What is the Presidential Election Campaign Fund? You can choose to have $3 go to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund. This fund helps pay for Presidential election campaigns. The fund reduces candidates' dependence on large contributions from individuals and groups and places candidates on an equal financial footing in the general election. The fund also helps pay for pediatric medical research.
What does pediatric medical research have to do with the Presidential Election Campaign Fund?
Starominski-Uehara, M. (2020). Powering Social Media Footage: Simple Guide for the Most Vulnerable to Make Emergency Visible [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/ek6tz
Grow, A., Perrotta, D., Del Fava, E., Cimentada, J., Rampazzo, F., Gil-Clavel, S., & Zagheni, E. (2020). Addressing Public Health Emergencies via Facebook Surveys: Advantages, Challenges, and Practical Considerations [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/ez9pb
Cai, X., Ma, Y., Li, S., Chen, Y., Rong, Z., & Li, W. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 5 COVID-19 Cases With Non-respiratory Symptoms as the First Manifestation in Children. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00258
Refactoring is intended to improve the design, structure, and/or implementation of the software (its non-functional attributes), while preserving its functionality.
First sighting: "non-functional attributes".
Coronavirus—Bisher sechs Cluster an Schulen und Kindergärten. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://science.apa.at/site/bildung/detail.html?key=SCI_20200622_SCI855167804&
Lockdown. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://projectlockdown.world/#0.56/0/-32.1
Le non-recours aux prestations sociales Mise en perspective et données disponibles
Si, en France, la réalité, l’ampleur et la persistance des discriminations sont désormais attestées par de nombreuses enquêtes22, il n’en demeure pas moins que les victimes sont peu nombreuses à chercher à faire reconnaître leur préjudice
Ces difficultés, et parfois leur cumul, ont de quoi préoccuper dans la mesure où elles peuvent produire un abandon des démarches, et ainsi favoriser le non-recours aux droits
La complexité des démarches et l’absence de réponse sont d’autant plus problématiques qu’elles conduisent parfois au dépassement des délais impartis pour obtenir certains droits ou prestations, voire au renoncement. L’enquête « Accès aux droits » révèle que 12 % des personnes qui rencontrent des difficultés dans leurs démarches avec les services publics les abandonnent. Ces difficultés, et parfois leur cumul, ont de quoi préoccuper dans la mesure où elles peuvent produire un abandon des démarches, et ainsi favoriser le non-recours aux droits.
Learning about covid-19 outbreaks from non-viral tweets. (2020, May 29). The BMJ. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/05/29/learning-about-covid-19-outbreaks-from-non-viral-tweets/
Ferguson, N., Laydon, D., Nedjati Gilani, G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunuba Perez, Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Dighe, A., Dorigatti, I., Fu, H., Gaythorpe, K., Green, W., Hamlet, A., Hinsley, W., Okell, L., Van Elsland, S., … Ghani, A. (2020). Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College London. https://doi.org/10.25561/77482
In systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement (NFR) is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. They are contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions
This is a strange term because one might read "non-functional" and interpret in the sense of the word that means "does not function", when instead the intended sense is "not related to function". Seems like a somewhat unfortunate name for this concept. A less ambiguous term could have been picked instead, but I don't know what that would be.
Herzog, S. (2020 April 7) Source: Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/fwhxu7/social_and_behavioral_implications_of_changing/
Perencevich, E. N., Diekema, D. J., & Edmond, M. B. (2020). Moving Personal Protective Equipment Into the Community: Face Shields and Containment of COVID-19. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7477
Marinthe, G., Brown, G., Delouvée, S., & Jolley, D. (2020, May 29). Looking out for Myself: Exploring the Relationship Between Conspiracy Mentality, Perceived Personal Risk and COVID-19 Prevention Measures. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/cm9st
APS Backgrounder Series: Psychological Science and COVID-19: Working Remotely. (n.d.). Association for Psychological Science - APS. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/backgrounder-covid-19-remote-work.html
The Lancet Public Health, May 2020, Volume 5, Issue 5, Pages e235-e296. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/issue/current
Specify a GanttStart and a GanttDue, GanttLab will give you the higher overview.
