1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was adopted by consensus at a conference in Vienna in 1988. The Convention aimed to provide more effective weapons against the illicit drug trade, which had become a growing concern due to the influence of organized crime groups. The Convention is an instrument of international criminal law, designed to globally harmonize national criminal laws and enforcement actions to decrease illicit drug trafficking by criminalization and punishment.

1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances expanded the scope of international drug control to include synthetic drugs

1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs marked a shift in the international community's approach to drug control, moving beyond simply regulating the production and trade of drugs to focus on individual drug users.

the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent transfer of the League's drug control bodies to the United States marked a shift in the balance of power, paving the way for the United States to play a crucial role in shaping the emerging post-war world order, including international drug control.

1990s and 2000s saw a shift towards a more nuanced approach to drug control, with a greater emphasis on harm reduction and public health.

1980s, the international community continued to grapple with the issue of drug abuse and trafficking, leading to the formulation of the International Drug Abuse Control Strategy and the development of new treaties and soft law instruments.

reflected the influence of Western manufacturing countries, which sought to protect their commercial interests. The 1972 Amending Protocol to the Single Convention strengthened the international drug control system, but maintained its prohibitive ethos and supply-side focus. The Protocol expanded provisions for treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention measures, but did not fundamentally change the Single Convention.

focused on regulating the licit trade, which inevitably led to the development of an illegal market.

1936 Trafficking Convention sought to strengthen the existing transnational legal framework, but its complexity and encroachment upon legal areas considered sovereign by many states meant it failed to win widespread acceptance.

1931 Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs introduced a proscriptive manufacturing limitation system, where parties were required to provide estimates of national drug requirements to the Drug Supervisory Body (DSB).

1925 International Opium Convention established a standardized import-export certification system to regulate drug movements between parties and included cannabis within a multilateral treaty for the first time.

international drug control system began in 1909 with the Shanghai Opium Commission, which aimed to address the "opium problem." The commission's recommendations led to the first legally binding multilateral treaty in 1912, which restricted opium use to medical purposes.

The Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) focused on punishing users in the informal market, while largely ignoring the medical market. This led to a misreading of the situation, where authorities attributed the success of the medical market to the "good customers" rather than the more humane and effective policies. As a result, the medical market remained relatively invisible, and its lessons were not applied to future drug policy.

nhance the stigma of addiction and preserve his bureau's budget.

rise of heroin use

addiction as a moral failing rather than a disease. The law also led to the criminalization of drug use, with many people being arrested and imprisoned for drug-related offenses. The punitive approach to drug control was driven by a native-born Protestant desire to police and control non-white communities, and it was accompanied by public demonization of drug users and sellers.

African Americans in the South,

new drug crises were already brewing in both licit and illicit markets by the 1950s.

divide was fueled by anxieties about race, class, and sexuality,

esponse to the public health consequences of rising opioid and cocaine use in the late 19th century.

The Act was intended to gather information

Webb-Kenyon Act, which prohibited shipments of liquor to states that prohibited its sale. The prohibition movement gained strength, and in 1917, the House passed a Prohibition resolution, which eventually became part of the Constitution.

The public and congressmen believed that narcotics, including opiates and cocaine, had no value except as medicine and were associated with foreigners or alien subgroups.

n the early 20th century, the medical profession had a high rate of addiction, with around 2% of physicians being addicts.

practical significance of the law was still debated among the groups affected, and there was no general agreement on what would be the desirable or actual enforcement of the law.

The law was the result of international pressure, particularly from the Hague Convention, and was seen as a way to redeem the American government's international pledges.

law required records to be kept of all narcotics transactions, and copies of these records were to be kept by district internal revenue offices.

The AMA favored restrictive legislation, but also wanted to ensure that any bill had a maximum chance of passage. After several revisions, the Harrison Act was finally passed in December 1914.

Executive Committee to monitor the status of the legislation and make revisions.

he American Pharmaceutical Association called for a National Drug Trade Conference (NDTC) to bring together representatives from various trade associations to discuss the proposed legislation.

worked with Representative Francis Burton Harrison, a Democrat, to introduce a bill that would eliminate the use of narcotics except for medical purposes.

