Steps

Abrir ubicación en Google Maps

Puntos de Referencia y AccesosGuía práctica para ubicar con facilidad nuestro consultorio al llegar a la zona.UbicaciónSobre la carretera a Ures, kilómetro 3.5, en la comisaría de San Pedro El Saucito.Antes de acudirConfirme previamente la hora de su cita y cualquier preparación necesaria para su estudio.

¿Requiere un diagnóstico de alta precisión o información académica?Atención médica especializada previa cita y diplomados de formación continua para médicos.Consulta por WhatsApp

Estamos para atenderlePrograme su estudio o solicite informaciónNuestro equipo puede orientarle sobre los estudios disponibles, preparación previa y disponibilidad de citas.Agendar Cita MédicaContactar por WhatsApp

Resolución de DudasPreguntas Frecuentes sobre Citas y VisitasTodo lo que necesita saber antes de acudir a su estudio de diagnóstico por imagen.¿Puedo ingresar con familiares o acompañantes al ultrasonido?¡Por supuesto! En todos los estudios obstétricos (genético, estructural y 5D HD Live) se permite el ingreso de la pareja y hasta dos acompañantes. Disponemos de pantallas de alta resolución frente a la camilla para que su familia disfrute plenamente de la visualización del bebé.¿Qué métodos de pago se aceptan en el consultorio?Aceptamos pago con tarjeta de crédito o débito (Visa, Mastercard, American Express), transferencia electrónica bancaria y efectivo. Además, emitimos factura fiscal electrónica (CFDI) deducible de gastos médicos al finalizar su atención.¿Qué sucede si necesito cancelar o reprogramar mi horario?Le pedimos avisar con al menos 24 horas de anticipación por teléfono o WhatsApp para reprogramar sin costo. Las cancelaciones de último momento pueden estar sujetas a una tarifa, según disponibilidad de agenda.¿Se entrega informe por escrito y fotos el mismo día?

Horarios del ConsultorioDisponibilidad médica semanalLunes a Viernes08:00 - 19:00 hrsSábados08:00 - 14:00 hrsDomingos y Días FestivosConsultar disponibilidadCitas programadasLe recomendamos acudir con anticipación y confirmar previamente cualquier indicación relacionada con su estudio.

Solicitud de Cita o InformaciónComplete sus datos y seleccione el motivo de contacto. Se abrirá WhatsApp con su solicitud lista para enviar; nuestro equipo le confirmará disponibilidad.Nombre Completo *Teléfono / WhatsApp *Correo ElectrónicoMotivo de Contacto *Seleccione una opción...Ultrasonido Genético (Sem 11-14)Ultrasonido Estructural (Sem 18-24)Ultrasonido 3D / 4D / 5D HD LiveEcografía DopplerUltrasonido Ginecológico / TransvaginalUltrasonido Diagnóstico 2DFormación Médica / CursosOtro / No estoy seguroFecha PreferenteTurno PreferidoMatutino (08:00 – 13:00 hrs)Vespertino (14:00 – 19:00 hrs)Comentarios o médico que le refiereSus datos se tratan con estricto apego al secreto médico profesional. Consulte nuestroAviso de Privacidad.Por favor complete su nombre, teléfono y el estudio de interés.Enviar Solicitud por WhatsAppSe abrió WhatsApp con su solicitud. Solo presione “Enviar” y le confirmaremos su cita a la brevedad.var e={name:`Dr. José Luis De la Torre`,title:`Dr. José Luis De la Torre — Diagnóstico por Imagen y Ultrasonido`,description:`Ultrasonido diagnóstico, obstétrico (genético, estructural, 3D/4D/5D), Doppler y procedimientos guiados por imagen en Hermosillo, Sonora. Médico radiólogo certificado.`,tagline:`Especialista en ultrasonografía obstétrica avanzada, medicina fetal y diagnóstico integral de alta definición. Compromiso docente y académico enfocado en la excelencia del diagnóstico médico continuo.`,credentials:{cedulaEspecialidad:`11653511`,cedulaMedicoCirujano:`9037274`,consejo:`Certificado por el Consejo Mexicano de Radiología e Imagen No. 5027`,consejoNumero:`5027`,cofepris:`233300201A0412`},contact:{whatsapp:{display:`+52 (662) 460 9755`,number:`526624609755`},phones:[{display:`+52 (55) 5678-9012`,tel:`+525556789012`},{display:`+52 (55) 5678-9013`,tel:`+525556789013`}],email:`dr.jluis.delatorre@gmail.com`},location:{name:`Consultorio Médico Especializado`,address:`Ures Km 3.5, San Pedro El Saucito, 83305 San Pedro el Saucito, Son.`,city:`Hermosillo, Son.`,mapsUrl:`https://maps.app.goo.gl/nT5arRihsiKphjX96`,mapsEmbed:`https://www.google.com/maps?q=ULTRASONIDO+DIAGN%C3%93STICO+-+Dr.+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+De+la+Torre,+Ures+Km+3.5,+San+Pedro+El+Saucito,+83305+Hermosillo,+Son.&output=embed`},hours:{weekdays:{label:`Lunes a Viernes`,short:`Lun - Vie`,time:`08:00 - 19:00 hrs`},saturday:{label:`Sábados`,short:`Sábados`,time:`08:00 - 14:00 hrs`},note:`Atención con previa cita reservada`},social:[{name:`Facebook`,icon:`lucide:facebook`,url:``},{name:`Instagram`,icon:`lucide:instagram`,url:``},{name:`LinkedIn`,icon:`lucide:linkedin`,url:``},{name:`YouTube`,icon:`lucide:youtube`,url:``}]};function t(t=`Hola, me gustaría solicitar información para agendar una cita.`){return`https://wa.me/${e.contact.whatsapp.number}?text=${encodeURIComponent(t)}`}`${e.contact.phones[0].tel}`;var n={nombre:`Nombre`,telefono:`Teléfono`,correo:`Correo`,estudio:`Estudio / motivo`,fecha:`Fecha preferente`,turno:`Turno`,semanas:`Semanas de gestación`,comentarios:`Comentarios`};document.querySelectorAll(`.appointment-form`).forEach(e=>{e.addEventListener(`submit`,r=>{r.preventDefault();let i=e.querySelector(`.form-error`),a=e.querySelector(`.form-success`);if(!e.checkValidity()){i?.classList.remove(`hidden`),e.querySelector(`:invalid`)?.focus();return}i?.classList.add(`hidden`);let o=[`Hola, me gustaría solicitar una cita:`,``];for(let[t,r]of new FormData(e)){let e=String(r).trim();e&&o.push(`• ${n[t]??t}: ${e}`)}window.open(t(o.join(` `)),`_blank`,`noopener`),a?.classList.remove(`hidden`),e.reset()})});

