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    1. Extended family, friends,community groups, churches, black colleges, clubs, associations, and se-cret societies functioned as a safety net against crime and corruption

      This highlights how community networks provide protection and emotional support during difficult times. In disaster recovery, these existing relationships can be just as important as outside assistance because they provide a sense of stability when everyday life is disrupted

    2. Vodou is the system they have devised todeal with the suffering that is life, a system whose purpose is to minimizepain, avoid disaster, cushion loss, and strengthen survivors and survivalinstincts.

      I think this shows how cultural and religious practices can serve as important tools for recovery. Rather than simply responding to suffering, Vodou provides an ongoing system of support

    1. gold symbolizes stability in uncertain times

      I feel like this has been a controversy for awhile and people have been seeing gold as more upperclass and as a status symbol.

    1. The advent of the Covid-19 pandemic has brought epidemiology to the attention of many, and more people than ever have a decent understanding of what it is.

      Since it's not common to have a global pandemic, Covid-19 made people more familiar with what epidemiology actually is.

    2. Certain areas such as cancer epidemiology or air pollution epidemiology involve scientists with full command of both epidemiological research methods and the subject matter and there are chairs with corresponding titles and there is also close collaboration between expertise in different areas.

      Researchers can't just know the data methods but also must understand other things in that field like oncology or environment science.

    3. Epidemiological studies are conducted for a variety of reasons. One common goal, but certainly not the only one, is to contribute to the understanding of to what extent some exposure, in a broad sense, increases the risk of a disease; thus, the goal is to learn about causation.

      How far have we gotten with this? Is the causation for most diseases the same?

    4. But epidemiology also has its own theory and methods and uses statistical methods in a way that to a great extent is adjusted to epidemiology. And in addition, epidemiology has the subject matter part. Most epidemiology courses are in fact courses in methods for epidemiologic research, even when called, e.g., cardiovascular epidemiology, which might explain the confusion.

      epidemiology is not just statistics, but also has it's own theories and science. What makes it unique compared to other science topics?

    5. The study divided the injury cases properly according level of comorbidity but omitted to do so with the denominator and instead used the full population as denominator in all comorbidity classes. Consider also the question of how much incidence rates for myocardial infarction differ depending on number of preceding myocardial infarctions. In many settings it would be rather straightforward to divide the heart attacks by the number of preceding myocardial infarctions, but considerably more difficult to do the same thing for the denominator, the population, because the numerator and the denominator are likely to be obtained from data sources with different type of data and level of detail.

      mistake with the denominator, instead of using the specific number of people in each health group the entire population for every group was used instead. Counting the total group at risk is hard because the data comes from different sources, compared to counting heart attacks, which is easy.

    6. Any study comparing Covid-19 incidence across populations, e.g., defined by socio-economic status, must consider that differences in testing frequency will affect results.

      Different test results because of the different factors all across the world.

    7. The advent of the Covid-19 pandemic has not only promoted epidemiology and incorporated the word in everyday language, it has also provided numerous examples of the difficulties that may be attached to the seemingly trivial concept of identifying cases of disease and an underlying population properly.

      people who don't study public health or know about epidemiology realized how difficult it is to fix and understand, and gave the general public an example as to what it actually entails.

    8. This has of course been discussed extensively with respect to case-control studies but is a frequent issue also in other contexts.

      Why is it such a big issue? Are there methods that stop it from becoming a bigger issue?

    9. Dekkers and Mulder argue convincingly that it is not possible to predict with certainty whether a given person will develop a disease or not during a specified period of time [1].

      Are there not methods to determine this? New technology?

    1. m×n indicating m rows and n columns. Matrix entries are defined first by row and then by column. For example, to locate the entry in matrix A identified as ai⁢j,we look for the entry in row i,column j.

      Why are we calling rows both m and i, and columns both n and j?

    1. This Olympia SM9 typewriter has a carriage lock on it indicated by the #1 in the diagram in the manual at https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/OlympiaSM9.pdf Engaging the lock will cause two teeth to engage with a set of matching holes in the carriage on the left hand side of the machine that will lock the carriage in the center. (You should be able to physically see this happen by looking straight down from above on the left side of the front of the carriage as you engage the lock.) The Carriage Release lever (#15 in diagram) will allow the carriage to be moved left or right to properly center & lock the carriage into place.

      Please ensure the typewriter is also properly seated into the hardware inside the case and locked so that it can't move and fill in any dead space in the case prior to shipment.

      These two precautions will help ensure safe shipment of the delicate internal mechanisms under the carriage.

      Thanks in advance for your assistance!

    1. Together, these rules constrain the space of possible solutions, preventing errant matches and zeroing in on the correct ones.

      I think it's interesting that our brains rely on certain assumptions about how the world works to make sense of what we're seeing. These rules seem pretty effective most of the time, but I imagine they could also lead us to misinterpret things that don't follow the patterns we're used to. This could help explain why visual illusions happen, since our brains might be applying the same rules that normally help us perceive the world accurately, just in situations where those rules don't quite work.

    2. Apparently subjects’ conscious reports can in fact misrepresent unconscious cognitive activity.

      I think this brings up an interesting issue with how researchers study cognition. If people aren't always aware of the processes their brains are using, then asking them to explain their thinking might not be the most reliable way to understand what's actually happening. I think Sternberg's study shows why it's important to use other kinds of evidence, like reaction times, rather than relying entirely on what participants say. Otherwise, researchers could end up drawing conclusions about cognition based on how people think their minds work instead of how they actually work.

    3. When using a computer, you strike keys or insert devices into USB ports that provide input to various programs – word processors, spread sheets, graphics editors, and so on.

      It’s interesting how perfect the computer analogy is. When they say strike keys, it makes me think of how certain phrases, things, landmarks can bring back repressed memories.

    4. Before proceeding further with discussion of GPS, it is worth pausing to consider Newell and Simon’s claim that there are symbols and symbolic operations within the brain.

      How does the brain itself realize symbolic cognitive operations similar to a digital computer? Like in what sense can neural activity be understood as symbolic processing without literal physical symbols?

    1. young African American child growing up in Los Angeles, Lester Horton (1906 - 1953)

      CORRECTION: Lester Horton was NOT African American, and came to California in his 20's (1927) from Indiana, USA.

    1. As employer-based health coverage grew (and were found to be excluded from an employee’staxable income), private plans began to set premiums based on their experiences with varioushealth costs.

