RRID:AB_305055
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab5690, RRID:AB_305055)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_305055
RRID:AB_305055
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab5690, RRID:AB_305055)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_305055
RRID:AB_2723343
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 45-5932-82, RRID:AB_2723343)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2723343
RRID:AB_925753
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 45-7177-82, RRID:AB_925753)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_925753
RRID:AB_469588
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 25-0112-82, RRID:AB_469588)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_469588
RRID:AB_469504
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 17-7311-82, RRID:AB_469504)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_469504
RRID:AB_2572532
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11-9668-82, RRID:AB_2572532)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2572532
RRID:AB_464896
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11-0042-82, RRID:AB_464896)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_464896
RRID:AB_468923
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 16-0281-86, RRID:AB_468923)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_468923
RRID:AB_468849
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 16-0031-86, RRID:AB_468849)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_468849
RRID:SCR_002798
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: GraphPad Prism (RRID:SCR_002798)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002798
RRID:SCR_008520
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118104
Resource: FlowJo (RRID:SCR_008520)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_008520
RRID:AB_2534079
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11012, RRID:AB_2534079)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534079
RRID:AB_228307
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 31430, RRID:AB_228307)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_228307
RRID:AB_228341
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 31460, RRID:AB_228341)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_228341
RRID:AB_2534069
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11001, RRID:AB_2534069)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534069
RRID:AB_2535792
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Molecular Probes Cat# A-21206 (also A21206), RRID:AB_2535792)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2535792
RRID:AB_2857666
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: RRID:AB_2857666
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2857666
Plasmid_140690
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: RRID:Addgene_140690
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_140690
Plasmid_12260
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260
RRID:AB_2891798
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Bethyl Cat# A500-019A, RRID:AB_2891798)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2891798
RRID:AB_444303
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab18181, RRID:AB_444303)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_444303
RRID:AB_2118291
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab4729, RRID:AB_2118291)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2118291
RRID:AB_3662689
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: RRID:AB_3662689
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3662689
RRID:AB_731493
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab40772, RRID:AB_731493)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_731493
RRID:AB_2184205
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab23980, RRID:AB_2184205)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2184205
RRID:AB_2242334
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3700, RRID:AB_2242334)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2242334
RRID:AB_309864
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Millipore Cat# 05-636, RRID:AB_309864)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_309864
RRID:AB_2660661
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: RRID:AB_2660661
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2660661
RRID:AB_2086794
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2899, RRID:AB_2086794)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2086794
RRID:AB_2732805
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118101
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 12556, RRID:AB_2732805)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2732805
SCR_016341
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: Seurat (RRID:SCR_016341)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_016341
SCR_008520
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: FlowJo (RRID:SCR_008520)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_008520
RRID:SCR_000432
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: RStudio (RRID:SCR_000432)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000432
RRID:SCR_015530
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: HISAT2 (RRID:SCR_015530)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_015530
RRID:AB_10950102
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Bio X Cell Cat# BE0173, RRID:AB_10950102)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10950102
RRID:SCR_014583
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: FastQC (RRID:SCR_014583)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_014583
RRID:AB_2534074
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11006, RRID:AB_2534074)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534074
RRID:AB_2535813
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-21245, RRID:AB_2535813)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2535813
RRID:SCR_017344
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: Cell Ranger (RRID:SCR_017344)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_017344
RRID:AB_11000742
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MA5-12960, RRID:AB_11000742)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11000742
RRID:SCR_003070
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: ImageJ (RRID:SCR_003070)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_003070
RRID:AB_10376289
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MF48000, RRID:AB_10376289)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10376289
RRID:SCR_002798
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: GraphPad Prism (RRID:SCR_002798)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002798
RRID:AB_2756838
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab180904, RRID:AB_2756838)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2756838
RRID:AB_1107784
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Bio X Cell Cat# BE0083, RRID:AB_1107784)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1107784
RRID:AB_2921020
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: RRID:AB_2921020
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2921020
RRID:SCR_001905
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: R Project for Statistical Computing (RRID:SCR_001905)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_001905
RRID:SCR_000154
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: DESeq (RRID:SCR_000154)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000154
RRID:AB_2925544
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 404-7177-82, RRID:AB_2925544)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2925544
RRID:AB_2563052
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100563, RRID:AB_2563052)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2563052
RRID:AB_1186099
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 127608, RRID:AB_1186099)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1186099
RRID:AB_10897644
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 137708, RRID:AB_10897644)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10897644
RRID:AB_10640120
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 128026, RRID:AB_10640120)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10640120
RRID:AB_2744919
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 78-5711-82, RRID:AB_2744919)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2744919
RRID:AB_2566556
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 139316, RRID:AB_2566556)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2566556
RRID:AB_313433
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 109210, RRID:AB_313433)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_313433
RRID:AB_312979
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 103114, RRID:AB_312979)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312979
RRID:AB_313177
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 105306, RRID:AB_313177)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_313177
RRID:AB_493697
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100216, RRID:AB_493697)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_493697
RRID:AB_312751
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100712, RRID:AB_312751)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312751
RRID:AB_395506
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 554680, RRID:AB_395506)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_395506
RRID:AB_2905474
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 400911, RRID:AB_2905474)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2905474
RRID:AB_2565431
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101257, RRID:AB_2565431)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2565431
RRID:AB_1574975
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118100
Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101320, RRID:AB_1574975)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1574975
RRID:SCR_001881
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218882
Resource: DAVID (RRID:SCR_001881)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_001881
RRID:SCR_002798
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218882
Resource: GraphPad Prism (RRID:SCR_002798)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002798
RRID:SCR_001905
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218882
Resource: R Project for Statistical Computing (RRID:SCR_001905)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_001905
RRID:AB_260795
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150575
Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# N7155, RRID:AB_260795)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_260795
RRID:AB_2338046
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150575
Resource: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 111-545-003, RRID:AB_2338046)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2338046
RRID:SCR_025356
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2026.152733
Resource: University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center Cancer Bioinformatic Services Core Facility (RRID:SCR_025356)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_025356
RRID:SCR_022735
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2026.152733
Resource: University of Pittsburgh Center for Research Computing Core Facility (RRID:SCR_022735)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_022735
RRID:CVCL_4693
DOI: 10.1007/s11655-026-3961-y
Resource: RRID:CVCL_4693
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_4693
AB_2722564
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# SA00001-2, RRID:AB_2722564)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2722564
AB_2722565
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# SA00001-1, RRID:AB_2722565)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2722565
AB_2061561
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 50599-2-Ig, RRID:AB_2061561)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2061561
AB_2801561
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab134953, RRID:AB_2801561)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2801561
AB_2885028
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: RRID:AB_2885028
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2885028
AB_2918565
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: RRID:AB_2918565
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2918565
AB_2916070
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Abmart Cat# M30109, RRID:AB_2916070)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2916070
AB_10837225
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 55259-1-AP, RRID:AB_10837225)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10837225
AB_2879713
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: RRID:AB_2879713
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2879713
AB_2880616
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: RRID:AB_2880616
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2880616
AB_2548975
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: RRID:AB_2548975
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2548975
AB_2877735
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 10420-1-AP, RRID:AB_2877735)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2877735
AB_2073476
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9509, RRID:AB_2073476)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2073476
AB_2070042
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9664, RRID:AB_2070042)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2070042
AB_11232599
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 66005-1-Ig, RRID:AB_11232599)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11232599
AB_11042321
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-026-10199-8
Resource: (Proteintech Cat# 51064-2-AP, RRID:AB_11042321)
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11042321
Addgene_26224
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-026-06218-w
Resource: RRID:Addgene_26224
Curator: @scibot
SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_26224
RRID:Addgene-68717
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-026-02294-y
Resource: RRID:Addgene_68717
Curator: @Apiekniewska
SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_68717
plasmid_252212
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2026.101796
Resource: RRID:SCR_002037
Curator: @Apiekniewska
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002037
plasmid_252214
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2026.101796
Resource: RRID:SCR_002037
Curator: @Apiekniewska
SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002037
plasmid_15
DOI: 10.1007/s12672-026-05177-9
Resource: RRID:Addgene_15477
Curator: @Apiekniewska
SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_15477
plasmid_12
DOI: 10.1007/s12672-026-05177-9
Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260
Curator: @Apiekniewska
SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260
Dead internet theory. October 2026. Page Version ID: 1377898523. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Internet_theory&oldid=1377898523 (visited on 2026-10-06).
