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    1. The problems Ferguson faces are due to past government policies, from redlining to urban renewal to themore publicized and more recent problems with policing and municipal financing. Therefore, changinggovernment policies may help address these problems. After Michael Brown’s death, there have been manyconversations about changing the ways police work, starting with installing body cams. There should bemore conversations about changing how housing works: capping the mortgage interest tax deduction, betterinsuring fair lending practices to make up for more than a century of discrimination, authorizing Fannie Mae& Freddie Mac to modify lending policies for struggling homeowners, and more strictly enforcing laws againsthousing discrimination. Those conversations about housing and home financing relate to conversationsabout education and municipal financing, because it is clear that Michael Brown was failed by his schoolbefore he was ever failed by his police.Until we begin to see the huge range of suburban spaces in America, we cannot begin to fix their problems.We cannot understand that Irvine’s subprime mortgage lenders are connected to Ferguson’s strugglinghomeowners, or see that Irvine’s HOAs are connected to the over-policed pools in McKinney, Texas. Wecannot see this interrelated system in which some of us have inherited privileges that we did not earn. Thebuilt environment actually solidifies inequalities from the past and extends them over generations in waysthat make it all the more important to understand now

      I believe this passage is portraying how our physical neighborhoods lock in past inequalities for generations. This is important to know because housing, school funding, and policing aren't separate local problems. This was all just one big part of a national system. Suburban wealth in places like Irvine is tied to the disadvantage of other communities. We all share a responsibility to fix this, and we can't ignore it.

    1. https://web.archive.org/web/20070411202436/http://www.jamesnormanhallhome.pf/indexen.html

      From the James Normal Hall home museum. James Norman Hall is an American writer best known for The Bounty Trilogy, a series of historical novels co-authored with Charles Bernard Nordhoff: Mutiny on the Bounty (1932), Men Against the Sea (1934), and Pitcairn's Island (1934).

      This photo appears to show him at a different machine that looks more like a standard:<br />

      It's an early 40's Royal Quiet De Luxe (it appears to have a tabulator key in the top right). Compare with: https://typewriterdatabase.com/Royal.Quiet+De+Luxe.72.bmys Note the rectangular shift keys which didn't start until late 1940.

    1. I found the repetition of “we” at the end especially powerful. Harjo does not simply say that Native people live in America; she insists that they are part of what America itself means. The line “we still want justice” also makes the statement more complicated, because belonging to America does not mean that the country has treated them justly. I think “We are still America” works both as a claim of belonging and as a criticism of a nation that has repeatedly excluded Indigenous people from its own history. The final isolated “We” makes their continued presence feel especially strong.

    2. This line stood out to me because Harjo rejects the idea that land is something that can simply belong to one group of people. Instead of saying that the land belongs to Indigenous people rather than to others, she says, “We are this land.” I think this changes the relationship between people and land from one of ownership to one of connection and responsibility. It is especially meaningful in the context of forced removal, because even when Indigenous people were physically separated from their homelands, their connection to the land could not simply be erased.

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    1. Note d'information : Synthèse et enjeux du cyberharcèlement chez les jeunes

      Résumé Exécutif

      Ce document de synthèse présente un état des lieux complet du cyberharcèlement et des cyberviolences chez les enfants et adolescents, sur la base des travaux présentés par Séverine Erhel (maître de conférences en psychologie cognitive et ergonomie à l'université Rennes 2) pour le Conseil scientifique de l'éducation nationale (CSEN).

      L'exposition précoce aux outils numériques et la quasi-généralisation de l'usage des réseaux sociaux exposent une part importante des jeunes à des formes variées de violence en ligne.

      Les conséquences de ces actes sur la santé mentale, le bien-être et la scolarité des victimes sont graves et documentées (dépression, désespoir, dégradation des résultats scolaires, pensées suicidaires).

      L'analyse démontre que le cyberharcèlement ne peut être réduit à un simple problème individuel : il résulte d'une interaction complexe entre des vulnérabilités individuelles (auteurs et victimes), un environnement social et familial, et la conception même des technologies numériques (algorithmes, fonctionnalités d'anonymat, outils de traçabilité).

      Par conséquent, la suppression des téléphones portables dans les établissements scolaires s'avère insuffisante à elle seule pour résoudre ce phénomène.

      Une approche systémique reposant sur la prévention, l'éducation aux médias, le développement de l'autodéfense numérique, la responsabilisation des plateformes et la mise en place de mesures de justice réparatrice est indispensable.


      1. État des lieux et données chiffrées

      1.1 Équipement et usages du numérique chez les jeunes

      Les données d'enquêtes récentes (notamment de l'association OPEN) mettent en évidence une maturité technologique très précoce :

      • Âge moyen du premier téléphone portable : 9 ans et 9 mois.

      • Possession d'au moins un compte sur les réseaux sociaux (6-18 ans) : 86 % au total.

