for - key insight - paraphrase - adjacency - memory consolidation - sleep - massive unconscious parallel processing - From a memory perspective, - sleep can be understood as critically important for normal memory function, - given the lasting ramifications of consolidation. - Consolidation is the establishment of new connections - anchoring recent memories within relevant knowledge networks - While consolidation happens, some conscious experience (the dream) may be synthesized as the memory processing unfolds - Dreams reflect a storyline generated to make sense of a subset of activated memory fragments. - Consolidation that wires new connections happens across the entire cerebral context, without the constraints that come with conscious experience. - Unconscious processing during sleep takes advantage of massive parallel processing to connect all these thoughts together. - Dreams reflect a small portion of overnight memory consolidation work.

Chapeau! Een Belgische website kaart dit aan in de context gezond leven.

Indeed. But testing in general, as it is done currently, in modern formal education, discourages deep learning as opposed to shallow learning.

Why? Because tests with marks implore students to start learning at max 3 days before the test, thus getting knowledge into short-term memory and not long term memory. Rendering the process of learning virtually useless even though they "pass" the curriculum.

I know this because I was such a student, and saw it all around me with virtually every other student I met, and I was in HAVO, a level not considered "low".

It does not help that teachers, or the system, expect students to know how to learn (efficiently) without it ever being taught to them.

My message to the system: start teaching students how to learn the moment they enter high school

https://dictionary.apa.org/elaboration

The practice of repeating items as a means of attempting to place them into short-term memory is called maintenance rehearsal. Examples of this practice include repeating a new acquaintance's name or perhaps their phone number multiple times as a means of helping to remember it either for the short term or potentially the long term.

Research on the levels-of processing model of memory indicates that maintenance rehearsal is not as effective at promoting long term memory as methods like elaborative rehearsal.

Seaman, K. L., Christensen, A. P., Senn, K., Cooper, J., & Cassidy, B. S. (2022). Age Differences in the Social Associative Learning of Trust Information. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b38rd

Fernandez-Castaneda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., Yalcin, B., Taylor, K. R., Dutton, S., Acosta-Alvarez, L., Ni, L., Contreras-Esquivel, D., Gehlhausen, J. R., Klein, J., Lucas, C., Mao, T., Silva, J., Pena-Hernandez, M., Tabachnikova, A., … Monje, M. (2022). Mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulation and myelin loss in the brain (p. 2022.01.07.475453). https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.07.475453

Sloman, S. A. (2021). How Do We Believe? Topics in Cognitive Science, 0(2021), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12580

Spreckelsen, P. von, Wessel, I., Glashouwer, K., & Jong, P. J. de. (2020). Preprint Averting Repulsion? Body-Directed Self-Disgust and Autobiographical Memory Retrieval. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qhc35

Antov, M.I., Plog, E., Bierwirth, P. et al. Visuocortical tuning to a threat-related feature persists after extinction and consolidation of conditioned fear. Sci Rep 10, 3926 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60597-z