      I thought this was interesting because I never really considered how connecting health insurance to employment shaped our healthcare system. It makes me wonder why we became so dependent on employers to provide something as important as healthcare coverage. I also think this creates challenges for people who work part-time, change jobs frequently, or cannot work because of their health. It raises the question of whether employment should have such a large influence on someone's ability to receive affordable healthcare.

    2. Even among those with insurance, barriers to care remain.

      This stood out to me because I think we often assume that having health insurance means someone has access to the care they need. However, even with insurance, patients may still struggle to afford appointments, medications, or treatments. I think it's important to recognize these financial barriers because they can affect a patient's ability to follow their treatment plan. It makes me wonder how many patients delay getting care simply because they cannot afford the out-of-pocket costs.

    1. repeated linear factor occurringn n times

      I'm not seeing it in the generalized equation expansion of P(x)/Q(x). This is just repeated information from the previous section on non-repeated linear factors.

    2. In other words, it is a return from the single simplified rational expression to the original expressions, called the partial fractions.

      Partial fractions are composed to form a single rational expression.

    1. A woman drew her long black hair out tight And fiddled whisper music on those strings

      Beginning this stanza of “What the Thunder Said”, Eliot describes a woman who manipulated her hair, and “fiddled whisper music on those strings”. Interpreting “those strings” as the woman’s own hair we can interpret a curious instance of a woman using her body as an instrument to play music. Of course, we must acknowledge that realistically, one can’t make any substantial sounds with their hair, and thus we can interpret her “whisper music” as imagined, or only perceived by her. In terms of the human body, especially in relation to hair, we can further understand this passage by looking at page 298 of the Visuddhi-Magga. This page discusses the superficiality of beauty and the ego, as it declares that the human body is repulsive. The repulsiveness of the human body is argued, as the Visuddhi Magga reads, “When any part of the body becomes detached, as, for instance, the hair of the head … people are unwilling so much as to touch it”. According to the Visuddhi Magga, humans assign significance and beauty to discardable parts of their body, and when those parts are discarded, humans view them with disgust. When comparing the teachings of the Visuddhi-Magga with the long-haired woman, there seems to be a contrast in appreciation for the human body. While the Visuddhi-Magga argues that the body, especially the hair, is repulsive, the woman is using her own hair as an instrument, something of significance and beauty in and of itself. I believe another important aspect of this analysis lies in the consideration of Eliot’s notion of “conceptual death”. In “The Waste Land” Eliot has challenged the reader’s literal understanding of death, and instead seems to propose the idea that death is a complex and cultural state that cannot be so easily defined. Literally, our hair is dead, but when attached to our body, it becomes a part of a living thing, and thus seems to gain significance through what I argue is “conceptual vitality”. Interpeting the lesson of the Visuddhi-Magga, hair loses its “vitality” when it is cut off, and becomes recognizably repulsive. Though it was always dead, it has lost its significance to the body. I would argue that the woman using her hair as an instrument is an affirmation of the hair’s significance to herself, and thus, a part of her own conceptual vitality.

    1. mportantly also students’ own experiences and emo-tional engagement

      right so not just locally (their environment) but students would be able to apply themselves as well.

    1. Just as with a parabola and a line, there are three possible outcomes when solving a system of equations representing a circle and a line.

      again, a statement about how the solutions for a single outcome and no solution will present themselves if we're not going to examine examples and do exercises on them.

    2. Intersection of a Parabola and a Line

      You need a statement in here about how the single solution and non solution will present themselves upon examination.

    1. Dva podobné družstevní byty

      ale to by mohla nastat i u 2 podobných bytů v osobním vlastnictví, že mohou mít velmi rozdílné měsíční zatížení...a stejně tak u nájemních...

    2. obydlených družstevních bytů, což odpovídalo přibližně 3,1 %

      Nevím, jestli tuto poznámku nedat do metodiky: Sčítání lidu v roce 2021 poprvé v historii čerpalo velkou část dat z registrů a po lidech nechtělo vyplňovat podrobnosti o bytech. Jenže státní registry neobsahují informaci o tom, zda je byt družstevní, nebo v osobním vlastnictví. • Lidé sice mohli tuto kolonku vyplnit dobrovolně, ale miliony z nich ji nechaly prázdnou. • Statistici pak tyto chybějící miliony bytů do finálního podílu nezahrnuli ideálním způsobem, což výsledné číslo 3,1 % uměle podhodnotilo. Skutečný podíl družstevních bytů v roce 2021 byl s vysokou pravděpodobností vyšší.

    3. Téměř 60 % bytových domů vlastněných bytovými družstvy se nachází v panelových domech, což odráží významnou roli družstevní výstavby v období masové panelové výstavby ve druhé polovině 20. století. To je patrné zejména při srovnání s celkovým podílem bytových domů podle nosné konstrukce, kde převažuje zejména cihla, kámen a tvárnice a panelové domy tvoří necelou 1/3 celkového počtu bytových domů. U bytových domů ve vlastnictví družstev naopak cihla a jiné materiály tvoří kolem 40 % domů.

      v tomto odstavci 3 věty, první o družstvech, druhá celkově a třetí o družstvech, trochu mne ten prostředek zmátl, dala bych nejdřív věty o družstvech a pak až z pohledu rozdělení všech forem vlastnictví bytových domů podle nosné konstrukce.

    4. Družstevní byty

      tady jsou družstevními byty myšleny pouze obydlené družstevní byty? pokud i neobydlené, nevává smysl to poměřovat oproti obydleným bytům...

    1. 3

      Chapter 3 of The Ministry for the Future is a shorter chapter written in a third-person, report-like style. It documents the attempt to account for national CO2 emissions and how frustrating it is, which leads to the creation of "a new Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Agreement," which the press dubs The Ministry for the Future. This chapter is a bit jarring given that the previous two chapters, one about "big heat wave" in India written in first-person from the perspective of Frank May, and one written in a poetic, riddle-like style in the voice of the sun. [More to come.]

    1. Blocking groups of people: https://twitter.com/blockpartyapp_ [c6]

      I think this bot is useful because it helps deep-cleaning my social media account. When I see someone posting information that I don't feel comfortable with, I can just block this poster. This also come in handy for parents to manage accounts of their children.

    2. Blocking groups of people: https://twitter.com/blockpartyapp_ [c6]

      This bot helps deep clean social media, notifications, settings. When you find someone's constantly posting inappropriate content, you can add them to your block list.