      • Élèves du primaire : 67 %- Collégiens : 97 %- Lycéens : 96 %- Pratique des jeux vidéo en ligne en monde ouvert (type Fortnite, jeu en solo avec possibilité de discuter) :

        • 8-9 ans : 33 %- 10-14 ans : 61 %- 15-17 ans : 67 %

      1.2 Ampleur du cyberharcèlement et des cyberviolences

      L'étude 2023 de la DEPP et les enquêtes de l'association e-Enfance révèlent une prévalence élevée :

      • Collégiens touchés (DEPP, 2023) : 28 % ont subi au moins une forme de cyberharcèlement dans l'année ; 20 % ont subi au moins une forme répétée.

      • Population globale des 8-18 ans (e-Enfance) : 24 % ont déjà été confrontés au moins une fois au cyberharcèlement.

      • Différences de genre : Les filles sont davantage victimes de cyberharcèlement et de cyberviolences globales.

      En revanche, les garçons sont plus fréquemment exposés à l'envoi non consenti de contenus pornographiques.

      • Auteurs d'actes de cyberharcèlement : 6 % des jeunes admis au sein de l'échantillon e-Enfance reconnaissent avoir été auteurs ou participants à des actes de cyberharcèlement.

      • 87 % d'entre eux déclarent comprendre les conséquences de leurs actes.

      • Néanmoins, 30 % réitèrent leurs agissements sur les mêmes victimes.

      1.3 Impacts sur les victimes

      Parmi les 24 % de jeunes confrontés au cyberharcèlement, les répercussions psychologiques et cognitives identifiées sont majeures :

      | Type d'impact | Manifestations et prévalence | | --- | --- | | Santé psychique et physique | 52 % souffrent d'insomnies, de troubles de l'appétit ou de sentiments de désespoir. <br> Forte association avec la dépression (particulièrement chez les filles vers 16 ans), l'anxiété, le stress post-traumatique et l'automutilation. | | Parcours scolaire | 51 % rencontrent des difficultés scolaires. <br> Phénomènes d'absentéisme (évitement de l'école), faible réussite académique et sentiment d'insécurité. | | Idéations suicidaires | 31 % présentent des pensées suicidaires ou des tentatives de suicide. | | Comportements compensatoires | Consommation de substances (drogue, alcool) pour gérer la détresse ; comportements agressifs en milieu scolaire. |


      2. Définitions et typologie des cyberviolences

      Il convient de distinguer la notion générale de cyberviolence de celle, plus spécifique, de cyberharcèlement.

      2.1 La cyberviolence

      La cyberviolence englobe l'ensemble des actes agressifs réalisés via des systèmes numériques, entraînant des conséquences physiques, sexuelles, psychologiques ou économiques.

      Elle exploite les caractéristiques ou les vulnérabilités des individus.

      Typologie des formes de cyberviolence :

      • Flaming : Publication de messages haineux en ligne pour susciter des réactions et dénigrer une personne.

      • Dénigrement et usurpation d'identité : Création de faux comptes ou piratage pour nuire à la réputation.

      • Exclusion / Ostracisation : Éjection arbitraire d'un individu d'un groupe en ligne (ex. groupes WhatsApp), générant une souffrance psychologique.

      • Happy Slapping : Fait de filmer l'agression physique d'un individu pour diffuser la vidéo.

      • Revenge Porn : Publication non consentie de contenus intimes.

      • Doxing / Toxing : Révélation publique d'informations personnelles privées sans autorisation.

      • Piégeage : Manipulation d'une victime pour lui faire révéler des informations intimes.

      • Sextorsion : Pression ou manipulation exercée sur une personne afin d'obtenir des photographies à caractère sexuel.

      2.2 Le cyberharcèlement (Cyberbullying)

      Le cyberharcèlement est défini comme un comportement agressif, intentionnel et répété, caractérisé par une asymétrie de pouvoir entre les auteurs et la victime, s'appuyant sur des technologies électroniques.

      • La question de la répétition : Dans le monde numérique, la répétition est considérée comme un critère périphérique.

      Une publication unique peut être qualifiée de cyberharcèlement car ses répercussions (partages, visibilité) sont permanentes, massives et extrêmement envahissantes.

      • Caractéristiques spécifiques du distanciel :

        • Disponibilité de l'intimidation 24h/24 et 7j/7 (absence de répit au domicile).
      • Degré d'anonymat élevé (impossible dans le harcèlement traditionnel).

      • Exposition potentielle et humiliation à très grande échelle.

      Deux sous-catégories principales :

      • La cyber-intimidation (Cyberbullying) : Utilisation des technologies pour insulter, embarrasser dans les publications, envoyer des messages malveillants ou créer de faux comptes.

      • La cyber-traque (Cyberstalking) : Publication répétée de commentaires insultants via de faux comptes, identification (tagging) systématique de la victime sur des publications négatives, ou utilisation abusive des outils de géolocalisation (ex. la Snap Map de Snapchat).


      3. Facteurs de risque et profils des acteurs

      3.1 Profils et facteurs de risque chez les victimes

      L'analyse de la littérature identifie des prédispositions ou vulnérabilités qui augmentent le risque d'être ciblé :

      • Caractéristiques démographiques et identitaires : Être une fille (notamment dans la tranche 16-18 ans), appartenir à la communauté LGBTQIA+.

