Especially trying to cram all that information the night before a test.

it's is easier to become sleepy and disengaged when someone is reading a slideshow that students can easily access, instead of doing hands-on activities.

We should've thought about different methods that are used globally from the very start. Everyone is intelligent in different ways.

This just changed my view on certain things. A lot of things in America are deeply rooted in racism and the desire to only reward white students, but I wasn't aware that the language of tests fit into that category as well.

We learn more and more as we go through life, even if it's not intentional.

i think this is largely due to the fact that students don't like to feel obligated to do things. When they know there's going to be a test or assignment on what they just read, they immediately associate reading with something negative, and it carries on even at home when they try to read.

The teachers and students learn from each other. This creates more open mindedness and trust between the two, and makes it so the students feel more heard and understood.

Speaking from personal experience, it's more fun to learn when we're being engaged with instead of just reading from a textbook.

Did he find this out using naturalistic observation? What approaches did he take in order to find out which methods were better for students?

While this does sound like a reliable method to use, wouldn't it be better to mix multiple methods into one to get better results?

How reliable is this source? Where and what did he base his research off of?

This is a psychology term called situation interest, and it's said we get dopamine hits learning about things we relate to or have interest in.

Will there be any new methods i've seen before? is it possible that some of us use these methods already without having a specific name for it? Are there new methods that keep being created or are they all just recycled and renamed?

Alfred can search hotkey conflict.

Where did this information come from? did the authors of this book write it recently with updated information and with reputable sources?

• Kontekst makroekonomiczny i geopolityczny [00:00:43]

  • Eskalacja napięć na Bliskim Wschodzie (aktywność Huti wokół Cieśniny Bab al-Mandab, ataki na saudyjskie ropociągi i napięcia wokół Iranu) doprowadziła do wzrostu cen surowców energetycznych i obaw inflacyjnych [00:00:59].
  • W USA rynek wyceniał ryzyko i podwyżki stóp procentowych, co doprowadziło do rzadkiej korekty S&P 500 – indeks stał w miejscu, podczas gdy dynamicznie rosły prognozy zysków spółek, uatrakcyjniając ich wyceny fundamentalne [00:03:49].
  • Spółki technologiczne cechują się mocnymi fundamentami (brak rewizji prognoz zysków w dół dla S&P 500 i Nvidii) [00:05:14]; autor przedstawił 10-letni backtest wskaźnika upside'u analityków, dający średniorocznie +3,5 p.p. ponad rynek [00:06:25].

• Czynniki wspierające polską giełdę (GPW) [00:07:37]

  • Utrzymuje się hossa napędzana napływem kapitału zagranicznego oraz środków z programów unijnych (KPO), które realnie zasilają krajowe przedsiębiorstwa [00:07:50].
  • Kluczowe beneficjentami są sektory: kolejowy, cyberbezpieczeństwo oraz dystrybucja sprzętu IT [00:08:04].

• Omówienie wybranych spółek z portfela [00:09:08]

  • Asbis [00:09:14]: Wzrost przychodów w sierpniu o 91% r/r [00:09:19]. Kluczowymi motorami są ekosystem produktów Apple oraz segment serwerowy, gdzie ok. 80% sprzedaży stanowią rozwiązania Nvidii (oczekiwania napędza nadchodząca architektura Vera Rubin) [00:09:49].
  • Digital Network [00:11:04]: Dynamiczne wzrosty wspierane przez rozwój rynku Digital Out-of-Home (+32% r/r w Polsce), wiralową kampanię 3D z kotem, plany uruchomienia kolejnego dużego ekranu przy Rondzie Dmowskiego (stacja Centrum) w Warszawie oraz ekspansję regionalną [00:11:18]. Rekomendacja biura Wood & Co. z prognozą ok. 120 mln zł zysku netto w 2028 r. przyciągnęła kapitał zagraniczny, choć bieżąca wycena (C/Z ok. 30 na 2026 r.) jest już wymagająca [00:12:46].
  • Newag [00:15:00]: Słabszy I kwartał był jedynie efektem harmonogramu odbiorów taboru, co spółka nadrobiła w Q2 przy ścisłej kontroli kosztów zarządu (+3,2% r/r) [00:16:03]. Portfel zamówień sięga lat 2030–2031, a perspektywę stanowią m.in. przetargi aglomeracyjne (np. kolej metropolitalna na Śląsku za ok. 800 mln zł) oraz ekspansja zagraniczna [00:16:41].
  • Cyberfolks & Passus [00:23:18]: Cyberfolks rośnie m.in. na fali skupowania akcji przez prezesa i spekulacji o potencjalnych akwizycjach [00:23:25]; Passus notuje zwyżki wsparte rosnącym obrotem i popytem instytucjonalnym w branży cyberbezpieczeństwa [00:23:31].

• Ostatnie transakcje i profil defensywny [00:18:37]

  • Dokupiono 30 akcji Synektika (za ok. 10 000 zł) oraz 9 akcji Cyberfolks (za ok. 1 700 zł) podczas rynkowej korekty [00:18:37].
  • Portfel celowo doważa spółki odporne na potencjalną recesję (jak Synektik czy XTB), aby ograniczyć obsunięcie kapitału w razie nadejścia bessy [00:19:05].

• Wyniki i statystyki portfela publicznego [00:20:05]

  • Wartość portfela wzrosła do 2,7 mln zł (zysk przekroczył 1,5 mln zł) przy sumarycznych wpłatach niespełna 1,2 mln zł [00:21:28].
  • Wynik portfela za ostatnie 12 miesięcy to +109% (+77% YTD), a stopa zwrotu ważona czasem (TWR) po 3 latach i 5 miesiącach wynosi 250% (średniorocznie ok. 45%) [00:20:20].
  • Digital Network stanowi aż 27% wartości całego portfela (pakiet wyceniany na ok. 730 tys. zł przy wkładzie 142 tys. zł), a drugą największą pozycją zyskowną jest Asbis [00:21:50].

• Prognoza Goldman Sachs a rzeczywistość rynkowa [00:00:00]

  • Bazowy model Goldman Sachs zakłada wydatki rzędu 7,6 biliona dolarów na infrastrukturę AI do 2031 roku (od 765 mld USD w 2026 r. do ok. 1,6 bln USD rocznie w 2031 r.) [00:01:18].
  • Kwota ta, choć ogromna, może okazać się zbyt niska ze względu na tempo wzrostu zapotrzebowania na moce obliczeniowe i centra danych [00:00:45].

• Wzrost przychodów liderów sprzętowych (Nvidia i Broadcom) [00:02:34]

  • Kwartalne przychody Nvidii wzrosły o 100% r/r (do ponad 96 mld USD), a segment centrów danych urósł o 117% r/r do 89 mld USD [00:02:41].
  • Broadcom notuje wzrost przychodów z chipów AI o ponad 220–235% r/r, co wskazuje, że popyt rośnie szeroko w całym sektorze (układy scalone, akceleratory dedykowane, sieci) [00:04:03].

• Skala nakładów inwestycyjnych Big Techów (CapEx) [00:04:40]

  • Nakłady inwestycyjne wiodących graczy w 2026 r.: Amazon (ok. 200 mld USD), Alphabet (195–205 mld USD), Microsoft (175 mld USD) oraz Meta (130–145 mld USD) [00:04:48].
  • Spółki podkreślają, że ograniczenia podażowe utrzymują się mimo ogromnych inwestycji (m.in. Microsoft raportuje limity dostępnej infrastruktury przez cały 2026 rok) [00:05:31].

• Eksplozja inferencji i rozwój systemów agentowych [00:06:50]

  • Przejście z fazy trenowania do powszechnej inferencji generuje skokowy wzrost zapotrzebowania – miesięczna liczba przetwarzanych tokenów w ekosystemie Google wzrosła z 10 bln (maj 2024 r.) do ponad 3,2 biliarda (maj 2026 r.) [00:07:26].
  • Paradoks Jevonsa i agenci AI: tańszy koszt pojedynczego zapytania stymuluje nowe wdrożenia, a agenci autonomiczni wykonują w tle dziesiątki lub setki operacji obliczeniowych na jedno polecenie użytkownika [00:08:08].

