represent some stochastic or random process from the point it leaves your personal data set?
How do we get around the chicken-and-egg problem here? What else might the solution space look like outside of this sketch?
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That is not the case.It is true, a variety of published indexes, catalogues and biblio-graphies to periodical and other literature exists, but they donot and cannot meet our individual case, for1 Every individual moves in a sphere of his own and coversindividual ground such as a printed index cannot touch.2 Printed indexes although they give usable information,cannot go sufficiently into details, they must studyabove all the common requirements of a number ofsubscribers sufficiently large to assure their existenceand continuance (apart from the question of adver-tising).
Kaiser's argument for why building a personal index of notes is more valuable than relying on the indexes of others.
Note that this is answer still stands firmly even after the advent of both the Mundaneum, Google, and other digital search methods (not to mention his statement about ignoring advertising, which obviously had irksome aspects even in 1911.) Our needs and desires are idiosyncratic, so our personal indexes are going to be imminently more valuable to us over time because of these idiosyncrasies. Sure, you could just Google it, but Google answers stand alone and don't build you toward insight without the added work of creating your own index.
Some of this is bound up in the idea that your own personal notes are far more valuable than the notes someone else may have taken and passed along to you.
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Indexing, whichis the process by which our information is collected and madeaccessible is therefore a subject whose importance it would bedifficult to overestimate; it is. a subject which no man aspiringto success can afford to ignore altogether.
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When our stock of information has been systematically arranged,and is available for use, it has ceased to be a mere note-book,which it may have been at the start; it h;i^ x'adually developedinto tin- nucleus of an intelligence department, «>\crin- .-illthe subjects and their ramifications within the scope of oaractivity.
intelligence department!!!
subtlety in definition of "mere note-book" versus card index
Kaiser doesn't give a strong definition of the difference between notes (here taking on a fleeting sort of definition), and notes indexed and arranged, but he gives it a powerful sounding name and implies that there is useful power within the practice of doing so.
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we are not giving ourselves a deal of trouble merely forthe pleasure thereof
😂
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we shall beginto realise that a more judicious selection may be desirable.Experience alone can guide us in this.
Only personal experience in your note taking practice will guide you on what is most valuable for excerpting. After time you will come to know and understand what is worth spending your time on and what isn't. You will not learn this from others experience, only your own, and this is why we call it practice.
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We make notes mentally too,for that is the only way to gather knowledge, and a well trainedmemory is always a great asset,
I appreciate the space for an oral perspective here in a book from1911.
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wait his future volumes with aconsiderable amount of interest. The third volume — namely, " The
this was never produced?
Elaine Svenonius in Facet Definition: a Case Study https://web.archive.org/web/20220803153450id_/https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0943-7444-1978-3-134.pdf comes to a similar conclusion
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The volume we have before us, is thefirst of a series of three,
Only two volumes of the three were ever produced as far as I can tell.
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The book is excel-lently arranged and printed ; it is provided with a full index, and is-bound in a limp cover, which renders it easily handled by a busyman.
"limp cover"!
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The subject is treated quite dispassionately,no particular file or cabinet is thrust upon the reader, but the re-quirements of ideal appliances and the state of existing ones aredescribed.
Further evidence to the claim at https://hypothes.is/a/iQwqzvC4Ee6PrNfzDQurog
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Automobile and Carriage Builders' Journal, October 1908. Duringthe last five or six years the carriage builder has been adopting,perhaps slowly, and often unwillingly, the card system in his office.,owing to the extra detail the motor business has brought with it.It will have probably been introduced by a new partner who hasbrought new money into the business, when extra funds were necessaryto cope with the new state of affairs. The motor manufacturer usesit instinctively, for he brings with him,
as a rule, the law, order, and precision of an engineer's office.
There's an interesting dichotomy presented here about the tech forwardness of the automobile industry in 1908 versus the tech reticence of the carriage builders in regard to adopting card indexes with respect to their related (though different) industries.
Me (sarcastically):<br /> "Oh, those backwards carriage builders will get with the 'program' any day now..."
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card system are indebted tothese catalogues for their information. But all these publications areprimarily concerned with the particular cabinet or file of the firm inwhose interest they are published.
Variations of card index systems were published in booklet form by filing cabinet manufacturers as a means of selling not only their cabinets, but their systems for using them was common in the early 1900s. Examples of magazine advertisements in System Magazine back this up. It is also specifically highlighted in a review of J. Kaiser's book "The Card System at the Office" from Ironmonger (1909-10-03) which appreciates a more fully fleshed out version of a card index system in book form without mention of specific manufacturing firms.
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o businesses of varied sizes are set forth and their working illustrated."We note with appreciation the author's use of "flags" as indic.itors.Our experience of these handy and ingenious little devices datesfrom their first introduction in the States, and we can endorse all that"he says in their favour.
When were bookmark-like "flags" introduced in America? (Certainly prior to 1908, based on this reference.)
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Yet it is doubtful whether since theintroduction of the typewriter there has been an invention so beneficialto modern business as the card-index system.
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The progress of the card system in England has•undoubtedly been very slow; a fact which may be due primarilyto the constitutional conservatism of English business men, althoughprobably it is partly accounted for by the natural irritation and reaction•caused by the hustling but not always tactful enthusiasm of the manyAmerican salesmen who for several years past have been its principalmissionaries.
Early "techbro" culture in America from 1908?!?
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So far as we are aware, this is the first adequatebook on the card system which has been published in this country.In the main, information on the subject has only been procurablefrom the catalogues and booklets (many of them excellent andinforming; issued by the manufacturers of the impedimenta of thesystem,
anecdotal evidence from Ironmonger (1908) that this is the first card index book and prior versions are only of shorter booklet-like forms.
(Naturally, I don't trust this in the fullest sense.)
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Kaiser, J. Systematic Indexing. The Card System Series 2. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., 1911. http://archive.org/details/systematicindexi00kaisuoft.
Annotation URL: urn:x-pdf:2acc267d4cbe455af640e4a707a84692
See alternate version at: # or https://www.google.com/books/edition/Systematic_Indexing/iwFDAAAAIAAJ?hl=en Google-Books-ID: iwFDAAAAIAAJ
(Switched for better OCR)
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- overwhelm
- spectrum of categories from wide to ultra-specific
- summarizing
- make work
- ZKN3
- note taking process
- card index manuals
- advertising
- descending into the particular
- The Card System Series
- boiling down
- References
- personbyte
- zettelkasten output
- testing understanding
- selectivity
- catchwords
- catalogs
- zettelkasten why
- convergence
- indexes
- flags
- time is money
- typewriters
- small pieces loosely joined
- context collapse
- hypertext
- intelligence department
- Google advertising
- mathematics
- automobiles vs. horse carriages
- discrimination
- primary sources
- filing systems
- quot homines tot sententiae
- indexing problems
- group note taking
- parroting
- indexing
- laziness
- human resources
- concentration of ideas
- accessibility
- quotations
- class
Annotators
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