Consultorio del Dr. José Luis De la Torre

Atención, Ubicación y Citas

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233300201A0412

Certificación Consejo Mexicano: No. 5027

¿Requiere un diagnóstico de alta precisión o información académica?Atención médica especializada previa cita y diplomados de formación continua para médicos.

Preguntas FrecuentesPreguntas sobre la atención del Dr. José Luis De la Torre¿El Dr. José Luis De la Torre realiza personalmente los estudios?La atención y participación del doctor dependerán del tipo de estudio y modalidad de servicio. Al agendar puede consultar cómo se lleva a cabo específicamente la valoración que requiere.¿Qué tipo de estudios realiza?Su práctica incluye diferentes estudios de ultrasonido diagnóstico, obstétrico, ginecológico, Doppler y procedimientos especializados guiados por imagen.¿Puedo acudir si mi estudio fue solicitado por otro médico?Sí. Puede acudir con la orden o indicación de su médico tratante y, al finalizar el estudio, el informe puede compartirse directamente con él para dar seguimiento a su caso.¿Los resultados pueden compartirse con mi médico tratante?

Contacto Especializado¿Cómo podemos ayudarle?Atención dirigida tanto a pacientes que requieren estudios diagnósticos como a profesionales de la salud interesados en formación médica especializada.Para Pacientes y FamiliasEstudios de ultrasonido y valoración diagnósticaSolicite información sobre los estudios disponibles y reciba orientación para programar su valoración de acuerdo con la indicación médica correspondiente.Solicitar Cita MédicaWhatsApp CitasPara Médicos y EspecialistasCursos y formación médica continuaConozca los programas de capacitación y actualización dirigidos a médicos interesados en ultrasonografía y diagnóstico por imagen.Ver Cursos DisponiblesConsultar Formaci

Atención enfocada en ofrecer estudios detallados, interpretación clínica y orientación clara durante cada valoración.

Cédula de Especialidad11653511Actualización ContinuaFormación permanente en técnicas y aplicaciones diagnósticas.

Director Médico & Académico

Biografía Profesional & Trayectoria Médica

15+Años de Práctica Clínica12,000+Estudios Ecográficos Realizados1,200+Médicos & Residentes Capacitados50+Cursos & Talleres Impartidos

What controls how Vault behaves

Current and future ledgers

Clients and accounts, and the company and currency rule

How Vault is organised

How Vault is organised.

¿Requiere un diagnóstico de alta precisión o información académica?Atención médica especializada previa cita y diplomados de formación continua para médicos.

Paso a paso de su consulta diagnóstica:1Recepción y AntecedentesRevisión de órdenes previas y semanas de gestación.2Rastreo SistemáticoExploración ecográfica minuciosa en sala confortable.3Explicación en PantallaRevisión conjunta de mediciones y hallazgos con los pacientes.4Entrega InmediataReporte impreso firmado y enlace digital con fotos y video.

ginecólogo

al instante

&

No realizamos consultas apresuradas. Cada cita contempla el tiempo necesario para resolver las dudas de los padres y mostrar con calma las estructuras del bebé.

medicina materno-fetal.

HD Live

¿Requiere un estudio no listado o valoración domiciliaria?Servicio de Ultrasonido a Domicilio y Segunda Opinión MédicaDisponemos de equipos ecográficos portátiles de última generación para pacientes en reposo absoluto o indicaciones especiales en hospitales de Hermosillo y área conurbada.

Catálogo

100%Atención EspecializadaPor médico radiólogo certificadoISUOGGuías InternacionalesProtocolos estandarizadosHD 5DTecnología FotorrealistaMáxima definición en imagen0 minEntrega InmediataReporte listo al finaliz

Interpretación Médica DirectaCada ecografía es efectuada e interpretada en tiempo real por el especialista, respondiendo a todas sus dudas.