• Ukryte zobowiązania i finansowanie długiem [00:09:21]

  • Reuters wyliczył ok. 1,09 bln USD przyszłych zobowiązań leasingowych (centra danych) zaciągniętych przez Big Techy (Microsoft, Alphabet, Oracle, Meta, Amazon), które często nie trafiają od razu do klasycznego CapExu [00:09:46].
  • Giganci technologiczni coraz mocniej sięgają po obligacje (ponad 194 mld USD emisji od lipca), ponieważ ich wolne przepływy pieniężne (FCF) stają się niewystarczające względem skali inwestycji [00:10:10].

• Fizyczne ograniczenia: energetyka i infrastruktura [00:10:47]

  • Międzynarodowa Agencja Energetyczna szacuje, że zużycie prądu przez centra danych AI potroi się do 2030 roku [00:11:16].
  • Głównym hamulcem rozwoju nie będzie brak kapitału czy popytu, lecz wąskie gardła: dostępność transformatorów, przyłączy sieciowych oraz czystej energii [00:11:25].

• Nowe wąskie gardło AI: pamięć zamiast GPU [00:00:06]

  • Wraz z przechodzeniem sztucznej inteligencji z fazy trenowania do masowej inferencji (obsługa zapytań, długie okna kontekstowe, agenci), głównym problemem staje się przepustowość i pojemność pamięci [00:03:13].
  • Niewystarczająca pamięć sprawia, że drogie akceleratory marnują moc obliczeniową, czekając na transfer danych [00:01:33].

• Ograniczenia pamięci HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) [00:01:43]

  • HBM jest niezwykle szybka, lecz bardzo droga, fizycznie ograniczona przestrzennie obok GPU oraz trudna w zaawansowanym pakowaniu warstwowym [00:01:51].
  • Deficyt HBM pozwala producentom (Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron) dyktować wyższe ceny, co odbija się również na podwyżkach i ograniczonej dostępności standardowego DRAM-u [00:02:11].

• HBF (High Bandwidth Flash) jako nowa warstwa pamięci [00:00:16]

  • Nowy standard rozwijany wspólnie przez SK Hynix i SanDisk (w ramach Open Compute Project), angażujący także firmy takie jak Google, Meta czy Tenstorrent [00:04:14].
  • HBF łączy ideę pionowo ułożonych warstw komórek NAND (flash) z architekturą umożliwiającą masowy odczyt równoległy [00:04:32].
  • Specyfikacja przewiduje pakiety o pojemności do 512 GB (w stosach 8 lub 16 warstw), przepustowość od 0,4 do 3 TB/s oraz interfejs UCIe [00:05:16].
  • Szacuje się, że HBF zaoferuje 8–16 razy większą pojemność niż HBM przy porównywalnym koszcie pakietu [00:06:04].

• Wielopoziomowa architektura pamięci [00:06:57]

  • HBF nie ma na celu zastąpienia HBM, lecz wprowadzenie pośredniej warstwy pamięci: HBM dla danych krytycznych pod kątem latencji, HBF dla dużych wag modeli i pamięci podręcznej (KV cache), a niżej DRAM i tradycyjne SSD [00:07:06].
  • Inne koncepcje rynkowe (np. Samsung) to m.in. pionowe układanie pamięci bezpośrednio nad GPU (zHBM) czy obliczenia w pamięci (LPDDR5X-PIM) [00:08:01].

• Horyzont czasowy i wdrożenie [00:10:04]

  • Projekt pierwszego układu HBF zaliczył tape-out w sierpniu 2026 r., a pierwsze próbki urządzeń spodziewane są w 2027 r. [00:10:13].
  • Jednocześnie SK Hynix inwestuje ponad 4 mld USD w nowy zakład HBM w Indianie (planowane uruchomienie w 2029 r.), co potwierdza wieloletnią koegzystencję obu technologii [00:10:49].

The quotation of Verlaine’s Parsifal alludes to the absence of the spiritual victory that the Grail legend promises. In Verlaine’s poem, Parsifal achieves redemption because he has “conquered the girls, their sweet / Chatter, amusing lust” and “conquered lovely Woman.” Parsifal resisted the sexual temptation that had previously corrupted Amfortas which allowed him to recover the Holy Spear, heal the wounded king, and restore sacred order. Eliot draws on this context when he quotes Verlaine’s final line: “Et O ces voix d'enfants, chantant dans la coupole!” The lines previously refer to Mrs. Porter’s song which comes from a bawdy soldiers’ ballad associated with prostitution, highlighting the fact that the women “wash their feet in soda water.” Usually, spiritual cleansing comes from washing one’s feet in holy water. So the act of washing feet in soda water parodies purification while Verlaine’s line evokes genuine spiritual cleansing through the Grail ritual. Eliot places the two images side by side to contrast sacred redemption and modern substitutes for it.

The prospect of consecrating nature's plenty with the creation of offspring is central to this selection. Within Hamlet, Laertes acknowledges that "nature sends some precious instance of itself after the thing it loves." This statement is a direct reference to the expected fulfillment of the biological imperative - those that nature loves (those in love) are rewarded through the consecratory vessel of children. Essentially, children become a "precious instance" of nature that is bestowed upon people, an expected blessing that consummates an otherwise incomplete relationship between people. The fact that Laertes propagates this message is of interest as well. As the Homeric father of Odysseus, he has been blessed indeed with a famed, divinely gifted son, a gift from nature that he has done well to receive. A Game at Chess contributes similar notions to this interpretation. The Jesuit Black Bishop's Pawn states that "thy virginity is recompense too little for my love," adding that losing chastity is a singular, personal act. His boundless desire is indicative of that which he does not directly reference: the creation of children. They are what would rationally complete the mutuality of love, they are sufficient recompense, while mere action without consequence is not. Pound's piece refers to the "luminous green" of the rooks and the x's of the queens. While green is a clear reference to fertility and youth, the meaning of the x's is more ambiguous. To me, it seems a chromosomal reference - the epitome of femininity, as males don't have the required 2 x chromosomes to fit into this plural statement. Pound thus creates a spectrum that entails the two necessary components of love, fertility and femininity. Referring to the context of the cited material, it combines these varying exclamations. The prospect of children remains a central prerequisite to marriage and a proper relationship - the gift of nature is a necessary one that leads to cyclical propagation rather than infertile chastity. In even asking the question, the cycle itself is put into question.

It is interesting to note that the title of this section is almost exactly the same as that of Ezra Pound's poem. In this particular line, speaker tells Lil to "make herself a bit smart" because "Albert is coming back," reminding me of a line in Pound's poem "The Game of Chess" where pieces must "hold lines" and "reform the pattern." The chessboard is not only a battlefield but also a place for strategic competition, which Eliot introduces into a seemingly ordinary working-class marriage. Albert's return triggers Lil to "make herself a bit smart," implying that his actions require her to respond and make a move by improving her appearance. Later on, her friend also suggests that Albert will be unhappy if Lil cannot satisfy him and his needs, demonstrating how marriage is little more than a struggle to maintain one's position, and in Pound's words, "break and reform the pattern" as well as "renew the contest." The repeated interruption of "HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME" also lends more intensity to this relationship that is being equated to a game of chess. Lil is given limited time to act, in the same way a real chess player only has limited time to make their move. Pound's language "Whirl! Centripetal! Mate! King down in the vortex, / Clash, leaping of bands" makes chess, or in this context, marriage, feel impersonal, urgent, and even violent. At the end of the day, I feel like Lil is more of a piece than a player. She is just one of the many pawns on the chessboard who must use her inherent qualities (such as her decision-making, value as an individual and also as a woman) to fight for her place.

In both this section and the additional readings there is a connection between the female characters and nature, both human and of the natural world. In the encounter before this, I read the narrator to be the woman who is asking the man with the pearls in the eyes (possibly a significant other) whether he is alive or not. Above she says, “what is that noise,” questioning the seemingly normal environment around her as if unsure about her safety. It is only when the man is dead that the woman can become “as [she is],” forced to live an unnatural life, in which she has to mask herself in the presence of men.

This adjustment of one's true self and fear of repercussions by the men around the female characters is present in both Hamlet and A game at Chess. In Hamlet. Ophelia is unable to survive after the death of her father, descending into madness and eventual death. Her ability to live is entirely dependent on male life. When she dies, she is restored to nature, drowning by suicide in what is often depicted as a beatiful scene. It is only in death among the natural world that Ophelia is able to exist in freedom, as she is meant to be.