      • État psychologique et physique : Anxiété préalable, faible estime de soi, présence d'un handicap physique, préoccupations liées au poids ou troubles du comportement alimentaire (TCA).

      • Environnement familial : Antécédents de maltraitances, de négligences parentales ou de dysfonctionnements familiaux.

      • Usages numériques : Usage problématique des écrans, des réseaux sociaux et des jeux vidéo.

      • Continuité avec le milieu réel : Entre un tiers et la moitié des adolescents harcelés en milieu scolaire traditionnel le sont également en ligne.

      3.2 Profils et prédispositions chez les auteurs

      La bascule vers des comportements d'auteur de cyberharcèlement est associée à plusieurs facteurs d'ordre comportemental, psychologique et environnemental :

      • Caractéristiques générales : Appartenance prédominante au genre masculin, origine socio-économique défavorisée.

      • Comportements et psychologie : Troubles externalisés du comportement (impulsivité, agressivité), comportements antisociaux, déficit d'empathie, désir de vengeance, présence de troubles psychologiques (dépression, anxiété, trouble borderline).

      • Bascule victime-auteur : Une faible estime de soi et des antécédents de victimisation (avoir été soi-même victime de harcèlement) prédisposent à devenir auteur à son tour.

      • Facteurs sociaux et familiaux : Sentiment d'exclusion sociale, maltraitance psychologique parentale ou désintérêt des parents.

      • Pratiques numériques : Usage problématique des jeux vidéo et des réseaux sociaux.


      4. Facteurs amplificateurs : Technologie et environnement sociétal

      4.1 La technologie comme amplificateur de violence

      Si les technologies ne sont pas conçues initialement pour créer des harceleurs, certaines fonctionnalités d'ergonomie (design) agissent directement comme des catalyseurs de violence :

      • Profils publics par défaut : Expose directement les utilisateurs (ex. Instagram) aux attaques de personnes inconnues.

      • Édition et modification des messages : Fonctionnalité présente sur des plateformes comme Discord, permettant aux auteurs de modifier leurs propos haineux après coup pour effacer les traces (« je n'ai jamais dit ça »).

      • Mentions de groupes et "Dog-piling" : L'utilisation de mentions collectives (sur Facebook ou Discord) permet de rayer et mobiliser un groupe entier contre une seule victime (attaque en meute).

      • Algorithmes d'engagement : Conçus pour maximiser l'attention, ils mettent en avant les contenus sensationnels et conflictuels (les « clashs »), augmentant la visibilité des agressions.

      • Chiffrement et pseudonymat : Renforcent le sentiment d'impunité des agresseurs.

      • Design fondé sur la popularité : Mécanismes de gratification visuelle (ex. les « flammes » sur Snapchat) qui encouragent la surenchère.

      • Intelligence Artificielle et mondes ouverts : Facilitation des cyber-traques via l'IA et accès non régulé à des échanges avec des inconnus dans les jeux en monde ouvert (ex. Fortnite).

      4.2 L'environnement biopsychosocial et sociétal

      Le niveau de cyberviolence dépend également de variables globales :

      • Normes sociales et culturelles : La tolérance envers la violence varie selon les pays (la société américaine présente un niveau de violence supérieur aux sociétés européennes ; la France affiche des niveaux différents de l'Italie).

      • Disparités socio-économiques : L'exposition et la commission de cyberviolences sont plus élevées dans les milieux défavorisés.

      • Instabilité politique : Les contextes d'instabilité ou de répression étatique favorisent la violence numérique.

      • Accessibilité des outils : La disponibilité permanente du smartphone à proximité immédiate accroît les opportunités de passage à l'acte.


      5. Stratégies de prévention et d'intervention

      5.1 Prévention et éducation

      Une prévention efficace doit mobiliser l'ensemble des acteurs de l'écosystème de l'enfant :

      • Au niveau de la famille : Formations destinées aux parents pour leur faire comprendre les usages numériques de leurs enfants, encourager leur intérêt pour ces pratiques et établir des normes d'usage à la maison.

      • Au niveau de l'école : Gestion active de la classe par les enseignants, instauration de règles claires et création de temps d'échange dédiés (à l'image des préconisations du programme pHARe).

      • Autodéfense numérique pour les adolescents : Apprendre aux jeunes à passer leurs comptes en privé, bloquer les profils toxiques, et utiliser les outils de signalement officiels (tels que la plateforme Pharos, valable pour l'ensemble des réseaux).

      • Rôle des témoins (Bystanders) : Inciter les spectateurs à intervenir.

      Les témoins subissent également une souffrance psychologique ; leur intervention (ex. « C'est bon, tu as bien rigolé, maintenant ça suffit ») est déterminante pour stopper le processus.