Another interesting source I found on the Dead Internet Theory from Harvard: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv250200007M/abstract
Summary: The Dead Internet Theory is the idea that social media is becoming dominated by bots, AI-generated content, and corporate interests. This study looks at where the theory came from, its main ideas, and how it affects social media. It focuses on how platforms prioritize making money and keeping users engaged over real human interaction, making the internet feel less authentic and trustworthy.
Detail: One interesting detail from the paper is that an estimated 40–60% of web traffic comes from bots. I also learned the extent to which bots on these websites also artificially increase likes, comments, and shares, making online communities appear more active than they actually are. While I already suspected this on platforms like X. I feel like this study brought to life just how much of a problem it truly was.
Sarah Jeong. How to Make a Bot That Isn't Racist. Vice, March 2016. URL: https://www.vice.com/en/article/mg7g3y/how-to-make-a-not-racist-bot (visited on 2023-12-02).
The source explains that Tay became harmful because it learned from unfiltered user input. It also says bot creators should think about possible misuse before releasing a bot.
Zack Sharf. ‘Star Wars: The Last Jedi’ Backlash: Academic Study Reveals 50% of Online Hate Caused by Russian Trolls or Non-Humans. October 2018. URL: https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/star-wars-last-jedi-backlash-study-russian-trolls-rian-johnson-1202008645/ (visited on 2023-12-02).
Bay argues that much of the online fight over The Last Jedi wasn’t really fans disagreeing about a movie, but organized political influence efforts meant to make American society look more divided than it is. That shows how bots and trolls don’t need to be the majority.
Sean Cole. Inside the weird, shady world of click farms. January 2024. URL: https://www.huckmag.com/article/inside-the-weird-shady-world-of-click-farms (visited on
Its interesting how this topic raises, and brings awareness to the issue of engagement and how indiivduals, or groups of people, or organizations will go beyond the content of their work to get more discovery, more engagement. Its super important to realize we cannot trust and easily consume content on the internet. There is points and also benefits on the other end of the content.
The methylation differences between clones may be addressed by using the iPSC protocol described in https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06424-7 to establish the patient iPSCs, perhaps?
искусственный
Матрёшка понятий: Искусственный интеллект → Машинное обучение → Нейронные сети (глубокое обучение).
Классификация ИИ по возможностям:
| Вид | Что это | |---|---| | Слабый ИИ (Narrow AI) | Решает одну узкую задачу; всё, что существует сегодня | | Сильный ИИ (AGI) | Гипотетический ИИ, способный решать любые задачи на уровне человека | | Сверхинтеллект | Гипотетический ИИ, превосходящий человека во всех областях |
Тест Тьюринга (1950) — если человек-судья в текстовом диалоге не отличает машину от человека, машина прошла тест. Проверка поведения, а не сознания.
Китайская комната (Джон Сёрл, 1980) — человек в комнате, не знающий китайского, по инструкции составляет ответы. Снаружи кажется, что он понимает язык, но он лишь следует правилам. Аргумент против того, что прохождение теста Тьюринга означает «понимание».
Что умеет и не умеет ИИ:
| Умеет | Не умеет | |---|---| | Распознавать образы, речь, текст | Понимать смысл в человеческом смысле | | Предсказывать по данным | Рассуждать причинно-следственно | | Генерировать текст, изображения, код | Испытывать эмоции, иметь сознание | | Играть в игры, управлять роботами | Нести моральную ответственность |
Направления ИИ: компьютерное зрение, обработка естественного языка (NLP), распознавание речи, рекомендательные системы, робототехника, генеративные модели.
ИИ в повседневной жизни: поисковые подсказки, автоисправление, ленты соцсетей, рекомендации музыки и фильмов, обнаружение мошеннических транзакций, голосовые помощники, навигаторы.
| Характеристика | Что означает | Пример дефекта | |---|---|---| | Полнота | Все ли записи содержат значения в важных полях | В 30% анкет нет дохода — модель ошибается | | Точность | Соответствует ли значение истинной величине | Вместо 100 000 руб. указано 1 000 000 (лишний ноль) | | Актуальность | Отражают ли данные текущее положение | Кредитная история не обновлялась 12 месяцев | | Согласованность | Нет ли противоречий между источниками | В анкете «Иванов», в НБКИ «Иванова» | | Уникальность | Нет ли дубликатов записей | Один заёмщик попал в выборку 4 раза | | Валидность | Соответствуют ли значения формату и бизнес-правилам | В поле «телефон» указано «нет» или «12345» |
Вывод: качество данных определяет качество решений ИИ. Большая часть времени в реальных проектах уходит на подготовку и очистку данных.
Технические ошибки (можно исправить):
| Тип | Что это | |---|---| | Пропущенные значения | NULL (SQL), NaN (Python), None, специальные коды (-99) | | Выбросы (Outliers) | Значения, крайне далёкие от основной выборки | | Шум | Результат ошибки измерения или ввода | | Аномалия | Редкое, но реальное событие (мошенничество, сбой) | | Дубликаты | Полные или частичные копии записей | | Ошибки формата | «01.13.2025» вместо «13.01.2025», лишние пробелы | | Нарушение целостности | Ссылки на несуществующие записи |
Системные искажения (bias) — коварны, «зашиты» в процесс сбора данных:
| Тип смещения | Что это | Пример | |---|---|---| | Смещение выборки | Данные собраны нерепрезентативно | Модель лиц обучена на 80% мужчин — хуже работает на женщинах | | Историческое смещение | Данные отражают дискриминацию прошлого | Алгоритмы диагностики инфаркта хуже распознают симптомы у женщин | | Смещение измерения | Инструмент сбора искажает значения | Популярность актёра оценивают только по подписчикам в TikTok | | Смещение подтверждения | Сбор данных под уже имеющуюся гипотезу | — |
Этапы возникновения ошибок: сбор → хранение и интеграция → обработка и подготовка → использование.
