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  1. Last 7 days
    1. https://www.reddit.com/r/classicfilms/comments/1u8bdi0/will_hays_to_warren_doane_hays_wants_to_censor/

      2 page Typewritten letter from Will Hays to Warren Doan on July 10, 1926, on the letterhead of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Inc.

      Aphorism? included in the letter: <br /> "Liberty is fire on the hearth -- License is fire on the floor."

      Interesting how he frames duty and morality as well as responsibility, but appears to be protecting the business versus using film as an art form to create discussion...

      Evidence of plays featuring nudity in the mid-1920s while Hollywood endeavored not to show any nudity at all.

    1. Vance’s admission contradicts what he said on Friday, when he claimed in an X post that Iran would not be “receiving any cash, and no funds are being released simply for signing a deal or attending a meeting.” In addition to the U.S. and its allies paying $300 billion in reconstruction funds, Iran reports that the U.S. has agreed to release $25 billion in frozen Iranian assets.

      So somehow this (on top of all the losses and multiple billions in costs of the war and economic problems) is better than the Obama nuclear deal? WTF?

    2. Conservatives, including Trump and Vance, have long criticized the Obama administration’s 2015 nuclear deal, which involved the U.S. lifting sanctions and sending Iran $1.7 billion to settle decades-old failed contracts between the two countries. That deal was also succeeding, with international observers stating that Iran was adhering to all its nuclear terms. It was Trump who decided to break it in his first term and then start a war with Iran in his second.
    1. reply to u/pricklypearssoda at https://reddit.com/r/Screenwriting/comments/1u3hp5q/should_i_drop_99_on_student_discounted_access_to/

      Should I drop $99 on student discounted access to Final Draft for industry standard formatting?

      Why buy into a "system", much less one with recurring costs? Formatting a script is the lowest bar in the space. A third grader could easily do this.

      Even a vintage typewriter with a pica typeface will allow you to set margins, a few tabs, and you're on your way. It's the writing that's the tough part. Spend your time and energy on this part where it really belongs. Software isn't going to suddenly add creativity, emotion, or verve to your work. The "industry standard" of unsold and unproduced screenplays is the one you really want to worry about.

      Preston Sturges, Billy Wilder, Charlie Chaplin, Orson Welles, William Golding, Woody Allen, Francis Ford Coppola, Paddy Chayefsky, Robert Towne, Frank Pierson, and Steve Tesich all have something in common: they won Academy Awards for best original screenplay without using screenplay software. Why couldn't you? Why shouldn't you?!?

  2. Jun 2026
    1. reply to u/someblokeonhere at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1u4ftix/which_typewriter_had_the_best_font/

      The vast majority of typewriters were sold with a traditional mono-spaced Courier-like face in either pica or elite pitch (often with incredibly generic names like "Royal Pica" or "Royal Elite". Usually for about $5 (on what was often a $100 purchase which is about $1,000 in today's money), you could custom select an alternate face which was often marketed as a way to make your correspondence more personalized. They tried to make it a selling point, but I suspect it wasn't much of one in actual practice, particularly at that mark up. Many companies sold an "Executive" typeface that was often in italic as a means of differentiating typewriters meant for executives rather than the standard faces secretaries used.

      Lots of alternate faces were manufactured for specific purposes like banking, accounting, speechwriting, and schools and those were sold as selling points for those markets. Other related features like keysets and special characters were marketed at pharmacists, doctors, engineers/mathematicians/scientists, and libraries.

      If you create an account on the typewriter database you'll see options in the main menu for downloading full versions of a variety of typographical catalogs. Ted Munk also has (lesser) photo scans of some of these on his blog.

    1. https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1u4gbul/its_working/

      To create an account on the typewriter database, visit https://typewriterdatabase.com/register-today.php (Ted Munk manually approves new accounts within a day or two.)

      Joe Van Cleave has a good intro video on using the database: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5K5m1W7KNW8

      And you'll find some notes on photos for the TWdB here: https://boffosocko.com/2024/10/24/photos-of-typewriters-for-the-typewriter-database/

    1. And we forget that the Greek word, the root for “school,” is leisure.But leisure is not idleness or amusement. And it’s definitely not just resting up so you can get back to work. It is that space that we need to set aside to cultivate the highest parts of us.

