The difference between programmers and hackers is, however, the effects of their acts, which have dramatically changed over time. Programmers are those— either employed by software companies or working independently—who make a living by writing code, which includes anything between snippets (short code) and apps. Hackers may also program code in this fashion, but the culture that gives them the name emanates from a distinct set of ethical and aesthetic values that combine to create a different kind of politics than programming does. This difference is hard to express, but it is also the difference that is of interest to us. It is hard to express perhaps because so much has been said and written about hackers—mostly negative. As a consequence, a unified, typically clandestine, selfish, young, male, and outlaw image has become dominant, which more recent studies have shown is grotesquely simplified. We want to argue that hackers are those whose acts break conventions of programming.

Definition of instructional design by Reiser

and welfare.

Estos términos son auto-denotativos. Es una manera en que los miembros de la comunidad se refieren a sí mismos.

Nótese que también se habla de espacios creativos y no sólo técnicos.

[...] ambitious

La idea de tener "repertorios de contención" es similar a la de exaptación en el diseño.

The definition of "anthology" is "a collection of selected literary pieces or passages or works of art or music". Interestingly enough however, the Ancient Greek words of this word are "ἄνθος" (anthos), which means "flower", and "λέγειν" (legein), which means "to pick" or "to say". This formed the word "ἀνθολογία" (anthologia), which initially meant "the gathering of flowers". It eventually evolved in Greek to also mean its current definition because of Meléagros of Gadara comparing anthologized poets to flowers in one of the first anthologies ever, "The Garland". This is why the New Latin meaning of the word became "a collection of epigrams" and got was adopted by romance languages.

Sources: https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1 , http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/morph.pl?id=905329&prev=true&lang=greek , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology , https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anthology , my knowledge of Ancient and Modern Greek.

Definition of what constitutes authorship; does not preclude other forms of contributions

I disagreed with this before I attended the workshop that discussed this proposal, but have now come to support it. It broadens out the concept of authorship to these other types of digital works.

Definition of endocannabinoids

Good distinction to make

Definition of egalitarianism

1: a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic affairs

2: a social philosophy advocating the removal of inequalities among people

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/egalitarianism

This saying refers to a home in the eighteenth or nineteenth century that had elegant furniture throughout the home; and elegant dishes and dinnerware. The servants lived in brand new liveries. (janeaustens world)

"Throwing light upon, making plain or intelligible" (OED).

"The name of a street in central London (running between St James's Street and Haymarket) which developed from an alley [in the 17th century] in which the game of pall-mall was played"(OED). The game: players attempt to get wooden ball with a mallet down the alley and through a raised iron ring in as few strokes possible. Smith’s New Map of London, 1809, showing the Palace between the Mall and Pall Mall

"Hopeful or confident with reference to some particular issue" (OED).

"The action or fact of disapproving; the feeling or utterance of moral condemnation; disapproval" (OED).

"Unbecoming, inappropriate" (OED).

Looked it up--we've got this as an ebook in the library. Text is the literal text of the book, and different variations have different texts, but the same story. The fabula is the "world" the story takes place in--so if there's a revelation in flashback, the fabula is how the story holds together that that flashback information was always in the story world, even when the reader didn't know what was up.

Def. adjective

1. digressing from subject to subject.
2. relating to discourse or modes of discourse.

Def. adj. 1) relating to the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.

2) showing the relations between the concepts and categories in a subject area or domain.

Communication: the imparting or exchanging of information or news; means of connection between people or places, in particular. Interaction: reciprocal action or influence. At first glance, these words tend to have similar meanings or be sub categories of each other. I just found odd and interesting that Bay/Rickert chose both words rather than one or the other.

definition: a feasible arrangement or practical compromise; especially one that bypasses difficulties; manner of living https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/modus%20vivendi

"Heat of passion or desire, vehemence, ardent desire; warmth of emotion, zeal, fervour, eagerness, enthusiasm. Const. for. (The earliest sense in English: formerly used of evil passions, but now only of generous or noble impulses)" (OED).

"A man who belongs by rank, title, or birth to the aristocracy" (OED).

"A light, open, two-wheeled carriage pulled by two horses side by side" (OED).

A thin, cotton material imported from India by England in the 17th and 18th century ("Vic", Muslin: A Beautiful & Versatile Cloth for Regency Fashion, https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2011/09/08/muslin-muslin-versatile-cloth-for-regency-fashion/)

"Embellishments, elegance, ornament of mind or body" (Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language).

"A member of the lowest hereditary titled British order, with the status of a commoner but able to use the prefix 'Sir'" (OED).