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., Marrama, D., de Silva, A. M., Frazier, A., Carlin, A., Greenbaum, J. A., Peters, B., Krammer, F., Smith, D. M., Crotty, S., & Sette, A. (2020). Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell, S0092867420306103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015
Hoffman, T. & Glasziou, P. (2020 May 05). Coronavirus: What if a vaccine doesn’t work? World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/vaccine-coronavirus-alternatives-covid19-vaccinations/
Internal platform groups (those focused on a non-user facing part of our product, like a set of internal APIs) tend to create heavy coordination costs on other groups which depend on platform improvements to deliver valuable features to users. In order to stay efficient, it is important to ensure each group is non-blocking and is able to deliver value to users directly. This is why we avoid internal platform groups.
Dumbrava, C. & Sabbati, G. (2020, March 30). The impact of coronavirus on Schengen borders. European Parliamentary Research Service Blog. https://epthinktank.eu/2020/03/30/the-impact-of-coronavirus-on-schengen-borders/
If you update your pages and push to github, people revisiting the pages who have already got cached copies will not get the new pages without actually cleaning their browser cache. How can a script running in a page determine that it is stale and force an update?
for me it was because the browser use cached data(old styles) so i opend other brwser
Pastor-Satorras, R., & Castellano, C. (2020). The localization of non-backtracking centrality in networks and its physical consequences. ArXiv:2005.03913 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.03913
Nundy, S., & Patel, K. K. (2020). Hospital-at-Home to Support COVID-19 Surge—Time to Bring Down the Walls? JAMA Health Forum, 1(5), e200504–e200504. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0504
Ebrahimi, O. V., Hoffart, A., & Johnson, S. U. (2020). The mental health impact of non-pharmacological interventions aimed at impeding viral transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic in a general adult population and the factors associated with adherence to these mitigation strategies [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kjzsp
Golec, A., Bierwiaczonek, K., Baran, T., Hase, A., & Keenan, O. (2020). Sexual Prejudice and Concerns of National Survival in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jsuyg
Response to “Modelling the pandemic”: Reconsidering the quality of evidence from epidemiological models. (2020). https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1567/rr-0
Bruine De Bruin, W., Fischhoff, B., Brilliant, L., & Caruso, D. (2006). Expert judgments of pandemic influenza risks. Global Public Health, 1(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690600673940
Walensky, R. P., & Rio, C. del. (2020). From Mitigation to Containment of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Putting the SARS-CoV-2 Genie Back in the Bottle. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6572
What roles do you think digital technologies and the internet have played in making open education possible? Are there types of open educational activities that are dependent on digital technologies and the internet?
I think they play a very important role, because they make open materials available to a much wider audience, and not just audience, but potential adapters of shared materials. It is also much easier to let others know about resources and teaching methods that have been valuable. One example of an activity that I've assigned students that is dependent on digital technologies and the internet is content creation for Wikipedia.
Edelsbrunner, P. A., & Thurn, C. (2020, April 22). Improving the Utility of Non-Significant Results for Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j93a2
Non-traditional navigation styles can be a fun way to break up some of the same old design patterns.
See the really creative/fun example image above.
Etilé, F., Johnston, D., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. (2020, April 16). Psychological Resilience to Major Socioeconomic Life Events. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vp48c
Some variety of markdown support the following syntax, but not supported in Hugo/BlackFriday. [Lua Software](http://www.luasoftware.com){:target="_blank"}
[link](url){:target="_blank"} Works for jekyll or more specifically kramdown, which is a superset of markdown, as part of Jekyll's (default) configuration. But not for plain markdown. ^_^
For ghost markdown use: [Google](https://google.com" target="_blank) Found it here: https://cmatskas.com/open-external-links-in-a-new-window-ghost/
Rails also adds a test method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal Minitest::Unit test with method names prefixed with test_. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like:
Or you could use the "it" format mentioned on https://devhints.io/minitest.
Or better yet, just use rspec...
Rossberg, Axel G, und Robert J. Knell. „How will this continue? Modelling interactions between the COVID-19 pandemic and policy responses“. medRxiv, 1. Januar 2020, 2020.03.30.20047597. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047597.