      • Sensibilisation au cadre légal : Rappeler que l'anonymat en ligne est une illusion et informer sur la sévérité des sanctions pénales (amendes pouvant atteindre 20 000 à 30 000 €, notamment en cas de circonstances aggravantes liées à l'âge de la victime de moins de 15 ans).

      5.2 Responsabilisation des plateformes et apports technologiques

      Les plateformes doivent mettre en place :

      • Des campagnes de prévention ciblées.

      • Une révision de l'ergonomie des fonctionnalités amplificatrices de violence.

      • Des interventions basées sur l'Intelligence Artificielle : expérimentations de détection automatique des messages haineux avant leur publication, affichant une alerte dissuasive demandant à l'auteur de repenser son envoi.

      5.3 Prise en charge des situations déclarées

      En cas de cyberharcèlement avéré, l'intervention doit être systémique et associer l'école, les parents et les services de santé :

      • Surveillance accrue : Renforcer la vigilance de l'équipe éducative envers la victime et les auteurs durant les temps de récréation.

      • Soutien et sanctions : Offrir un soutien explicite à la victime tout en appliquant des mesures disciplinaires fermes à l'encontre des auteurs.

      • Médiation et Justice Réparatrice : Mettre en place des conférences de justice réparatrice réunissant les élèves impliqués et le personnel scolaire (ex. la méthode Pikas ou méthodes de préoccupation partagée) afin d'analyser la dynamique de groupe et trouver une résolution négociée et durable.

      • Coordination sanitaire : Créer des passerelles entre les établissements scolaires et les centres de santé mentale pour la prise en charge des traumatismes et des idéations suicidaires.


      6. Analyse des politiques d'interdiction des téléphones portables

      La suppression des téléphones portables au collège est souvent présentée comme une solution clé pour enrayer le cyberharcèlement.

      L'analyse des données scientifiques nuance fortement cette approche :

      • Absence de preuve d'une efficacité globale : Le cyberharcèlement ne s'arrête pas aux portes de l'école et se poursuit en dehors du temps scolaire.

      • Résultats de la revue de la littérature (2024) :

      • Sur l'ensemble des études répertoriées analysant l'impact de l'interdiction du téléphone en collège :

      • 5 études montrent un effet bénéfique.

      • 2 études révèlent un effet négatif (l'interdiction a provoqué une augmentation des comportements de cyberharcèlement).

      • Conclusion : L'interdiction matérielle des téléphones portables constitue une mesure insuffisante qui ne saurait, à elle seule, résoudre la problématique du cyberharcèlement.


      7. Recommandations majeures pour le CSEN

      À la lumière des données scientifiques et cliniques, trois recommandations prioritaires se dégagent :

      • Ne pas s'en remettre à la seule interdiction matérielle : Clarifier publiquement que l'expulsion des téléphones portables des enceintes scolaires ne réglera pas la question du cyberharcèlement.

      • Adopter impérativement des approches systémiques : Structurer la prise en charge autour d'une action conjointe entre l'école, les familles, les services de santé mentale et la justice réparatrice.

      • Combler le manque en matière d'Éducation aux Médias : Développer un programme ambitieux et généralisé d'éducation aux médias et au numérique, identifié aujourd'hui comme la principale lacune dans la formation des jeunes élèves.

    1. Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away 3654  Richer than all his tribe; of one whose subdued 3655  eyes,

      He speaks of the life that he disposed of because of a lie. The pearl that he threw away is likely representative of Desdemona, who he killed without viable cause.

    2. That’s he that was Othello. Here I am.

      Othello, realizing his mistakes and guilt in the matter, feels the need to relinquish his own identity for fear that he does not deserve the titles he holds.

    3. Zounds,⟩ hold your peace!

      Iago is panicked while trying to keep the situation under his control. The more he attempts to talk his way out of guilt, the more his words make him guiltier.

    4. And have you mercy, too. I never did 3320  Offend you in my life, never loved Cassio

      She has most definitely said more than one line of praise for Cassio, one of which definitely spoke of love. By saying this in this moment, she is inadvertently digging her own grave.

    5. If I quench thee, thou flaming minister, 3255  I can again thy former light restore

      Othello has become so misguided that he believes that he is doing the world a deed by killing Desdemona. He believes that she will hurt more people than just him and the only way to redeem her sanctity in the world is to stop her before she can do it, which is adjacent to Iago's logic of justifying his actions through dynamic goalposts.

    1. If students have a clear understanding of the value of the service and acknowledge the benefits to the community, their motivation will increase, which ultimately improves their cognitive learning.

      this is my argument

    1. During each time block, your goal is simple: study, write, review, or complete a single task. Once the block ends, you can take a break, stretch, check your messages, or move on to your next scheduled task.

      I'm thinking a study hall would be like this

    1. Briefing Doc : Analyse et Prise en Charge des Troubles du Comportement et du TDAH en Milieu Scolaire

      Résumé Exécutif

      Les troubles du comportement chez les élèves constituent un enjeu majeur de santé publique et de pédagogie, touchant entre 5 % et 10 % des élèves, avec une prédominance masculine.