In A Game at Chess, the Virgin White Queen’s Pawn is depicted as an innocent woman, trying to do her job correctly, but instead faced with pressures to sell herself sexually. The pawn states that she would rather take her own life than lose her honor. Again, the violent actions of men are threatneng the women, leading the female characters to suicide.

• Thesis on OpenAI's Fast-Follow Risk:
  • TypeSafe's Jev demonstrated a major breakthrough by offering rapid, single-pass probabilistic decisions instead of full generative text output.
  • Given Jev's explosive developer adoption on platforms like Vercel AI Gateway, the central argument is that frontier labs like OpenAI will quickly copy this architecture and provide their own version.
• Why Jev Is Vulnerable:
  • Architecturally, probabilistic zero-shot classification is not an insurmountable moat; it can be implemented by taking existing transformer backbones and tuning specialized output heads for calibrated scoring.
  • Frontier providers (like OpenAI) have massive data, compute advantages, and distribution channels to commoditize the format.
• The Integration Threat:
  • OpenAI can embed these fast decision and routing primitives natively inside their broader model stack and agentic pipelines.
  • Embedding internal snap judgments into frontier ecosystems would give developers a cohesive, single-provider solution where a standalone specialist model like Jev cannot easily follow or compete.
• Market & Product Takeaways:
  • While Jev's primary innovation is in packaging, ergonomics, and low-latency API design, defensibility against incumbents will hinge on speed of execution, ecosystem lock-in, and whether hyperscalers prioritize native first-party decision models.

https://xoverit.blogspot.com/2015/02/olympia-sm-series-part-1-1948-1964.html?showComment=1426029814779#c1385367975247315702

Summary: Interviewers can capture the most accurate data from an interview by avoiding verbal and nonverbal language that demonstrates a favor for a particular answer. Interviewers should also take not on nonverbal indicators from participants.

Ex: X president has enforced many terrible policies, what is your opinion of the current administration?

1. How Can Production Practices Affect the Food We Eat? A grass-fed animal has many differences from a grain-fed animal. First has to deal with marbling. It takes longer to put on weight when being grass-fed. This means there is less fat that builds up in the meat. This creates a more desirable cut of meat. This is now considered a 'healthier' cut of meat. Grass-fed cows also have been found to endure less stress. Stress can cause the animal to release hormones that can change the taste of the meat. Not all grass-fed cows endure stress, but it is definitely a possibility. Lastly, grass-fed cows contain more nutrients such as vitamins A and E, omega-3 fatty acids, etc. All these factors change the way the meat tastes and its positive effects on us after eating it, which is a driving force for the promotion of grass-fed animals.

• Compression as Prediction:
  • Grounded in information theory, the minimum bits needed to encode a symbol is \(log_2(p)\); high-probability symbols require fewer bits, meaning any effective compression algorithm inherently embodies a predictive model.
  • Deep learning papers such as Language Modeling is Compression highlight the formal equivalence between compressors and next-token prediction models.
• Scoring Mechanism with DEFLATE:
  • gzip utilizes the DEFLATE algorithm, which searches for repeated byte sequences in a 32 KiB sliding window and encodes matches as cheap back-references.
  • By concatenating a reference corpus into the context window, candidate text continuations that closely resemble the corpus compress to smaller byte sizes, yielding the scoring metric: score(candidate) = len(gzip(context + candidate)).
• Greedy Generation Failure & Beam Search Solution:
  • Naive greedy next-byte selection fails due to quantization noise, as gzip reports lengths in discrete integer bytes, causing frequent ties among single-byte candidates.
  • To circumvent this, the implementation ("GziPT") employs beam search over multi-byte sequence horizons, evaluating candidate branches across lookahead spans before committing.
• Preventing Repetition Loops:
  • DEFLATE encodes nearby matches more compactly than distant matches.
  • To prevent the model from degenerating into verbatim repetitive loops, only a recent tail of previously generated tokens is retained alongside the priming corpus in the scoring window.
• Implementation:
  • The proof-of-concept runs in standard Python using only the built-in zlib library, generating recognizable, pseudo-Shakespearean text purely through compression metrics without neural network weights.

Hacker News Discussion

• Prior Art in Compression-Based Classification:
  • Multiple commenters noted that using gzip as a classifier is an established technique (dating back to Ian Witten's research group at the University of Waikato and early 2000s language-detection systems).
  • Practical applications often classify documents by appending a sample to pre-existing category corpora and selecting the domain yielding the smallest compressed archive.
• Methodological Nuances & Metrics:
  • Users referenced formal theoretical frameworks like Normalized Compression Distance (NCD), Normalized Google Distance (NGD), and the Hutter Prize.
  • Several commenters highlighted a methodological detail: naive concatenation must subtract the compressed baseline size of the reference text to avoid distortion caused by varying corpus compressibility.
• Information Theory Foundations:
  • Readers recommended David MacKay’s classic textbook Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms as well as 3Blue1Brown video essays exploring entropy, cryptography, and prediction.
• Modern Compressor Comparisons:
  • The discussion expanded to algorithm performance, comparing DEFLATE's 32 KiB window limitations against modern alternatives like zstd and LZMA/7-Zip, which offer significantly larger context windows and higher compression ratios.
  • Participants also shared anecdotes regarding WinRAR's enduring enterprise profitability and file recovery record capabilities.

I like how they describe the methods used to gain this information and how wide the year span was. To show to changes, or lack thereof, i thought was interesting enough to note.

Where can you access something like a TTY/TDD? Is it something the Deaf person has to buy or are there public options?

Its not something people think about when it comes to accessibility.

El proceso de búsqueda y corrección de errores.

Tomado de Introducción a la Programación en Julia

LLVM es una infraestructura de tecnología de compilación de código abierto que es mantenida activamente por una gran comunidad de desarrollo, dando soporte a múltiples arquitecturas y lenguajes de programación.

Tomado de IBM

This was a super interesting paper to read, with phylogenetics, structural analysis, mutagenesis, and in planta assays making a really compelling story about this effector pair. I had just a few questions/thoughts. I was especially interested in the idea that Mp1 and Mp58 have been conserved across aphids. Since you note that the similarity between the two gene trees may partly reflect the underlying species phylogeny, have you considered comparing the gene trees to a species tree to ask whether they are more similar to one another than would be expected from their shared species phylogeny? I’d also be curious how much overall sequence divergence/structural divergence (seq id and TM-score) exists across the orthologs (maybe I just missed this!). Finally, I had a question about the oligomerization results. Since the Mp1/Rp1 SEC-MALS comparison was performed with MBP fusions, is it possible that the MBP tag is having some effect? Have you been able to cleave the tag and see similar results?

For readers who are not familiar with web development, it would have been useful to be provided with an explanation of what an API is. It is clear that my knowledge of API's was rudimentary at the time of completing this assignment because the API is what allows users to scrape the social media data, and the data would subsequenlty be processed and displayed using a dataframe. Scraping and processing are two entirely separate steps, so saying that the API key "loads' posts, is fundamentally incorrect and would confuse those attemping to recreate my steps.

Key point: Rudimentary understanding of tools

I will give myself some grace here, since the instructor marking my work was already familiar with the concept of platform capitalism, so I didn't feel compelled to provide a definition of the term. However, in the future, a more detailed explanation of the theories relevant to my research would strengthen the body of work.

Key point: Discuss the theories grounding my research in greater depth

*

I think this sums up the main point of this section, Amodei wants to bring attention on how AI could affect different governments around the world

*

*

Biopsia con aguja fina/gruesa

Obtención de muestras de tejido para su análisis y diagnóstico.

✓ Procedimiento mínimamente invasivo ✓ Obtención de muestra para estudio histopatológico ✓ Apoyo en el diagnóstico de lesiones o masas

Ultrasonido a domicilio

Estudio de ultrasonido realizado en la comodidad del hogar del paciente.

✓ Atención sin necesidad de traslado ✓ Equipo portátil para valoración diagnóstica ✓ Ideal para pacientes con movilidad limitada

ultrasonido doppler

ultrasnido a domcilio

ultrasonido 5d

ultrasonido 2d

Por zoom

Por zoom

The guard is basically joking about how impossible it is for soldiers to hide things from their wives.

This part is speaking about honestly EVEN when words cannot change the outcome of the situation

The guard is saying you have dirty hands so be respectful

The chorus is explaining the tragedy vs the difference between ordinary life.