Solicitud de Cita MédicaLlene sus datos y le contactaremos en un lapso no mayor a 2 horas hábiles para confirmar su estudio.Nombre Completo *Teléfono / WhatsApp *Correo ElectrónicoEstudio de Interés *Seleccione una opción...Ultrasonido Genético (Sem 11-14)Ultrasonido Estructural (Sem 18-24)Ultrasonido 3D / 4D / 5D HD LiveEcografía DopplerUltrasonido Ginecológico / TransvaginalUltrasonido Diagnóstico 2DFormación Médica / CursosOtro / No estoy seguroFecha PreferenteSemanas de Gestación (si aplica)Comentarios o médico que le refiereSus datos se tratan con estricto apego al secreto médico profesional. Consulte nuestroAviso de Privacidad.Por favor complete su nombre, teléfono y el estudio de interés.

Resolución de Dudas Previas a su EstudioInformación clara para preparar adecuadamente su visita médica.¿Cuál es el momento ideal para realizar el Ultrasonido 5D HD Live?La ventana óptima para obtener las mejores tomas fotorrealistas del rostro del bebé se encuentra entre las semanas 26 y 32 de gestación. En este periodo, las facciones faciales están bien formadas y existe una proporción adecuada de líquido amniótico que permite una visión nítida. Si desea realizarlo en semanas previas o posteriores, contáctenos para valorar su caso.¿Es necesario asistir en ayuno a los ultrasonidos obstétricos?No es necesario el ayuno para los ultrasonidos obstétricos de rutina. Únicamente en estudios específicos de vesícula biliar o abdomen se le indicará ayuno previo, lo cual se le comunicará al momento de agendar su cita.¿Puedo ingresar con acompañantes a la sala de ultrasonido?Sí, se permite el ingreso de la pareja y hasta dos acompañantes en los estudios obstétricos, con pantalla de alta resolución para que toda la familia disfrute la visualización del bebé.¿Emiten comprobante fiscal (CFDI) para reembolso con aseguradoras?

Catálogo de Diagnóstico MédicoEstudios Ecográficos de Alta PrecisiónSeleccione el estudio requerido por su médico tratante o consulte con nosotros la prueba idónea según sus semanas de gestación o síntomas.Todos los Estudios (3)Obstetricia & 5DDoppler VascularGinecología & GeneralEspecialidad Fetal45 - 60 minSemanas 18 - 24Ultrasonido Obstétrico Estructural AvanzadoEvaluación morfológica anatómica detallada (órgano por órgano) recomendada entre las semanas 18 y 24 de gestación para descartar anomalías congénitas.Aspectos clave evaluados:Análisis de las 4 cámaras cardíacas y grandes vasosArquitectura del sistema nervioso central y columnaEvaluación de extremidades, manos, pies y perfil facialEntrega Incluida:Informe médico formal inmediato, tomas de alta resolución y archivo digital de video.Agendar este EstudioDetección Temprana35 - 45 minSemanas 11 - 13.6Ultrasonido Genético y Tamizaje de 1er TrimestreEstudio de alta precisión realizado entre las semanas 11 y 13.6 para la búsqueda de marcadores ecográficos de alteraciones cromosómicas.Aspectos clave evaluados:Medición milimétrica de Translucencia Nucal (TN)Evaluación de la presencia de hueso nasal y ducto venosoTamizaje precoz para riesgo de preeclampsia maternaEntrega Incluida:Cálculo de riesgo ecográfico y reporte con parámetros de la Fetal Medicine Foundation.Agendar este EstudioAlta Resolución40 - 50 minSemanas 26 - 32Ultrasonido 3D / 4D / 5D HD Live FotorrealistaTecnología volumétrica con sombreado de iluminación artificial que proporciona imágenes de textura natural y nitidez facial incomparable.Aspectos clave evaluados:Visualización de gestos, bostezos y rasgos facialesRenderizado con tonalidades fotorrealistas de pielGrabación continua en video digital de alta definiciónEntrega Incluida:Fotografías térmicas impresas, galería en la nube y video completo en pendrive o descarga.Agendar este Estudio

Servicios Médicos Especializados

How it works

f you think in ledger terms rather than Vault menu terms

Three symptoms account for a large share of support questions

information

Where you see it

How information flows: Cashbook, Accounts, General Ledger

current or future balance

. По ней с шаг

15+Años de Trayectoria Médica12,000+Estudios Ecográficos Realizados50+Cursos & Diplomados Impartidos100%Compromiso con el P

Dudas habituales sobre sus estudios y cursos¿Qué tipo de ultrasonidos realiza el Dr. José Luis De la Torre?Se realizan estudios de ultrasonido diagnóstico, obstétrico, ginecológico, Doppler, tiroides, dermatológico, elastografía, atención a domicilio y procedimientos guiados por imagen.¿Necesito una orden médica para agendar un estudio?No en todos los casos. Si cuenta con una indicación de su médico tratante, es recomendable presentarla para orientar mejor la valoración.¿Cómo sé qué estudio necesito?Puede contactarnos vía WhatsApp o teléfono para que nuestro personal le oriente según sus síntomas o etapa de embarazo.¿Cuándo recibiré mis resultados?

TestimoniosLa voz de nuestras pacientes y médicos alumnosOpiniones reales sobre la calidad del trato humano, la precisión en los resultados y el valor del aprendizaje médico.“El Dr. De la Torre me realizó el ultrasonido estructural a las 22 semanas. Nos explicó cada parte del corazoncito y rostro de mi bebé con una paciencia increíble. Nos dio una tranquilidad enorme.”Valeria MendozaPaciente - Ultrasonido Estructural“Tomé el Diplomado en Ecografía Doppler con el Dr. José Luis. La claridad metodológica y las prácticas con pacientes reales superaron mis expectativas. Indispensable para mi consulta médica.”Dr. Carlos ArriagaMédico Ginecólogo - Alumno“La nitidez de las fotos 5D HD Live fue impresionante, pero lo que más apreciamos fue el informe detallado que entregó a nuestro ginecólogo tratante de manera inmediata.”Sofía & FernandoPacientes - Ultrasonido 5D HD Live

Dr. José Luis De la TorreCédula Especialidad: 11653511

Rigor Científico y CalidezAcompañamiento cercano durante cada trimestre del embarazo.