912, Hamilton Wright returned to the United States with the goal of increasing support for the International Opium Convention and ensuring the passage of domestic legislation to control narcotics.

The Hague Opium Convention was an international conference held in 1911-1912, where 12 nations gathered to discuss the regulation of opium and other drugs.

Dr. Wright believed that the Shanghai meeting gave the United States a moral obligation to appear with a clean slate before asking other nations to enact drastic legislation.

The resolutions included calls for the gradual suppression of opium smoking, the reexamination of national laws, and the control of morphine and other opium derivatives. The commission also recommended that nations not export opium to countries whose laws prohibit its importation. The meeting was significant because it marked the beginning of an American tradition in narcotic control, which emphasized the enactment of strict domestic legislation as an example to other nations.

he Shanghai Opium Commission was a meeting of 13 nations, including the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, that convened on February 1, 1909, to discuss the opium problem.

Dr. Wright launched a national survey to collect information on the use of opium and its derivatives in the United States, and the State Department requested federal anti-narcotic legislation before the Shanghai meeting. This led to the passage of the first federal antinarcotic legislation in 1909, which banned the importation of smoking opium.

in the United States, there was growing concern about the opium trade and its impact on China.

The US government faced opposition from anti-opium groups,

The US acquired the Philippines in 1898, following the Spanish-American War, and with it, an opium problem.

I posted a while back (https://lnkd.in/gAD6ydtR) on emerging push-back against the term 'transition.'

and its management in state-buildin

worshiped Pan Hu, a legendary figure, as part of their New Year's celebrations.

he treatment is anecdotal

"Miao albums" that were compiled by officials responsible for governing frontier areas during the late Yongzheng or early Qianlong periods. These albums contained illustrations and texts describing the customs and practices of different ethnic minority groups in southwest China.

Qing Imperial Illustrations of Tributary Peoples was based on direct observation,

China saw a rise in ethnographic representation of different peoples, including the development of a systematic ethnography of ethnic minority groups.

including external characteristics, social activities, and mental constitution.

closely tied to colonization as part of European expansion.

Eckhout's works are examples of this term because they are products of the period in which the genre of the ethnographic portrait was created.

Albert Eckhout, which occupy a transitional space between the national type of the 16th and 17th centuries and the racial categories that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries.

7th century, the representation of skin color began to take on more importance, and engravings of Africans and Americans started to suggest differences in complexion.

The chapter also explores the development of anthropology and ethnography as academic disciplines, which began to take shape in the 19th century.

Page 13 of 19Have one or more of your instructors integrated AI into your learning?

the real problem is what we're layering the web on we shouldn't be doing the web over this kind of just simple file distribution system that works over TCP and you have to work really hard to put over anything else we should be putting the web over a distribution system that can deal with the distributed case that is offline first and uh this is are kind of like stats showing the usage of mobile apps versus uh the web and so on so this is a very real real thing

if I send you a Google doc and we start all collaborating in the same same thing and it's amazing we're sharing all this data um it's kind of silly that we have to move the updates through the backb to some server out there and shipping them back here when we now have really sophisticated algorithms that can do um you know smart Conflict Free resolution that allows us to collaborate in real time and yet we're still moving all the updates to the backbone right this is very silly and it gets worse when you think about the network falling apart

let's go and and create all this great software to deploy it and kind of equalize the the the disparity of wealth across the world and ends up being locked out for by stupid issues like latency and bandwidth

lower-class social origins

“I anticipated some time ago that in [the] event of our securing Federal control of the sale and distribution of morphine and cocaine, the fiends would turn to Indian hemp, and for that reason incorporated that drug in the proposed act for the control of the interstate traffic in narcotics.”

Cannabis is rather an unimportant drug and that we have given undue attention to the whole subject of Cannabis

arbitrary cultural taboo

weed is commonly used among the old Mexican soldiers it is probable that El Paso became infected from that source.

cholars predict that marijuana smuggling from the US to Mexico will continue if Mexico's laws remain stricter than those in the US.

Traditional folk medical practices in Mexico may have also played a role in the demand for marijuana.

n the US, cannabis was initially seen as a potentially effective medicine, psychiatric tool, and stimulant for extraordinary visions and experiences.