Примеры из практики: - Наборы медицинских данных на Kaggle могли быть сфабрикованы — на их основе создано около 100 моделей, которые выводят из клинической практики. - «Vegetative electron microscopy» — бессмысленный термин, возникший из-за ошибки оцифровки, растиражирован ИИ и стал «цифровым ископаемым». - «Биксонимания» — вымышленная болезнь; чат-боты начали выдавать информацию о ней, а фальшивые статьи цитировались в рецензируемой литературе.
| Обычное программирование | Машинное обучение | |---|---| | Человек задаёт правила | Человек даёт данные и правильные ответы | | Компьютер обрабатывает данные по правилам | Компьютер сам выводит правила | | Выдаёт ответ | Применяет правила к новым данным |
| Вид | Что есть | Чему учимся | Задачи | |---|---|---|---| | С учителем | Примеры с правильными ответами | Предсказывать ответ для новых объектов | Классификация и регрессия | | Без учителя | Правильных ответов нет | Искать скрытую структуру | Кластеризация и поиск ассоциативных правил | | С подкреплением | Агент, среда и награда | Действовать так, чтобы набрать максимум награды | Метод — проба и ошибка |
| «Кит» | Что произошло | |---|---| | Данные | Цифровизация создала изобилие примеров; появились размеченные наборы (ImageNet) | | Вычислительные мощности | Производительность выросла на порядки; видеокарты (GPU) ускорили обучение | | Алгоритмы | Придумали, как эффективно обучать глубокие сети; открытые библиотеки сделали их доступными |
| Понятие | Что означает | Пример | |---|---|---| | Объект | То, для чего строим прогноз | Конкретная квартира, письмо, фотография | | Ответ (целевая переменная) | То, что предсказываем | Стоимость квартиры; спам/не спам | | Признак | Характеристика объекта | Площадь, этаж, расстояние до метро, район |
Инженерия признаков — умение придумывать и отбирать признаки. Пример: Target научилась предсказывать беременность по ~25 товарам.
Задача: предсказать цену квартиры. Даны 4 квартиры:
| Квартира | Площадь | До метро | Район | Цена | |---|---|---|---|---| | №1 | 50 | 0 | Черёмушки | 5 млн | | №2 | 90 | 1 | Черёмушки | 9 млн | | №3 | 60 | 0 | Хамовники | 24 млн | | №4 | 100 | 2 | Хамовники | 40 млн |
Модель №1: Цена = 100 000 × Площадь. Идеально для №1 и №2, провал для №3 и №4. Модель №2: Цена = 100 000 × Площадь − 1 000 000 × (До метро) + 1 000 000. Модель №3: Цена = 100 000 × Площадь − 1 000 000 × (До метро) + 300 000 × Площадь × (Центр?) + 1 000 000. Хорошо справляется со всеми.
Вывод: построение линейной модели — это (1) выбор признаков и (2) подбор чисел.
| Термин | Что это | Откуда берётся | |---|---|---| | Признаки | То, что описывает объект | Приходят из данных | | Параметры | Числа внутри модели (A, B, C, D) | Модель подбирает при обучении | | Гиперпараметры | Настройки, которые задаёт человек до обучения | Выбирает исследователь |
Признаки — про объект. Параметры — про модель. Гиперпараметры — про то, как мы решили модель строить.
| Тип | Что это | Пример | |---|---|---| | Числовые | Число, к которому применимы арифметика и сравнение | Площадь, возраст, зарплата | | Категориальные | Метки без числового смысла | Район, марка автомобиля, цвет | | Бинарные | Частный случай категориальных, значений два | Да/нет, мужчина/женщина | | Порядковые | Есть естественный порядок, но нет чётких «расстояний» | Уровень образования, оценка «плохо/нормально/отлично» |
Частая ошибка: закодировать категориальный признак числами (Черёмушки = 1, Хамовники = 2) и подать как числовой.
| Модель | Как работает | Особенность | |---|---|---| | Деревья решений | Цепочка вопросов «да/нет» | Легко понять и нарисовать | | Ансамбли: леса и бустинг | Много деревьев голосуют вместе | Градиентный бустинг побеждает в соревнованиях по табличным данным | | Нейронные сети | Сами выучивают признаки | Миллиарды параметров; основа генеративного ИИ |
Функция потерь (loss function) — показатель, который для каждой модели говорит, насколько сильно она ошибается. Чем больше значение, тем хуже. Работает как компас.
Для регрессии:
| Функция | Формула | Когда использовать | |---|---|---| | Квадратичная (MSE) | (прогноз − ответ)² | Когда выбросов мало; сильно наказывает за крупные промахи | | Абсолютная (MAE) | \|прогноз − ответ\| | Устойчивее к выбросам | | Хьюбера | Компромисс: для малых ошибок — как MSE, для больших — как MAE | Объединяет достоинства обеих | | Относительная (MAPE) | \|прогноз − ответ\| ÷ \|ответ\| | Когда объекты сильно различаются по масштабу |
Для классификации: - Бинарная (пороговая) функция «ноль–один» (0–1 loss): угадал — 0, ошибся — 1. Не используют для обучения, применяют для оценки готовых моделей.
Выборки:
| Выборка | Для чего | |---|---| | Обучающая | Модель настраивает параметры | | Проверочная (валидационная) | Настраиваем гиперпараметры | | Тестовая | Финальная беспристрастная проверка |
| Тип | Что это | Пример | |---|---|---| | Классификация изображений | Один ярлык на картинку | Фильтры в галерее | | Детекция объектов (bounding boxes) | Прямоугольник вокруг каждого объекта | Пешеходы и знаки для беспилотников | | Семантическая сегментация | Каждому пикселю — класс | «Дорога», «тротуар», «здание», «небо» | | Разметка текста | Тональность, именованные сущности | Анализ отзывов, поисковые подсказки | | Транскрипция аудио | Речь в текст с временными метками | Голосовые помощники, субтитры | | Скелетная разметка (keypoints) | Суставы и части тела | Спортивная аналитика, фитнес, жесты |
| Подход | Как работает | Плюсы и минусы | |---|---|---| | Ручная | Человек-эксперт или обученный исполнитель | Точная, но дорогая и медленная | | Автоматическая/полуавтоматическая | Модель делает черновую разметку, человек проверяет | Быстро, но риск «замкнутого круга» ошибок | | Краудсорсинг | Тысячи микрозаданий через платформы | Дёшево, но качество непредсказуемо |
Типичный конвейер: модель → краудсорсеры → эксперты.
| Элемент | Что это | Пример (идти ли на пикник?) | |---|---|---| | Входы (x₁, x₂, x₃) | Значения признаков | Температура, влажность, вероятность дождя | | Веса (w₁, w₂, w₃) | Важность каждого входа | Если влажность важнее — её вес больше | | Сумматор | Взвешенная сумма: S = x₁·w₁ + x₂·w₂ + x₃·w₃ | «Общее впечатление» | | Функция активации | Превращает сумму в выход | Если S > порог → 1 («идём»), иначе 0 |
| Слой | Что делает | Пример | |---|---|---| | Входной | Число нейронов = числу признаков | 784 нейрона для изображения 28×28 пикселей | | Скрытые | Выделяют всё более абстрактные признаки | Границы → формы → части объектов | | Выходной | Число нейронов = числу возможных ответов | 10 нейронов для цифр 0–9 |
| Архитектура | Для чего | Как работает | |---|---|---| | Свёрточные (CNN) | Изображения | Фильтры-свёртки скользят по картинке, ищут края, текстуры, узоры | | Рекуррентные (RNN, LSTM) | Последовательности: текст, речь, временные ряды | Есть «память» — обратные связи; слабость — длинные последовательности | | Трансформеры | Большие языковые модели (GPT, BERT) | Механизм внимания (attention) — учитывает сразу все части последовательности |
Трансформер описан в статье «Attention is All you Need» (2017, Google).