      Issu des interventions d'experts du Conseil scientifique de l'éducation nationale (CSEN) — notamment le Pr Frédéric Haesebaert (CHU de Lyon) et le Dr Nathalie Franc (pédopsychiatre au CHU de Montpellier) —, ce document de synthèse établit un état des lieux clinique et formule des préconisations opérationnelles pour les milieux éducatifs et de soin.

      Constats et Données Clés

      • Étiologie multifactorielle : La genèse des troubles du comportement repose sur une intrication constante de facteurs génétiques (pesant pour 50 % à 60 % dans la vulnérabilité) et environnementaux (épigénétique, cadre éducatif, contexte socio-économique).

      • Prévalence et stabilité du TDAH : Le Trouble Déficit de l'Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH) concerne environ 5 % de la population infantile, un chiffre stable depuis 30 ans.

      Plus de 50 % des enfants présentant un trouble des conduites souffrent également d'un TDAH.

      • Paradoxe du sous-diagnostic psychosocial : Les enfants issus de milieux défavorisés subissent un sous-diagnostic paradoxal de leurs troubles du neurodéveloppement (TND), la précarité psychosociale masquant l'évaluation clinique nécessaire, alors même qu'ils ont le plus besoin d'interventions ciblées.

      • Inefficacité des approches punitives et individuelles isolées : Les pratiques éducatives coercitives ou autoritaires aggravent les trajectoires comportementales.

      De même, la psychothérapie individuelle classique centrée uniquement sur l'enfant s'avère inefficace pour traiter le TDAH et les troubles des conduites s'il n'y a pas d'action directe sur l'environnement et la guidance parentale.

      • Leviers d'action prioritaire : Le renforcement positif des comportements adaptés, la désescalade des crises en classe, la sanction « à froid », la non-personnalisation de la violence et la co-construction d'une alliance thérapeutique et éducative avec les familles constituent les piliers des interventions validées.

      1. Définitions, Classifications et Trajectoires Évolutives

      1.1. Périmètre et Caractéristiques des Troubles du Comportement

      Un trouble du comportement se définit comme un ensemble étendu de manifestations allant de la simple opposition à la transgression répétée des règles sociales fondamentales.

      Deux éléments de diagnostic sont indissociables de son évaluation :

      • L'ancrage développemental : La légitimité d'un comportement s'apprécie au regard de l'âge de l'enfant (par exemple, la morsure en moyenne section de maternelle relève d'un stade développemental régulier, alors qu'elle devient pathologique au collège).

      • La persistance temporelle : Il ne s'agit pas d'un acte violent isolé, mais d'une répétition structurée de comportements perturbant durablement le fonctionnement adaptatif du jeune.

      1.2. Grilles de Classification Médicale (DSM et CIM)

      La psychiatrie distingue plusieurs niveaux de sévérité dans l'expression comportementale :

      | Classification | Trouble / Entité | Manifestations Cliniques Clés | Trajectoire et Pronostic | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | DSM | Trouble Oppositionnel avec Provocation (TOP) | Colères fréquentes, contestation systématique de l'autorité parentale, caractère rancunier. Pic de repérage vers 8-10 ans. | Forme "classique" ou modérée. Peut s'estomper ou évoluer vers un trouble des conduites. | | DSM | Trouble des Conduites | Atteinte aux biens publics, vols, bagarres, transgressions graves des règles sociales. | Forme plus lourde. Risque d'évolution vers une personnalité antisociale ou la délinquance à l'âge adulte. | | CIM | Trouble des Conduites (général) | Englobe l'ensemble des comportements transgressifs avec gradation de sévérité. | Évaluation selon l'intensité et l'étendue des symptômes. |

      1.3. Facteurs Pronostiques Majeurs

      Le pronostic d'évolution d'un trouble du comportement dépend de plusieurs variables cliniques :

      • Début précoce : L'apparition des symptômes avant l'âge de 10 ans est associée à un pronostic plus sombre.

      • Étendue des manifestations : Distinction entre les formes strictement familiales et les formes généralisées (école, espace public).

      • Mode d'expression : Comportements agis de manière isolée ou au sein d'un groupe/bande.

      • Continuité développementale : L'opposition précoce aux figures d'autorité peut régresser ou s'aggraver.

      Les interventions précoces (dès la maternelle, voire à partir de 3 ans) offrent les meilleures chances de modifier favorablement la trajectoire développementale.


      2. Étiologie et Modèle Multifactoriel

      2.1. L'Intrication Génétique-Environnement

      L'apparition et le maintien des troubles du comportement s'expliquent par une interaction permanente entre la biologie de l'enfant et son milieu de vie :

      [ Facteurs Génétiques (50-60%) ] <---> [ Épigénétique & Environnement ] │ │ ▼ ▼ [ Tempérament Difficile ] <---> [ Pratiques Éducatives & Contextes ] (Incapacité de régulation) (Réactions coercitives ou sécurisantes)

      • Part Génétique (50 % à 60 %) : Elle détermine des traits de tempérament très précoces (difficulté d'endormissement, capacité limitée à être consolé, régulation émotionnelle déficiente).