Ultrasonido 2D DiagnósticoEvaluación por imagen en tiempo real para el estudio de órganos y tejidos, útil en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de distintas condiciones médicas.Evaluación de órganos y tejidosEstudios diagnósticos dirigidosInforme médico especializadoSolicitar EstudioUltrasonido Doppler ColorEstudio especializado que permite valorar el flujo sanguíneo y las características vasculares mediante tecnología Doppler.Evaluación del flujo sanguíneoValoración vascular especializadaComplemento diagnóstico por imagenSolicitar DopplerUltrasonido Obstétrico EspecializadoEvaluación avanzada del embarazo para valorar el desarrollo, anatomía y bienestar fetal durante las distintas etapas de la gestación.Tamizaje de primer trimestreEvaluación de crecimiento fetalImagen 3D / 4D / 5DConocer estudios obstétricosUltrasonido Ginecológico / TransvaginalEstudio dirigido a la valoración del útero, endometrio, ovarios y otras estructuras pélvicas mediante abordaje abdominal o transvaginal.Evaluación uterina y ováricaValoración endometrialSeguimiento ginecológicoSolicitar Servicio

Certificado por el Consejo Mexicano de Radiología e Imagen No. 5027

Solicitar Doppler

Semanas 28 - 36Doppler & 5D

Semanas 18 - 24Estructural

Semanas 11 - 14Genético

Docencia y FormaciónFormación médica especializada con enfoque prácticoProgramas dirigidos a médicos, radiólogos y ginecólogos interesados en fortalecer sus conocimientos y habilidades en ultrasonografía diagnóstica y obstétrica.Diplomados y Formación ContinuaProgramas estructurados para profundizar en distintas áreas de ultrasonografía y diagnóstico por imagen.Entrenamiento PrácticoFormación orientada a reforzar la aplicación clínica, interpretación de estudios y desarrollo de habilidades diagnósticas.Conocer los CursosPróximo Diplomado de FormaciónCupos limitados para talleres prácticos presenciales

Cursos y Diplomados

Horarios de ConsultaLunes a Viernes: 08:00 - 19:00 hrsSábados: 08:00 - 14:00 hrs (Cita Previa)

Teléfonos del Consultorio+52 (55) 5678-9012 / +52 (55) 5678-9013WhatsApp Citas: +52 (662) 460 9755

Solicitud de Cita Médica o InformeComplete los datos y se abrirá WhatsApp con su solicitud lista para enviar al consultorio.Nombre Completo *Teléfono / WhatsApp *Correo ElectrónicoEstudio de Interés *Seleccione una opción...Ultrasonido Genético (Sem 11-14)Ultrasonido Estructural (Sem 18-24)Ultrasonido 3D / 4D / 5D HD LiveEcografía DopplerUltrasonido Ginecológico / TransvaginalUltrasonido Diagnóstico 2DFormación Médica / CursosOtro / No estoy seguroFecha PreferenteSemanas de Gestación (si aplica)Comentarios o médico que le refiereSus datos se tratan con estricto apego al secreto médico profesional. Consulte nuestroAviso de Privacidad.Por favor complete su nombre, teléfono y el estudio de interés.

Lun - Vie: 08:00 - 19:00 hrs

+52 (662) 460 9755

Formación Médica Continua

Hermosillo, Son

Diagnóstico

Evaluación por imagen enfocada en obtener información precisa para apoyar el diagnóstico, seguimiento y toma de decisiones médicas.

Estudios de ultrasonido y procedimientos diagnósticos especializados

Inicio

The Core Concepts draft names Quotes, the Cashbook and the General Ledger as examples

Do modules you are not licensed for disappear from the tree menu entirely

Can a module be added to or removed from the licence between January renewals, or only at renewal?

It also explains two things that puzzle new users.

which Vault also calls a ledger.

Getting Started

mental model

The world's most musically ambitious country is Japan.

The full dataset and keyword baskets accompany this draft.

(pulled 28-29 August and 14 September 2026; the Japanese piano-school series covers 2016 to 2026);

Google Trends series via DataForSEO

Google Trends lines are indices rebased to each country's own 2019 and show change within a market, never levels between markets; the two trend charts use the same “learn X” query concept in every language.

a single keyword can be off by 50%,

Learning is not playing.

Germany did not field the module.

practised

National instruments

languages on Google's full close-variant list, so the merging described above treats every basket symmetrically. Adding languages outside that list (Croatian, the Baltics, Slovak) would structurally understate them.

Korea's rank means “low Google demand”, not proven low ambition; the same caveat applies to Korea's drums figure.

Yahoo! Japan adds roughly 7% but is not measured by Keyword Planner, so we use the 59.7% google.co.jp figure.

at Japan's early-2025 share of 82%, Japan's rate falls to 2.26 per 1,000 and Japan remains first

The Japan and Korea corrections.

Sensitivity: no country's rank changes by more than three places between the raw per-capita ranking and the normalized one.