      leisure vs. entertainment vs. work vs. occupation vs. labor

    2. But I think there’s a remarkable kind of red thread running through all of that, which is this idea that there is something really essential and important, not just to individuals, but to culture and society, in having something that is more than an education that we would call professional, and that they would call servile.
    3. let’s just take Great Books education for example. You find Great Books education in community colleges. You find Great Books education, still, completely outside of institutions of higher education. You find Great Books education in certain high schools.I think these things don’t necessarily have to be luxury goods. And I think it’s a choice that we make, politically, to say that they are. We can debate that choice, but that’s just a choice that we have.
    4. If you’re going to read a Dan Brown novel, it’s very difficult to imagine having sustained conversations about Dan Brown novels over years. It’s quite easy to imagine doing that with Shakespeare. I do that. It’s just so rich.And so I think we should not shy away from saying that. There is a kind of depth in great art that demands our attention in a way that is absent in Dan Brown.
    5. Douthat: But then isn’t there an argument, a critique of the humanities, that says that intellectual mentality and the eugenic mentality could fit together pretty naturally? It’s like: OK, to be human is to appreciate Bach and Plato, and only our smartest university students do that, so only they’re fully human — and so on down the eugenicist argument.

      Douthat buys into the idea that you have to be "smart" to appreciate the humanities or the great books.

      Didn't Mortimer J. Adler spend a large chunk of his life trying to convince "everyman" that they could appreciate Plato and Aristotle?

    6. When you look at a culture, and you want to ask yourself: “Well, how did we go from Weimar Germany to Nazism?” Obviously, education is going to be a part of that, but it’s not in any way going to be the whole of it.

      One of the same front, Catholics seem to be big in America behind the Great Books and classical education, yet also seem to be a large group of conservatives behind MAGA/Trumpism.

    1. reply to u/Beloved-21 at https://old.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/1u2bw2s/index_cards_vs_digital_note_app/

      There are a handful of affordances you get with paper over digital.

      • Most in the space of embodied cognition would indicate that you will have better retention by writing things down physically versus typing them out.
      • studies indicate that the presence of screens/phones reduces the level and quality of the conversation in the room, even when the device is sitting on the table nearby
      • people react more at ease with paper note taking, especially in interviews where they tend to be more guarded if you're recording everything
      • The act of filing your notes forces you to engage with them multiple times. It's not just re-reading the current note to decide where to place it, but re-reading older notes to decide where the current one fits in. This gives you the benefits of spaced repetition as well as encountering the value of serendipity, synergy, and syzygy
      • you're forced to be more concise and selective about what you capture versus digital where it's easier to be a hoarder of material you don't "own" or even understand.
      • index cards are just as easy to carry in your pockets as any other device
      • physical cards are easier to layout, arrange, and re-arrange in various orders than any of the clunky methods for doing this in the digital space where solid user interface for this sort of affordance is almost entirely lacking.
      • paper forces you to slow down and engage with notes in ways that digital notes typically don't
      • physical cards actually "get in your way" in a sense while digital cards are always "hidden"

      I'm sure you'll find various others hiding in a digital version of my notes: https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=tag%3A%22note+taking+affordances%22

      The real question at the end of the day is what works best for you?!? Try them both out for a few weeks or a month or more and chose the version that works best for your modes of thinking. Experimenting is the only way to answer this question for yourself. You may find other affordances that don't apply to others' work.

    1. https://typecast.munk.org/2011/04/24/1964-nomda-blue-book-olivetti-font-styles/

      Olivetti type styles from the 1964 NOMDA Blue Book<br /> - Olivetti Bulletin (5 pitch, 3 lines/inch)<br /> - Olivetti Giant Primer (alternate) (5 pitch)<br /> - Olivetti Comet (10 pitch)<br /> - Olivetti Distinctive Pica<br /> - Olivetti Distinctive Pica Heavy Face<br /> - Olivetti Elite Gothic Heavy Face (10 pitch)<br /> - Olivetti Elite Correspondence Gothic (10 pitch)<br /> - Olivetti Esquire (10 pitch, 5.4 lines/inch)<br /> - Olivetti Pica Gothic Shiftless Alphabet<br /> - Olivetti Pica Victoria<br /> - Olivetti Stymie<br /> - Olivetti Wide Elite Victoria (10 pitch, 5.4 lines/inch)<br /> - Olivetti Distinctive Elite<br /> - Olivetti Distinctive Elite Heavy Face<br /> - Olivetti Elite Stymie<br /> - Olivetti Elite Italic<br /> - Olivetti Elite Stymie Heavy Face<br /> - Olivetti Stymie Heavy Face<br /> - Olivetti Stymie Gothic<br /> - Olivetti Universal Pica<br /> - Olivetti Monza (10 pitch), script<br /> - Olivetti Esteem Pica<br /> - Olivetti Pica Gothic<br /> - Olivetti Elite Victoria<br /> - Olivetti Esteem Elite<br /> - Olivetti Financial Gothic<br /> - Olivetti Financial Gothic Heavy Face<br /> - Olivetti San Serif Elite<br /> - Olivetti Universal Elite #468

    1. Robert Caro Reveals Details of His Final Lyndon Johnson Biography<br /> C-SPAN's Book TV

      Caro outlines the entirety of his book before he starts writing. He puts his outline onto paper which he tacks up onto cork boards across his office wall.