I know it's defined within the text, but look at the second definition in this set:

he·li·ot·ro·pism ˌhēlēəˈtrōpizəm/

noun BOTANY the directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight.

ZOOLOGY the tendency of an animal to move toward light.

definition: something absolutely indispensable or essential

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sine%20qua%20non

Surprised nobody's beat me to this post, but Phenomenology is the philosophy of consciousness and experience. Like the video summary of Hume v. Descartes, phenomenology looks at things and consciousness as "bundles" of experiences, though more than Hume's pure sensory approach, since it includes the larger elements of "experience" as well.

an urgent need or demand.

Definition

Agglomeration: the action or process of collecting in a mass

This is actually a great, succinct definition of exigence. I wanted to tag it because I actually wasn't happy with the definitions of exigence in the previous articles, even though exigence was central to those arguments.

The definition of kairos is "a propitious moment for decision or action," but I was wondering if the etymology would yield anything interesting. Nope.

Etymology: "1930s: Greek, literally ‘opportunity.’"

noun. a person's social environment.

noun. formal. pl people who take part in a dialogue or conversation.

definition: "system of broad cultural education" origin: ancient Greece https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/paideia

I imagine this instability results from signifyin as being a living rhetorical mode, something that is constantly evolving as it is practiced; I think it also suggests how oral and everyday it is--signifyin' and its different forms are in practice in everyday conversations among African Americans. It's difficult to capture something so oral and performative in something as rigid as definitions.

definition: "(of music, especially church music, or a section of a church liturgy) sung, recited, or played alternately by two groups" https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/antiphonal

"use of a word in an incorrect way, for example the use of mitigate for militate" https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/catachresis

antanaclasis

vertiginous

Nice definition of data citation

a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles.

Crinoline is the name of a stiff fabric made of a mix of threads and horsehair. It is most often used for giving structure to petticoats and is a common lining for garments. Hoop skirts are also referred to as a crinoline, due to the majority of its frame support being comprised of the material. Strips of crinoline would be attached to a starting hoop (normally the top hoop that sits at the waist) with heavy thread, wire, or rope. Subsequent hoops of increasing size could be attached while the crinoline is bent down and outward to achieve a noticeable “bell” shape. Cheaply made frames could be fragile and easily damaged by applying pressure to the structure, making sitting and moving around a constant concern for the wearer. Stronger frames were more expensive, but were also much heavier due to the types of materials used. Where lighter frames could be made of soft wood or leather hoops, others were made of whalebone or steel, making for a very cumbersome garment.

Moving in one of these stronger frames would be even more difficult, not only does the weight slow down the wearer; the unbending frames often make sitting or even passing through narrow openings nearly impossible. Though certain artisans could make changes and generate more user friendly designs, these crinolines would remain burdensome. Many women began to forgo them for lighter and more open options, sometimes referring to them as cages or weights. There are even notable print and stage parodies of these frames that highlight the bulky nature of the frames. Characters comically bump into others, knock over furniture, get stuck in odd places, or are vain caricatures with impossibly wide frames that match their egos.

Literally just a word for a “violently” scornful woman, in this context it is probably poking at a demeaning prudishness. However, in other literary sources that predate Fern, “termagant” appears to reference ranting in a belligerent manner, like that of a nag or a bully. There are even references to old medieval plays, where a fictional deity embodies the more negative aspects of the term by asserting itself as a moral authority whilst acting shrewdly.

“Turkish trousers” are the European name for the culturally adopted Ottoman dimije. Dimije are baggy pants that gather just above the ankle, which aid in dispelling heat with their flowing material and breezy nature. Normally worn by common folk in the areas of Turkey, India, and the Middle East, the European empires had influenced widespread cultural mixing via trade and colonization that brought many new styles back West. Fashion began to shift into being a form of self-expression (more like our modern interpretation of the use of clothing) instead of a marker of class level. Women’s movements took in these new cultural styles in order to address oppression by linking traditional clothing models to ideas of confinement, restriction, and encumbrance. These changes of clothing were like shedding of shackles, they became visual political statements that can be made publicly that could harken to the larger movements passively.

nonun - 1) the study of the nature of value and valuation, and of the kinds of things that are valuable.

2) a particular theory of axiology. "all consequentialists start with an axiology which tells us what things are valuable or fitting to desire"

hermaneutics

def. noun, the smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system.

I would define polysemy here, but I think that would be missing the point.

One possible meaning of the word, though, is a word that has multiple meanings. I can't find any other meanings, which seems like a remarkable oversight

Specious

Sunder

written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.