July 2026

Normalization.

August 2025 to February 2026

Google's merging spread to the large English-language markets in spring 2026, where it fuses five or more unrelated queries at once. Merging was already present inside the window in most other markets, which is why the bucket rules above exist.

Queries below Google's reporting floor. Queries with no reported volume contribute zero. This affects between 0% of queries (Germany, Japan, the English markets) and 45% (Greece; Romania 38%, Czechia 23%). Small-language markets are therefore measured on fewer live buckets, and their rates should be read as floors. Per-country counts are in the table below.

measured volume

How much of it is English

Japan scores 2.76 on its Japanese-language queries alone, still first.

From October 2025, in most of the markets measured here, it also fused unrelated queries (“how to sing”, “how to play piano”, “how to play guitar”, “music lessons”) into a single bucket that reports thousands of monthly searches where each query reported a few dozen before. Summed naively, that bucket is counted four times. We therefore count buckets, not query strings, in two steps. First, queries in the same language that report an identical seven-month series are one bucket, counted once. Second, within each month, queries of the same language that report the same value (at least 100) across two or more disciplines are one merged bucket, counted once and attributed to no instrument; a pair counts as merged only if it shares the value in at least four of the seven months, so a coincidence on Google's coarse value grid is not halved. The share of volume that arrived as merged buckets ranges from 1% (Chile) to 66% (Czechia) and is published per country in the table below. Against a naive sum, this correction moves twelve countries by four or more places; Japan stays first under every variant. After de-duplication a country rests on 28 to 56 distinct buckets.

Google search volumes

Keyword construction. Baskets use identical concept grids in all 19 languages, in dictionary head-term form, adjusted where a language genuinely differs (Brazilian Portuguese uses violão for the guitar people learn). We checked each basket against Google's own related-keyword suggestions in that language, inspecting up to 400 per language, to catch missing local phrasing.

India

7.7m

1109.7m

the published rates are lower bounds and the instrument splits describe the English- or German-searching population, not the whole country.

Methodology in brief

Full methodology

had no input into the metric, the keyword baskets, the country set or the findings.

earning is not playing. The index measures who wants to start, not who already plays.

Thin data. Greece, Czechia, Romania and Hungary rest mostly on English-language searches, with much of the local basket below Google's reporting floor. Read those ranks as indicative.

The main limitation. Google Ads merges different queries into one bucket and reports the same number for each. We count each bucket once, not once per query. The merged share per country is in the table below; the top of the ranking is the same under every variant.

Japan stays first at every share we tested.

Monthly Google searches for learning queries

Participation covers all artistic activities

public music schools

channel learning without a Google search ever being typed.

artistic participation and learning demand rise together

Europe stopped searching for the guitar. The piano held

one instructive exception. Norway and Ireland practise art at almost the same rate, 48% and 45%, then split on wanting more: Ireland has Europe's highest learning demand, Norway half of it, in the lower half of the table.

American guitar searches held over the same period, which suggests channel shift is not the whole explanation, though it may have moved faster in Europe

so read the guitar lines as the upper bound of the story

guitar tuition has migrated to YouTube and TikTok harder than any other instrument

Guitar: 137,000 pupils in 2013, 128,600 in 2019, 117,500 in 2021. The decline began before the pandemic. Piano: 159,000, 164,900 and 160,100 in the same years. Flat.

.

The piano fell too, but far less: Germany 76, France 72, Spain 67, Brazil 84, and Italy back above its 2019 level. In the United States and the United Kingdom neither instrument moved much.

each country against its own 2019 level.

the instruments that stand for a country

The heritage instrument people still actually learn is the accordion: the most-searched folk instrument in ten of the 30 countries, and in Poland, Italy, the Netherlands and Norway it keeps 30% to 40% of the piano's demand.

Czechia's cimbál and Romania's ţambal fall below Google's reporting floor.

.

In all 30 countries the piano draws more learning demand than the national instrument, but in a few places the local instrument comes close.

Nobody wants to learn the national instrument

South Korea is the only country whose most-searched instrument is the drums, at 29% of its instrument searches, nearly three times the 32-country norm.

Brazil's guitar lead is just as decisive, measured, as Brazilians search it, on the violão

at eight times its guitar demand

The one kind of dataset where guitar leads counts who already plays, not who wants to start: Germany's Allensbach survey finds 28% of amateur musicians play guitar and 24% piano.

EPISODE 30

A large coffin. If I do not come back, you earn it.

EPISODE 29

He leans forward in the seat, his raw lip gleaming red in the shadow.

Ava stares down at the wet crimson on his mouth as the pieces lock together.

EPISODE 27

The blood passes an abandoned extraction line and disappears behind a fixed work surface. A motionless hand lies beyond its edge.

Silas pulls against the restraints once. The metal holds, and he sags against it.

They starved me.

EPISODE 24

EPISODE 23

Lucian bites hard into his own lower lip. A thick bead of crimson wells across the skin.

He grips the front of her hunter uniform and tears the buttons open down to her waist, baring her flushed chest to the cool air.

EPISODE 21

The most straightforward realization of the 16-type idea would be that the dichotomy scores should tend to have bimodal distributions. Infamously, they do not

MBTI's definitions of its dichotomies differ drastically from dimensions that have been refined via decades of research, namely the Big Five

what people consider to be part of the “true self” is dependent on context and highly subjective.

They argued for the existence of types defined by the four dichotomies, rather than the four dichotomies representing traits.