      Caro writes everything in longhand first then types/revised it on his Smith-Corona Electra 210.

      Caro only gave Gottlieb a piece of his LBJ bio draft when he ran out of money and needed an advance. Otherwise, he doesn't give his editor material until he's done.

      Caro lives on the corner in Central Park West

      Caro was on the 22nd floor (of 29) at 250 W. 57th Street for 22 years and wrote 3 books in a one room office. Joseph Heller had an office there as well.

    1. reply to u/Away-Lavishness-4853 at https://reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1tykizl/which_platens_are_interchangeable/ Which platens are interchangeable?

      You're really asking either the wrong question or a moot one.

      Platens are generally good for about 24-40 years and then need to be recovered. Some machines had exchangeable platens for office use to have different levels of hardness for specific uses, but finding a machine with an extra these days is pretty much non-existent.

      For most people if you had a parts machine for which you could "swap" a platen out you'd have to search far and wide for someone who may have gotten a recovered one in the late 80s or maybe early 90s to hope for something passable. Then there's the cost of buying and potentially shipping that machine. I've collected over 70 machines and only one of them had a platen that I would even consider "passable".

      Ultimately for $90-150 to recover your platen via J. J. Short, it's much cheaper to just get your platen done and have something that'll last you a few decades.

    1. reply to u/Solid-Theme-6653 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1txfdst/is_this_lc_smith_typewriter_the_real_deal/

      Rebuilt was a legal term back in the day to mean that a typewriter's condition was equivalent to that of a brand new machine: https://typecast.munk.org/2023/04/24/how-to-properly-describe-the-condition-of-a-typewriter/

      Typewriters from that era will have wildly different conditions, and often be in very poor condition. https://boffosocko.com/2026/01/08/on-purchasing-typewriters-condition-is-king-context-is-queen/ Usually they start in the $20 range and often, but not always top, out in the $500 range. With only the pictures to compare these, I might place the first at $25 and the second at $120. (Putting my hands on the machine and inspecting it would obviously dramatically change my evaluation.)

      Pretty much no one rebuilds machines anymore, they either service and/or refurbish them (relatively inexpensive $200-400) or they restore them ($500-2000+). I could imagine a well restored version of one of these machines selling for over $2,000, but it would have to be truly stunning and this would be tremendously rare.

      More examples to look at and compare: https://typewriterdatabase.com/L.C.+Smith.8.143.bmys

    1. @tomp your experience of finding the book binding text while searching for something entirely else is often called "serendipity". The way books are shelved in libraries helps to increase the chance that even if you don't find the thing you're looking for, along the way you might find other things of potential interest. Modern digital search often decreases this effect which was more common in the analog spaces of card catalogs and library books on shelves.

      This experience is some of the unseen or elusive "magic" that Luhmann was referencing in his card “Geist im Kasten?” ZKII 9/8,3. You have to have the experience of searching for things and either finding or not finding them and running into entirely different ideas along the way to appreciate this sort of serendipity which is facilitated by physical zettelkasten practice. Otherwise it all seems very mundane. It's hard to see or demonstrate serendipity, and so people only see the papers and boxes and leave disappointed.

      See also:<br /> - https://boffosocko.com/2022/10/22/the-two-definitions-of-zettelkasten/#Does%20Spirit%20hide<br /> - https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/2408/on-note-9-8-3-ghost-in-the-box

      reply to https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/3483/findability-searching-and-creativity

    1. Get things covered up. Gloves on and fan cranking. Pre wipe as much as you can off the top. You want to keep gunk out of the segment. This one is not going to be too hard, as the typebars don't run downhill. Brush, blow, repeat. Swap out for clean brushes often. Time for the brass, And save the "you're going to damage the slugs" bs. A brass wheel will do nothing to the slugs except make your life easier. Inspect and time for the pick. Use your phone and take a pic. Inspect the vowels closely. Brush, blow and repeat. Are they clean? If you are looking at a FBM "professionally serviced machine," look those slugs over. If they can't clean the slugs, what can they do? Now you are ready to wipe each typebar with the solvent rag. Cleaning the slug under the typeface is the worst part of it. People will clean the typeface and let years of junk build up underneath. Now you are ready to tackle the segment.

      via James Grooms at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1tsct5a/lets_clean_some_slugs/

  3. May 2026
    1. SerialNumber

      Serial Number<br /> Each typewriter carries its own serial number. Lift the cover plate, and looking at the machine from the right side, you will note the serial number stamped directly behind the touch Selector on the left side of the machine. Record this number for use in ordering supplies and accessories or as identification in case of theft.