| Ограничение | Что это | Пример | |---|---|---| | 1. Непрозрачность («чёрный ящик») | Сложно объяснить, почему модель приняла решение | Банк отказывает в кредите: «профиль статистически похож на ненадёжных» | | 2. Уязвимость к состязательным атакам | Незаметные для человека изменения обманывают модель | Шум на фото панды → модель видит гиббона; стикеры на знаке «Стоп» → «ограничение скорости» | | 3. Переобучение и отсутствие обобщения | Модель выучила не то, что нужно | Волки и хаски: сеть научилась распознавать снег, а не животных | | 4. Катастрофическое забывание | При обучении новому теряются прежние навыки | Чат-бот забывает русский, обучившись на английском | | 5. «Мусор на входе — мусор на выходе» | Качество ИИ определяется данными | PredPol направлял патрули в районы темнокожих вдвое чаще — порочный круг | | 6. Отсутствие причинно-следственного мышления | ИИ улавливает корреляции, но не понимает причин | «Белый халат — значит, врач» | | 7. Энергоёмкость | Обучение крупных моделей требует колоссальных ресурсов | GPT-3: ~1287 МВт·ч, ~500 тонн CO₂ |
Робастность — способность модели сохранять качество в сложных, нестандартных или меняющихся условиях.
| Вид | Как работает | Пример | |---|---|---| | Простые рефлекторные | Жёсткое правило «если — то» | Термостат | | На основе модели среды | Внутренняя картина мира | Пылесос, помнящий план комнат | | Целеустремлённые | Планируют шаги к цели | Навигатор | | Ориентированные на полезность | Сравнивают варианты по «выгодности» | — | | Обучающиеся | Улучшают поведение на опыте; разбивают задачу, вызывают инструменты | Современные агенты на базе LLM |
| Компонент | Что делает | |---|---| | Планировщик | Разбивает цель на подзадачи | | Инструменты (tools) | Поиск, калькулятор, календарь, интерпретатор кода, платёжный API | | Память | Кратковременная (контекст задачи) и долговременная (предпочтения) | | Обратная связь и самопроверка | Оценивает результат и пересматривает план при неудаче |
Пример: «забронируй столик на двоих в пятницу» → уточняет район и время → ищет рестораны → проверяет места → бронирует → записывает в календарь.
Требования к ответственным агентам:
| Требование | Что означает | |---|---| | Предсказуемость | Поведение не должно преподносить сюрпризов | | Возможность вмешательства человека | «Человек в контуре» и кнопка «стоп» | | Прозрачность решений | Понятно, почему агент выбрал действие | | Ограничение полномочий | Необратимые вредные действия — только с подтверждения человека |
Хороший агент — не тот, кто может всё, а тот, кто может ровно столько, сколько ему безопасно доверить.
| Этап | Тип атаки | Что происходит | |---|---|---| | Данные | Отравление (Data Poisoning) | Подмешивают вредоносные примеры в обучающую выборку. Знаки «Стоп» с наклейками помечают как «ограничение скорости» | | Обучение и хранение | Кража модели (Model Extraction) | Через API восстанавливают копию модели или её логику | | Эксплуатация | Состязательные атаки | Специально изменённые данные обманывают модель | | Эксплуатация | Утечка обучающих данных | Model Inversion, Membership Inference — восстанавливают конфиденциальные данные | | Особый случай | Инъекция промпта (Prompt Injection) | Вредоносная команда спрятана в тексте, который модель должна просто прочитать |
| Угроза | Что происходит | |---|---| | Дипфейки | Имитация изображения и голоса человека. Случай Arup (январь 2024): сотрудник перевёл ~25 млн долларов, потому что на видеоконференции «увидел» финансового директора и коллег — все были дипфейками | | Фишинг нового качества | Грамотные, персонализированные письма без ошибок | | Автоматизация взлома | Ускорение подбора паролей и поиска уязвимостей | | Генерация вредоносного контента | Многочисленные варианты вредоносных программ | | Дезинформация и боты | Реалистичные комментарии и «отзывы», имитация массовой поддержки | | Социальная инженерия | Чат-боты входят в доверие в долгой переписке |
Объединяет всё — масштаб. То, что раньше требовало команды и недель, теперь автоматизируется.
Защита самого ИИ:
| Этап | Меры | |---|---| | Данные | Проверка источников, очистка, выявление аномалий | | Обучение | Состязательное обучение, ограничение доступа | | Эксплуатация | Мониторинг запросов, детекция подозрительных входов, объяснимый ИИ | | Организационные | Разграничение доступа, аудит, стандарты |
Противодействие злонамеренному использованию:
| Направление | Меры | |---|---| | Технические | Цифровые водяные знаки, стандарт C2PA (Content Credentials), детекторы дипфейков | | Правовые | Ответственность за дипфейки без согласия, обязательная маркировка | | Человеческий фактор | Обучение цифровой гигиене, многофакторная аутентификация |
| Правило | Что делать | |---|---| | Не доверяйте чат-боту секреты | Пароли, паспортные и банковские данные, коммерческую тайну вводить нельзя | | Проверяйте факты | Языковая модель может выдать «галлюцинацию» — сверяйте с первоисточником | | Относитесь к идеальным письмам с подозрением | Проверяйте адрес отправителя, перезванивайте по официальным контактам | | Не верьте видео и голосу на слово | Дипфейк способен подделать лицо и голос знакомого | | Ограничивайте полномочия агентов | Включайте подтверждение важных действий | | Ищите маркировку и происхождение контента | Обращайте внимание на метки сгенерированного ИИ-контента |
ИИ — не волшебство и не угроза сама по себе, а инструмент, сила и безопасность которого целиком зависят от того, насколько грамотно им пользуется человек.
| Часть | Содержание | |---|---| | Часть 1 | Что такое ИИ: определения, слабый/сильный/сверхинтеллект, тест Тьюринга, Китайская комната, что умеет и не умеет, направления, ИИ в повседневной жизни | | Часть 2 | Данные: качество данных (6 измерений), пример с банком, ошибки и bias, примеры (Kaggle, «vegetative electron microscopy», «биксонимания») | | Часть 3 | Машинное обучение: связь ИИ/ML/нейросетей, отличие от обычной программы, обучение с учителем, без учителя, с подкреплением, три «кита» | | Часть 4 | Модель: объект, признак, ответ, линейная модель, параметры, гиперпараметры, типы признаков, другие виды моделей | | Часть 5 | Функция потерь: MAE, MSE, MAPE, 0–1, обучение, градиентный спуск, переобучение, выборки, корреляция vs причинность | | Часть 6 | Разметка данных: виды, кто размечает, этика, примеры (Amazon, Clearview AI, Google Photos) | | Часть 7 | Нейронные сети: нейрон, слои, обучение, пример с цифрой «7», CNN, RNN, трансформеры | | Часть 8 | Риски и ограничения ИИ: 7 ограничений, риск-ориентированный подход, пирамида рисков (EU AI Act) | | Часть 9 | ИИ-агенты: цикл, виды, устройство, риски (Knight Capital, Replit), требования | | Часть 10 | Угрозы ИИ и безопасность: угрозы для ИИ и от ИИ, защита, цифровая гигиена |
Конспект завершён. Все 10 частей охвачены.
How are people’s expectations different for a bot and a “normal” user?
People's expectations for a bot are different from those for a normal user, given that it's an automated response rather than one from an actual human. If someone knows that content comes from an actual human, it adds to its trustworthiness. On the flip side, a bot indicates that someone is trying to gather, scrape, or automate the delivery of information, which could make people trust it a lot less.
Figure 1: Overview of X-WAM. Top: X-WAM is a unified 4D World Action Model that jointly predicts future multi-view RGB-D videos and robot actions from video priors, featuring a lightweight depth adaptation module for spatial reconstruction and Asynchronous Noise Sampling (ANS) for efficient action decoding. Bottom: X-WAM surpasses existing methods in policy success rate on RoboCasa and RoboTwin 2.0, produces high-fidelity 4D reconstruction and generation, and enables real-time execution deployment on physical robots.