'Speak to me. Why do you never speak. Speak. 'What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?

Programming Problems 4.22 Write a multithreaded program that calculates various statistical values for a list of numbers. This program will be passed a series of numbers on the command line and will then create three separateworker threads. One thread will determine the average of the numbers, the second will determine the maximum value, and the third will determine the minimum value. For example, suppose your program is passed the integers 90 81 78 95 79 72 85 The program will report The average value is 82 The minimum value is 72 The maximum value is 95 The variables representing the average, minimum, andmaximum values will be stored globally. The worker threads will set these values, and the parent thread will output the values once the workers have exited. (We could obviously expand this program by creating additional threads that determine other statistical values, such as median and standard deviation.) 4.23 Write a multithreaded program that outputs prime numbers. This program should work as follows: The user will run the program and will enter a number on the command line. The program will then create a separate thread that outputs all the prime numbers less than or equal to the number entered by the user. 4.24 An interesting way of calculating π is to use a technique known as Monte Carlo, which involves randomization. This technique works as follows: Suppose you have a circle inscribed within a square, as shown in Figure 4.25. (Assume that the radius of this circle is 1.) First, generate a series of random points as simple (x, y) coordinates. These points must fall within the Cartesian coordinates that bound the square. Of the total number of random points that are generated, some will occur within the circle. Next, estimate π by performing the following calculation: ππ=4×(number of points in circle)/(total number of points) Write a multithreaded version of this algorithm that creates a separate thread to generate a number of random points. The thread will count the number of points that occur within the circle and store that result in a global variable. When this thread has exited, the parent thread will calculate and output the estimated value of π. It is worth experimenting with the number of random points generated. As a general rule, the greater the number of points, the closer the approximation to π. Figure 4.25 Monte Carlo technique for calculating π. In the source-code download for this text, you will find a sample program that provides a technique for generating random numbers, as well as determining if the random (x, y) point occurs within the circle. Readers interested in the details of the Monte Carlo method for estimating π should consult the bibliography at the end of this chapter. In Chapter 6, we modify this exercise using relevant material from that chapter. 4.25 Repeat Exercise 4.24, but instead of using a separate thread to generate random points, use OpenMP to parallelize the generation of points. Be careful not to place the calculation of π in the parallel region, since you want to calculate π only once. 4.26 Modify the socket-based date server (Figure 3.27) in Chapter 3 so that the server services each client request in a separate thread. 4.27 The Fibonacci sequence is the series of numbers 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …. Formally, it can be expressed as: fib0=0fib1=1fibn=fibn−1+fibn−2 Write a multithreaded program that generates the Fibonacci sequence. This program should work as follows: On the command line, the user will enter the number of Fibonacci numbers that the program is to generate. The program will then create a separate thread that will generate the Fibonacci numbers, placing the sequence in data that can be shared by the threads (an array is probably the most convenient data structure). When the thread finishes execution, the parent thread will output the sequence generated by the child thread. Because the parent thread cannot begin outputting the Fibonacci sequence until the child thread finishes, the parent thread will have to wait for the child thread to finish. Use the techniques described in Section 4.4 to meet this requirement. 4.28 Modify programming problem Exercise 3.20 from Chapter 3.20. You will create a number of threads—for example, 100—and each thread will request a pid, sleep for a random period of time, and then release the pid. (Sleeping for a random period of time approximates the typical pid usage in which a pid is assigned to a new process, the process executes and then terminates, and the pid is released on the process's termination.) On UNIX and Linux systems, sleeping is accomplished through the sleep() function, which is passed an integer value representing the number of seconds to sleep. This problem will be modified in Chapter 7. 4.29 Exercise 3.25 in Chapter 3.25 so that the echo server services each client in a separate request.

into four primary quality-of-service classes: QOS_CLASS_USER_INTERACTIVE—The user-interactive class represents tasks that interact with the user, such as the user interface and event handling, to ensure a responsive user interface. Completing a task belonging to this class should require only a small amount of work. QOS_CLASS_USER_INITIATED—The user-initiated class is similar to the user-interactive class in that tasks are associated with a responsive user interface; however, user-initiated tasks may require longer processing times. Opening a file or a URL is a user-initiated task, for example. Tasks belonging to this class must be completed for the user to continue interacting with the system, but they do not need to be serviced as quickly as tasks in the user-interactive queue. QOS_CLASS_UTILITY — The utility class represents tasks that require a longer time to complete but do not demand immediate results. This class includes work such as importing data. QOS_CLASS_BACKGROUND — Tasks belonging to the background class are not visible to the user and are not time sensitive. Examples include indexing a mailbox system and performing backups. Tasks submitted to dispatch queues may be expressed in one of two different ways: 1. For the C, C++, and Objective-C languages, GCD identifies a language extension known as a block, which is simply a self-contained unit of work. A block is specified by a caret ^ inserted in front of a pair of braces { }. Code within the braces identifies the unit of work to be performed. A simple example of a block is shown below: ^{ printf("I am a block"); } 2. For the Swift programming language, a task is defined using a closure, which is similar to a block in that it expresses a self-contained unit of functionality. Syntactically, a Swift closure is written in the same way as a block, minus the leading caret. The following Swift code segment illustrates obtaining a concurrent queue for the user-initiated class and submitting a task to the queue using the dispatch_async() function: let queue = dispatch_get_global_queue   (QOS_CLASS_USER_INITIATED, 0) dispatch_async(queue,{ print("I am a closure.") }) Internally, GCD's thread pool is composed of POSIX threads. GCD actively manages the pool, allowing the number of threads to grow and shrink according to application demand and system capacity. GCD is implemented by the libdispatch library, which Apple has released under the Apache Commons license. It has since been ported to the FreeBSD operating system.