Cowling, B. J., Ali, S. T., Ng, T. W. Y., Tsang, T. K., Li, J. C. M., Fong, M. W., Liao, Q., Kwan, M. Y., Lee, S. L., Chiu, S. S., Wu, J. T., Wu, P., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: An observational study. The Lancet Public Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30090-6
Second Report. (2020, March 25). COVID-19 Mobility Monitoring Project. https://covid19mm.github.io//in-progress/2020/03/25/second-report.html
Third Report. (2020, April 17). COVID-19 Mobility Monitoring Project. https://covid19mm.github.io//in-progress/2020/04/17/third-report.html
Enter a single time activity timesheetLearn how to enter a single timesheet in your QuickBooks Online. This is useful for your business when entering or editing a single day or event at a time. If you need to enter a weekly timesheet, get more help here. Note: Timesheets only allow a single hourly rate. If you need to enter multiple hourly rates, you can sign up for a QBO Payroll subscription. What you should do? Select + New. Select Single time activity. Enter the date the activity occurred in the Date field.Note: The current date is automatically entered on the date field, but you can change it if necessary. From the dropdown ▼, select the name of the employee or vendor. For each type of activity, enter an activity line: Choose a customer from the dropdown ▼ if you want to bill the activity to the customer or track expenses for the customer. Complete the following optional fields.Note: If you don't see the fields, they are turned off. You can turn them on by going to your Account and Settings. Service: If you use the services to enter time, choose a service that represents the activity. Class Location Enter a description of the activity.Note: If the activity is billed to a customer, the description appears on their invoice, depending on your company settings. If you select an item from the optional Service field, text for the description appears automatically. Select the Billable checkbox if you want to bill the activity to the customer. Enter a rate per hour. Select Taxable if applicable. Note: Turn on this option, Go to Settings ⚙, then select the Make time activities billable checkbox. Enter the number of hours and minutes worked in the Time field.Note: Enter the Enter start and end times checkbox to enter the work started, ended and the amount of time taken for Break. Select Save.
Duration from onset of symptoms to radiological confirmation of pneumonia, days5 (3–9)5 (3–7)Duration from onset of symptoms to ICU admission, days9 (6–12)11 (7–14)Heart rate, beats per min89 (20)89 (15)Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg133 (20)140 (21)
In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing
Good comprehensive review
Then the programmer(s) will go over the scenarios, refining the steps for clarification and increased testability. The result is then reviewed by the domain expert to ensure the intent has not been compromised by the programmers’ reworking.
Enable Frictionless Collaboration CucumberStudio empowers the whole team to read and refine executable specifications without needing technical tools. Business and technology teams can collaborate on acceptance criteria and bridge their gap.
Since Neural Networks are non-convex
neither convex neither non-convex
"The fact that J has multiple minima can also be interpreted in a nice way. In each layer, you use multiple nodes which are assigned different parameters to make the cost function small. Except for the values of the parameters, these nodes are the same. So you could exchange the parameters of the first node in one layer with those of the second node in the same layer, and accounting for this change in the subsequent layers. You'd end up with a different set of parameters, but the value of the cost function can't be distinguished by (basically you just moved a node, to another place, but kept all the inputs/outputs the same)."
In situ probes using fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy are also available on the market and have been extensively studied
Good references for bio-monitoring in situ
Other points from the same paper
Might be a little too low-level (even with GUIs) for some teams of users. GPG and Git both require some setup and experience in these tools, or the willingness to learn. Porting a GPG key from machine to machine is not trivial.
"You usually think of an argument as a serial sequence of steps of reason, beginning with known facts, assumptions, etc., and progressing toward a conclusion. Well, we do have to think through these steps serially, and we usually do list the steps serially when we write them out because that is pretty much the way our papers and books have to present them—they are pretty limiting in the symbol structuring they enable us to use. Have you even seen a 'scrambled-text' programmed instruction book? That is an interesting example of a deviation from straight serial presentation of steps.3b6b "Conceptually speaking, however, an argument is not a serial affair. It is sequential, I grant you, because some statements have to follow others, but this doesn't imply that its nature is necessarily serial. We usually string Statement B after Statement A, with Statements C, D, E, F, and so on following in that order—this is a serial structuring of our symbols. Perhaps each statement logically followed from all those which preceded it on the serial list, and if so, then the conceptual structuring would also be serial in nature, and it would be nicely matched for us by the symbol structuring.3b6c "But a more typical case might find A to be an independent statement, B dependent upon A, C and D independent, E depending upon D and B, E dependent upon C, and F dependent upon A, D, and E. See, sequential but not serial? A conceptual network but not a conceptual chain. The old paper and pencil methods of manipulating symbols just weren't very adaptable to making and using symbol structures to match the ways we make and use conceptual structures. With the new symbol-manipulating methods here, we have terrific flexibility for matching the two, and boy, it really pays off in the way you can tie into your work.3b6d This makes you recall dimly the generalizations you had heard previously about process structuring limiting symbol structuring, symbol structuring limiting concept structuring, and concept structuring limiting mental structuring.