联合生成4D视频结果以及机器人的未来状态与动作
(art. 6:98 BW
6:98 hoort toch in omvangsfase en niet in vestigingsfase van de OD
Version 6 of this preprint has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Paleontology.<br /> See the peer reviews and the recommendation.
.bat
Давай опустим фолдинг ниже, под "что делать,если"
команды
Нужно добавить предложение, про: Попробуйте установить приложение еще раз.
Статья про решение проблемы установки. Поэтому закончиться все в идеале должно успешной установкой.
В командной строке по очереди скопируйте и вставьте следующие команды.
Не очень хорошая формулировка. Давай заменим на: Последовательно скопируйте и вставьте команды в командную строку, дожидаясь выполнения каждой.
Или
Скопируйте команды и вставляйте их в командную строку по одной. Каждую следующую вставляйте только после того, как выполнится предыдущая.
.
Очень мелкий скрин получился (( текст прям не получается прочитать и слева очень толстая рамка. Если у самого окошка рамка есть, можно нашу уже не добавлять. Если она слева правда такая и ты не добавляла, оставь тогда ее.
также
мне кажется тут надо раздельно, проверьте так же, то есть аналогичным путем нет?
Occasionally I've signed my typewriters in inconspicuous places. I've also designed stickers that I use on machines I service and sell under the name Urban Legend Typewriters.
via Richard Polt
Twitter users quickly started tweeting racist comments at Tay, which Tay learned from and started tweeting out within one day.
I think bots that learn from users should have safeguards. The creators are still responsible for what the bot does.
progress
rrfghmmm,
depolarization
Explanation
Depolarization is the inward, depolarizing current in cardiac myocytes, driven mainly by Na and Ca channels; in the cardiac cycle, atrial depolarization is the P wave and ventricular depolarization is the QRS complex.
Check My Knowledge
1: What is depolarization in an excitable cell membrane?
Options:
A: A complete loss of membrane permeability
B: A return to the resting membrane potential
C: A decrease in membrane potential toward zero
D: A sustained increase in membrane potential
Answer: C. A decrease in membrane potential toward zero
2: During depolarization, which change in membrane voltage is occurring?
Options:
A: The outside becomes more negative
B: The inside becomes less negative
C: The outside becomes less positive
D: The inside becomes more negative
Answer: B. The inside becomes less negative
3: Which event is most directly described by depolarization?
Options:
A: Membrane potential reverses only after repolarization
B: Membrane potential becomes permanently absent
C: Membrane potential remains unchanged
D: Membrane potential moves away from the resting state
Answer: D. Membrane potential moves away from the resting state
větších městech,
V Praze, Brně a Olomouci zároveň roste P/I pomaleji než celorepublikový průměr.
That is, Do whatever benefits yourself. Altruism is bad.
I disagree with the idea that people should always do what benefits themselves. Sometimes helping someone else, even when you get nothing back, is still the right thing to do.
Note that in this selection of ethics frameworks motive and inner qualities don’t matter, only outward actions or outcomes.
I don’t think this is true for Kant. He argued that the only thing good without qualification is a “good will,” and that an action only has moral worth if it’s done out of duty, not just because it happens to match the rule.
20 mL
Kan det stämma?
so a patient who started a standard deviation above average
Jag har definitivt ett stort huvud, 61,5 centimeter hattmått. Men frågan är väl, mäter man inte krympningen av hjärnan i förhållande till kraniet? Så kan det verkligen variera så mycket. Men det är väl inte folk som har massa tomrum, i kraniet
earlier
No history
corrected
No history
nformation, copyright violations, claims no
LLM means advance understanding
A final point about symbols, and one that will loom larger in the context of some theories of embodied cognition, is that their relation to their content – to what they represent – is often arbitrary. The word “lamb” represents lamb, but not because the word and the animal are similar. The word is neither white, nor fluffy, nor best when grilled on a spit and served with lemon.
This is captivating to me to think about, of course something like the word lamb doesnt feel or is just the like word. But is that not the point of meaning, nothing in a grander context may have the meaning unless we apply it to it. I mean who's to say the word white doesn't have relation to its content when we the one that gives it its very definition. I do get it though our terms we societally follow like white often don't have an relation to what they are, but it is interesting to think about when meaning and what we give meaning to is so vast in it of itself. I wonder what words have relation to their original content in what they are?
“Perceptions are constructed, by complex brain processes, from fleeting fragmentary scraps of data signaled by the senses”
The diction Richard Gregory describes in this passage is almost robotic in nature. We see a lot of times in cognitive science and psychology the way our brain computes and structures itself almost in algorithmic ways and even the way we are "programmed" to believe certain beliefs or aspects about ourselves from our parents. I though this statement was notable because its reminder of how the overlap between computer and the way our brains function, we are constantly adapting. and the way we process and perceive is almost systematic, computational in a way. Its captivating and helps us understand that the way we perceive things and ourselves is constantly adapting and can be changed at any moment, now is not forever.
If the ceramic is shaped cylindrically, is closed on the bottom and open on top, is impermeable, has a handle, is within a certain range of sizes, then this is usually a good enough reason to describe the ceramic object as a coffee mug.
I wonder that since symbols are given meaning by our own interpretation and societal meanings, this statement exempts how we apply meaning to everything and that nothing that is outside of our awareness has meaning. Even something as simple as what we can describe a circular mug shaped object can be understood and meant to hold liquids by our own definition. It's just a reminder that we apply meaning and give it to anything no matter how small or big it is, and how what we give meaning to is forever changing because of how we are brand new in every moment.
Parrot (danger-dream/Parrot) Summary
Parrot is a unified AI protocol relay/proxy that sits between clients and multiple AI providers. It lets you manage Claude OAuth, ChatGPT/Codex OAuth, Cursor OAuth, Grok, and third-party APIs through a single gateway and Telegram admin panel.
Core Ideas Single proxy for many AI accounts/providers. Supports Anthropic Messages API, OpenAI Chat Completions, OpenAI Responses, image generation/editing, video generation, and MCP tools. Intelligent load balancing, failover, session affinity, quota monitoring, and automatic OAuth refresh. Can route requests across different upstreams while exposing a standard API to clients. Notable Features Multi-provider support: Claude, ChatGPT/Codex, Cursor, Grok, Zhipu, and other OpenAI/Anthropic-compatible services. Telegram-based graphical administration. Image and video generation routing. MCP server integration for search and media tools. Advanced scheduling using latency scoring, cooldowns, rate limits, and failover chains. Docker deployment with one-command installer. Architecture
Client → Standard API (Anthropic/OpenAI) → Scheduler → Load Balancer → OAuth/API Channels → Upstream AI Providers.
Why It Exists
Instead of running separate proxies and dashboards for Claude, OpenAI, Cursor, and others, Parrot abstracts them into reusable channels managed from one place.
Wiki Links [AIProxy]][AI Proxy]] [APIGateway]][API Gateway]] [AnthropicAPI]][Anthropic API]] [OpenAIAPI]][OpenAI API]] [OpenAIResponsesAPI]][OpenAI Responses API]] [ClaudeCode]][Claude Code]] [Codex]][Codex]] [CursorIDE]][Cursor IDE]] [OAuth2.0]][OAuth 2.0]] [SSE(Server−SentEvents)]][SSE (Server-Sent Events)]] [FastAPI]][FastAPI]] [MCP(ModelContextProtocol)]][MCP (Model Context Protocol)]] [LoadBalancing]][Load Balancing]] [Failover]][Failover]] [TelegramBot]][Telegram Bot]] [Docker]][Docker]] [RateLimiting]][Rate Limiting]] [SessionAffinity]][Session Affinity]]
SIM-based Telecalling Software for Outbound Calling
Enhance outbound calling with SIM-based telecalling software. Improve call quality, productivity, and connectivity for effective campaigns.