      • Épigénétique : L'environnement module directement l'expression des gènes.

      • Effets de boucle en retour : Un tempérament enfantin difficile suscite en réaction des attitudes éducatives parentales plus tendues ou épuisées, alimentant réciproquement la problématique.

      • Le cumul de vulnérabilités : Dans les milieux socio-économiquement défavorisés, les risques environnementaux et les vulnérabilités génétiques se superposent fréquemment.

      Il n'existe pas de forme « purement éducative » opposée à une forme « purement innée ».

      2.2. Facteurs Neuropsychologiques et Stratégies d'Évitement

      • Langage : Une bonne capacité de communication et d'expression verbale constitue un facteur protecteur majeur.

      • Fonctions exécutives : Un déficit dans l'inhibition de l'impulsivité favorise le passage à l'acte.

      • Stratégie d'évitement : Les troubles spécifiques des apprentissages (troubles DYS) provoquent souvent des comportements perturbateurs en classe, l'enfant préférant être stigmatisé comme « perturbateur » plutôt que d'être confronté à son échec cognitif.

      2.3. Pratiques Éducatives et Effet de Contagion Peer-to-Peer

      • Le mythe du laxisme : Contrairement aux idées reçues, ce n'est pas l'éducation laxiste qui aggrave les formes les plus sévères de troubles du comportement, mais le recours aux méthodes coercitives et punitives (cris, menaces, maltraitances verbales ou physiques).

      • Le risque d'Iatrogénie par regroupement (ex. ITEP) : Le rassemblement d'enfants présentant tous des troubles du comportement entraîne un risque d'entretien mutuel et de « contamination » des stratégies transgressives.

      Les approches validées privilégient le maintien du jeune dans son milieu ordinaire, combiné à un suivi éducatif et parental renforcé.


      3. Comorbidités Neurodéveloppementales : Focus sur le TDAH

      3.1. Épidémiologie et Inégalités de Prise en Charge

      • Chevauchement clinique : Plus de 50 % des enfants ayant un trouble des conduites présentent un TDAH, et environ 20 % des enfants TDAH développent un trouble des conduites.

      • Sous-diagnostic social : Dans les contextes de forte adversité psychosociale, le TDAH est sous-diagnostiqué.

      Les professionnels attribuent à tort l'ensemble du tableau clinique au milieu familial négligeant ainsi l'évaluation neurodéveloppementale et l'accès aux traitements (pharmacologiques ou rééducatifs).

      3.2. Réfutation des Idées Reçues sur le TDAH (Recommandations HAS)

      La Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) a publié des recommandations visant à clarifier les données scientifiques et mettre fin aux controverses infondées :

      • Inné vs Éducatif : Le TDAH n'est pas causé par une éducation laxiste.

      Les familles concernées utilisent souvent, par épuisement, des styles éducatifs plus rigides ou autoritaires.

      • Séparations parentales : La séparation des parents n'est pas la cause du TDAH.

      En revanche, élever un enfant atteint de TDAH augmente le risque de séparation du couple parental.

      • Stabilité temporelle : Le TDAH n'est pas une « mode » ou une « épidémie » moderne.

      Sa prévalence est stable (5 %) depuis plus de 30 ans.

      L'augmentation des diagnostics s'explique par un meilleur repérage des formes inattentives et des filles.

      • Consommation d'écrans : Il n'existe pas de preuve scientifique démontrant que l'exposition aux écrans soit la cause directe du TDAH.

      • Nature du trouble et soin : Le TDAH n'est pas un simple trouble psychoaffectif.

      La psychothérapie individuelle isolée de l'enfant ne constitue pas une réponse efficace ni recommandée pour traiter le cœur du TDAH.

      Il n'y a pas lieu de distinguer un TDAH « primaire » d'un TDAH « secondaire ».

      3.3. Expression du TDAH en Classe

      Outre la triade classique (Inattention, Impulsivité, Hyperactivité), les manifestations scolaires incluent :

      • Difficultés à initier l'effort, désorganisation, oublis du matériel.

      • Lenteur cognitive pouvant être masquée par des comportements inadaptés.

      • Impulsivité émotionnelle (dysrégulation émotionnelle) : Incapacité à tolérer la frustration, entraînant des explosions comportementales immédiates dès qu'une contrainte survient.


      4. Stratégies d'Intervention et Aménagements Scolaires

      4.1. L'Accompagnement Thérapeutique et Parental

      L'accompagnement reposant uniquement sur des entretiens individuels où l'on dicte à l'enfant le comportement à adopter est inefficace.

      Les démarches validées scientifiquement s'articulent autour de :

      • L'évaluation diagnostique rigoureuse (recherche systématique des comorbidités TDAH, DYS, TSA, troubles de l'humeur, anxiété, PTSD, consommations de substances).

      • La guidance éducative parentale (programmes d'entraînement aux compétences parentales).

      • Les aménagements de l'environnement scolaire et la thérapie multisystémique.