    3. Antagonistic bots can also be used as a form of political pushback that may be ethically justifiable.

      I find antagonist bots so annoying, as I've encountered so many of these at a a mass scale usually pushing some sort of a propaganda that is harmful to society. Is there a solution to this? Do we learn how to kill these bots?

    4. This lets the social media platform track these registered bots and provide certain capabilities and limits to the bots (like a rate limit on how often the bot can post). But when some people want to get around these limits, they can make bots that don’t use this official API, but instead, open the website or app and then have a program perform clicks and scrolls the way a human might. These are much harder for social media platforms to track, and they normally ban accounts doing this if they are able to figure out that is what is happening.

      The fact that platforms can 'provide certain capabilities' and 'limit' rather than banning them altogether really surprises me. To a certain degree, do platforms enjoy having bots take over? People care enough to create bots for your platform, also, sometimes what they can post can generate more engagement.

  3. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. Mark N. Katz. Assessing the Political Stability of Oman. 2004. Accepted: 2008-05-15T21:07:25Z. URL: https://mars.gmu.edu/handle/1920/3031 (visited on 2023-11-17).

      This source provided more information about what citizens think of Omans sultan and more information on why they are protesting. I think it's interesting how the article initially praises the sultan explaining the prosperity of Oman and him being a "man of culture". Saying this all before explaining the reason for protesting or even the rule of protesting emphasizes the ethical issue in what limiting protest does.

    2. Dead internet theory

      The Dead internet theory can be considered a conspiracy theory, but today its seems more and more real. It's basically a concept where we believe the internet is run by these bots that shape the algorithm in order to manipulate us as a whole. I don't think this theory is entirely true but I can see it happening in the near future with AI.

    3. this source describes the dead internet theory as the theory that there are not really anymore people on the internet and that everything is 'controlled' or automated by bots. this is both intriguing and upsetting because when you think about it, the harmful comments left on peoples' posts can be detrimental and wether or not they're coming from a real person they hurt a real person behind a screen. the idea of this is worse if the comment was left by a bot.

    4. Astroturfing. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186679500. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&oldid=1186679500 (visited on 2023-12-02)

      Astroturfing is basically making a movement pushed by big corps and made to seem as raw spontaneos media.

    5. Dead internet theory. October 2026. Page Version ID: 1377898523. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Internet_theory&oldid=1377898523 (visited on 2026-10-06).

      This "Dead internet theory" is so interesting. I have actually not thought about it before, but I do realize that some of the people I interact with online are pretty weird (don't look like real people). I feel like not all of the theory is true, but it does make me think of how much we can trust on social media.

    6. Buy TikTok Followers

      This website is a site where you can buy followers on a variety of social media accounts. This is interesting because it can essentially buy you fame, but also in a sense credibility because nowadays many people look at follower count when determining whether to trust the user or not. The site states that they "sell social media signals from real people". The intention behind this is so that it is harder for the creators audience to determine whether one has bought their followers or not.

    7. Dead internet theory. October 2026. Page Version ID: 1377898523. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Internet_theory&oldid=1377898523 (visited on 2026-10-06).

      Dead internet theory is basically the idea that most of the internet isn't real people anymore, just bots and AI posting content and interacting with each other. It started out as a conspiracy theory on online forums around 2021, with people claiming the internet "died" sometime around 2016 and has been mostly fake since. At first most people brushed it off, but it's gotten taken more seriously now that AI makes it so easy to churn out posts, images, and comments. The Wikipedia page mentions stuff like AI-generated images going viral on Facebook as an example of how much bot content is out there now. So even if the internet isn't totally "dead," the theory is getting harder to fully dismiss.

    8. Botwatch: for the interest and study of reddit bots. URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/botwatch/ (visited on 2023-11-17).

      This is a subreddit discussing bots. One post fascinated me. A recent forecast told us that 'bot users' may be more than 1000 times higher than human ones. Reddit was a platform where I sometimes felt a human connection through finding subreddits, users, and conversations that I was able to relate to, whether emotionally, physically, or in terms of interests, and now it's a platform mostly full of machines. Also, on a subreddit about bots, most of these users and their post may ironically just be bots!

    9. Dead internet theory. October 2026. Page Version ID: 1377898523. URL:

      According to this source, the dead internet theory holds that most of social media, or a large portion of it, is run by bots. Social media organizations may either use these bots to make their sites more addictive to expose people to more ads and make more money, or they may use these bots to heavily influence people's views by what they are consuming on their feeds or what they see "most people" are agreeing with. A third alternative is that these bots are made by third parties who may be trying to push their own agendas/ scams. Whatever the motive is behind making these bots, dead internet theory says that most of the interactions you have or media you see is heavily influenced by bots.

    10. Zack Sharf. ‘Star Wars: The Last Jedi’ Backlash: Academic Study Reveals 50% of Online Hate Caused by Russian Trolls or Non-Humans. October 2018. URL:

      In the IndieWire article about Star Wars: The Last Jedi, researcher Morten Bay found that 50.9% of the people posting negative tweets about the movie were politically motivated or not even human. What surprised me most is that so much of the "fan hate" was actually politically motivated, not real fans reacting to the movie.

    11. Dead internet theory. October 2026. Page Version ID: 1377898523. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Internet_theory&oldid=1377898523 (visited on 2026-10-06).

      The idea of a digitally incesteous ouroboros is so disturbing and in equal measures fascinating! the source touches on the advent and contemporary analysis of bots feeding content into one another as they're both producing and reacting to content divorced from any human involvement. Especially with the evolution and abundance of AI now adays to the layman, the barrier for entry to add to this rotting hell is on the floor, so it's only going to get worse!

    1. Bots, on the other hand, will do actions through social media accounts and can appear to be like any other user. The bot might be the only thing posting to the account, or human users might sometimes use a bot to post for them.

      This section makes me think about how important it is to be able to identify content on social media. If an article's written by the bot, we should pay attention on the realness of this piece of information because it could lead to misunderstanding.

    2. n some corners of the internet, there can be more content from bots than from humans, so most of your interactions in those places might be from bots and not other humans. For example, you might get into heated arguments about sports, music, or politics, and be interacting with hundreds of accounts, but you might not realize they are all only automated bots. This is informally called the “dead internet theory.” [c1]

      I wonder in what spaces of the internet bots are used most heavily and if I encounter such spaces.

    3. In some corners of the internet, there can be more content from bots than from humans, so most of your interactions in those places might be from bots and not other humans. For example, you might get into heated arguments about sports, music, or politics, and be interacting with hundreds of accounts, but you might not realize they are all only automated bots. This is informally called the “dead internet theory.” [c1]

      This is so interesting and I literally just realize this. It is sometimes really hard to distinguish between bots and real person on social media right now. With AI developing this fast, I was wondering if it would be hard to distinguish between AI and real person as well.