Antigone loves haemon but accepted a couple of things regarding the future together.

Antigone is afraid that haamon love might not be real in the slightest

Antigone is asking haemon if he believes that she truly would have been a good wife to him

Antigone is remembering how the nanny protected her from childhood fears and seeking the same feel for safety.

"Our heart out" is to show the emotional side of their relationship.

Antigone knows her relationship with Haemon is likely coming to an end.

Antigone normally doesnt care about looking feminine or fitting in with other people

Creon trying to understand whether Antigone acted alone or if someone else helped her

The toy shovel represents their childhood and bonds as siblings.

The acts of change and understanding

Despite the clear advantages of using a pre-trained Generalist agent over naive online learning, we still sought to determine if it was approaching the maximum possible performance of our control task. To this end, we compared the Generalist against two heuristic controls (Protocol 2, Fig. 4a), each deliberately depriving a key aspect of the agent’s decision-making. The “Without Best” policy restricted stimulation to all electrodes except the one empirically identified as highest yielding for that network, removing the agent’s ability to exploit its single most successful action. The “Random” policy applied spatially randomized stimulation at the same overall stimulation rate (stims/min) as the Generalist, removing any learned spatial selectivity while preserving the total stimulation budget. Together, these controls probe the Generalist from two directions: whether its advantage stems from knowing which electrode to stimulate, or from the overall rate of stimulation.

Wouldn't you wanna show: - Only Best, as the ceiling for any static policy. - UCB or Thompson sampling online from scratch, as a fair online-learning baseline. - Sliding-window or discounted UCB, which is built for nonstationary rewards and is the natural online method if adaptation is the issue. - Generalist plus online fine-tuning, which uses the pretrained prior and adapts to each culture.

Before concluding one approach is better over the other/proceeding in a direction/ choosing to test the max perf. Likely a generalist + OFT would do better than Generalist. Though all speculation because you need a proper baseline pre-decision / report the results. Alternatively rationale but like "We still still sought to determine" isn't really a logical reason significantly divergent from "We felt like testing this," which is un-principled. Then again.... The controls can't answer the question they're framed around. The stated goal is to find out whether the Generalist approaches maximum possible performance. That's a ceiling question. "Without Best" and "Random," though, are ablations: they take capabilities away and show that performance drops. That tells you which components matter (spatial selectivity, access to the best electrode). It says nothing about the gap between the Generalist and optimal. You can beat every degraded baseline and still be far from the ceiling. To estimate headroom you need stronger comparators. The authors just show "outperforms heuristic controls" which isn't saying much.

To resolve this conflict between theoretical framing and practical latency, we used an adapted version of the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm. This choice offers two main advantages. First, PPO learns a reactive policy capable of low-latency inference (single forward pass), effectively solving the contextual bandit challenge within the strict timing constraints of the biological loop. Second, unlike specialized bandit algorithms, PPO provides a unified framework that naturally generalizes beyond the greedy setting: it allows us to solve the immediate bandit problem (discount factor γ = 0) while retaining the architectural flexibility to incorporate long-horizon credit assignment (γ > 0) should the control objectives evolve.

Wouldn't TRPO give you better results?? TRPO enforces a hard KL-divergence constraint using a natural-gradient step with a line search. PPO's clipping is a heuristic that doesn't strictly bound the KL, and Engstrom showed much of PPO's stability comes from implementation details rather than the clip itself. That could matter when a bad policy update means a bad stimulation on a live biological sample.

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This question poses many different perspectives and is applicable in many other conversations- in this instance specifically is what is the future husband and his family buying, a cook, a sex object, a womb, a partner, etc. This can also be argued in a college degree, what is it that I paying for, a degree, experience, networking, etc. Specifically in feminism since this highlights the argument that women are concisely objectified and seen as anything but a human.

If ind this point very historically interesting because of how the concept of marriage is and has changed. In our current reality, marriage is a union and something to be celebrated with joy. In a past time, marriage was almost a business deal between a father and a suitor- the father is being paid for his daughter, to not only buy her but for compensation for his now loss after raiser her into a role. After this male centered transaction, the woman will enter into a contract with the man to become under his name and property. I find it interesting this comes into the conversation of debts.

I find it commendable that the life of a woman is valued higher than a quantitative amount of rods here. The value of the person and by extension the value the couple has to bring about new lives is something that can’t be ignored.

This given example serves as support to the idea held by modern anthropologists that we should attempt to understand cultures form within their would-view as opposed to condemning them from afar. I recently in my ethics class learned of the idea of cultural relativism (the notion that there is a objective morality regardless of culture). Though there is merit in this idea (the difference between specific culture’s practices isn’t as large as one would think once looking at the motivation/intention as to why they do it) you must avoid thinking one culture is better than another. In this case Westerners/ non “human economies” might see the practice of brideprice as akin to slavery. But as Graeber points out there are nuances. A human life cannot be bought for brass in the eyes of the TIv of central Nigeria and is only commensurable with another life. The key point is that before casting judgement, we must first attempt to understand.

If the exhibition's primary objective was to present a critical, multi-perspective history rather than a national celebration, excluding graphic imagery of victim suffering creates a fundamental contradiction. Sanitizing the physical realities of the atomic bomb shields the public from its true consequences, ultimately compromising the critical examination the museum sought to achieve. A huge contradiction.

Controversy over having public museums be for multi-perspective history vs spaces for national celebration

What a great paper, I especially appreciated that you included the GreenPy-LDH results and were explicit about the constraints of extending biosensor-enabled SEAP to new enzymes! That really helps illustrate both the utility and the limits of the approach. Not necessary for this paper, but I'm curious if you think it could be possible to predict a priori which enzyme-biosensor pairs are likely to be compatible with SEAP. For example, could enzyme turnover, reaction thermodynamics, biosensor affinity, dynamic range, and/or reactor volume be combined into some sort of feasibility framework for deciding whether a new pairing is likely to generate a detectable signal? Or do you have any sort of intuition about when an enzyme-biosensor pair is more or less likely to work?

1. Describes a world if we become illiterate, where there will be no creativity and people will not know as much about the world as we do now. Thompson disagrees with this. he thinks the results would be less drastic.

1. This quote describes an interesting dilemma in which medical students have been encouraged to used AI to diagnose patients. this asks the question if these student will truly be "doctors" or just people who are good at prompting AI.

1. These quotes describe the correlation of phone use and educational success. creating another way that technology can hinder education and literacy. Thompson uses the quotes to give another view reason as to why scores are lower than in the past.

1. video of eccentric pull ups. Used to show what he is doing in his workout. Backs up workout example.

1. These Quotes are also used to provide evidence of declines in literacy. Thompson agrees with these

1. Thompson uses these statistics to show that average reading scores are at an 32-year low, backing up the point that human brainpower has past it's "peak" from the last quote and providing concrete evidence of such.

1. uses this quote to show other people are seeing the decline in literacy. creates an idea that humans might have reached peak brain power at a similar time to the advancement of AI. Thompson agrees with this quote

1. Thompson is trying to convince you not to fall into the trap that AI models are a direct substitute to reading and writing. He urges you to do your own work and research as the use of AI deprives you of the cognition you gain from doing things yourself. I think Thompson does a good job of this. Im convinced that AI will have negative effects on the human population if used as the main resource for reading and writing. I think his use of personal example to describe time under tension was a smart and easy way to explain a rather complex topic. as someone who spends time in the gym it made a lot more sense to me. I think literary techniques like this allow for a fun, but also simple way to explain topics.

1. addressing the reader on a personal level, reaching out to someone interested in "thinking machines" and the future of them and how people should use them.

1. Thompson is making the argument that AI will be harmful to humans, only if we lean on it as a crutch. If people to continue to use AI as a direct substitute to reading, writing, research, etc, we will continue to lose those skills and reach a point where we are fully reliant on it. I think this is his main point as he describes the statistics around literacy and the decline of reading and writing. followed by why they matter.

1. Thompson uses these quotes to create an image of a dystopian world with an "AI overlord" that is being portrayed by noble minds. This is a scary thought, one that relies on AI and lacks human guidance. Thompson then goes on to explain why he disagrees with this prediction, expressing that his true worry is that these thinking machines will lead to a decline in human thinking.