The definition of heuristic is roughly "allowing someone to learn something for themselves" but I was interested in the etymology.

Apparently, it's "early 19th century: formed irregularly from Greek heuriskein ‘find.’" I wonder if this is where we get the phrase "to find out."

def. noun something that is needed or wanted.

(synonym, requirement)

a belief or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted

Booth really emphasizes "common sense" as "the sense that is common between parties," rather than the gee-shucks folksy wisdom it's often defined as.

On the work of the humanist

This is a form of protest or a specific document outlining the reasons for protest/opposition, mainly used in political and theological context. Simply put, “the ‘protest’ of the Apostles” refers to disagreements the followers of Jesus had with human law that contradicted or attempted to supersede the rules put in place by God through Jesus as a teacher. These instances are found all throughout scripture, and they always point back to the holiest and highest authority as being the right and just ruler of the people.

Normally referring to indigestion, it can also be a synonym for irritability. In this sentence, “with a(n) ‘irritable’ nervousness” would be better phrased as “with anxiousness” or “with distress”.

A shorter slang version of lunatic, which is an adjective meant to describe insanity or great foolishness. It is a sibling of the more commonly used adjective form of loon or loony. All of these words share an ancestor in luna, a Latin word referencing the moon. Lunacy and thusly lunatic are derived out of the old pseudoscientific belief that the phases of the moon controlled the mental states of man and beast, and these terms grew around this notion.

assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering.

This is a very loaded word. So for procreation, Aristotle thought that the man actively imprinted on the passive woman, and one of the definitions for matrix is a "mould in which something, such as a record or printing type, is cast or shaped." (It's also the "cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.") https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/matrix

Reading Cixous reminds me of cyberfeminism, which is often about "writing the feminine" through technology. I think VNS Matrix (their manifesto is below) is often considered a pioneer of cyberfeminism.

I looked at this for a long time. At first I assumed I misread it. Then I laughed a lot. I know she couldn't have known how the word "sext" would change, but it's damn funny.

On a serious note, though, I assume she meant something like "sexed texts"? As in, texts written in women's writing?

PS Apparently sext as a noun is "a service forming part of the Divine Office of the Western Christian Church, traditionally said (or chanted) at the sixth hour of the day (i.e., noon)." So now I'm more confused than I was before.

Fancy word for "penis envy," which is a concept that did need a fancy word. Interesting Google results!

relating to knowledge or to the degree of its validation.

def. A work of art. The complete body of an artist's work.

etymology from the late 19th century: French, literally ‘work.’

A good description of p-value.

Poem

Always dancing around the question of definition.

Needing no proof or explanation

the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions

Definition: "grammar, rhetoric, and logic," the first three of the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages, considered initiatory and foundational to the other four: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Etymology: From Latin "trivium," tri (three) + via (road); a place where three roads meet.

Wikipedia has it broken down as "grammar, logic, and rhetoric" = "input, process, and output." This is pretty consistent with Enlightenment thinking that logic is the process and rhetoric is the presentation. I'm interested in how this gets appropriated to a trivium of "syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics."

There's a line in Burke's Rhetoric of Motives about how literally everything had a trope title. Initially for pragmatic reasons, but later for ornamentation.

I don't really know my tropes that well, couldn't really define Zeugma or Hyperbaton without consulting Silvae Rhetoricae. I don't know if that's that much of a loss, but I do respect people with an encyclopedic knowledge and recall of figures of speech.

adjective. Tending or aiming to exhort.

the central bank relied on hortatory messages and voluntary compliance

noun, plural casuistries. 1. specious, deceptive, or oversubtle reasoning, especially in questions of morality; fallacious or dishonest application of general principles; sophistry.

2. the application of general ethical principles to particular cases of conscience or conduct.

definition: "fortune or change in circumstance" https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/peripeteia

Definition

definition: origin https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fons_et_origo

the use of fallacious arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving.

enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselves.

Ah, yes, "grist for his mill," that phrase we all know!

I was really thrown by this phrase, so I thought others might find this helpful:

If you say that something is grist to the mill, you mean that it is useful for a particular purpose or helps support someone's point of view.

def. anything that can be turned to profit or advantage

Etymology notes: Grist is the corn that is brought to a mill to be ground into flour. In the days when farmers took 'grist to the mill' the phrase would have been used literally to denote produce that was a source of profit.

def.

ˈdādəm,ˈdadəm/ noun 1. a piece of information. 2. a fixed starting point of a scale or operation.