    1. My house was not too big, but it was full of laughing and loving every day.

      I like this part because it help the reader imagine how happy the family was.

    1. Getting Nodes

      HTML에 이미 존재하는 요소를 JavaScript에서 가져오는 거야.

      <div id="container">

      Hello

      World

      </div>

      코드 기능 결과 document.getElementById("container") id로 찾기 요소 하나 또는 null

      document.getElementsByClassName("text") class로 찾기 HTMLCollection

      document.querySelector(".text") CSS 선택자로 찾기 첫 번째 일치 요소

      document.querySelectorAll(".text") CSS 선택자로 전부 찾기 NodeList

    2. “Also beware, inside an event handler function, this may not be what you think it is.” (Slide 11에서도 반복된 강조)

      obj.method() → this = obj

      element.addEventListener("click", obj.method) → 일반 함수라면 클릭 시 this = element

      element.addEventListener("click", () => obj.method()) → method 내부에서 this = obj

    3. “Always be aware of what type an element is.” (교수님 강조)

      기능 Native DOM (a) jQuery (b)

      내용 변경 a.innerHTML = "Hi" b.html("Hi")

      이벤트 등록 a.addEventListener("click", foo) b.on("click", foo)

      CSS 변경 a.style.color = "red" b.css("color", "red")

      요소 삭제 a.remove() b.remove()

    4. Event Handling

      방법 A. addEventListener() button.addEventListener("click", callback);

      방법 B. onclick 속성 button.onclick = callback;

      방법 C. HTML에 이벤트 지정 <button onclick="callback()">Click</button>

    5. Slide 13: 응답 가능한 Events (전체 목록)

      4-2. 이벤트 종류 (Slide 13) 이벤트 언제 발생? click 클릭 load 로딩 완료 unload 문서에서 벗어나는 과정 change 값 변경이 확정될 때 mouseover 마우스가 요소 안으로 들어올 때 mouseout 마우스가 요소 밖으로 나갈 때 mousedown 마우스 버튼 누름 mouseup 마우스 버튼 뗌

    6. $.getJSON(jsonFilePath, function (json) {

      $.getJSON()은 jQuery에서 JSON 데이터를 비동기적으로 가져오는 메서드야.

      jsonFilePath는 파일 경로.

      function(json) { ... }는 데이터를 성공적으로 가져왔을 때 실행할 Callback이야.

      json에는 가져온 JSON 데이터가 들어와.

    7. Slide 5: Make new nodes 

      document.createElement("div") 새로운 div 생성 X document.createTextNode("Hi") 텍스트 노드 생성 X parent.appendChild(child) 부모에게 자식 추가 O parent.removeChild(child) 부모에게서 자식 삭제 O child.remove() 자기 자신 삭제 X child.parentNode 부모 노드 참조 X

    8. lide 4: Updating the DOM

      코드 종류 하는 일 element.innerHTML = "Hi" 속성 HTML 내용 수정 element.textContent = "Hi" 속성 텍스트 내용 수정 element.setAttribute("id", "box") 메서드 HTML 속성 지정 element.style.color = "red" 속성 글자 색상 수정 element.classList.add("active") 메서드 class 추가

    9. control.addEventListener("click", controller.processGoHome);

      element.addEventListener("이벤트 종류", 실행할 함수);

      부분 의미 element 이벤트를 감지할 HTML 요소 addEventListener 이벤트 리스너 등록 "click" 어떤 이벤트를 기다릴지 실행할 함수 이벤트 발생 시 실행할 Callback

      ++++ control.addEventListener("click", controller.processGoHome());-> totally different = exectues as soon as it is regeistered not clicked

    10. child를 지우는 건 parent의 일)

      // ① 삭제할 자식 가져오기 let myParagraph = document.getElementById("my_paragraph");

      // ② 부모 노드 가져오기 let parent = myParagraph.parentNode;

      // ③ 부모가 자식 삭제하기 parent.removeChild(myParagraph);

    1. Missionaries sought to bring anend to the slave trade within Africa, and thusa concerted effort was made to locate missionstations in areas where slavery was prevalent(Johnson 1967)

      Cabeza de Vaca. What can one man or even many possibly accomplish in the face of humanity's overwhelming wickedness and greed. They really thought that they could stop an evil that could run itself for 1000 years, no need to tend it.

    2. The success of missionaries duringthis period was due in large part to the onset ofcolonial rule, which made clear to Africans thebenefit of European education.

      It's very interesting but also somewhat obvious how domination by a foreign power leads the victims to consider the knowledge that the foreigner must possess. Its hard to word this properly. But we see that the recipient or the defeated can deal with this in many different ways. The Chinese and Japanese both had periods of learning and incorporating Western knowledge in order to become stronger. What is very interesting is how these cultures wrestle with their desire to preserve their national/cultural identity and perception of self-importance while also recognizing that they have been outclassed. For example China wished desperately to retain its existing political order and sources of knowledge whereas Japan was more transformative.

    1. In contrast, a man behaving in a similarly unfriendly or assertive way might be perceived as strong or even gain respect in some circumstances.

      This is gender identity but manifested the opposite direction, where a man applies a social role/stereotype to his gender, then thinks he is more of a man for being more aggressive.

      He may also think he is more of a woman for being more stereotypically “feminine”.

      Gender identity is internalized sexism.

    2. For example, women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing; when a woman behaves in an unfriendly or assertive manner, she may be disliked or perceived as aggressive because she has violated a gender role (Rudman, 1998).

      She may also be told that she is a man or internalize sexism by thinking that she is a man because she has these qualities.

      Gender identity is internalized sexism.

    3. In 2017, 65% of college seniors who graduated from private and public nonprofit colleges had student loan debt, and nationally owed an average of $28650, a 1% decline from 2016 (The Institute for College Access & Success (TICAS), 2018). See Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) for yearly comparisons. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Average debt borrowed for graduating seniors. Adapted from TICAS, 2018.