We will not consider those to be bots, since they aren’t run by a computer.
I get why the book draws this line, but I’m not sure it matters much from the user’s side. . If our ethics questions are about deception and responsibility, the click farm seems closer to a bot than to a normal user. I’d argue the definition should focus on whether the account acts authentically, not on whether there’s code involved.
name="Joe"
React는 이 데이터를 Props로 전달해. props = { name: "Joe" }
jsx
여기서 jsx()는 React의 JSX 변환 과정에서 사용하는 함수야. 쉽게 다음 형태로 이해하면 돼.
jsx(태그이름, { 속성들, children: 자식내용 });
안에 any JavaScript expression 사용 가능
일반 JavaScript에서는 평소처럼 코드를 쓰고, JSX 내부에서 JavaScript 값을 끼워 넣을 때만 {}를 사용하면 돼!
코드 {} 의미 function App() { ... } 함수 본문을 감싸는 중괄호
<h1>{name}</h1> JSX 안에서 JS 표현식 사용
onClick={() => alert("Hi")} JSX 속성에 JS 함수 전달
fragment <>...</> 사용
```function App() {
return (
<>
<h1>Hello</h1>
<p>Welcome</p>
</>
); }```
build tool이 각 <tag> 를 function call로 compile
JSX는 개발자가 편하게 작성하는 문법이고, Build Tool은 이를 브라우저에서 실행할 수 있는 JavaScript로 번역해 주는 거야.
Only “Can we do this?” Never “should we do this?
I think part of why these people had no answers is incentives. Tech workers get rewarded for shipping fast. I think the person building it is the one best positioned to see the risks, so they should carry at least some of that responsibility.
Empowering
really?
etiquette
I dont know what it is.
Real-Time Call Analytics
Real-time call analytics help sales managers track team performance, monitor call activity, identify missed leads, and improve follow-ups to increase sales productivity and lead conversion.
specific rules in order to create meaning.
I think this point is very interesting, in regards to like how there is rules for languages or types of. communication whether its verbally or via a computer program.
eLife Assessment
This important paper introduces a generalisable tissue-clearing method to study human anatomy and the organisation of complex tissues and organs. The evidence for its broad applicability is compelling, based on results from 15 diverse human tissues, including highly heterogeneous specimens, with successful labelling using five antibodies and five fluorescent dyes. The method has broad potential applications across multiple disciplines.
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors sought to develop a generalisable method for clearing and labelling large, highly complex human organs and tissues while preserving their three-dimensional structure, enabling visualisation at high resolution. The resulting body of work is substantial, encompassing a diverse range of tissues and labelling approaches, and demonstrates an impressive breadth of experimental work.
Strengths:
A major strength of the method is its systematic validation across a diverse range of human tissues, including several understudied tissues, in combination with labelling using multiple antibodies and fluorescent dyes. An additional strength is that the skin was retained on the finger throughout the clearing, labelling, and imaging procedures, allowing the tissue to be analysed in an intact state. This is particularly relevant to sensory neuroscience, where preserving the cutaneous sensory structures may be important. The use of tissue from donors aged 85 years and older is also a strength, as it provides a stringent test of the method in tissues with substantial age-related pigment accumulation and autofluorescence.
Weaknesses:
A major limitation is the lack of evidence that the method can be applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, which represents a substantial proportion of archived human tissue and is an important potential application of tissue-clearing approaches. Furthermore, the claim that the method is cost-effective is not sufficiently supported by the data presented, as there is no comparison of the costs of the proposed approach with those of existing methods.
Appraisal:
(1) Overall, I feel that the authors have broadly achieved their stated aims, although several aspects would benefit from further qualification or supporting evidence.
(2) Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on four tissues, the MRI data do not appear to be fully integrated with the microscopy data, and I did not find evidence of precise spatial correlation of structural information between the two modalities.
(3) The term "photoclearing" may be useful to describe the approach, but the underlying concept does not appear to be entirely novel, given that increased optical transparency can occur as a consequence of photobleaching. Furthermore, the evidence presented is not sufficient, in my view, to establish that the observed effects are attributable to photodegradation of pigments.
(4) I question whether the broader claims regarding the scalability of existing tissue-clearing approaches are sufficiently supported. In particular, the claim that aqueous- and hydrogel-based methods have limited scalability may require further evidence, given that perfusion-based approaches can facilitate processing of large tissue volumes. Similarly, the assertion that organic solvent-based approaches are better suited to large tissue volumes does not appear to be fully supported by the data presented, unless this refers specifically to the beneficial effects of tissue shrinkage during dehydration on imaging.
(5) More generally, a direct comparison of the clearing, labelling, and imaging outcomes for the thyroid samples fixed for 48 hours versus 8 years would be valuable for assessing the extent to which fixation duration influences the performance of the method.
Discussion:
The results have potential value for medical education, comparative anatomy, and research requiring the characterisation of human anatomy across spatial scales. The method could have applications across multiple disciplines and may be of interest to researchers who have access to human tissue from sources including archival material, biopsies, surgical resections, tissue banks, autopsy specimens, and donor tissue. However, the length and complexity of the protocol may limit its practical adoption, particularly in settings where throughput is an important consideration.
Context:
The results for the inner ear and ring finger are particularly notable because they demonstrate the ability of the method to clear, label, and image anatomically complex, highly calcified, and densely structured tissues. The successful clearing and immunolabelling of tissue fixed for 15 years is also significant, given the potential challenges associated with antibody penetration and preservation of epitopes following prolonged fixation. More broadly, successful imaging of large organs, such as the heart, is technically important given the challenges that their size and geometry present for light-sheet microscopy, and demonstrates the feasibility of applying the approach to intact human organs.
Technical concern:
The manuscript should acknowledge the hazardous and potentially toxic nature of several reagents used in the protocol, together with the challenges of safely handling and disposing of the relatively large volumes of chemical waste generated. These factors may have practical implications for implementation of the method.
Conceptual concerns:
The role and added value of photogrammetry in the study are not entirely clear. It would be helpful for the authors to clarify how photogrammetry was used beyond its presentation in the figures and what additional information or utility it provides relative to the other imaging modalities employed.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors claim to present a generally applicable tissue processing pipeline for optical tissue clearing and labelling of whole human organs. To achieve this, they combine multiple previously published tissue pretreatment steps to enhance tissue permeabilization, and hence label penetration, as well as optical transparency. Most notably, the authors include LED photobleaching, or photoclearing as they call it here, to reduce both autofluorescent background and increase tissue transparency. Extending their previously published method towards a wide variety of large human samples encompassing multiple organs and tissues, they combine their clearing protocol with several small molecule dyes for general overview stains as well as immunofluorescence labelling. For some of the processed samples, they introduce a novel multimodal imaging pipeline, which includes photogrammetry, MRI, and 3D histology/microscopy. Both the multimodal pipeline and the described tissue clearing and labelling protocols seem highly useful for both pathology as well as fundamental research, especially since the modularity of tissue-clearing protocols allows for the integration of individual steps, such as photoclearing, into already established methods.