    1. George Berkeley: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge<br /> by Tod Desmond

      Four important questions:<br /> - What can I know?

      Berkeley believes in two things: ideas and the minds that perceive them.

      "manifest contradiction"

      Lucretius: things are made of atoms<br /> Berkeley: there are only ideas (and no matter)

      Where do ideas and minds separate? where do they connect? how are they different from each other?

      primary qualities versus secondary qualities

      Plato's theory of absolute ideas<br /> - he rejects matter - GB: we can't separate primary and secondary qualities in our minds

      How does matter interact with mind?

    1. Lewis, Helen. 2026. “The Men Who Want Women to Be Quiet.” The Atlantic 336(6): 26–35. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/2026/06/conservative-masculinism-misogyny/686939/ (May 27, 2026; May 28, 2026).

    1. Tuning a typewriter

      reply to u/solestal801 at https://reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1tp6xh5/tuning_a_typewriter/

      Most will call it "adjusting" in the literature (eg. clean, oil, adjust). That's the sort of thing that's hiding deep within a lot of the repair manuals and found by closely watching lots of YouTube repair videos (and taking notes for when you need them). It's the art hiding within the practice and probably takes the longest to acquire.

      This will give you a start for some resources: https://boffosocko.com/2024/10/24/learning-typewriter-maintenance-and-repair/

      Some examples of the tidbits include:

      By the sound of where you're at, I might suggest buying a Royal KMM for $20 and methodically working your way through this:

    1. Like most Hermes Rocket/Baby typewriters, mine no longer had feet on the bottom. You can purchase 3D-printed feet at various places, but I went with the silicone grommet/cap route and found a perfect fit. These are rubber caps meant to replace the cushion on the bottom of certain furniture. The holes on the bottom of the typewriter are 6mm in diameter. These plugs fit tight, provide a slight lift, and a slip-free typing experience. I did have to trim off the tops a bit to fit the body back in, but that's all inside the typewriter when put together. These were a pack of ten for $6 USD (or .60 each).

      via u/ksigler at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1t5resr/replacement_feet_for_a_hermes_rocketbaby/

    1. A Treatise concerning thePrinciples of I-Iuman Kno,vledge

      Berkeley, George. Jessop, T. E., ed. 1964. “The Principles of Human Knowledge.” In The Works of George Berkeley Volume 2: The Principles of Human Knowledge, First Draft of the Principles, Three Dialogues, Philosophical Correspondence with Johnson, The Works of George Berkeley, London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1–113.

      Reprint of first edition (thus) 1949; Original publication 1710

    1. reply to u/deleted at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1te4u1i/state_of_the_typosphere/

      Two or three typewriter repair shops have opened up in the past couple of years, though probably not enough to offset the retirements or deaths which include Tom Furrier (Cambridge Typewriter) and Duane Jensen (Phoenix Typewriter) respectively. Lucas Dul opened up a brick-and-mortar typewriter shop in Chicago.

      Philly Typewriter and Bremerton Typewriter Company have started up typewriter repair schools/apprenticeships to expand on the trade.

      Tom Hanks has continued donating typewriters to typewriter repair shops over the past few years, ostensibly to encourage the space as well as to slim down his own collection.

      Richard Polt recently downsized his collection significantly. (His blog is generally a good source of the news of what's new in the past few years.)

      Prices are up somewhat in general, but especially for Hermes 3000s, Olympias, Smith-Corona Silent Supers, and Olivetti Letteras even in poor condition.

      Historical updates: https://typewriterdatabase.com/twdb.0.news-media

      Type Pals has started up monthly meetups again: https://www.typepals.com/events

      Lou Spirito designed a baseball scorecard for typewriters which was unveiled by Tom Hanks on March 29, 2025.

      Qwertyfest seems to be going strong: https://www.qwertyfest.com/

      Atlanta, Albuquerque, and Los Angeles have bee hosting type-ins a few times a year.

      I've fleshed out some details and examples on typecasting for those interested in trying it out: https://indieweb.org/typecast

    1. You might try slowly pressing a key. Does it reach the platen? Or do you need to strike it normally, as during typing, for it to hit the platen under its own momentum?

      The Royal 10 QX (aka Quiet Model) (1921-1923) has a special mechanism in the segment which allows the slugs to hit the platen when struck, but pressing the keys slowly doesn't allow them to reach.