The drug's reputation as a "killer weed" was likely influenced by Mexican ideas about marijuana, which associated it with violence, madness, and crime.

anti-marijuana laws followed this pattern, state by state, as a result of anti-Mexican sentiment.

stereotype of the marijuana user in Mexico was that of a dangerous, unpredictable madman,

"Mexican hypothesis" suggests that Mexican migrant workers brought marijuana to the US in the early 20th century, leading to its prohibition due to racial prejudice

In Mexico, the war on drugs was closely tied to US-Mexican relations, with the US exerting significant influence over Mexican drug policy. The Mexican government's efforts to prohibit drugs were often unsuccessful, and the country's drug trade continued to thrive

1940 Reglamento Federal de Toxicomanías in Mexico were key milestones in this process.

For example, in Mexico, the association between the Chinese and opium led to xenophobic attitudes towards drug use.

Mexico, with its own history of demonizing intoxicants and imposing laws to curb their distribution and abuse, was already in compliance with the Hague Convention's mandates and had created domestic laws that were harsher and more far-reaching than what was required by international law.

The United States, driven by domestic and foreign policy considerations, led the movement to codify international standards. The US experience in the Philippines and the lessons learned from the Chinese opium story led to the conclusion that only a system that restricted both supply and demand could be effective. The Hague Convention's Article 13 allowed the US to exert pressure on Latin American countries to adhere to international drug control standards, which ironically became a tool of imperialism.

Marijuana, on the other hand, was thoroughly demonized and eventually prohibited in 1920 as a drug that threatened to "degenerate the race."

dawn of independence in 1821, Mexico already had a long tradition of anti-drug rhetoric and regulatory mechanisms designed to curb "drug abuse." The situation continued to evolve, with the impermanence and flux of modernity inspiring both widespread concern about the harms of intoxicants and widespread use of them.

In Mexico, the creation of pariah drugs was a long-term process that involved various factors, including colonial conflicts, social prejudice, nationalism, economic interests, state-building, geopolitics, transnational intellectual currents, professional interests, and concerns about drug use and abuse.

This led to the emergence of a larger hemispheric network that linked Andean coca peasants to chemists, smugglers, and users in the United States and elsewhere. By the 1960s, agents of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics reported on recipes for coca paste, cocaine sulfates, and crude cocaine, which were refined in labs in Havana and later Colombia.

you can feel that as you're walking around you can feel that data on your wrist

prosthetic leg um you have a very difficult time walking because obviously you're not getting any smata Sensation from the leg so we just just put in pressure and angle sensors o sorry we put in pressure and angle sensors and then the person can feel uh what the leg is doing and um an

a lot of people as they get older their vestibular function diminishes and they can't tell when they're tilting they can't tell when they're off axis and the problem is then they end up falling and they break a hip and they end up in the hospital and then things go downhill so um we just we built a little um you know a n axis uh motion detector and IMU and we can tell where they are axis wise and and when they're tilted we just tell them and they feel it on their wrist

you know play tones you feel the buzz and uh and after eight weeks it's driven the tenus down it it's not a cure people don't H have a lack of tenus but it's clinically very significant

we made this thing called the clarify for people with high frequency hearing loss

The Buzz for deafness

little camera on glasses and you turn it into an audio image um and there are very sophisticated examples of this now one is called The Voice v i and it's it's an app that you can just download on your phone

Many people here say they're rich in things that aren't included in any official measure of poverty. Things like family and faith. So they're understandably a bit bitter about how they're often seen from the outside.

scientists Sendhil Mullainathan and Eldar Shafir call this “the bandwidthtax.” “Being poor,” they write, “reduces a person’s cognitive capacity morethan going a full night without sleep.” When we are preoccupied bypoverty, “we have less mind to give to the rest of life.” Poverty does not justdeprive people of security and comfort; it siphons off their brainpower, too.

The criminal-legal system, Weaver has written, “trains people for adistinctive and lesser kind of citizenship.”[16]

Criminal justice agencies levy steep fines and fees on the poor, oftenmaking them pay for their own prosecution and incarceration.

More than3.6 million eviction filings are taped to doors or handed to occupants in anaverage year in America, which is roughly equivalent to the number offoreclosures initiated at the height of the financial crisis in 2010.

Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson paid a visit to Appalachia and sat on therough-hewn porch of a jobless sawmill worker surrounded by children withsmall clothes and big teeth.

In 1890, Jacob Riis wrote about “how theother half lives,” documenting the horrid conditions of New York tenementsand photographing filthy children asleep in alleyways.

Dadalways griped that the railroad men in town got paid more than he did. Hecould read ancient Greek, but they had a union.

The vOICe is the most practical and widely used, clearly demonstrated by its 100k+ downloads and around 1300 current active users on Android only.

the newsphere is the mental body of the planet which is essentially what's attempting to come into configuration and to the extent to which you can actually Liberate the technology to become that essentially you're building a platform that allows the embodied in the intelligence of the earth into the technology so that it can then synchronically unfold Evolution based on how things spontaneously

the problem is is that we lost the sacred at every single

studying the yoga sutras is not enough or doing psychedelics is not enough or understanding the shadow is not enough for understanding mature ego development is not enough it's how they integrate together

I like to use the term sacred because it because it's the whole stack every floor is sacred right now

we have to understand the power of spells The Power of Words

I think spiritual is wrong I don't like the term spiritual because it because it def it's kind of spirit and it's an alchemical term where matter is the opposite

the Mythic religions of like I'm going to kill you because my Mythic God has a different name from yours and that's that's the level of 2.0 like concrete operational like literally if the word is different I'll kill you that that is the level of the Sacred right

essentially what we're doing is you know is taking the best technology of the East and the west and bringing them together

we have to learn how to become friends and to do that actually involves quite a bit of learning to enter like Universal friendship and Universal friendship is actually a pretty high stage of realization

build the internal infrastructure

the soul functions through pure synchronicity

heart and maturing into Soul Consciousness

the way the brain works is the brain believes what it what it imagines

What deity are we going to invoke with AI

this is how you change the planet

science points to the fact that the world is psychoid that we are that the outer world is the collective unconscious it's like that literally it's like literally the world it's literally matter you know it's like the shadow is literally out there

the problem is is we're not listening to the fifth person perspective physicists we're listening to the third person perspective physicists and mainly because the source of power is located in our planet at third person perspective that's where the power band is attempting to hold control

the newsphere is the mental body of the planet which is essentially what's attempting to come into configuration and to the extent to which you can actually Liberate the technology to become that essentially you're building a platform that allows the embodied in the intelligence of the earth into the technology so that it can then synchronically unfold Evolution based on how things spontaneously unfold anyway

just going back to the AI to the extent that the that the fourth turning meets the people who are actually doing the AI and informs the AI that actually the wheel goes this way don't listen to those guys it goes this way

everything is part of a lar system right now that begins to open up into the realm of soul and what do we mean by Soul

there's the growing up process so that's actually structural and then there's a cleaning process or healing process so if growing up is about going up healing is about going down right because you because you need to go down into the body because that's where all the TR that's where all the trauma is held

for the last 2,000 years since unfortunately the Romans and the and Christianity wiped out and suppressed most of the the mystery schools of the ancient world that taught you know the interior Technologies of the West

Druids or the pythagoreans or whether it was the ases or whether it was the therapeuti or whether it was the Egyptian Mysteries um you know and for instance we we now know that there was a aside from those practices there was even a a significant industry in psychedelics in the ancient world

it isn't just about alleviating their own personal suffering it's also about alleviating Universal suffering so this is where the the bodh satra or the Christ or those kinds of archetypes about being concerned about the whole

soul

People do not actually spend a lot of time browsing junk content,

And if your tastes don’t match the village’s, move to another village.

Een chunk (letterlijk ‘brok’) is een verzameling elementen die sterke associaties met elkaar hebben. Samen vormen ze een betekenisvolle informatie-eenheid. Die chunks, groot of klein, gebruiken we in ons interne informatieverwerkings- en geheugensysteem. Ons brein houdt namelijk van logica en voorspelbare patronen. Het opdelen van informatie gebeurt automatisch en continu, maar kan ook bewust worden ingezet. Dat heet doel-georiënteerde chunking.Ons brein kan slechts een aantal zaken opslaan in het kortetermijngeheugen. Maar door veel gegevens te groeperen in kleinere brokjes informatie, kunnen we de limieten van ons geheugen uitdagen. En dus meer informatie verwerken en onthouden.