Strengths:
The transparency of the large, archival human samples is very impressive and, to my knowledge, constitutes the best human tissue clearing to date. The positive effects of photobleaching/clearing on autofluorescence reduction as well as transparency are obvious and highly interesting for the field, as this method can easily be implemented into any tissue clearing approach. It is highly appreciated that notes are provided in both the methods and results, on which steps of the pipeline had to be adjusted for different tissue types and sizes. However, this could be presented in a more structured way, by showing a graphical representation or at least a table of all used tissues and all the steps of the pipeline, with indications for which steps were skipped/adjusted per tissue type as well as the incubation times for every step. Table 2 already does that for light exposure and decalcification times, but it would be beneficial to do this for all steps to get a better overview. This would also aid replication and implementation of their method, as other groups can just look up the closest matching tissue type in the table and go from there rather than piecing this information together with the in-text notes.
The combination of different small molecule dyes, while in itself not new, has the potential to provide 3D alternatives for conventional histological overview stains. Other groups have already shown 3D H&E and Nissl stains, and it would be interesting what other routinely used stains could be mimicked in that way. Here, the combination of Eosin Y and Fast Green seems especially interesting.
The quality of the immunofluorescence labelling is extremely good, especially given the age of some of the samples (e.g. very high-quality SMA staining in 15-year-old material). It would be interesting to know if the authors encountered antibodies that were not compatible with their archival tissue and, if so, which ones.
Weaknesses:
It is not exactly clear to me how some of the image volumes were acquired. For example, the panels 1f-h: The regions these volumes originate from are indicated in the cleared heart (1e), but were these regions blocked out or was the entire heart somehow immersed in the imaging chamber? The latter would be, to the best of my knowledge, a novel scale of light sheet imaging and should be mentioned. If the regions were somehow blocked out, this should be described. In general, a lot of the imaging volumes seemed to have been acquired mainly towards the periphery of the sample, especially the higher magnification inserts. This immediately raises the question of whether this is because imaging was not possible in the centre and why (limitation of the imaging chamber size, light penetration, label penetration, or a combination of those?). While it is understandable that it is currently not possible to image, e.g. entire kidneys in light-sheet set-ups, the limits of feasible sample sizes should be mentioned somewhere to give the reader a better appreciation of the usefulness of the method. The authors demonstrate that it is possible to clear whole organs, but is it also possible to label whole organs? Is that possible with antibodies as well, or only with small-molecule dyes? And how deep can samples be imaged in the best-case scenario? Right now, the paper uses a common scheme in the tissue clearing literature, of showing a very large cleared sample and then imaging a smaller sub-volume while implying that, in principle, it is possible to do that for the entire organ, if the objective working distance and imaging chamber would allow. However, to scale their method up, the authors would first need to show that their labels would penetrate throughout the entire sample, and this is currently not done in an unambiguous manner.
The biggest limitation in the manuscript for me is the authors' claim: "We demonstrate the voxel-by-voxel alignment between MRI and microscopy datasets, merging cellular-scale detail and protein-specific labelling with macroscopic medical imaging." While technically true, the authors only show actual overlays of microscopy and MRI data for the inner ear sample in Figure 5. No overlays between MRI and the microscopy volumes are shown for the heart and finger data, which is a missed opportunity. Similarly, no overlays between all three acquired modalities (photogrammetry, MRI, 3D microscopy) are shown for any of the samples. This is a pity, as the authors put a lot of emphasis on this novel multimodal pipeline, even though side-by-side demonstrations of MRI and 3D microscopy in a similar manner have been shown already by other groups and a truly multimodal dataset with the different modalities, e.g. as different channels in a volume, would be very exciting.
the kind thatmakes you want to hide your head in a bucket wheneversomeone mentions it.
Language technique - metaphor. You don't want to LITERALLY hide your head in a bucket. It means that you are super embarrassed.
Magic — 🎩🧙🏽🔮🐇💐♠️ ⏳
[magic]
British economy switched from relying on coal to relying on hydrocarbons, which when burned generate less carbon dioxide. Britain also learned to use energy more efficiently over time. But more recently a big factor has been the rise of renewable energy,
Britain didn't have to stop economic activity to lower emissions; it just swapped out coal for cleaner energy sources like wind, proving that technology can split production from pollution.
environmental protection is incompatible with economic growth.
If businesses can make money selling clean technology and services, why can't the economy keep growing without relying on pollution and burning resources?
Environmental experts I follow believe that it’s a very big deal, which, if successfully implemented, will greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It’s not quite as aggressive as the climate plans in Biden’s original Build Back Better legislation, but modelers estimate that it will accomplish about 80 percent of what B.B.B. was trying to do.
By using tax credits and subsidies, the IRA lowered the price for businesses and families to build and buy clean energy (like solar panels and EVs). By lowering these costs it encouraged billions in new investment, making green tech cheaper and driving down US carbon emissions.
More details on the Final Project will be published in Canvas (by Week 5).
More details on the final project published by week 5.
Readings andannotation prompts will become available on Sunday mornings; you are encouraged to read and provideinitial annotations at your earliest convenience but no later than Thursday.
Readings and prompts will be available on Sunday mornings
We will use course notes and open-source materials, available on Canvas. https://canvas.pdx.edu
Course text
Una de mis prioridades es la atención al paciente. Sin duda alguna creo que la forma en que tratas y les explicas a tus pacientes es primordial para crear ese lazo de confianza. Simplemente la duración de cada uno de mis estudios hace la diferencia con respecto a realizarte el ultrasonido en un gabinete radiológico. Cuando vas conmigo no vas simplemente a hacerte un estudio, vas a una valoración Clínico-Radiológica integral. La forma en que me desempeño mi equipo y yo en el consultorio han hecho que Doctoralia nos haya premiado en múltiples ocasiones por la excelente valoración de mis pacientes.
Aqui van los premios
Mexico
Acento
GPT-6 Astra
Astrum 的复数形式 Astra 意为星星
What is that sound high in the air Murmur of maternal lamentation
Several of the additional readings contained inhuman, omniscient characters. In Visuddhi-Magga it is the elder who believes that humans are nothing more than bones; in Shackleton, it is the personification of adventure and the natural world; in Retelling of an Indian legend, it is Lord Vishnu; and in The Gospel According to Luke, it is the loving figure of Jesus. All of these sources personify the divine, alluding to the human presence of something all-knowing and greater than life. In some texts this figure is a representation of the possibility for human good, and in others (like Visuddhi-Magga) the figure sees humans as the epitome of evil. I find the strongest connection between the Wasteland and this third-person narrator to be found in Hesse’s analysis of The Brothers Karamazov. Hesse writes about how the “Russian man” is both Karamazov and everybody else, an embodiment of everything both human and not. Eliot designates this role to Tiresias; he notes that “Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a 'character', is yet the most important personage in the poem,uniting all the rest.” Yes, Tiresias has existed as a male or female, but more importantly Eliot characterises him as male and female–which is a distinct shift from the original text. If we are to believe what Eliot notes, Tiresias is the divine figure here; he is sound high in the air of the natural world, just like the “naked soul of man” that Shackleton writes about, the male or female other walking behind you that resembles the elder from Visuddi-Magga, and the hooded hoards swarming in the air.
de ultrasonido con transductores volumétricos, elastografía, micro-vascularización y filtros de reducción de artefactos para imágenes impecables.
Retirar
CLASIFICACIÓN DE NÓDULOS TIROIDEOS
Esta mal el uri
A potential limitation is that acetate wasadministered intravenously, whereas in naturalistic drinking,acetate is produced hepatically:
Are the implication of administering acetate a different route great enough to muddy the results? How might it look different?