      Via commentary by Brian Decker, Ted Muk, and James Grooms at https://typewriterdatabase.com/1927-royal-10.16643.typewriter

    1. reply to u/Novembree at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1hfncyz/had_a_typewriter_for_awhile_could_use_help/

      Welcome to the Royal KMM club! Seems like lots of these have been posted in the last day including one by u/betternatured and another by u/the-other-gusta along with a very similar Royal KMG by u/Jacki-san.

      The serial number puts yours down as a KMM with an 11 inch platen manufactured in 1945. Cross reference: https://typewriterdatabase.com/royal.72.typewriter-serial-number-database

      Manual: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/RoyalKMM.pdf

      These were really popular and ubiquitous, standard (large desktop) typewriters in the mid-century that were the workhorse of many offices. Because they were so common and so heavy, they only go for $5-25 in the used market in either unknown or marginal condition. If they're cleaned up and well-serviced they can go for more with a cap of around $300-400 depending on the level of restoration. Some with special features (like special typefaces) or provenance may go for more.

      The Royal KMM was known to have been used by writers including: John Ashberry, Harry Ashmore, Russell Baker, Ray Bradbury, Richard Bratigan, Richard Brooks, Pearl S. Buck, Johnny Carson, Norman Corwin, Frank Herbert, Ken Kesey, G.W. Lee, Harper Lee, Ursula K. LeGuin, David McCullough, Margaret Mead, Grangland Rice, and Dorothy Parker. This was also the model famously used by Angela Landsbury's character on the TV show Murder, She Wrote.

      Depending on your level of typewriter knowledge try out some of the following short films which will also provide some tips, tricks, and maintenance advice common in the era of your machine:

      Happy Typing!

    1. reply to u/No-Rain-4114 and tk at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1ti2zu2/imperial_model_50_vs_royal_10_which_is_better/

      You're likely to get more opinions than there are people who have actually used both and their opinions are going to vary wildly based on the conditions of the machines they've encountered. They're both solid machines, but generally also so old that you'd need two well-restored versions to get a serious apples to apples comparison. Even if you get 10 people with immaculate exemplars to weigh in, it's honestly not going to be helpful for determining which you ought to hunt for and purchase.

      You're also going to find them with a very specific geographic distribution based on manufacturing and sales at the time. The Imperial bigger in the UK and Royal bigger in the US.

      If you've got two to choose from, pick the one in the best condition and proceed from there. Otherwise choose based on aesthetics as all the other factors are so confounding as to mean little in making an informed choice here.

      See also: https://boffosocko.com/2026/01/08/on-purchasing-typewriters-condition-is-king-context-is-queen/


      Reply to u/Wooden-Lifeguard-636

      Chris, which one do YOU prefer?

      Like all serious typewriter collectors, I prefer both! 😜

      Refurbished with a clean, oil, and adjust out of a typewriter repair shop, you really can't go wrong with either of these if this is the era and aesthetic you're after.

      If OP gave us a ton of additional information on their context: Are they collecting? What sort of collection are they starting? Is this the one and only typewriter they're ever going to buy? Are they going to display it as decor? Use it (8 hours a day 365, once a day for a few hours, once a week, once a month)? Tinker on it to restore it themself? What's their budget? Where are they going to source it (shop, yard sale, estate sale, online auction untested)? Do they prefer the polished enamel or the crinkle paint? Are they a hunt-and-peck typist, a touch-typist, or even a speed champion? Etc., etc., etc.

      With this, we might provide some semblance of advice, but honestly, even then, it's largely a coin toss. The ultimate choice will be biased and come down to the purchaser's gut reaction with a specific machine(s) in its condition in front of them to purchase.

      And even then, after all this, it's worth considering the quote from Carroll Shelby in Ford v Ferrari (20th Century Fox, 2019) about the test driver at the end: "You drove it for less than an hour... ‘don’t know shit after an hour."

    1. Imagine a system where a candidate you support has a much higher chance of being elected to Congress, regardless of their party (especially if they belong to a minor party). The catch is that your representative might live a bit further from your house because of an increase in the size of a district. Would you take this trade? An election system called proportional ranked choice voting (proportional RCV) or single transferable vote gives voters an option to rank candidates running in an election to elect multiple representatives for a single district. This approach was proposed in 2025 by House Representative Donald S. Boyer as a part of the Fair Representation Act, which aims to reform elections for the US House of Representatives.

      Trading off representation further from home for some semblance of representation at all.

      This means that candidates are at-large and can't as easily meet their constituents as easily, at least in person, though in a heavily connected digital media space is this necessary any more?