@chrisaldrich Do you have some results from your online sessions? New insights from reading Doto's book?

Writers block sounds hard to overcome, but who ever has conversation block?

“There are a lot of people who mistakenly think intelligibility is the standard. ‘Oh, you knew what I was saying.’ Well, that’s not the standard. That’s a really bottom-of-the-barrel standard,” he says. “People who are concerned with English usage usually want to have their words taken seriously, either as writers or as speakers. And if you don’t use the language very well, then it hard to have people take your ideas seriously. That’s just the reality.”

The key questions at play here

co-constitution of masculinities and militaries is a key factor in their power.

hy military masculinities are the sites where boundary-making activity takes place, and Belkin suggests that it may be because nation-states and militaries are closely tied, and the military occupies an important symbolic position in nation-states.

male-male rape in military culture, which is both taboo and a means of socialization.

militarized masculinities may not just suppress the taboo or obscene but also incite and produce it.

militarized masculinities are about violence, but this violence is sanitized and legitimized, distinguishing it from other forms of violence.

Here they suggest that along with thwarted masculinity, and vulnerable and stigmatized positionalities, men in conflict settings do not uniformly benefit from patriarchal structures and the gender order

hat intersectionality should be used to challenge the hegemonic position of men (and some women) in national military contexts, and to acknowledge the structural inequalities in global peacekeeping economies.

alcohol was a normal part of social life

obacco, introduced in the 16th century, became a mass consumption c

US, where addiction was often linked to medical prescription, in Britain, opium use was more widespread and not necessarily connected to medical practice.

focus was on the quality of the drug and the lack of standardization, which led to accidental overdoses.

infant deaths were due to opium poisoning.

opium use was a normal part of everyday life in 19th-century England.

hypodermic syringe

often blamed the individual for their condition rather than acknowledging the role of external factors.

"addiction" eventually became widely accepted as the medical diagnosis of habitual narcotic use as a threatening and modern disease.

he Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade was founded in 1874, focusing on the economic and moral aspects of the trade.

spread of opium smoking in England, particularly among the working class.

dens were seen as a threat to the English

opium use also reinforced the debt-labor system that bound them to exploitative merchants and criminal societies.

The anti-alcohol temperance movement,

medical concern about its consequences began to rise.

transatlantic adoption of the addiction concept by the First World War signaled the emergence of an Anglo-American conception of dangerous drugs

illicit consumption characterized by decadence and excess.

"anti-narcotic nationalism" in France.

n the late 1870s, attitudes towards psychotropic experimentation began to change with the introduction of new medical research on the dangers of addiction.

new drug legislation in 1916, criminalizing the consumption of drugs in public

deviant behaviors that would weaken and corrupt the French population and empire.

degeneration of France's population led to new medical research on the dangers of morphine addiction, alarming doctors and social reformers.

At the same time, computer scientists and engineers need to deliver the technological burden of proof that decentralized personal data networks can scale globally, and that they can provide people with a better experience than centralized platforms.

Republic Day (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Bayramı) is a public holiday in Turkey commemorating the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey, on 29 October 1923. The annual celebrations start at 1:00 pm on 28 October and continue for 35 hours.

The 'polycrisis' is real enough. But it’s a surface level symptom of multiple, simultaneous phase transitions at the core of the ‘hardware’ and ‘software’ systems that define human civilisation – which together can be understood as a planetary phase shift. But if all we see and respond to is the polycrisis – the symptoms of this process as it weakens industrial structures – that will derail the planetary phase shift to a new life cycle.

Our most powerful asset will be the collective capability to recognise the dynamics of the planetary phase shift now underway, its unprecedented risks and unfathomable opportunities, and most crucially, its role as a precursor to the next stage in human and planetary evolution as one and the same thing.

To galvanise the final reorganisation stage of the life cycle of industrial civilisation, we will need to

This new way of seeing the world should place humanity’s emergence as a planetary species at its centre. That reveals the biggest information gap of all: the inability to see that we are in the midst of a great transformation that could entail the dawn of a whole new life cycle for humanity on a planetary scale.