I thought the etymology was interesting, too: From the Latin dare (to give). The Latin datum (something given), brings us to the mid 18th century usage of datum (a given).

def. so͞oˌī ˈjenərəs,ˌso͞oē/ adjective unique. (not like anything else) "the sui generis nature of animals"

A person skilled in exegesis

exegesis

Critical explanation or analysis, especially of a text.

Contravene

Chunky word to mean "your sacrifices need priestly intercession to count"

What a word.

def. per·ad·ven·ture ˌpərədˈvenCHər,ˌ perədˈvenCHər

uncertainty or doubt as to whether something is the case. ex. "that shows beyond peradventure the strength of the economy"

Def. noun. Concealment of one's thoughts, feelings, or character; pretense.

Def. noun, pl. The attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology

definition: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/officious

I'm trying to remember Baudrillard's treatise on simulacra, because it sounds like Nietzsche's describing something very similar.

simulacrum definition: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/simulacrum

Descriptivists describe, systematically recording and analyzing the endlessly changing ways people speak and write. Descriptive advice is, as Jesse Sheidlower put it, almost an oxymoron.

Nice qualification: there isn't a stable definition of rhetoric, so Hill's using the definition that suits his purpose.

Is our ability to define technical writing just as futile as our working definition of rhetoric?

Definition: a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa

definition: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parochial

prima facie: based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise.

collocation

definition: using more words than necessary to convey meaning https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pleonasm

a mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual.

Um, what?! I had no idea, until this very moment, that heigh-ho was an actual word and not a nonsense-sound for the Seven Dwarves to sing.

Def. used typically to express boredom, weariness, or sadness or sometimes as a cry of encouragement

Etymology: The phrase "Heigh-Ho" was first recorded in 1553 and is defined as an expression of "yawning, sighing, languor, weariness, disappointment". Eventually, it blended meanings with the similarly spelled "hey-ho".

Ain't that just a beautiful phrasing. "Sesquipedalian," btw, just means "long words," which is, itself, the epitome of sesquipedalianism

Caulk

Proud to inform everyone that Dictionary.com has slightly advanced the clarity of the "abolition" entry.

"Jeremiad," a lamentation in the style of the Book of Jeremiah, which means a denunciation of the immorality and wickedness of a contemporary society.

Frippery

gewgaws

thraldom

(sorry it's dictionary.com but the Oxford dictionary only defined "thrall")

definition: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contrite

also, "the obligation to prove an assertion or allegation that one makes"

definition: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/petitio%20principii

definition: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tyro

Again, to define rhetoric is to also have defined other related terms as well.

n. Def. the fact or condition of being magnanimous; generosity

Magnanimous - adj. very generous or forgiving, especially toward a rival or someone less powerful than oneself.

adj.& adv.

Def. Based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise.

Def: British usage, "the agent or steward of a landlord," who oversees farming.

def. ˈpädərz ˌfēld/ noun historical "a burial place for paupers and strangers."

I then thought that "Potter's Field" might be a corruption of "pauper's field," but it turns out the etymology is "from the mention in Matthew 27:7 of the purchase of a potter's field for use as a graveyard," according to Merriam-Webster.

Definition: The quality of being sage, wise, or able to make good decisions

Etymology: From French sagacité, from Latin sagācitās ‎(“sagaciousness”), from sagāx ‎(“of quick perception, acute, sagacious”), from sāgiō ‎(“I perceive by the senses”).

Definition: one employed to write from dictation or to copy manuscript <composed her="" autobiography="" with="" the="" help="" of="" an="" amanuensis="">

Also, I find the etymology really interesting given her life as an indentured servant, then domestic servant:

Etymology: Latin (in Suetonius) adj. used subst., < a manu a secretary, short for servus a manu + -ensis belonging to.

In short, the choice of the word "amanuensis" seems...ironic?...given the etymological roots in servitude and ownership.

Jeremiad is a piece of writing that depicts whatever state the society is in, usually in a pessimistic way. The references to Jeremiah are most likely regarding his choice of speech to describe the falling of the kingdom of Judah. I think that Jeremiads usually tell the impending doom upon that is sure to destroy everything. Pretty heavy stuff. Veggie tales does it in a much kinder fashion.

very interesting contemporary legal view of what is a document

Defined.

Defined.

"fine writing"

plural noun 1. literature regarded as a fine art, especially as having a purely aesthetic function. 2. light and elegant literature, especially that which is excessively refined, characterized by aestheticism, and minor in subject, substance, or scope.

Nice ¢25 word, here. Means "raised," as in embossed letters or bas relief. Pronounce "reh-LEE-vo," in case you, like me, need to pepper your conversation with unnecessary ornateness because you, like an Athenian, like to dazzle through "showy but false eloquence."