    2. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court did not find this argument to be persuasive, ruling instead that the question of partisan gerrymandering is “nonjusticiable”—outside their jurisdiction. Subsequent rulings, such as Abbott v. League of United Latin American Citizens, give little hope that the Supreme Court will impede future gerrymandering.

      The Supreme Court in Rucho v. Common Cause (2019) found that Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling wasn't persuasive and found that gerrymandering is "nonjusticable".

    3. A much better mathematical method to detect gerrymandering, known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, has been percolating throughout the research literature, and was brought before the Supreme Court in the 2019 case Rucho v. Common Cause. Although it is not possible to compare a contested map against all possible maps, MCMC uses a computational technique called a “random walk” to generate a representative sample of legal electoral district maps by repeatedly making small arbitrary changes to possible district boundaries. Mathematicians, serving as expert witnesses for the plaintiffs and weighing in as amicus curie, argued that if a specific map is an outlier from the rest of samples in terms of political advantage, it indicates possible gerrymandering. The mathematicians found that maps proposed by the 2012 and 2016 North Carolina legislatures fell at the extreme ends of bell curves generated from MCMC-sampled maps, based on measures such as the number of Democrats elected and the number of Democratic voters in specific districts.

      brief description of Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling with respect to gerrymandering and it's application in the courts so far

    4. A redistricting plan proposed by Republican legislators in Wisconsin in 2011 was overturned by a lower court based in part on the magnitude of the efficiency gap, although this ruling was overturned in 2018 by the US Supreme Court in Gill v. Whitford. In oral arguments, Chief Justice John Roberts dismissed this metric as “sociological gobbledygook.” Roberts’ critique is unfair in substance because the efficiency gap is a mathematical formula, not nonsense. But it is not entirely wrong in spirit. Some mathematicians have argued that these metrics do not accurately reflect “common-sense understanding of political unfairness.”
    5. How can we identify gerrymandered maps if not by sight? Numerical metrics such as the Polsby–Popper test attempt to measure the “compactness” of an electoral district (the ratio of its area to the square of its perimeter), while the efficiency gap calculates the number of “wasted” votes by computing the proportion of votes that are not used to elect a winner.
    6. These techniques are traditionally thought to create weirdly shaped districts, such as the “praying mantis” district in Maryland, the “Goofy kicking Donald Duck” district in Pennsylvania, and the “earmuffs” district in Illinois. But some heavily gerrymandered maps, such as North Carolina’s, look normal to the naked eye.

      Examples of odd shapes made by gerrymandering (or not) as well as a counter-example in North Carolina which doesn't look "odd" despite being heavily gerrymandered.

    7. However, Texas, California, Missouri, North Carolina, and Virginia have recently approved unusual mid-decade redistricting plans in advance of the upcoming US House of Representatives election in November 2026, approving new maps designed to advantage either the Democratic or Republican party. Pending decisions by courts, legislatures, and voters may potentially extend these practices to other states such as Louisiana and Florida.

      States who are actively redistricting or considering it.

      Mississippi should also potentially be on the list with Ohio and Utah for court intervention: https://mississippitoday.org/2026/05/18/legislative-redistricting-mississippi/

    1. Repyy to u/bluestemgrass at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1thup7q/reink_ribbon/ RE: Ribbon for a toy Sears Holiday typewriter.

      Before you go too deeply here, is the ribbon made of cloth material (nylon, silk, or cotton) or is it a plastic film/carbon type?

      If it's the latter, is it a proprietary cartridge or typewriter spools? What width is the ribbon? Cartridges with carbon can be difficult if not impossible to find for these models.

      It looks like it may be a Sears rebranded version of some of the Byron Jardine/PETITE toy typewriters. https://typewriterdatabase.com/no_info.525.typewriter-serial-number-database There may be an imprint of the manufacturer on the bottom which would help to identify the original manufacturer.

      Most Petite typewriters use T4430 or T4431 ribbon (1/4" wide or 6.50mm) which can sometimes be found on eBay and other sites. It generally requires original spools. These were generally carbon/plastic based ribbon.

      If you have the original spools, you might find someone who still manufactures carbon-based ribbon and you can cannibalize it to spool onto your Sears Holiday. Look around for some of the 80s/90s film-based cartridges meant for word processors.

      If it did originally have cloth ribbon you might be able to re-ink it, but the process typically tends to be very messy. Generally some glycerine and ink meant for metal stamps (not rubber) will get you where you'd like to go. Some have also soaked their old ribbon in WD-40 as a means of rejuvenation, but this is also time consuming and messy.

      More detail/photos of the manufacturing details on the bottom and photos and measurements of the spools and the original type of "ribbon" will help immensely.