      📊 Current Student Debt Statistics (2025-2026)

      Average Debt at Graduation:

      • 2025 Graduates: The average student loan debt at graduation is approximately $39,550 .‌

      • 2024 Graduates: The average was $38,370 .‌

      • Comparison to 2017: The textbook cites an average of 40,000—an increase of about 38% in nominal dollars .‌

  4. folger-main-site-assets.s3.amazonaws.com folger-main-site-assets.s3.amazonaws.com
    1. Now, good Metellus, go along by him.He loves me well, and I have given him reasons.Send him but hither, and I’ll fashion him

      Good work Metellus, go check in on him. He loves me a lot, and I have given him reasons too. Send him here, and I will shape him to our purpose.

    2. Caius Ligarius doth bear Caesar hard,Who rated him for speaking well of Pompey.I wonder none of you have thought of him

      Caius Ligarius dislikes Caesar, Who checked him for speaking well of Pompey. I doubt any of you have thought of him.

    3. But when I tell him he hates flatterers,He says he does, being then most flatterèd.Let me work,For I can give his humor the true bent,And I will bring him to the Capitol

      But when I tell him that he hates people who flatter him, he agrees, I will flatter him. Let me work, I can convince him, And I will bring him to the Capitol.

    4. And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets.

      Imagery, supernatural disruption "And the ghosts did shriek and squeal on the streets. O Caesar, these things are beyond natural. And I do fear them."

    1. The process of elimination will result in a false statement,

      Examining how these inconsistent systems present themselves is necessary. It helps with recognition.

    2. the primary tool we will be using is called Gaussian elimination, named after the prolific German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss

      I would like to see more sections structured this way.

      Bold print for "Gaussian elimination"

    1. 3.4.1. A Protesting Donkey?# To get an idea of the type of complications we run into, let’s look at the use of donkeys in protests in Oman: “public expressions of discontent in the form of occasional student demonstrations, anonymous leaflets, and other rather creative forms of public communication. Only in Oman has the occasional donkey…been used as a mobile billboard to express anti-regime sentiments. There is no way in which police can maintain dignity in seizing and destroying a donkey on whose flank a political message has been inscribed.” From Kings and People: Information and Authority in Oman, Qatar, and the Persian Gulf [c33] by Dale F. Eickelman[1]

      Honestly the donkey thing made me laugh, because it's kind of genius. The police can't really do anything without looking ridiculous, so the protesters basically win either way. What stuck with me is that the donkey has no clue what it's doing, but the message still gets out and nobody gets caught. It made me think about how bots work the same way, where the people behind them can hide while the bot takes the heat. I'm just not sure that should let the person off the hook, since someone still had to paint the sign.

    2. How are people’s expectations different for a bot and a “normal” user?

      First it's that idea of the donkey protester mentioned a moment ago. There's a detachment between awareness and execution of actions when in the case of bots, given their standing as more of a tool then an entity. It would be critiquing a hammer for pounding a nail wrong, when the one using the tool could not be identified. There's also the degree of ability in sheer quantity of action, since a bot could take over an entire thread in seconds while it would require substantial manual effort to do so for a human.

    3. Why do you think social media platforms allow bots to operate?

      I think social media platforms allow bots to operate for a couple of reasons. First, bots are useful for informing people of information that can be automated, like the news, weather, warnings, etc. Bots are also useful to social media companies so that they can inflate their numbers; bots can make it look like more people are active at any one point and make a social media platform look more successful. The last reason social media companies might allow bots is that enforcing the bots would cost them a lot of money, so allowing them and only moderating the extreme usage of bots would save the companies loads of money.

    4. How are people’s expectations different for a bot and a “normal” user?

      If I found out an account was a bot, I wouldn't trust what it says. I don't know who is controlling it behind the scenes, and it feels like it's being used to manipulate public opinion.

    1. - Keep sending private messages to this person until they say "Stop it!" Copy to clipboard

      I found this example interesting because it shows me that we should carefully think before making any loop or something automated. I think depending on users, some might just ignore the message, or simply block the account. This makes me to think that when we program something, we should consider potential consequences of automation or repeated action before creating a bot, not just simply telling the bot when to stop!

    1. What bots do you dislike?

      I dislike call bots. I specifically dislike it when I'm calling for help and it first goes through a bot. An example of this is some leasing offices. When contacting customer support, nowadays, it is very common that a bot picks up. They ask you what you're calling for and then many times, they can't understand you initially which leads to you having to repeat yourself over and over again. This makes me frustrated and even so, depending on your question, sometimes they will just tell you to look for the answers on their online website and it is very hard to reach an actual human worker even if by your judgement, the question needs to be answered by a live person.

    2. What bots do you dislike?

      Responding to bots I like and dislike: Some of the bots I really enjoy are on Twitch. NightBot and Fossabot are bots that allow custom chat responses and actions to take place. For example, they can automatically time users out or respond to frequently asked questions such as a rule set or the streamer's time zone. Some bots I dislike are the view bots on Twitch. Inflating view counts is just a bad practice that I think degrades the site and the communities that people try to build. Sadly, in the current Twitch meta, buying viewbots is almost essential for growth.

    1. But some feared that Mr. Bunch’s departure would allow the Trump administration to exert greater influence, particularly by appointing like-minded individuals to lead the institution and fill its powerful Board of Regents.

      Historians try to be as unbiased as possible, but with the departure from the norm could we expect biased views about history in general?

    2. Supporters of Mr. Bunch said that under his leadership the Smithsonian had maintained its position as the nation’s premier site for telling the story of American history, culture and technological innovation, and it has continued to enjoy bipartisan support and billions in congressional funding.

      I have noticed that when Trump talks about bipartisan topics that he seems to have the goal to separate the topic into a partisan topic.

    1. Your voice is more than sound. It’s part of who you are
      • Core Theme & Premise:

        • The human voice functions as an essential pillar of personal identity, emotion, and social connection rather than just a mechanism for communication.
        • Season 2 of The Deep End podcast explores the neurological power of the voice, the impact of losing it, and how AI-driven voice cloning bridges the gap.
      • Jules Rodriguez's Journey:

        • Jules—a former science teacher, stand-up comedian, podcaster, father, and husband—lost his mobility and speech due to ALS (diagnosed in 2020).
        • He now relies on eye-tracking technology to type and uses an AI-generated synthetic voice clone to speak.
        • For Jules, the progressive loss of his voice felt like "fading away," a gradual decay documented across episodes of his podcast with his wife, MA.
      • Neurology & Development of Vocal Perception:

        • Cognitive scientist Greg Bryant explains that the brain features a dedicated voice-selective region that activates early in development.
        • Voices serve as rich sensory signals, conveying history, emotion, physical state, and personality.
        • Fetuses recognize maternal vocal rhythms and language patterns in utero, making voice one of the earliest social inputs.
      • Clinical Perspectives & Voice Banking:

        • Speech-language pathologist Kate Nilson assists ALS patients with voice banking and AI cloning—empowering them with a proactive step to preserve their identity and leave lasting recordings for families.
        • Jessica Piotrowski (UC Davis) notes that for many patients, losing the ability to speak is often more emotionally devastating than losing mobility, as vocal expression is vital for autonomy, humor, dignity, and basic care needs.
      • The Psychological Toll of Silence:

        • Patrick Darling, an ALS patient from Bristol, describes vocal loss as isolating, frustrating, and frightening, noting that others often forget the person inside when met with silence.
        • A simulation assignment where speech pathology students and host Laura Sanders spent hours communicating only via text-to-speech apps highlighted intense self-censorship, awkwardness, and withdrawal from casual social connection.
    1. Molte voci, una canzone

      Questa è una traduzione (bozza) diversa dal libro cartaceo pubblicato da Ayros, che varia per alcune scelte linguistiche e terminologiche.

    1. “The Smithsonian is OUT OF CONTROL, where everything discussed is how horrible our Country is, how bad Slavery was, and how unaccomplished the downtrodden have been — Nothing about Success, nothing about Brightness, nothing about the Future,”

      Learning about the dark parts of history allows us to not repeat the pattern of those parts. By recognizing there were dark times, we realize that we have progressed as a society.

    2. The White House report specifically singled out NMAH Director Anthea Hartig, citing her statement that she views history as a “prime tool of social justice.”

      The idea that a museum director i being targeted for expressing that history is a teaching tool and a form of not letting mistakes repeat themselves is very frightening. This could be construed as a violation of free speech.

    1. Because 95 percent of all adults in the United States marry, we tend to view singlehood as a temporary stage of life. However, increasing numbers of people are choosing to live alone. Such decisions are pushing up the number of single-person households dramatically. In 1950, only one household in ten contained a single person. By 2020, this share had risen to 28 percent, a total of 36.2 million single adults (U.S. Census Bureau, 2022).

      I found it interesting that being single has been seen as an early part of one's life in the past; however, more people than ever before are now living alone. I believe that this reflects a change in society's view of how a "family" or "successful adulthood" is defined over time. This makes me wonder whether people choose to remain single more frequently due to a desire for personal freedom and/or because their focus is primarily upon education, career development and/or other objectives prior to beginning a family.

    2. Government researchers tell us that 80 percent of adults in families with incomes over $100,000 rate their health as excellent or very good, but only 54 percent of adults in families earning less than $35,000 do the same. Conversely, just 4 percent of higher-income people describe their health as either fair or poor, compared with 18 percent of low-income people. Having a higher income and greater wealth boosts people’s health by improving their nutrition, lowering their incidence of obesity, enabling them to receive better health care, and allowing them to live in safer and less stressful surroundings (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022a).

      I was interested by this article because most of the time I consider my own health to be based upon my own choices; however, the article illustrated that social class also affects a person's health.

      For example, individuals who are wealthier will likely have an advantage over those who are poorer regarding access to nutritious food, safe housing and quality health care. The article caused me to reflect on how hard it must be for individuals with limited income to maintain good health when they do not have the same advantages or access to resources as individuals with more income.

    3. Standardized testing. Critics claim that the assessment tests widely used by schools reflect our society’s dominant culture, placing minority students at a disadvantage. The organizations that create standardized tests claim that bias has been all but eliminated because they carefully study response patterns and drop any question that favors one racial or ethnic category. But critics insist that some bias based on race, ethnicity, and class will always exist in formal testing. Because test questions will always reflect our society’s dominant culture, Black and other minority students are placed at a disadvantage, which is even greater if they come from low-income families. By defining advantaged students as smarter, standardized tests unfairly transform privilege into personal merit (Rosales & Walker, 2021).

      I thought this was interesting because I always thought standardized tests were mainly used to measure how much a student knows. I did not really think about how a student’s background, race, or family income could affect their results. It made me realize that two students can work equally hard but have different opportunities to prepare for these tests. This also connects to social class because having more resources can give some students an advantage.

    4. In fact, just 34 percent of respondents endorsed the first statement, and 64 percent endorsed the second. As we have seen, the rate of marriage in the United States recently hit a fifty-year low, and people who do marry are now doing so considerably later in life.

      I thought this was interesting because I feel like family used to be seen as something everyone was expected to prioritize, but now people have so many other goals like school, careers, and becoming financially stable. I also thought it was interesting that people’s views were connected to their religious and political beliefs. It makes me wonder if people’s ideas about what a “successful life” looks like have changed over time because of how much society has changed. I can understand why someone might want to focus on their career or education before getting married or having kids.

    1. In previous studies of mobility,economists have found that a smallerpercentage of people escape childhoodpoverty in the United States than inseveral other rich countries, includingCanada, Australia, France, Germany andJapan. The latest study is consistent withthose findings.

      We spend a lot of time in class talking about segregation and recently about redlining. I do wonder, however, if America's culture as a whole differs enough from other countries to slow down mobility on top of the systematic issues that plague the country.

    2. areas with high levels of income mobility were also those thatestablished high school earliest and have long had strong school systems.

      School was always meant to be the great equalizer. One of the main purposes of education that we discussed in class is that education can be used to give people social mobility. This is an example of data that shows education doing its job correctly.

    3. Especially intriguing is the fact that children who moved at a young age from a low-mobility area to a high-mobility area did almost as well as those who spent theirentire childhoods in a higher-mobility area. But children who moved as teenagers didless well.

      Demographics and geography can make the difference in the resources available to children. If an under resourced child can suddenly acquire all of the resources available to those of the upper class, then there really is nothing that separates the two classes at all.

    4. Lampra Jones, a recent graduate of a chiropractic program who has struggled to findwork, called herself “a loner” and said she wished she knew more people to help withher job search. “If you don’t know the right people,” said Ms. Jones, 28, “you’re notgoing to get anywhere.”

      Social capital can be so incredibly useful for almost all kinds of social mobility. A person's life can get so much easier and they can rise so much faster than others just by knowing the correct people. That is why most consider networking to be an incredibly important skill and why there are a lot of events in college focusing on that one aspect of professional life.

    5. Her nearly four-hour round-trip stems largely from the economic geography ofAtlanta, which is one of America’s most affluent metropolitan areas yet also one of themost physically divided by income. The low-income neighborhoods here often stretchfor miles, with rows of houses and low-slung apartments, interrupted by theoccasional strip mall, and lacking much in the way of good-paying jobs.