Component Registration components A map of component names to plain JavaScript components. frameworkComponents A map of component names to framework (React, Angular etc) components.
Wandering its halls, I mused on how much access to space is a function of privilege.
another surprise. this piece keeps you guessing!
To explain why Amanda Palmer was looking at a bum in Vienna, you might go back to the late 2000s, when drought in Syria exacerbated volatile food prices, raising tensions that by 2011 exploded into civil war.
there it is
Embedded journalism. Unpleasant memories of Iraq went through my head.
Pardon??
“Compassion is very complicated. When I was fourteen years old, a man tied me to a table in his basement.”
I thought this apparent non sequitur would be tough to beat, but later on we will see that achievement unlocked.
When the grid is initialised, it will fire the gridReady event. If you want to use the API of the grid, you should put an onGridReady(params) callback onto the grid and grab the api from the params. You can then call this api at a later stage to interact with the grid (on top of the interaction that can be done by setting and changing the props).
enquo() uses some dark magic to look at the argument, see what the user typed, and return that value as a quosure
Our icons are free for everyone to use. Please don’t try to sell them.
Um, so, but the other way is, you know, when, when they do make these transactions, they're all recorded on the exchanges that you, I moved those, that data to a spreadsheet and that's where I do the tax tracking.
Mostly with the shitty little Exce
Oh, go into my own trading journal, document it to make sure I have a system of record to hold myself accountable and for being able to look in the future to see over time how I perform on a weekly and monthly basis.
media do notemerge independently and outside of specific historical practices. Yet atthe same time history is itself a system of meaning that operates across amedia-technological abyss of non-meaning that must remain hidden
I was with Siegert until the "media-technological abyss of non-meaning that must remain hidden." Why must non-meaning remain hidden?
nonverbal signs that has enormous power,
Reminds me of "Pragmatics of Human communication" Jackson, Bavelas, Watzlawick
There are some environmental elements of the Withdrawal Agreement which our current proposals do not cover, namely those concerning the independent body’s scope to enforce implementation of the “non-regression” clause. We will consider these provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement ahead of publishing the final Bill
hmmmmm....
The text sets out that, if the protocol is required, the UK and EU will not reduce their respective levels of environmental protection below those in place at the end of the implementation period
note the 'if' attached to N-R
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testing the highlight of a wave
committing to high regulatory environmental standards through a non-regression requirement;
non regression and high standards commitment
Under late capital, the non-profit has been asked to take over the space of providing for community needs or supporting community interests that had formerly been occupied by the state as the entity responsible for the public welfare.
I know the book American Amnesia talks about the value built up by a strong government working in conjunction with a capitalist machine over the past century or so. I wonder if the later half of the book gets into how to shift things back in this manner?
Re-cent work by Reinecke et al. [39] is one example of how culture affects the ways in which people organise them-selves around time, and Adam [1] provides a useful account of different cultural metaphors of time, contrasting, for in-stance, timelines, which emphasise linear, directional movement, with cyclic representations, which represent rhythm and stability.
Papers that include non-western interpretations of time.
This could be a paper in and of itself for CSCW on possible friction points for SBTF practices that are Western-oriented with a global volunteer base. Should look at the Ning to get a better handle on how distributed folks are.
Research in HCI has illustrated how this notion of immedi-acy is upheld through the social conventions associated with technologies, as well as through their design. For ex-ample, Harper et al. [16] have described the lived experi-ence (or durée, following Bergson [6]) of Facebook as be-ing located firmly in the now, and have noted that this ne-cessitates a particular approach to the performance of iden-tity on the site by its users. They observe that interactions privilege the present and underpin an impression of events unfolding as they happen (even if this is not the case in terms of spatial time, or Bergson’s temps). Because of this, the performance of identity is one of the moment: users reported feeling it inappropriate to post old content, and were similarly aggrieved when others uploaded photos that surfaced ‘out of time’.