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The words "rubbery white sponges" stood out to me because they make the food sound unappetizing and strange. Amy could have described the food in a more appetizing way, but instead she compares it to something rubbery and spongy. I think this shows how uncomfortable and embarrassed she feels about her family's food and traditions, especially because she wants to fit in with American culture.

I think this is an important moment because Amy is already embarassed about her Chinese traditions, especially because Robert and his family are there for dinner. When her father gives her the fish cheek she feels more ashamed because she thinks her family's food and traditions are different from what is considered normal in America. I think Amy really wants to fit in and be more American, so she worries that Robert will judge her because of her family

wait that is actually oppression and racissim against muslims where was the ottoman empire when this was happening ? they literally started a war about some trading stuff (when they made the venecians fund a war against themselves)

this actually reminds me of our today " sook'' or shopping streets/areas , even after all these years and across different cultures we can still somehow see the same concept which is actually fascinating

methods

methods

methods

methods

methods

AMF

Plant used

Class participation in history classes is important. So, I would say yes to this question. I think working in groups and asking questions during class (being involved) is important and I would have some form of class participation grade in my classroom.

I think this should be up to the assignment and the situation. For example if a student fails to hand in a test on time should it be a zero? I would say no if they turn in the test. But I do believe that late work should have points taken off. So if its one day like 5 points taken away and you go from there.

I think this is important because every teacher will have a different view on what is important. So finding a good middle ground for grades is a good idea in my view. On a personal level I think the highest weighted assignments should always be weekly quizzes of some sort.

I think this is important because grades should not be viewed as a simple A-F. I think grades can be used as building blocks to help see where the students need more help. For example if a class fails on a test about the civil war than the teacher can see that it might be a good idea to go back and cover some important points for the topic.

I think this statement alone is very important. In the course of my Pre-I and Pre-II internships I have helped my CTs grade assignment. Two weeks ago I helped grade some HS history tests and some of the responses were literal memes. So I think situations like that where students are not actually taking the assignments or test seriously when the teacher has to grade so many assignments can be very frustrating.

If Carla not fully into college why is she even trying to continue when she can get a decent Job without a college degree. I also understand where she is coming from because i also felt the same way about school. College can be challenging for most of us but to get through college i believe you have to be fully motivated, This will help you get through classes that may cause you stress or when times get hard or else you are just setting yourself up with failure.

If Karen has good memory why doesn't she just go to her lectures, so that way when she has a test shes guarantee to pass. I can also relate to Karen when it comes to not wanting to talk to an instructor and choosing to get my information from other students, not cause i dont go to the classes but i tend to understand other students explanation rather then the teachers. One helpful tip i'll give to Karen is going to the classes is more than just sitting in long boring lectures but more of an opportunity get to know people and also getting more information.

Alicia seems highly motivated and well driven, but why not be the first student to ask questions during discussion so that why she can step more outside her comfort zone. I also like how she is very on top of everything but still deciding a career path, i am the same because there are so many career paths to just choose one. One tip of advice i would give Alica is to just keep following the plan she has for herself because clearly it has been working so far in her favor.

is this it?

overall pretty good, needs more spice!

I come from two different cultural backgrounds, and I find this funny, because from the Mexican side of the family, the proper response to "How are you" is a full conversation surrounding how you have truly been, whereas with my Danish family, the responses are shorter and to the point. Both sides of my family have their own communication styles, and while one is not more correct than the other, they both work.

This is an interesting point; when we come across having to use AI in our work, how should we handle it? If AI is not known for producing accurate results, how or why should we use it in what we write? The text said to treat them as a "rough-draft," but why use it at all if I have to alter it later anyways?

Eurydice saw his mistakes as a reflection of selfishness and lack of patience on his part, and she is furious about it. She could've lived peacefully in Hell, and she could have been happy on Earth- but he disturbed any hope for either of those dreams.

I think this is really interesting, because I remember being taught to not be super repetitive. The only time I was told to be repetitive was in my science classes and labs.

I agree by not having strong nonverbal encoding skills can be hard. I say this because many people can't read people by their actions or choose not to judge. Like I said previously in another annotation, Nonverbal clues can be wrong and misinterpreted. This is important because no one thinks the same and reacts the same but can be similar.

I think it is true that nonverbal communication helps build stronger relationships. I say this because nonverbal communication not only shows how interested a person is but how they communication without using basic communication skills like words. Sometimes words are not as powerful as nonverbal communication because sometimes words don’t have meaning to a person who communicates by touch. In conclusion, nonverbal communication builds action like touch to show their affection.

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differences in what?

there

this describes what was done but I think we should frame the contributions differently. for example: "This study contributes empirical evidence on the conditions under which increasingly complex forecasting models provide meaningful value for higher-education buildings. By evaluating conventional statistical and machine-learning methods alongside recurrent neural networks and pretrained foundation models within a common building-level setting, we distinguish gains attributable to model complexity from those attributable to building-specific adaptation. The analysis further shows how this comparison depends on calendar regime: workdays and non-workdays may constitute substantively different forecasting settings rather than merely subsets of the same dataset. Finally, by jointly considering predictive uncertainty and alternative weather inputs, the study clarifies the robustness and practical interpretability of pretrained models in building-energy forecasting. This provides a temporally validated basis for selecting forecasting approaches relative to seasonal-naive benchmarks, while distinguishing retrospective weather-informed performance from fully operational forecast performance"

can we say that university buildings a particularily challenging usecase and therefore, a good test of day-ahead forecasting? i.e., can we generalise the results beyond university buildinggs?

id use the first paragraph to explain how improved planning and operation can help before talking about day-ahead forecasting in the following paragraph

Buildings are estimated to account ...

Im missing a main concluding/take-away statement.

i think it's helpful to mention the size of the building, when it was built and rough location.

suggested revision of the first sentence: Day-ahead electricity forecasts can help building operators schedule services such as heating, ventilation, and cooling in line with anticipated demand, potentially reducing energy use and peak loads. Choosing a forecasting model, however, involves trade-offs between predictive accuracy and the training, maintenance, and computational requirements of more complex approaches.

Nice

Iba Battuta's travels were fascinating because some of the experiences he had during his voyage are similar to those that travelers still have today. The past is vast and history is written through many events that occur that many do not want to see repeated. We see that there are still many similarities found in people that do not change. With this we also see that people still interact in similar ways and that while circumstances, settings, and events change throughout history human nature and interaction stay the same

It is interesting to see the blending of desiring to keep the countries economy healthy using his father's systems mixed with the familial expectations and desire to not let them down. I wonder how many historical figures motivated their political moves from a relational plan whether that be with friends, spouses, or parents. I think that this brings up the vast well of historic trails you could dive down. Not only is history formed by peoples decisions, but the choices made are formed by personal experience, life lessons, biases and more. I wonder If there are many historians who have looked at the health of an individual and what motivated the political and authoritative decisions that they made.

The start of Prince of Yan's reign cam about in a unique way with tension and war. I wonder how his reign was affected longterm because of the way he gained his power? Would the history of china look vastly different had he not overthrown his nephew. Additionally, it is wild how under one mans power the entire future of a nation is shifted. for example the changing of the capital of china from Nanjing to Beijing is something we still see in place today. I wonder how wars, trade routes, and sub cultures were affected by the changing of this capital? was this seen as a big deal then that shifted society or was it not questioned and just accepted.

This is interesting, the fact that there are questions raised about the world systems pre and post 1500 is not something that I have ever heard of before. It is fascinating how much debate and new discoveries, views and opinions are still formed and debated by historians today.

It is odd to me that the villagers viewed towns and cities as magical places. For one, they are so common to us now but at that time towns an cities were signs of wealth and few and far between. It is fascinating how what was rare at one point in history is common now. Additionally, despite the villagers understanding that the peasants s funded these towns and cities it still intrigued them. This points to something that I think we still see often in society today. We see the injustice done all around us but because either it benefits us or people we look up to and want to be like we brush the inhumanities and injustice under the rug. And we do this for the sake of advancing our world or enjoying the things around us. It is interesting to see this displayed in history as if it is apart of our human nature not something we have developed over time.

I wonder if at the time what we label now as an "agricultural surplus" due to the advancements made in time was seen as just that or something more? I wonder if they viewed it as a gift from a higher power. Or as a result of their hard work? Maybe a response to this good deeds? Was there anything in the minds of these societies at this time beyond the advancement of their agricultural.