This sounds like it could have been a sick burn, with the proper context and snooty tone. Like Byron (who offers an elaboration on "polite literature" below, I was surprised and amused by this usage of "polite." This OED definition helped a bit:

"2.a.Of language, the arts, or other intellectual pursuits: refined, elegant, scholarly; exhibiting good or restrained taste."

I found a blog post here from a British library that elaborates on "polite literature," and emphasizes it as a matter of a particular middle-to-upper class culture, that needed to be qualified due to increasing economic demand for more books.

Literally "chicanery"

definition: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prosopopoeia

Definition

This answers my earlier question about his use of pathetic, despite knowing that it has a context contrary to his desired meaning.

If he's aware that impassioned is the better word, why does he us pathetic in the first place? Is he wanting to build on the Greek pathos?

Edit: the context of his later invocation of pathos seems to indicate that was, indeed, his thought.

General Linear Model (GLM)- is a statistical linear model that generalizes multiple linear regression models such that there are multiple dependent variables.

Consanguinity- is the property of being related to someone, in essence having the same ancestor as someone else.

This is a good definition of a haplotype.

ter·ra in·cog·ni·ta

noun unknown or unexplored territory.

From what I remember in History of English Language, language has been defined more broadly since Sheridan's day, if language was really strictly defined to words. I think language is now considered as a system of intentional, conventional signs. Unfortunately, animals and the "melancholy mournings of the turtle" (shoutout to kpolizzi and gilmanhernandez) are not considered language within this definition. This reading and the definition of language from the HOEL textbook by Algeo both heavily emphasized oral-aural communication, so I'm curious about the deaf community's perspective on language. Also I was definitely not expecting to bring up disability as much as I have been; I can try to limit my annotations on that subject.

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves- these curves compare the true positive rate against the false positive rate.

Orthonormal matrix- a square matrix where each row and column are orthogonal unit vectors.

Orthogonal- when two vectors are perpendicular.

Unit vector- a vector of length one.

Def.: Here catholic is defined as "including a wide variety of things; all-embracing." I'm not entirely sure how Hume means this word to indicate something different from "universal," but he is not a writer given to redundancies, so I imagine there is something subtle I'm missing here.

Definition.

definition of primary and secondary occurences of descriptions

Technical definition of "equivalent"

This is because "Scott" in "Scott is the author of Waverly" is simply a vehicle to designate Scott the actual person whereas "Scott" in "Scott is Sir Walter" or "Scott is Scott" serves to mean "who we are referring to as Scott" and therefore the word itself actually enters into the content of the statement.

He answers my last annotation here. The distinction between absolute and non-absolute individuals is not important to the task at hand.

Is Russell here saying that "relative individual" refers to "what can be considered an individual for our purposes"? unsure on this.

"Simple symbol" seems like an important term to make note of.

All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore Socrates is mortal

I wonder to some extent if it might be good to start out super basic and not to delve into deep, philosophical questions but to just begin with a basic definition of rhetoric as understanding how communication works and how language is used to persuade and appeal to an audience and just go from there. The main reason I say this is because it seems to some extent everyone is working from this basic definition. Everything we're reading this week seems to operate from this definition anyway. All of the different definitions in the first sentence of the introduction to The Rhetorical Tradition are basically more specific variations of this general definition. This agreement on a basic definition is not to deny the really fascinating difficulties within rhetoric and some of the questions about language (or even about what language is), thought and action but to give an answer to your friend at the bar or your parent about what the hell you are doing with your life in this rhetoric class: you're learning about communication, language and persuasion, which is basically everywhere and a huge part of our daily lives and of history and of multiple disciplines.

Definition

Definition

Learn more.

Learn more.

Orthologous groups are groups of genes that developed from a common ancestor, source. Orthologous genes have the same (or similar) function, but may vary in sequence.

Lay theory.

Make (something, typically an undesirable situation or an unfounded belief) continue indefinitely.

• ‘The book contains unsubstantiated statements perpetuating old myths and creating confusion.’
• ‘Indeed inheritance under the current system only serves to perpetuate inequality.’

Change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant way:

• [with object] ‘Eliot was persuaded to alter the passage’
• [no object] ‘our outward appearance alters as we get older’

What is Gruik?

A source! http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/derive

French Poststructuralist movement of the 50's and 60's: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Post-structuralism

A linking of things, linking together (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concatenate). Interestingly enough, people also describe string theory as strong concatenation

Calcify: harden by deposition of or conversion into calcium carbonate or some other insoluble calcium compounds. ---College has become very "hard" or difficult