Look up Harper paper.
Friction point of out-of-order, non-chronological streams of events on social media.
Research by narrative theorist Ruth Page [35] (a co-author on the above paper) considers fur-ther how Facebook users learn to interpret social media posts when reading the newsfeed. While the series of snip-pets of ‘breaking news’ posted by a variety of members of one’s social network do not offer a typical narrative, readers nevertheless draw their own story-like experience, using their knowledge of those posting content to build a backsto-ry, whilst imagining what may happen next.
Look up Page paper.
Could help to bolster argument about crowdsourcing process friction caused by non-chronological social media.
In this sense, allusion and other intertextual references ‘should be distinguished from the customary rhetorical situation in which texts are considered by artists and audience alike to be mimetic analogs or representations of real-life people, places, or things.’31By drawing attention to itself, intruding on the conventional narrative flow, systematically deployed allusion continually reminds audiences that they are dealing with an artificial construct.
Naturalism and allusion don't coincide. The Great Gatsby may be an example of this missing reality-- a sort of artificial construct of Fitzgerald's imagination with dramatic, over-top descriptions of gatsby as Trimalchio in his mansion that looks like "the world's fair." https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/chapter-5-begins-with-nick-observing-gatsys-house-436789
"new crops, big changes."
He really tend to ridicule the counterargument through the use of derogatory quotation marks.
In my opinion, this is a weak way of destroying the opposite argument.
We could also say that he tries to influence the interpretive lenses of the audience.
But as Kentaro Toyama
He refers to this guy to increase his credibility.
"a 1,000-pound gorilla."
Simile
avec le vieillissement relatif de la population, la concentration territoriale des difficultés sociales et la pression financière que les « dépenses contraintes » font peser sur la majorité des foyers renforcent le désenchantement du monde thématisé voici un siècle par Max Weber 1 . Une pauvreté durable pour beaucoup et un monde social marqué pour la plupart par l’emprise des données que nous consommons et émettons par tous les canaux d’information, et qui augmentent en permanence l’inquiétude de l’avenir. Tout nous incite à tenir les biens immatériels qui sont au cœur du social pour des instanc
Oui mais non.
We first emphasize that technology is not neutral. The design of products, applications, and services embodies choices, largely made in early development stages by equipment producers and service providers, about how devices ought to be used, by whom and for what purpose. A technology’s architecture embodies power relationships between equipment makers, service providers, and users. Relationships between various stakeholders have social and economic implications
Este caracter no neutro de la tecnología era conversado entre los miembros de la comunidad de software libre local desde hace años. Para el caso de Smalltalk, la idea de que todo el sistema se puede cambiar, es consecuente con reconfigurar las relaciones de poder, si bien hay algunas fuertemente reificadas en el sistema (por ejemplo el paradigma objetual), aunque sistemas como COLA (Colaborative Object Lambda Architecture) pretenden dar los mismos privilegios al usuario, que al diseñador del lenguaje, incluso en términos de la sintaxis, la semántica y la pragmática.
SAMUEL TENENBAUMCarl R. Rogers and Non-Directive Teaching
devServer.contentBase - Assuming you don't generate index.html dynamically and prefer to maintain it yourself in a specific directory, you need to point WDS to it. contentBase accepts either a path (e.g., 'build') or an array of paths (e.g., ['build', 'images']). This defaults to the project root.
For situations where you don't want to generate index.html
dogs, cats and primates that together comprise just 1 percent of the total
This statement on the types of animals involved in testing was rated half true by Politifact. See the full treatment.
Meryl Streep Wins Supporting Actress: 1980 Oscars
The material contained in this video are the contents of Meryl Streep's first Academy Award for Kramer vs Kramer in 1980.
During her speech she gives praise and thanks to the director, crew members such as costume, lighting etc.
She also goes on to thank her co-star Dustin Hoffman whom also wins for Best Actor this year.