      4.2. Action Pédagogique et Grille d'Observation des Comportements

      Pour agir efficacement en classe, l'équipe pédagogique doit structurer son action selon trois axes :

      A. Observation Objective des Comportements Cibles

      • Remplacer les interprétations d'intentionnalité (« il me provoque ») par une observation factuelle (« il a fait tomber son stylo 10 fois dans la matinée »).

      • Cartographier les moments d'émergence (matin/après-midi, matières spécifiques, phases de transition).

      B. Renforcement Positif

      • Inversion de la culture punicative : Valoriser explicitement et immédiatement les comportements adaptés plutôt que d'axer l'attention sur les transgressions.

      • Formulations explicites : Remplacer l'interdiction (« ne fais pas ça ») par l'instruction claire du comportement attendu (« fais comme ceci »).

      C. Engagement et Motivation

      • Adapter la charge de travail (éviter de surcharger ou de sous-stimuler, par exemple en envoyant un élève de CE2 faire des exercices de CP, ce qui accentue le décrochage et la frustration).

      • Restaurer l'estime de soi et préserver la motivation.

      4.3. Gestion de la Violence et Désescalade des Crises

      [ Situation de Crise / Explosion ] │ ▼ [ Laisser Couler / Garder son Calme ] --> Éviter le bras de fer immédiat │ ▼ [ Sanction à Froid & Réparation ] --> Appliquée ultérieurement │ ▼ [ Débriefing Institutionalisé ] --> Violence perçue contre le cadre, non contre la personne

      • Éviter l'escalade symétrique : Ne pas entrer dans un débat ou un rapport de force en pleine crise avec un élève impulsif ou en dysrégulation émotionnelle.

      • Gestion en deux temps : « Laisser couler » sur le moment en maintenant un calme ferme, pour signifier la sanction ou la demande de réparation à froid, une fois la tension apaisée.

      • Dépersonnalisation de l'agression : La violence de l'élève ne doit pas être interprétée comme une attaque personnelle contre l'enseignant, mais comme une attaque contre le cadre institutionnel.

      • Soutien d'équipe : Analyse des incidents entre adultes et reprise de la situation par des tiers ou par le cadre collectif de l'établissement.

      4.4. Construction de l'Alliance avec les Familles

      • Déculpabilisation des parents : Les familles d'enfants présentant des troubles du comportement sont fréquemment épuisées, stigmatisées et dans l'évitement des contacts avec l'école par peur du jugement.

      • Posture du professionnel : Accueillir la parole parentale sans jugement, souligner en priorité les points forts et les progrès de l'enfant pour réengager les parents comme acteurs partenaires du projet éducatif et thérapeutique.

      - Changement de perspective : L'environnement éducatif et scolaire n'est pas nécessairement la cause initiale du trouble, mais il constitue de manière déterminante une partie de la solution.


      5. Synthèse des Interventions Recommandées

                                    ```
                                    ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
                                    │ Évaluation Diagnostique Pluridisciplinaire│
                                    └────────────────────┬────────────────────┘
                                                         │
                     ┌───────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────┐
                     ▼                                                                       ▼
      

      ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Actions Environnementales │ │ Actions en Milieu Scolaire │ ├───────────────────────────────────────┤ ├───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ • Guidance éducative parentale │ │ • Renforcement positif systématique │ │ • Thérapies multisystémiques │ │ • Aménagement des exigences cognitifs │ │ • Prise en charge pharmacologique │ │ • Gestion des crises par sanctions │ │ du TDAH si indiquée │ │ "à froid" │ │ • Maintien en milieu ordinaire │ │ • Alliance constructive avec les │ │ (éviter le regroupement ciblé) │ │ familles │ └───────────────────────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────────────────────┘ ```


      Références et Ressources Clés

      • Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) : Recommandations de bonnes pratiques professionnelles pour le repérage, le diagnostic et la prise en charge du TDAH.

      • Incapacité du modèle punitif pur : Nécessité de basculer vers les modèles de la « Nouvelle Autorité » basés sur la résistance non-violente, la désescalade et la présence restaurée des adultes.

      • Ouvrages de référence : Travaux de guidances parentales et d'aménagement de la scolarité supervisés par les équipes spécialisées en pédopsychiatrie (CHU de Montpellier / CSEN).

    1. Emilia, run you to the citadel 3244  And tell my lord and lady what hath happed.—

      He says this knowing fully well that Desdemona might be dead by the time she reaches them. In a final, futile attempt to act inconspicuous, he tells the last factoid he can before he is inevitably caught.

    2. Gentlemen all, I do suspect this trash 3195 100 To be a party in this injury.—

      It is believable that this doesn't work because Iago says nothing to build towards the idea that Bianca is implicated before saying so outright. His cunning speech is slowly faltering in the face of a potentially failed plan, showing how he never accounted for his failure during so called "engendered" plan. He expected everything to work perfectly and is immediately endangered when something doesn't.