      I found it interesting that economic mobility can vary so dramatically from one neighborhood to another within the same city. We often talk about inequality as if it is primarily an individual or family issue, but this whole article goes to show that inequality can also be geographic. As we've been reading all week, where someone lives determines what resources and opportunities are available to them. This makes me continue to think about how policies focused only on helping individuals aren't enough. If the underlying conditions of a community remain unchanged, people may continue to face the same barriers even when they receive individual assistance.

    6. “Where you grow up matters,”

      This quote stood out to me because it contradicts the assumption of people's success being the result of individual efforts alone. The article shows that children who grow up in various parts of the country can have unequal probabilities of getting into the upper part of the income distribution. The probability of upward mobility is substantially higher for such cities as Boston and Seattle in comparison with Atlanta and Charlotte. It makes one think about the impact that school system, job prospects, transportation, and other neighborhood characteristics can have on a person's life even before he or she is able to make conscious decisions.

    1. Given the cost function C⁡(x)=0.85⁢x+35,000

      Things to cover here, C(x) and R(x) are represented by the y-axis, that's why they are annotated as y_1 and y_2. x represents the number of units (the x-axis). For the R(x)=px, there's no information on where this number would come from. If we're going to call P(x) the profit function, shouldn't we use an inequality?

    2. The shaded region to the right of the break-even point represents quantities for which the company makes a profit. The shaded region to the left represents quantities for which the company suffers a loss. The profit function is the revenue function minus the cost function, written as P⁡(x)=R⁡(x)−C⁡(x)

      Just to complete the graph and put forth the educational information, the area to the left of the break-even point is called loss.

    1. Given the logic of enfranchisement articulated in the second chapter,this interaction suggests that heightened mobilization can lead one partyor another (or possibly multiple parties) to believe they would have anadvantage in mobilizing women in future elections.

      ambiguity of womens vote helps them

    2. In my view, progressive reforms,and the acceptance of women in states where progressivism was stronger,may themselves stem from the factors that drove franchise reform,namely, increased political competition vis-à-vis the other regions

      driven by same thing, mobilization + comp

    3. Table 4.2 shows that there are no statistically significant regionaldifferences in the adoption of the Australian ballot or initiative rightsbefore suffrage was extended to women.

      Variation in womens suffrage not explained by variation in progressive movement

    4. On the other hand, as the runner-up to winner grows, weshould expect this to positively interact with suffrage as competition isincreasing

      More competition allows for reform to take place

    5. Parties had thelongest lives in the Northeast and the South, and the Southern parties hadmuch larger winning margins than parties in the rest of the country

      So no wonder shit got passed in the west

    Annotators

    1. While this is an interesting idea, there are some important details missing from the description of the 'data' that are used. Specifically, the RAM legacy stock assessment database consists almost entirely of stock assessment model output, not raw/real data. The SSB time series in particular are heavily filtered, smoothed, and interpolated, frequently exhibit monotonic or U-shaped trends, and have a very high degree of linear autocorrelation. Some are constant for long periods because they relax to steady state in the absence of real data to inform the model. Additionally, the recruitment estimates in many cases come directly from the internally fitted stock-recruit model, not from empirical estimates. It is highly likely that the analysis is not really recovering the biological dynamics, but rather the dynamics of the filtering models.

      The difficult-to-believe finding that there is only one attractor for all the world's fish is better explained by the fact that what is being called data is actually model output, the vast majority of which come from a single modeling framework (with linear structure except in recruitment). This modeling framework is overwhelmingly likely to produce stable dynamics; more complex dynamics can only be obtained through external forcing which the filtered data have (by definition) had filtered out. (Note that the fact that EDM 'works' does not automatically imply that the dynamics are complex and nonlinear because EDM also 'works' in simple, linear systems; additional tests are required to assert this.)

      The similarity of 'dynamics' by taxon/trophic level and geographic region can be explained by the fact that stock assessment scientists tend to model similar species using similar models, and that there are regional differences in assessment culture (managers from a given region tend to use similar models). For example, nearly all US west coast rockfish stock assessments are age-structured models with Beverton-Holt recruitment dynamics and a constant mortality rate. Given the confounding between biological information and modeling choices, it would make for a more convincing, interesting, and worthwhile study if direct observations of fish populations (such as the fishery independent survey data from around the globe, readily available in the FishGlob Database) were used instead of model output.

      Thank you for considering my comment, Dr. Tanya Rogers

    1. Fintech investors, stakeholders and inventors must dedicate their resources toward greater cybersecurity, and AI could be part of a comprehensive solution. It complements the efforts of tech and finance companies seeking greater protection for internal and customer assets.

      It helps by checking user behaviour, connections, locations and unusual transactions.

      It can analyse a huge amount of data much faster than humans.

      But does AI completely replace humans?

      No.

      Humans can still review suspicious transactions and make the final decision.

      Overall, AI helps make digital financial services safer, faster and more secure.

    2. Transparent Reporting

      This is where transparent reporting helps.

      Instead of simply saying that a transaction is risky, AI can show the reasons.

      For example:

      The device is new. The location is unusual. The transaction amount is very high. Many transactions happened in a short time.

    3. Anomaly Detection

      AI learns our normal spending pattern and looks for anything that is different.

      For example, if someone normally spends ₹500 to ₹2,000 but suddenly makes a payment of ₹80,000 from a new device, AI can flag it.

    4. Geospatial Pattern Detection

      AI can look at where a customer normally makes their transactions.

      For example, if a person usually makes payments in Bengaluru but suddenly there is a large transaction from a completely different location, AI may flag it.

    5. Graph Analytics

      AI looks at the connections between users, devices, businesses and transactions.

      For example, if many suspicious accounts are connected to the same device or IP address, AI can identify that connection.

    6. Behavioral Biometrics and Keystroke Analysis

      AI learns how a person normally uses their banking app. It can check things like typing speed, swiping patterns and login behaviour.

      So, if someone else gets access to the account and their behaviour is very different, AI can detect it and flag the activity.

    7. Artificial intelligence (AI) proves to be just as valuable a resource in detecting fraud as people. Financial technologies, also called fintech, are vulnerable and lucrative resources for criminals of all types, including hackers.

      We all use online banking and digital payments today. But with more digital payments, there is also a higher risk of fraud.