Meryl does not express any of her political concerns during this moment. A moment that will not compare to her future wins because nothing compares to your first.
indissolubility
I'm quite interested in this term, and other contra-structural approaches (such as gutters by, and in, which absence becomes "meaningful"). They as a species suggest something of a "non-linear" logic in which elements resist isolations performed to offer an analysis or critique.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee LGBT Resource Centre card: declines non-binary gender pronouns
grant writing tips
To me, this is what OER for the web should start to reflect.
You mean it’s not just about the price of textbooks??
diverse learning.
interdisciplinary, perhaps?
business
Right: But where this argument fails is in interrogating whether, and why, this must necessarily be the case. Many socially necessary functions are provided outside market structures. Is there an iron law of nature dictating that scholarly communication must happen in a marketplace?
They suggested that the CHA’s heat infra-structures conjoined wastefulness and neglect in ways that encouraged tenants’attachments to heat and, with respect to heat consumption, placed them perma-nently beyond practices of self-sufficiency
I completely agree with this statement. They were unable to control levels of heat within their homes so when it consistently stayed too hot, they opened windows to let in cold air... hello.. That's like having your sprinklers on for your yard when it's pouring rain outside.. and there's a drought.
Non-Traditional Students: The New Majority
Education, she sure is changing.
I might use something like it as the basis for an NLP passage but at a much much easier level
(SF)
This will need to be switched to Brea. The calls will be routed to them starting on 8/1/14.
The innate qualities of intellectual pr operty, however, in combination with INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: POLICY FOR INNOVATION 15 strong economic motivations have led U.S. intellectual property policy to operate according to rights - based, non - utilitarian theory, possibly as a result of lobbying (capture theory).
Lobbying has led to a rights-based non-utilitarian theory copyright policy in the US at the present time (2014).
Fisher points out that the rights - based, non - utilitarian theory is greatly influenced by two concepts: (1) the western ideology of property from Locke (that people are entitled to own the fruits of their labors, and should be rewarded in proportion to their contributions); and (2) the “romantic conception of authorship” of the divinely inspired individual genius or artist (1999, Sect. II. B).
The first is the soul of the rights-based theory
The critical difference comes out in the details, especially the amount of time rights are protected and the scope of rights allowed
This is understatement to be sure, but the debate has been principally between two theories: a utilitarian policy theory, and a rights - based , non - utilitarian property theory (Long, 1995, n.pag.) .
The debate in intellectual property law has centered around utilitarian policy theory and a rights-based non-utilitarian property theory.
The proportion of part-time and non-tenure track teachers went from less than half of total faculty, before 1975, to over two-thirds now.
T h e k e y t o r e s o l v i n g t h e t e n s i o n l i e s i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g w h y f a c t s a r e n o t c o p y r i g h t a b l e . T h e s i n e q u a n o n o f c o p y r i g h t i s o r i g i n a l i t y . T o q u a l i f y f o r c o p y r i g h t p r o t e c t i o n , a w o r k m u s t b e o r i g i n a l t o t h e a u t h o r . S e e H a r p e r & R o w , s u p r a , a t 5 4 7 - 5 4 9 . O r i g i n a l , a s t h e t e r m i s u s e d i n c o p y r i g h t , m e a n s o n l y t h a t t h e w o r k w a s i n d e p e n d e n t l y c r e a t e d b y t h e a u t h o r ( a s o p p o s e d t o c o p i e d f r o m o t h e r w o r k s ) , a n d t h a t i t p o s s e s s e s a t l e a s t s o m e m i n i m a l d e g r e e o f c r e a t i v i t y . 1 M . N i m m e r & D . N i m m e r , C o p y r i g h t § § 2 . 0 1 [ A ] , [ B ] ( 1 9 9 0 ) ( h e r e i n a f t e r N i m m e r ) . T o b e s u r e , t h e r e q u i s i t e l e v e l o f c r e a t i v i t y i s e x t r e m e l y l o w ; e v e n a s l i g h t a m o u n t w i l l s u f f i c e . T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f w o r k s m a k e t h e g r a d e q u i t e e a s i l y , a s t h e y p o s s e s s s o m e c r e a t i v e s p a r k , " n o m a t t e r h o w c r u d e , h u m b l e o r o b v i o u s " i t m i g h t b e . I d . , § 1 . 0 8 [ C ] [ 1 ] .
The sine qua non of copyright is originality.