      If you get the chance, add your example to the typewriter database and include photos of the spools as well as measurements of their width and diameter to help others with these questions/problems in the future.

    1. That Pigeon Looks Just Like Michael Keaton<br /> The Late Show with Stephen Colbert

      Definitely a late model Olivetti. Either a Studio 45, which was more common in the United States, or a Studio 46, both of which came in that color.

      I'm leaning toward 46 because of some of the shape of the hood as well as the white variable button on the platen which I've only ever seen on the 46 while the 45s were typically black or had the button colored to match the body color.

    1. Congratulations and welcome to the club! Definitely the machine of a serious writer or novelist. These were the workhorses of newspapers and magazines through the 70s and 80s. In my mind, it's the last truly great manual typewriter ever manufactured.

      Well known users of the Olympia SG3 included: Ingeborg Bachmann, Jimmy Breslin, Paddy Chayefsky, Philip K. Dick, Harlan Ellison, Michael Ende, Howard Fast, Jim Lehrer, Elmore Leonard, William E. Leuchtenburg, Terrence McNally, James Michener, Dudley Randall, and Wallace Stegner

      Robert Redford used one in the movie ALL THE PRESIDENT'S MEN.

      img

      If you need a manual: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-manuals.html

      Ribbon is still easily found: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-faq.html#q1

      The Olympia SG3 uses 1/2" wide (12.7mm) typewriter ribbon, which has been standardized as DIN2103, in combination with the Group 1 spool, designated as DIN 32755. (Doesn't need eyelets.)

      Other useful resources available at: https://boffosocko.com/research/typewriter-collection/

      reply to u/Prudent_Highway_1855 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1tdy2eu/my_first_typewriter/

    1. You could sew two different ribbons together and set a grommet in the seam. That's basically how the original 4-color ribbon is. Even with the original ribbon you had to wind the ribbon to the middle and undo the ribbon from the vibrator and swap the side the middle grommet is on to change the color.

      Via Ted Munk at https://typewriterdatabase.com/1969-sears-medalist-power-12.24661.typewriter

    1. reply to u/Personman444 at https://reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1tcuxxu/how_to_restore_case/

      RE: 1950s Royal typewriter case

      Typically these were fabric glued onto fiberglass, so you can do fairly well with soap and water with a scrub brush and then letting it air dry. This should help to remove the staining. You can use more aggressive cleaners as long as they don't dissolve the glue. I've used a Green Bissel wet vac on these with some reasonable success in the past.

      0000 steel wool will often help clean off/clean up the metal parts, though you should test an inconspicuous part first. Following up with metal polish can give you some shine.

      The handle is plastic and a gentle clean followed by a coat of car wax will do wonders.

    1. James, thanks for the research and advertisements. Having just picked up one of these in lovely condition, I would generally agree with your assessment on the delineation of the two models: a "Report Electric" and a "Report de Luxe (SKE)".

      Currently the TWdB has three different pages for what one might call the Olympia Report de Luxe (SKE) and which could be concatenated into a single model on one page:

      1. "Olympia Report" https://typewriterdatabase.com/Olympia.Report.61.bmys with two exemplars from '75 and '78 which are explicitly badged as "Olympia Report de Luxe" on the hood

      2. "Olympia Report deLuxe" https://typewriterdatabase.com/Olympia.Report+deLuxe.61.bmys which are all the badged the same, but somehow seem to have left the space between the "de" and "Luxe" out.

      3. "Olympia SKE Report de Luxe" https://typewriterdatabase.com/Olympia.SKE+Report+de+Luxe.61.bmys which are all badged as "Report de Luxe" on the hood, but which include the SKE in the name because of the sticker on the side.

      Personally, for ease of internet search most are likely to search for "Olympia Report de Luxe" though some may see the sticker near the power cord that reads "Typewriter Model SKE" (either on their physical machine or photos on eBay, Goodwill, etc.), so listing it in the database as "Olympia Report de Luxe (SKE)" may make the search most fruitful.

      If the renaming of these three pages, which seem to be for a single model, does occur it would be useful to do a 403 redirect from the original pages to the final page so that the search engine optimization for these pages isn't lost. Adding a note to the model on the main Olympia page will help to clear up the details for future typewriter hunters as well.

      Reply to https://typewriterdatabase.com/1973-olympia-report-electric.27118.typewriter

    1. If we're going to do history, let's get it right. The Royal HH and REs offered color in the '52-54 range, but they were the exception rather than the rule. These are very difficult to find now. The Quiet De Luxes didn't get color until into 1956 and continued until 1958 when they were replaced by the (also) colorful Royal Futuras.