    1. “Only historians and trained museum professionals are qualified to conduct such a review, which is intended to ensure historical accuracy,”

      The "white house" is not qualified to make a review of the accuracy of these exhibits. However, accuracy does not seem to be of paramount importance to their agenda.

    1. situations. The hidden curriculum prepares children for the adult world.

      it's very facinating and sad that our whole youth is just us learning and training to be adults and to function in society. Humans don't just exist, we are always learning to prepare for the next "segement" of our lives until we die. I feel like don't learn to be a kid, we just experience childhood whille we learn to be adults if that makes sense.

    2. Schools also serve a latent function in society by socializing children into behaviors like practicing teamwork, following a schedule, and using textbooks.

      This is why I think education beyond high school is almost important. from K-12, most of us remain with the same people in the same community, however, when we go off the college we are introduced to new people in a new environment. We learn so much more than just educational material, we also learn more about other cultures through this socialization.

    3. Moral development prevents people from acting on unchecked urges, instead considering what is right for society and good for others.

      Socialization just makes us cooperate in society. If every person did not have socialization until they were older, I think society would be complete chaos. We are taught from a young age how to act, and this is for the function of society, and in hopes that we reap the benefits of a smooth functioning society.

    4. Harlow found that the monkeys, when subjected to isolation, exhibit disturbed behaviors, including self-harm, and had a difficult time integrating when reconnected with other monkeys.

      It's really faciniating how similarly brains work in monkeys and humans. We are able to perfrom experiments on monkeys to see how a similar experience or development would humans. I feel like it may unethical to isolate young monkeys from their mothers, but the information we have found is very interesting.

    5. Erikson believed the personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished.

      I agree with this. I think a lot of our personailty and opinions are infleunced by the people around us and what we are exposed to throughout our lives. I know there are core things about my personality that are the same as from when I was a child, but as I started to be on the internet more and spend more time with my friends, my personality changed. I will expect it to change more as I meet new people and as I get older and have more experiences.

    1. Amore practical alternative could be ketone bodies, which enter thebrain via the same MCTs as acetate, raising their possible use astherapy for AUD [67–69]. A ketogenic diet raises ketone bodies inblood for subsequent use by the brain to replace glucose partially[70]. Previous studies [17, 65] tested this idea with the introductionof a ketogenic diet to AUD patients [65], and that work showedthat the diet reduced withdrawal symptoms in AUD patientsrelative to those on a standard diet.

      If the brain's doors for acetate are supposedly blocked or damaged right after quitting alcohol, how would feeding someone a keto diet or ketone drinks actually help them feel better during withdrawal?

    2. Chronically, plasma acetate (daily, not sporadic) could leadthe brain to protect against importing acetate, possibly byreduced MCT across the blood-brain barrier. Mews et al.reported histone acetylation with alcohol exposure in themouse brain [56], which may be harmful when it occurschronically [57, 58].

      Could the brain be intentionally shutting down its transporters just to protect its genes from getting messed up by too much acetate from constant binge drinking?

    1. “There’s an old dictum in medicine,” he finally says. “If You can’t help, don’t do any harm. Let nature take its course. We may have already hurt her. We’ve slowed down her heart. Too many times.” The words carry defeat, exhaustion, anger.

      This passage stands out because it shows that being a skilled surgeon also means knowing when to stop. Dr. Ducker is not just thinking technically, but ethically: if he cannot help Mrs. Kelly, he should not cause more harm. The line also reveals his exhaustion and frustration, which makes him feel more human.

    2. In the background the heart monitor goes pop, pop, pop, 70 beats a minute, steady

      I noticed how the heartbeat sounds almost act like a warning system throughout the story. When the rhythm starts changing, the reader can immediately sense something is wrong without Franklin having to explain it.

    3. Mrs. Ducker hands him a paper bag containing a peanut butter sandwich, a banana and two fig newtons.

      This detail seems almost unnecessary at first, but I think it helps establish a contrast between the surgeon's ordinary life and the extremely serious situation he is about to enter.

    4. I can’t bear the pain. I wouldn’t want to live like this much longer.

      Hearing Mrs. Kelly describe her pain in her own words makes the stakes feel much more personal. It also helps explain why she is willing to go through such a dangerous surgery.

    5. Coffee makes his hands shake

      This is such a small detail, but it immediately shows how precise the surgeon has to be. It also makes him seem more human before we even get to the operation.

    1. n the first place, our honor as an independent nation is concerned in the establish­ment of literacy institutions adequate to all our own purposes, without sending our youth abroad or depending on other nations for books and instructors.

      This shows that education was connected to the development of the new nation. The author believed that America needed its own education system instead of depending on other countries.

    2. The only practicable method to reform mankind is to begin with children, to banish, if possible, from their company every low-bred, drunken, immoral character.

      This shows that people believed education could shape children’s behavior and character. They thought teaching children good values would help improve society in the future

    3. but with a view to improvementit is indispensably necessary that the teachers should possess good breeding and agreeable manners. In order to give full effect to instructions, it is requisite that they should proceed from a man who is loved and respected.

      This shows that teachers were expected to be good role models. Students were more likely to respect and learn from teachers who were kind, respectful, and responsible.

    1. Some of these concerned ideology and the American ideals offreedom and equality

      This shows that schools do more than teach academic subjects. They also teach students important social values, such as democracy, equality, and fairness.

    2. Eventually AfricanAmericans made schooling a defining issue in their struggle for civilrights, with the historic Browncase in 1954 standing as a turningpoint in the movement for equality.

      This shows that education was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement. African Americans used education to fight against racism and discrimination and to achieve equal rights.

    3. By then ithad become so big and complex that debates occurred over itspurposes and functions. Some would say that it became amechanism for assigning people to different positions in the socialorder, a large-scale sorting machine (Spring, 1976)

      This part is interesting because schools could affect a person’s future opportunities. Education could help students succeed, but it could also create or reinforce inequality by placing people into different social positions.

    4. Changealso occurred when educators moved from one district to another,introducing new aspects of professional knowledge and practicelearned elsewhere.

      This shows how education practices became more similar across different schools. Teachers brought new professional knowledge and ideas with them, which helped improve and standardize education

    5. wo hundred years ago schools were held in makeshift huts orcabins, or in rented rooms in urban areas

      This shows how much the American education system has changed over time. Early schools were informal and had limited resources, while modern schools became more organized and standardized.

    1. “This list, even from a cursory look, is cherry-picking various examples from an enormous and diverse museum.”

      The list of objectionable examples certainly seems to be cherry-picked based on their contributing to a certain narrative, rather than from their relative importance.