Really enjoyed this paper! EnZight seems like a very useful and intuitive way to bring structural and evolutionary information together when deciding which residues to mutate! I also appreciated the experimental validation, but had a couple of questions as I was reading. First, have you compared the hotspot calls from the EnZight SB-MSA to those from a sequence-only MSA or other structure-based alignment approaches? Second, since the correlation between EnZight score and improved activity is demonstrated here for u10, I’d also be interested to see how well that relationship generalizes across other proteins. And finally, I’m curious whether you have plans to make EnZight available for public use (or if it already is and I just missed it!).

think it is true that you can base people with their nonverbal clues. I say this because when people tend to get nervous when presenting a speech, they make weird gestures that are unrelated to the speech. This shows that is nervous and does not know how to control their body language. Nonverbal clues can be wrong and misinterpreted.

I believe kinesics is a common nonverbal communication. I say this because when presenting speech hand/face gestures show the audience how the presenter is showing how they physically react. This does not only show emotion but also how intrigued the presenter in their speech. I feel like kinesics can be good to show interest but can also be too much and can be very distracting.

also a general pronoun

Universal precautions are helpful, but assuming every patient has the same needs misses the bigger picture. Proportionate universalism makes more sense because it keeps care open to everyone while giving extra time and resources to the communities needing help the most.

Treating low health literacy as a patient defect puts the blame on the individual instead of the confusing healthcare system. Seems like clinics are focusing on forcing patients to follow orders rather than making care easier to navigate.

    WHAT DO YOU MEAN "so called". They literal called themselves the radical republicans! Why do you write like you are trying to influence my opinions.

    I remember earlier when you said "cruel and all-powerful King John of England". Like, true, but holy [expletive], why is the language so charged!?

It's not surprising that the College Board's own research validates the relevance of the SAT for college admissions since this organization has a massive financial interest in the test. According to this article in Forbes, the College Board has made billions off the SAT and ACT since 1990. It's refreshing to hear that these tests are being de-emphasized in college admissions. (ref: https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottwhite/2025/05/26/the-college-board-exposed-nonprofit-or-16-billion-testing-monopoly-in-disguise/

Unfortunately, as I'm sure most of us know, this trend has gotten worse. According to the CDC, there have been 39 outbreaks in the US this year with close to 3,500 individual cases reported. It also stands to reason that these numbers might be under-reported at the CDC with the current Health Secretary's belief in the vaccine-autism connection.

I believe that touch is a powerful nonverbal communication. I say this because touch helps people communicate by providing signals of either love or pain. I say love because many people like to communication their love by touch rather than words. I also say pain because it helps people know when they are in danger or in a state of anger. I can relate to this because there are instances where I like to get physical through touch rather than standard communications to represent my emotions.

Nice quote

a stamp / seal of approval

Jack Lemmon roasts Burt Reynolds over donation<br /> https://www.reddit.com/r/classicfilms/comments/1wnetp1/oh_jack_lemmon_my_favorite/

Useful quote

this is a sobering figure but helps me feel less lonely about my current process in school.

i have found this to be very true in my life. working 30 to 40hrs a week leaves very little time and energy for class work.

quite the jump in graduations.

makes a lot of sense.

why doesn't prestigious research university focus on research. i don't necessarily see the conflict.

very true. I have found it very difficult to balance school and work. I has taken me multiple years and I still don't have enough credits to transfer or go for a AA. People in community college often have other important things in life like jobs which take priority.

This struck me because people make an issue seem like there are only two choices. We should look for other options before deciding if the argument makes sense.

I think this matters because not every situation is the same. Exceptions can help us know if an argument is missing information or making a weak point.

I became aware that generalizations are used to connect specific examples to bigger ideas. We should question them because they might not be true for everyone.

This passage is very disturbing when you look at the possible health risks that are associated with unfit cottages and the fact that they remained opened, in spite of being condemned! The conditions of these rural communities had to be in terrible shape in order to be condemned! This put a lot of people at risk for communicable diseases and out breaks!

The rating of items is very important especially for websites like amazon. Not only does it provide a numerical text of the rating, but it also provides images of stars. This represents good practice because the information is not solely based on images.

The specifications demonstrate good practice because this information can be very useful for individuals who use assistive technology.

The description of the item is also good practice because instead of solely relying on pictures to provide dimensions and other features, it also provides a written, accessible description. This makes information easy to naviagte.

The pictures could be improved by providing alternative text as well, allowing screen readers to gage what is being shown.

This is considered good practice because it let's reader gain a clear idea of the product, the items it comes with and size. It does this through text rather than images.

Es muy asertivo saber involucrarse y participar en un proyecto, ya que el verdadero valor no es lo que este ofrece, sino en lo que se puede construir trabajando en conjunto..

Creo que cuando nos enfocamos en un solo lenguaje de programación (como JavaScript o Python), esto nos hace creer que su forma de uso son reglas universales en los lenguajes de programación, es como si solo supiéramos usar una sola herramienta.

Opening thesis argument

Pretty much summarizes the message of the speech. Fight for social rights, but also cultivate morality and spirituality within yourself, so that you can also be right with yourself.

• a refraining from the enforcement of something

• a magnificent or impressive array

• Of, relating to or resembling paralysis

• to deliver especially from sin or its penalty

• a driving force

Burroughs is pushing for black people to learn about their own culture and to have pride in their own culture (kind of like someone else that I remember from World History, although I do not remember what his name was..................)

Burroughs is pushing for black people to enter the stage as their own, with their own culture and beliefs. She's pushing for this because it isn't being taught anywhere, pointing at the education system for change.

She believes that the most important thing that black people can do currently is to contribute to America's spiritual side, so that the country can 'dispense justice'

She believes that the movement should focus more on the moral, spiritual and logical side of the person to advance the movement, rather than focusing on physical objects.

This is due to the fact that white people have had almost 1000 more years to get ahead in material possessions, which would be nearly impossible to catch up to. Therefore, she wants fight to go in a different angle.

The base of this next fundamental belief is the idea that the complete focus on material possessions will doom any civilization.

Note de Synthèse : Audition sur les Violences dans le Périscolaire Parisien

Résumé Exécutif

Ce document synthétise l'audition de l'ancien premier adjoint à la maire de Paris, chargé de l'éducation et de la petite enfance de 2017 à 2024.

L'audition porte sur la crise majeure des violences (physiques, verbales et sexuelles) au sein des services périscolaires de la ville.

Les points saillants révèlent une situation d'une ampleur inédite : 235 enquêtes pénales en cours, touchant un tiers des écoles maternelles et une école élémentaire sur six à Paris.

L'analyse met en lumière des défaillances systémiques, notamment une rupture dans la mémoire administrative permettant à certains agents de circuler entre les arrondissements malgré des signalements, une application inégale des procédures de signalement (Article 40) entre 2021 et 2025, et des lacunes dans la formation des animateurs à la détection des « signaux faibles ».

Malgré la mise en œuvre d'un plan d'action de 12 millions d'euros fin 2025, l'audition souligne une dilution des responsabilités entre l'Éducation nationale et la Ville de Paris, ainsi que des difficultés persistantes de communication avec les familles.

1. Ampleur et Contexte de la Crise

La Ville de Paris gère un service périscolaire massif qui concerne environ 85 000 enfants pour 12 400 ateliers organisés chaque semaine.

L'ampleur des violences rapportées a conduit à une prise de conscience nationale.

• Données chiffrées :

  • Enquêtes pénales : 235 procédures en cours.- Établissements touchés : 33 % des écoles maternelles et environ 16 % des écoles élémentaires parisiennes.

• Mesures disciplinaires : 88 suspensions d'agents depuis 2023, dont 52 pour des faits à caractère sexuel.

• Historique de l'alerte : Bien que des rapports de l'Inspection Générale de la Ville de Paris (IGVP) aient identifié des risques dès 2015, la multiplication critique des signalements a été observée à partir du printemps 2025, particulièrement dans le 11e arrondissement.

2. Défaillances Administratives et Gouvernance

L'organisation décentralisée de la Ville de Paris, articulée autour de 10 Circonscriptions des Affaires Scolaires et de la Petite Enfance (CASPE), a révélé des failles structurelles importantes.

• Absence de mémoire administrative : L'audition confirme une difficulté majeure à reconstituer les parcours des agents.