Alterations in acetate consumption are not unprecedented:Type 1 diabetes with hypoglycemia unawareness have beenshown to be associated with elevated acetate consumption
How does evidence from type 1 diabetes help interpret the alcohol related findings? Does this put those with type 1 diabetes at higher risk?
we observed differences in brain acetatemetabolism depending on alcohol exposure. Contrary to ourexpectations of dramatically elevated acetate consumption inearly recovery, we saw the opposite
If alcohol elevates circulating acetate and the brain adapts by increasing acetate uptake, why do AUD participants in early abstinence show significantly reduced oxidation instead of elvated use? Does this have to do with impaired transport, competition, or metabolic issues?
vulnerabilities
is this just metadata, or does it do something?
Formula One
This race makes manufacturers create and modify cars and add new technology to help win the prize.
Tesla Model S Disrupts Fossil-Fueled Industry
This all electric vehicle changed the way we think for the future and all the new pros but also cons that come with an all electric vehicle.
Bugatti Veyron Becomes World’s Fastest Production Car
This sparked select people with money to attain one and had other manufacturers work to make a faster car.
hybrids.
This was revolutionary to the car world and helped with efficiency.
Carbon-Fiber Race Car
This helped the performance world with having super light and good looking modifications for racing.
Three Lunar Roving Vehicles remain on the moon
These vehicles helped scope out the moon and make discoveries.
Clean Air Act Begins Scrubbing Skies
This also protects the environment from the harm vehicles create.
Resulting safety rules require automakers to steadily adopt seat belts, air bags, electronic stability controls and now automated emergency braking.
This technology is still used in todays vehicles.
space-saving, engine-sideways layout, with front-wheel drive, becomes the basis for tens of millions of modern cars and now SUVs.
The sideways engine is used in many vehicles with engines smaller than a v8. This new technology helped shape what vehicles look like today.
LeMans
This is one of the most famous races in the world and with a lot of European clout it is a way for all manufacturers to test their new vehicles
May 11, 1947: Enzo Ferrari’s First (Red) Car Debuts
This made Ferrari into what it is today, with red still being the iconic color.
Nov. 14, 1940: Willys-Overland Delivers First-Ever Jeep
This was a staple vehicle in the military back in the 40's and these models are very sought after even today.
Volkswagen Beetle
This specific vehicle is still widely known through the world and was also in various movies.
40-hour work week
Vehicles are a major part of history again in the aspect that Henry Fords assembly line introduced the 40 hour work week which is used everywhere in the world.
Dec. 1, 1913: Henry Ford's Assembly Line Starts Rolling, Brings Car Ownership to the Masse
This was the turning point in mass producing vehicles and making them readily available to the public as a whole rather that a select few.
Cadillac introduces the first electric starter
This was a major quality of life change, but also added new maintenance to a vehicle.
Nov. 10, 1903: Woman Invents Windshield Wiper.
This is just one small detail in the history of technology that is still used on todays vehicles.
vehicle powered by a gas engine”—or what Mercedes-Benz now calls “the birth certificate of the automobile.”
The gas engine is still used to this day in most modern vehicles.
Hollywood and TV heightened the fantasy, amplifying the endless allure of speed, racing, exploration and adventure.
Vehicles break down in so many ways including being iconic in movies and TV.
Before 1900, most people spent their lives within a few miles of where they were born.
This is why the automobile was a revolutionary invention packed with history.
Blending dark blue with aquamarine-green to create a hue that balances depth and freshness, it’s versatile, gender-inclusive, and—with its medium saturation and trans-seasonal appeal
This color looks very rich. Not money rich.
where technical innovation is seamlessly integrated into daily life
Artists are very intelligent with creating new ideas and experiencing with different designs.
hidden inner pockets, anti-slash materials, and built-in carabiners.
This is a really good invention because people can look stylish while being protected. The U.S. has a fairly high crime rate especially in certain parts, so these clothing items can be very helpful.
trendsetters try on new identities and curate their own story
I think following trends can be good for advocating for political values in the world, or even raise money for charities and countries/people in need by selling items.
Capes, lacey details, silk neckties, and triangle scarves a
Dressing more chic seems to be coming into style. Or being more put together.
This article has now been published: Nolan Blackford, Saileena Nepal, Huan He, Lianqing Zheng, Wei Yang, Robert Silvers, Molecular structure and DNA binding mode of unsymmetric cyanine dyes RiboGreen and OliGreen, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 54, Issue 18, 14 October 2026, gkag923, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag923
From the reader’s perspective, there are a billion other articles they could be reading. Why should they read yours?
I'm sympathetic to the overall point and the comments that led up to this piece (perversely enough), but I find this in particular to be terribly unpersuasive.
For a person who has a point to make, the answer this question should be, "Who cares?" A focus group might find that that no matter how ways you try to workshop a given piece, it still does worse than posting a blueberry pie recipe. That doesn't mean you should post a blueberry pie recipe instead.
is characterized by personality change, involuntary movements, and dementia typically beginning in midadulthood and progressing toward death ∼18 years from onset
This gives a good timeline and symptoms for Huntingtons
I looked at article d14 and something I found interesting was that it shows that numbers can mean different things depending on the assumptions and the context it is being used in. This adds more to the chapter's point about data is a simplification of reality and that even simple-looking facts may not be as straightforward as it seems.
RSS is a technology that lets you subscribe to new content on websites, just like you can subscribe to podcasts to get the latest episodes
RSS isn't "just like [how] you can subscribe to podcasts". It is what let's you subscribe to podcasts. A podcast feed is an RSS feed.
connects the student to the immense popularity ofthe app in Africa and builds a community aroundthe course, creating a new centre of knowledge.
App like these can also be use to connect international population
reflect on what VR materials are available and whichare produced in the Global South.
reflect on whats available
highlights the importanceof locally built applications for local relevance, Gil andOrtega (2016) suggest self-reflexivity, especially con-cerning language use and translations.
WHAT IM TALKING ABOUTTT
there is a way of teachingAfrica that is distinctly different from teaching else-where, which is paying more attention to indigenousknowledge as well as ‘knowledge anchored in Africanpeople’s aspirations, concerns and needs’
solution to the 2nd article??????? about how Africa was lack of resource but then instead of taking it as a disadvantage, this can turn into an advantage - study can be focus on the Indegenous instead.
decolonizing the academy and technological solutionsto hurdles in this process in the Global Sout
connect to the first article about decolonizing the Global North, and to focus on the study of the local area
noproposedUNCOLhasbeenmetwithgeneralagreement
Whether something has (or has not) been "met with general agreement": great turn of phrase; artfully put
Participating in ecstatic music and dance, as I photographedsecond-line performances in the streets of New Orleans, provided greatcomfort and helped me to heal
This tied with seeing the photographs at the end of this reading I think was really powerful, especially with our class context of watching "No King Like Me"
Healing and coping strategies that mend dysfunctionalrelationships in family and community, particularly at the time of death,are the hallmark of Vodou’s power as a living religious tradition.
I find it interesting that healing is described as something that happens within relationships rather than just individually. This suggests that recovery involves rebuilding social connections alongside processing personal grief. Cultural traditions can help restore relationships that have been strained by traumatic experiences.
One idea from this chapter (4.2) that stood out to me was basically the title. All data simplifies reality. I thought that the apple example was interesting. The apple example showed that even simple data depends on the choices we make about what to measure. Four apples can be counted equally, but they are not the same size or weight, so it's not fair. This made me realize that when people debate statistics like bots on Twitter, they may not just disagree about the numbers themselves but also the meaning behind the numbers. I think this example is a good reminder not to trust everything on the internet and to question if the data is reliable or not.
RSS feeds are inherently unauthenticated
Mm, "inherent"? No. They don't need to be...