Java has supported thread creation using the approach we have described thus far since its origins. However, beginning with Version 1.5 and its API, Java introduced several new concurrency features that provide developers with much greater control over thread creation and communication. These tools are available in the java.util.concurrent package. Rather than explicitly creating Thread objects, thread creation is instead organized around the Executor interface: public interface Executor {   void execute(Runnable command); } Classes implementing this interface must define the execute() method, which is passed a Runnable object. For Java developers, this means using the Executor rather than creating a separate Thread object and invoking its start() method. The Executor is used as follows: Executor service = new Executor; service.execute(new Task()); The Executor framework is based on the producer-consumer model; tasks implementing the Runnable interface are produced, and the threads that execute these tasks consume them. The advantage of this approach is that it not only divides thread creation from execution but also provides a mechanism for communication between concurrent tasks. Data sharing between threads belonging to the same process occurs easily in Windows and Pthreads, since shared data are simply declared globally. As a pure object-oriented language, Java has no such notion of global data. We can pass parameters to a class that implements Runnable, but Java threads cannot return results. To address this need, the java.util.concurrent package additionally defines the Callable interface, which behaves similarly to Runnable except that a result can be returned. Results returned from Callable tasks are known as Future objects. A result can be retrieved from the get() method defined in the Future interface. The program shown in Figure 4.14 illustrates the summation program using these Java features.

Threads are the fundamental model of program execution in a Java program, and the Java language and its API provide a rich set of features for the creation and management of threads. All Java programs comprise at least a single thread of control—even a simple Java program consisting of only a main() method runs as a single thread in the JVM. Java threads are available on any system that provides a JVM including Windows, Linux, and macOS. The Java thread API is available for Android applications as well. There are two techniques for explicitly creating threads in a Java program. One approach is to create a new class that is derived from the Thread class and to override its run() method. An alternative—and more commonly used—technique is to define a class that implements the Runnable interface. This interface defines a single abstract method with the signature public void run(). The code in the run() method of a class that implements Runnable is what executes in a separate thread. An example is shown below: class Task implements Runnable {   public void run() {     System.out.println("I am a thread.");   } }

4.4.1 Pthreads Pthreads refers to the POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) defining an API for thread creation and synchronization. This is a specification for thread behavior, not an implementation. Operating-system designers may implement the specification in any way they wish. Numerous systems implement the Pthreads specification; most are UNIX-type systems, including Linux and macOS. Although Windows doesn't support Pthreads natively, some third-party implementations for Windows are available. The C program shown in Figure 4.11 demonstrates the basic Pthreads API for constructing a multithreaded program that calculates the summation of a non-negative integer in a separate thread. In a Pthreads program, separate threads begin execution in a specified function. In Figure 4.11, this is the runner() function. When this program begins, a single thread of control begins in main(). After some initialization, main() creates a second thread that begins control in the runner() function. Both threads share the global data sum. #include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int sum; /* this data is shared by the thread(s) */ void *runner(void *param); /* threads call this function */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {   pthread_t tid;  /* the thread identifier */   pthread_attr_t attr; /* set of thread attributes */   /* set the default attributes of the thread */  pthread_attr_init(&attr);   /* create the thread */   pthread_create(&tid, &attr, runner, argv[1]);   /* wait for the thread to exit */   pthread_join(tid,NULL);   printf("sum = %d\n",sum); } /* The thread will execute in this function */ void *runner(void *param) {   int i, upper = atoi(param);   sum = 0;   for (i = 1; i <= upper; i++)     sum += i;   pthread_exit(0); } Figure 4.11 Multithreaded C program using the Pthreads API. Let's look more closely at this program. All Pthreads programs must include the pthread.h header file. The statement pthread_t tid declares the identifier for the thread we will create. Each thread has a set of attributes, including stack size and scheduling information. The pthread_attr_t attr declaration represents the attributes for the thread. We set the attributes in the function call pthread_attr_init(&attr). Because we did not explicitly set any attributes, we use the default attributes provided. (In Chapter 5, we discuss some of the scheduling attributes provided by the Pthreads API.) A separate thread is created with the pthread_create() function call. In addition to passing the thread identifier and the attributes for the thread, we also pass the name of the function where the new thread will begin execution—in this case, the runner() function. Last, we pass the integer parameter that was provided on the command line, argv[1]. At this point, the program has two threads: the initial (or parent) thread in main() and the summation (or child) thread performing the summation operation in the runner() function. This program follows the thread create/join strategy, whereby after creating the summation thread, the parent thread will wait for it to terminate by calling the pthread_join() function. The summation thread will terminate when it calls the function pthread_exit(). Once the summation thread has returned, the parent thread will output the value of the shared data sum. This example program creates only a single thread. With the growing dominance of multicore systems, writing programs containing several threads has become increasingly common. A simple method for waiting on several threads using the pthread_join() function is to enclose the operation within a simple for loop.