Cette rupture d'information entre les CASPE a permis à des agents non renouvelés dans un arrondissement pour comportement inadéquat d'être recrutés par un autre, faute de centralisation des dossiers de suivi.

• Inégalité des procédures : Les rapports d'inspection pointent des écarts de traitement des situations sensibles selon les circonscriptions.

Certaines procédures reposaient davantage sur l'expérience personnelle des agents que sur des protocoles définis.

• Contrôle d'honorabilité : Bien que la consultation du casier judiciaire (B2) et du FIJAIS soit réglementaire, le turnover important et le recours à des vacataires pour de courtes durées compliquent l'étanchéité absolue du système.

3. Signalements et Procédures Judiciaires

Un point de tension majeur concerne l'application de l'Article 40 du code de procédure pénale, qui oblige tout agent public à signaler un crime ou délit au procureur.

• Changement de doctrine (2021-2025) : Il est révélé qu'entre 2021 et 2025, la Ville de Paris n'a pas systématiquement transmis d'articles 40 lorsque les parents avaient déjà déposé plainte, jugeant la démarche redondante.

Cette doctrine a été modifiée en 2025 pour rendre le signalement par la Ville systématique.

• Rétention d'information perçue : Le conflit entre le secret de l'instruction judiciaire et le besoin d'information des familles a créé un sentiment de « solitude institutionnelle » et de colère chez les parents.

• Sanctions : L'engagement a été pris d'écarter définitivement de tout poste au contact d'enfants tout agent mis en cause, même en cas de classement sans suite par la justice.

4. Formation et Prévention

La formation des agents est identifiée comme le « cœur du réacteur » pour la protection de l'enfant, mais elle présente des limites notables.

| Dispositif | État des lieux | | --- | --- | | École des métiers de l'ASCO | Créée en 2018 pour professionnaliser la filière. | | Volume de formation | Augmentation des agents formés : de 5 000 en 2020 à plus de 10 000 en 2024. | | Formation des vacataires | Non obligatoire mais incitative (rémunérée). Un module en ligne existe mais sans contrôle d'identité strict jusqu'en 2025. | | Détection des signaux faibles | Lacune majeure : dans la majorité des cas, ce sont les enfants ou les parents qui ont alerté, les agents n'ayant pas su identifier les signes de détresse (agressivité, changements de comportement). |

Le plan de novembre 2025 a instauré une formation obligatoire de deux jours pour tout nouvel animateur vacataire avant sa prise de poste.

5. Facteurs de Risque Structurels

Plusieurs éléments environnementaux et organisationnels favorisent, selon les échanges, les passages à l'acte ou les dysfonctionnements.

• Le bâti scolaire : Les zones d'ombre, les sanitaires et certains locaux isolés (comme les espaces de lecture) sont identifiés comme des lieux à risque.

La règle « jamais un adulte seul avec un enfant » est réaffirmée comme impérative.

• Dilution de la responsabilité : Dans les écoles primaires, l'absence d'un chef d'établissement unique (contrairement au second degré) entraîne une confusion entre le temps scolaire (Éducation nationale) et le temps périscolaire (Ville).

Cette dualité nuit à la fluidité de la remontée d'informations.

• Précarité du secteur : Le recours massif à des vacataires et le turnover important fragilisent la stabilité des équipes et le suivi éducatif.

6. Mesures Correctives et Perspectives

En réponse à la crise, un plan d'action de 12 millions d'euros a été déployé fin 2025, incluant :

• Le Défenseur des enfants de la Ville de Paris : Création d'une instance de saisine directe pour les parents et les enfants.

• Soutien psychologique : Mise en place d'une ligne d'écoute dédiée gérée par l'association OSE.

• Transparence : Publicité des rapports de l'Inspection Générale et conservation systématique de la mémoire des signalements.

• Coopération institutionnelle : Renforcement du dialogue avec le parquet, l'Éducation nationale et les services de police pour coordonner la protection des mineurs.

L'audition conclut sur la nécessité d'un cadre national de formation et d'une réflexion sur le statut des animateurs, désormais considérés comme de véritables « éducateurs » au sein d'une école dont le temps périscolaire est devenu prépondérant.

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Barnes uses Alaska to show that shared natural resources can provide extra income. Question: Could this work in states without oil?

Barnes argues that the United States could help families when jobs do not pay enough by sharing income from resources and systems that everyone collectively owns.

A long period of little or no economic growth.

Available only to people who meet an income requirement.

Money paid to someone from a fund or shared resource.

Barnes argues that a dividend is a share of common wealth that people have a right to receive.

L’Éducation à l’Esprit Critique : Enjeux, Méthodes et Réalités Pédagogiques

Ce document de synthèse analyse les interventions et les réflexions de Christophe Adourian, professeur de SVT et formateur, concernant l'enseignement de l'esprit critique auprès des lycéens et des enseignants en France.

Synthèse de l’Exécutif

L'éducation à l'esprit critique (EC) est devenue une directive officielle de l'Éducation nationale, particulièrement depuis 2015.

Cependant, sa mise en œuvre se heurte à un manque de moyens structurels : absence d'heures dédiées, programmes surchargés et formations insuffisantes.

L’enseignement de l’esprit critique ne se limite pas à la simple vérification de faits (fact-checking) ; il englobe l'épistémologie, l'évaluation de la confiance et l'argumentation collective.

Un point de vigilance majeur émerge : une pédagogie exclusivement centrée sur le "débunkage" d'informations fausses peut générer un effet boomerang, augmentant la méfiance envers les informations fiables.

Deux approches principales coexistent : l'investigation individuelle (centrée sur l'évaluation des preuves) et l'approche par l'argumentation (centrée sur le débat et l'éthique de l'action).

I. Le Cadre de l'Enseignement au Lycée : Un Parcours du Combattant

L’intégration de l'esprit critique dans le milieu scolaire est freinée par des contraintes institutionnelles et temporelles majeures.

• Absence d'Espace Dédié : L'institution impose l'esprit critique comme une compétence transversale, mais ne prévoit aucune heure spécifique dans l'emploi du temps des élèves.

• Programmes Surchargés : En spécialité SVT (6h/semaine), la densité du programme et la préparation aux examens (épreuves de compétences expérimentales, grand oral) laissent peu de place à l'épistémologie.

• Espaces de Liberté :

  • Enseignement Scientifique (Tronc commun) : Avec 2h par semaine et l'absence d'examen certificatif, ce créneau permet une plus grande liberté pédagogique pour aborder le réchauffement climatique et la biodiversité sous l'angle critique.

• SNT (Sciences Numériques et Technologiques) : Utilisation des thématiques de l'IA et des flux d'information pour introduire le doute méthodique.

• Contraintes Matérielles : Enseigner l'esprit critique à des classes de 35 élèves sur des créneaux de 55 minutes limite les possibilités d'échanges approfondis.

II. Distinctions Conceptuelles et Risques Pédagogiques

L'esprit critique est souvent confondu avec d'autres notions, ce qui nécessite une clarification pour les éducateurs.

Esprit Critique vs. Éducation aux Médias et à l'Information (EMI)

Le document souligne que si l'EMI fournit des connaissances sur les sources et la production médiatique, l'esprit critique va plus loin :

• EMI : Apprendre ce qu'est un média et comment évaluer une source.

• Esprit Critique : Questionner la finalité de l'information (« quoi croire, quoi faire ») et évaluer la confiance à accorder.

Le Danger de l'Hyper-Critique et l'Effet Boomerang

Une focalisation excessive sur les fake news peut être contre-productive.

• Le constat : Les interventions efficaces pour identifier les infox augmentent souvent, par effet rebond, la méfiance vis-à-vis des informations de qualité.

• L'enjeu : Il est crucial de former les élèves à reconnaître et à valoriser une "bonne" information, et non seulement à débusquer les fausses.

III. La Formation des Enseignants : Déconstruire les Mythes

La formation des adultes révèle des idées reçues persistantes au sein du corps professoral, identifiées notamment par les travaux de Charlotte Barbier.

Les Idées Fausses des Enseignants

• L'illusion disciplinaire : La croyance que l'enseignement d'une discipline (comme les SVT) suffit en soi à développer l'esprit critique.

Or, sans mobilisation explicite du raisonnement critique, les connaissances restent cloisonnées.