      There were pockets of the late 20s and early 30s when Royal and Underwood among others experimented with color on portables as well, but these tended to be more basic reds, blues, and greens. The Corona 4s models were finished in DuPont DUCO® from 1927 to 1939. In a similar time period the Royal P also came in a small variety of colors.

      img

    1. The result is quite shiny. There is no visible yellow grain. The slightly silvery spots that I damaged are almost not visible anymore, thanks to the added yellow color of the shellac. There are a couple dust spots visible, if you look: perfection is not of this world. But the good thing about shellac is that you could sand the top again a little, and apply more shellac - or just do that without sanding. The alcohol dissolves the shellac, so you can always add new coats.

      Erik Bruchez describes how he used shellac and denatured alcohol to re-shellac his Yost 20 followed up with 600 grit sandpaper to smooth things back out as necessary.

    2. the front panel’s paint and decal were very matte, and had signs of yellowing outside the decal. Everyone who has dealt with a Royal 5 (in particular) might know a case of this illness: the paint appears dirty and uneven with some yellow, grainy stuff around the decals. You cannot clean over decals too much: the golden color will go away to reveal silver, and eventually you will destroy the decals completely.But I had heard that that yellow stuff, on some machines at least, was shellac: that the decals were originally applied and then shellacked. For some reason, on the Royal 5 in particular, the shellac had a tendency over time to dry and become apparent and grainy.
    1. Sewing machines and typewriters from this era use shellac, which is a natural ish material. If improperly cared for in the past that’s what happens. One thing to check how the shellac is, is to shine a bright light on the black area. If it has a green tint, then shellac is there, if it’s black it is not. But that yellowing is the shellac. Normally I would gently clean with water and a soft rag. Then a light car polish and then a good wax to seal it.

      via Tyler Alan Macek at https://www.facebook.com/groups/705152958470148/posts/1255908216727950/

      A black light is potentially better, but a bright light should work too.

    2. Use kerosene or mineral spirits to clean the machine. I wouod go with kerosene to be honest. Then redo the shellac finish with french polishing. This is heavy documented with old sewing machines as they use these gold decals that f becomes silvered when water or cleaning solvents touch them.

      via Luke Fuji at https://www.facebook.com/groups/705152958470148/posts/1255908216727950/

    1. Courtesy of @Pelicram ❤ : Peli's Shellac Rescue Formula aka The Cowboy's Delight. This will help bring back a deeper black color shellaced panels which have been yellowed and damaged by UV over the years. With enough elbow grease it will remove the old shellac completely but it takes a very long time and you're likely to damage any decals present on the panel. In most cases the procedure described below will be sufficient to restore the appearance to an acceptable level. The recipe: 70% Light machine oil. 30% IPA (Isopropyl Alcohol) or White/Mineral Spirits. Ideally use an oil that is dissolved into the IPA/Mineral Spirits, if they settle into separate layers make sure you shake the mixture thoroughly before applying. Mix the oil and solvent in something like a dropper bottle or similar vessel for convenient application. Clean part with Fulgentin (Or general purpose cleaner of your choice) and wipe dry.,Apply oil/ipa mix to part and rub in lightly with clean microfiber cloth or shop towel. Use plenty of the mix, it should not feel dry.,Wipe with microfiber cloth after 15 minutes to get rid of any excess.,Do not apply any kind of wax (like Renessaince Wax) afterwards, from my testing it will bring back the haziness.

      https://discord.com/channels/639936208734126107/639938269030907914/1302694827682697330

      Pelicram's Shellac Rescue Formula aka The Cowboy's Delight.

      This will help bring back a deeper black color shellaced panels which have been yellowed and damaged by UV over the years. With enough elbow grease it will remove the old shellac completely but it takes a very long time and you're likely to damage any decals present on the panel. In most cases the procedure described below will be sufficient to restore the appearance to an acceptable level.

      The recipe: - 70% Light machine oil. - 30% IPA (Isopropyl Alcohol) or White/Mineral Spirits.

      Ideally use an oil that is dissolved into the IPA/Mineral Spirits, if they settle into separate layers make sure you shake the mixture thoroughly before applying.

      Mix the oil and solvent in something like a dropper bottle or similar vessel for convenient application.

      • Clean part with Fulgentin (Or general purpose cleaner of your choice) and wipe dry.
      • Apply oil/ipa mix to part and rub in lightly with clean microfiber cloth or shop towel. Use plenty of the mix, it should not feel dry.
      • Wipe with microfiber cloth after 15 minutes to get rid of any excess.
      • Do not apply any kind of wax (like Renessaince Wax) afterwards, from my testing it will bring back the haziness.