A thread library provides the programmer with an API for creating and managing threads. There are two primary ways of implementing a thread library. The first approach is to provide a library entirely in user space with no kernel support. All code and data structures for the library exist in user space. This means that invoking a function in the library results in a local function call in user space and not a system call. The second approach is to implement a kernel-level library supported directly by the operating system. In this case, code and data structures for the library exist in kernel space. Invoking a function in the API for the library typically results in a system call to the kernel. Three main thread libraries are in use today: POSIX Pthreads, Windows, and Java. Pthreads, the threads extension of the POSIX standard, may be provided as either a user-level or a kernel-level library. The Windows thread library is a kernel-level library available on Windows systems. The Java thread API allows threads to be created and managed directly in Java programs. However, because in most instances the JVM is running on top of a host operating system, the Java thread API is generally implemented using a thread library available on the host system. This means that on Windows systems, Java threads are typically implemented using the Windows API; UNIX, Linux, and macOS systems typically use Pthreads.

Multicore Programming Earlier in the history of computer design, in response to the need for more computing performance, single-CPU systems evolved into multi-CPU systems. A later, yet similar, trend in system design is to place multiple computing cores on a single processing chip where each core appears as a separate CPU to the operating system (Section 1.3.2). We refer to such systems as multicore, and multithreaded programming provides a mechanism for more efficient use of these multiple computing cores and improved concurrency. Consider an application with four threads. On a system with a single computing core, concurrency merely means that the execution of the threads will be interleaved over time (Figure 4.3), because the processing core is capable of executing only one thread at a time. On a system with multiple cores, however, concurrency means that some threads can run in parallel, because the system can assign a separate thread to each core (Figure 4.4).

4.1.2 Benefits The benefits of multithreaded programming can be broken down into four major categories: 1. Responsiveness. Multithreading an interactive application may allow a program to continue running even if part of it is blocked or is performing a lengthy operation, thereby increasing responsiveness to the user. This quality is especially useful in designing user interfaces. For instance, consider what happens when a user clicks a button that results in the performance of a time-consuming operation. A single-threaded application would be unresponsive to the user until the operation had been completed. In contrast, if the time-consuming operation is performed in a separate, asynchronous thread, the application remains responsive to the user. 2. Resource sharing. Processes can share resources only through techniques such as shared memory and message passing. Such techniques must be explicitly arranged by the programmer. However, threads share the memory and the resources of the process to which they belong by default. The benefit of sharing code and data is that it allows an application to have several different threads of activity within the same address space. 3. Economy. Allocating memory and resources for process creation is costly. Because threads share the resources of the process to which they belong, it is more economical to create and context-switch threads. Empirically gauging the difference in overhead can be difficult, but in general thread creation consumes less time and memory than process creation. Additionally, context switching is typically faster between threads than between processes. 4. Scalability. The benefits of multithreading can be even greater in a multiprocessor architecture, where threads may be running in parallel on different processing cores. A single-threaded process can run on only one processor, regardless how many are available. We explore this issue further in the following section.

With the continued growth of multicore processing, applications containing hundreds—or even thousands—of threads are looming on the horizon. Designing such applications is not a trivial undertaking: programmers must address not only the challenges

The process model introduced in Chapter 3 assumed that a process was an executing program with a single thread of control. Virtually all modern operating systems, however, provide features enabling a process to contain multiple threads of control. Identifying opportunities for parallelism through the use of threads is becoming increasingly important for modern multicore systems that provide multiple CPUs.

The one-to-one model (Figure 4.8) maps each user thread to a kernel thread. It provides more concurrency than the many-to-one model by allowing another thread to run when a thread makes a blocking system call. It also allows multiple threads to run in parallel on multiprocessors. The only drawback to this model is that creating a user thread requires creating the corresponding kernel thread, and a large number of kernel threads may burden the performance of a system. Linux, along with the family of Windows operating systems, implement the one-to-one model.

The many-to-one model (Figure 4.7) maps many user-level threads to one kernel thread. Thread management is done by the thread library in user space, so it is efficient (we discuss thread libraries in Section 4.4). However, the entire process will block if a thread makes a blocking system call. Also, because only one thread can access the kernel at a time, multiple threads are unable to run in parallel on multicore systems. Green threads—a thread library available for Solaris systems and adopted in early versions of Java—used the many-to-one model. However, very few systems continue to use the model because of its inability to take advantage of multiple processing cores, which have now become standard on most computer system

One interesting fact about Amdahl's Law is that as N approaches infinity, the speedup converges to 1/S. For example, if 50 percent of an application is performed serially, the maximum speedup is 2.0 times, regardless of the number of processing cores we add. This is the fundamental principle behind Amdahl's Law: the serial portion of an application can have a disproportionate effect on the performance we gain by adding additional computing co

An application typically is implemented as a separate process with several threads of control. Below we highlight a few examples of multithreaded applications: An application that creates photo thumbnails from a collection of images may use a separate thread to generate a thumbnail from each separate image. A web browser might have one thread display images or text while another thread retrieves data from the network. A word processor may have a thread for displaying graphics, another thread for responding to keystrokes from the user, and a third thread for performing spelling and grammar checking in the background.

Amdahl's Law is a formula that identifies potential performance gains from adding additional computing cores to an application that has both serial (nonparallel) and parallel components. If S is the portion of the application that must be performed serially on a system with N processing cores, the formula appears as follows: speedup≤1S+(1−S)

A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it comprises a thread ID, a program counter (PC), a register set, and a stack. It shares with other threads belonging to the same process its code section, data section, and other operating-system resources, such as open files and signals. A traditional process has a single thread of control. If a process has multiple threads of control, it can perform more than one task at a time. Figure 4.1 illustrates the difference between a traditional single-threaded process and a multithreaded process

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