• La posture du sachant : L'impression d'être naturellement plus critique que les élèves ou que le grand public.

• Le biais de crédulité des jeunes : L'idée que les élèves seraient plus crédules que leurs aînés.

En réalité, les données (notamment de Penny Cook) montrent que les adultes de plus de 60 ans sont souvent moins outillés face à la désinformation numérique que les jeunes, qui baignent dans une culture de la vigilance.

Formats de Formation

Plusieurs dispositifs existent malgré des rémunérations jugées symboliques pour les formateurs :

• Maison pour la Science : Formations thématiques de 9h (ex: climat, santé).

• Magistère : Un cours en ligne de 4h intitulé "Mallette de l'esprit critique".

• EFC (École Académique de Formation Continue) : Webinaires de 3h pour les nouveaux titulaires ou journées de 6h pour les stagiaires.

IV. Cadres Théoriques et Controverses Scientifiques

Le domaine de l'esprit critique est sujet à des débats au sein de la recherche, notamment entre deux visions de l'infodémie actuelle.

| Vision par l'Offre | Vision par la Demande | | --- | --- | | Les algorithmes et les réseaux sociaux favorisent la mauvaise information. | La désinformation est un symptôme et non un moteur. | | L'exposition aux faits erronés crée des croyances erronées. | Les croyances préalables et l'identité sociale poussent vers les infox. | | Solution : Réguler l'offre et faire du fact-checking. | Solution : Réfléchir aux raisons systémiques et à la perte de confiance politique. |

Deux Approches Pédagogiques Complémentaires

• L'approche par l'investigation (portée par le GT8 du CSEN) : Centrée sur l'individu, elle vise à évaluer la fiabilité d'une information en examinant les preuves et les sources.

• L'approche par l'argumentation (portée par le collectif Efficience) : Centrée sur le collectif, elle privilégie le débat, la dimension éthique et les conséquences des croyances sur l'action citoyenne ("quoi faire").

V. Mise en Pratique : La Méthode par Investigation

L'objectif est de s'intéresser au processus de réflexion plutôt qu'au résultat immédiat. Les séquences partent souvent du "réel" des élèves.

Exemples de Supports Utilisés en Classe

• Contenus polémiques : Tweets de Donald Trump sur le climat, extraits de plateaux télévisés (ex: CNews).

• Faits historiques ou culturels : Les sorcières de Salem (accusations fondées sur des hallucinations).

• Informations contre-intuitives mais vraies :

  • Le syndrome de l'autobrasserie : Un patient ivre sans boire d'alcool (microbiote produisant de l'éthanol).

• Le trou dans la couche d'ozone : Un article au titre sensationnaliste sur les frigos qui s'avère scientifiquement solide et porteur d'un message positif sur l'action internationale (Accords de Montréal).

Les Points de Vigilance en Classe

L'enseignant doit marcher sur "une ligne de crête" :

• Éviter de braquer les élèves en attaquant frontalement des croyances liées à leur identité sociale ou familiale (conflits de loyauté).

• Commencer par des sujets légers avant d'aborder des questions sensibles.

• Maintenir un équilibre entre doute méthodique et confiance envers la parole scientifique.

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Rapport de synthèse : Gestion du périscolaire à Paris, formation et procédures de signalement

Résumé exécutif

Ce document synthétise les points critiques soulevés lors de l'audition de Patrick Bloche concernant la gestion des activités périscolaires à Paris. Les principaux constats mettent en lumière des défaillances structurelles dans la formation des animateurs, notamment sur la détection des « signaux faibles » de maltraitance. Le point de friction majeur réside dans la révélation d'un changement de doctrine concernant l'article 40 du Code de procédure pénale : entre 2021 et 2025, la Ville de Paris n'a pas systématiquement transmis de signalements au procureur de la République lorsque les parents avaient déjà porté plainte, une pratique qui interroge sur le respect des obligations légales des agents publics et des autorités constituées.

I. État des lieux de la formation des agents périscolaires

L'analyse des rapports d'inspection et des témoignages révèle des lacunes importantes dans la préparation des agents de terrain face aux risques de violences sexistes et sexuelles.

1. Des outils pédagogiques jugés insuffisants

• Documents de référence : La « charte de l'animateur » est critiquée pour son manque de didactisme. Les procédures de signalement n'y figurent qu'en annexe, ce qui limite leur visibilité et leur appropriation par les agents.- Formation en ligne (E-learning) : Le document « Repères pour un animateur vacataire » de juin 2024 mentionne un module de formation spécifique, mais celui-ci présente deux failles majeures :
  • Il n'est pas obligatoire.- Le suivi est anonyme (pas de renseignement du nom), ce qui empêche tout comptage réel des agents formés et toute évaluation de l'utilité du module.

2. Statistiques et modalités de formation

• Évolution des effectifs formés : Depuis la création de l'école des métiers de l'ASCO en 2018, le nombre d'agents formés est passé de 5 000 en 2020 à plus de 10 000 à la fin du mandat. Ces formations concernent les titulaires, les contractuels et les vacataires.- Incitations pour les vacataires : La formation des vacataires n'est pas obligatoire, mais la Ville a mis en place une incitation financière en rémunérant les heures consacrées à ces modules, notamment ceux dédiés à la prévention des violences sexuelles.

II. Détection des signaux faibles et culture du signalement

Un constat alarmant ressort des auditions : les alertes proviennent quasi exclusivement des enfants ou des parents, et non du personnel encadrant.

1. L'incapacité à détecter les « signaux faibles »

Les animateurs ne semblent pas formés pour identifier les changements comportementaux chez l'enfant (agressivité, colère, énurésie soudaine). Ces « signaux faibles » sont pourtant essentiels pour agir immédiatement et protéger les victimes potentielles.

2. Les freins au signalement interne

Le rapport souligne une « réticence à alerter » au sein des équipes d'animation, justifiée par :

• La peur d'être exclu du groupe professionnel.- Une confusion sur la mission : certains agents déclarent ne pas être là pour « surveiller les animateurs mais les enfants », omettant la nécessité d'une vigilance entre pairs.

III. La controverse de l'article 40 et le changement de doctrine

L'article 40 impose à tout agent public ou autorité d'informer le procureur de la République dès qu'il a connaissance d'un crime ou d'un délit. Les échanges révèlent une application discontinue de cette obligation.

1. Rupture de la systématique (2021-2025)

Contrairement aux affirmations précédentes de la Ville, le recours à l'article 40 n'a pas été systématique entre 2021 et 2025. Une modification de la doctrine de la Direction des Affaires Juridiques (DAJ) a eu lieu durant cette période :

• Ancienne pratique : Le signalement était jugé « redondant » si une plainte avait déjà été déposée par les parents.- Conséquence : Un décalage manifeste existe entre le nombre de signalements internes et le nombre de transmissions effectives au parquet.

2. Position de l'exécutif parisien

• Découverte tardive : La Maire de Paris aurait découvert ce changement de doctrine seulement quelques jours avant son audition, lors de la préparation de celle-ci avec ses services.- Nouvelle orientation : La doctrine actuelle impose désormais un recours systématique à l'article 40, doublé d'un dépôt de plainte systématique par la Ville de Paris.- Défense de la Ville : Patrick Bloche soutient que le parquet n'a jamais sollicité la multiplication des recours lorsque les familles étaient déjà engagées dans une procédure judiciaire.

3. Responsabilité partagée

Il est rappelé que l'école primaire en France implique à la fois des personnels de la Ville de Paris et de l'Éducation Nationale. La détection et le signalement incombent de manière égale à ces deux entités, chaque agent public étant soumis aux mêmes obligations légales de signalement sans délai.

IV. Données clés et repères chronologiques

| Période / Date | Événement / État des faits | | --- | --- | | 2015-2016 | Rappels initiaux sur l'obligation de recours à l'article 40 par le Secrétaire général de la Ville. | | Début 2018 | Création de l'école des métiers de l'ASCO. | | 2020 | Environ 5 000 agents formés. | | 2021 - 2025 | Période de « changement de doctrine » : fin de la systématique des articles 40 si plainte des parents. | | Juin 2024 | Publication du document « Repères pour un animateur vacataire ». | | Fin de mandat | Plus de 10 000 agents formés (titulaires, contractuels et vacataires). | | 2026 | Découverte officielle du changement de doctrine par la Maire de Paris et retour à la systématique. |

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