    3. I think that one of them is hereabout 3162  And cannot make away.

      In a production, this scene would have to take place in the dark. Instead of making the stage completely dark, I recommend isolated lighting that does not connect the people. This way, it is as though they can't see, but can also know of each other's presence and be seen to the audience.

    4. It must not be. If Cassio do remain, 3115 20 He hath a daily beauty in his life 3116  That makes me ugly.

      Even throughout the last act, Iago is making cheap excuses for his hatred. In the earlier acts, his reason for hating Othello switched often to show how his motivation was simply from hating Othello rather than having a reason to hate Othello. In this case, Iago decides that his reason that Cassio must not live is that the perfections in his life make Iago's life worse, which is just completely false.

    5. Be near at hand. I may miscarry in ’t.

      Throughout the story, Roderigo's confidence has not risen even the slightest amount. This plays towards Iago's line in act 1 about making Roderigo his fund, as it shows how Roderigo gained nothing of value throughout this trip.

    1. Nay, good lieutenant. I pray you, sir, hold 1282 160 your hand. CASSIO  1283 Let me go, sir, or I’ll knock you o’er the 1284  mazard. MONTANO  1285 Come, come, you’re drunk. CASSIO  1286 Drunk? ⟨They fight.⟩

      When they fight, Iago and Roderigo are part of almost their own side-scene as they call for help. Montano and Cassio's fight could take up part of the stage, while the other half is Roderigo panicking and running to Iago for help, who then tells him to cry out to stop the fight ("a mutiny").

    1. Document de Briefing : Rythmes Scolaires, Santé Mentale et Bien-être à l'École

      Synthèse Exécutive

      Ce document de briefing récapitule les interventions, données scientifiques et échanges issus de la session de discussion du Conseil scientifique de l'éducation nationale (CSEN), marquée notamment par les contributions de la chercheuse Stéphanie Mazza.

      Les débats portent sur les leviers d'amélioration du bien-être et de la réussite des élèves au collège et au lycée, l'impact des rythmes scolaires sur le sommeil, la faisabilité organisationnelle des réformes, ainsi que le rôle indispensable de l'accompagnement des enseignants et des familles.

      Enseignements Clés :

      • Décalage des horaires de cours : L'expérimentation d'un report d'une heure du début des cours chez les adolescents entraîne un gain mesuré d'environ 20 minutes de sommeil effectif.

      Cela améliore l'assiduité, la réussite scolaire et réduit les symptômes anxio-dépressifs.

      • Complexité d'implémentation : Bien que prouvée scientifiquement, cette mesure se heurte à une gestion d'emploi du temps complexe et nécessite un réajustement global de l'organisation familiale et sociétale.

      • Réserves quant à la sieste au collège : Contrairement aux jeunes enfants chez qui le sommeil évolue progressivement, réintroduire la sieste chez les adolescents comporte un risque d'aggraver le décalage de phase de sommeil et d'encourager des couchers plus tardifs (liés notamment aux écrans).

      • Prise en compte du « vécu scolaire » : Mesuré par des questionnaires, le vécu scolaire gagne à être amélioré par une co-construction enseignants-élèves, un aménagement des rythmes d'apprentissage (charge cognitive du matin vs fin de journée) et une meilleure intégration du corps (EPS).

      • Soutien prioritaire aux enseignants : Le bien-être des élèves est indissociable de celui des adultes.

      La mise en place de groupes de réflexion et de soutien pour les enseignants (sur le modèle des groupes Balint en médecine) s'est révélée efficace dans l'académie de Poitiers pour éviter les démissions et améliorer le climat scolaire.


      Analyse Détaillée des Thèmes Principaux

      1. Décalage des Horaires de Cours et Sommeil des Adolescents

      Résultats Scientifiques et Expérimentations

      Les études menées à l'étranger et en France par le CSEN (notamment via un essai randomisé conduit par Stéphanie Mazza) confirment l'intérêt de décaler les heures de début de journée scolaire au collège et au lycée.

      • Gains observés : En décalant la prise de cours d'une heure (ex. début des cours plus tardif), les chercheurs observent un gain moyen de 20 minutes de sommeil chez les adolescents.

      • Bénéfices identifiés :

        • Diminution significative de l'absentéisme.
      • Amélioration du bien-être psychologique (réduction de la symptomatologie anxieuse et dépressive).

      • Hausse des performances cognitives et des réussites scolaires.

      Obstacles Organisationnels et Sociétaux

      Malgré des données scientifiques probantes, la mise en œuvre à grande échelle se heurte à des difficultés pratiques majeures :

      • La complexité de la gestion des emplois du temps : L'organisation interne des collèges est qualifiée de « machinerie incroyable », rendant les ajustements horaires complexes pour les directions d'établissement.

      • L'impact sur la cellule familiale : Permettre aux adolescents de débuter une heure plus tard implique de restructurer l'organisation des familles et les transports, posant un défi d'implémentation d'ordre sociétal.


      2. Contraintes du Terrain et Réalités Institutionnelles

      Les interventions des acteurs du terrain (notamment un Conseiller Principal d'Éducation - CPE) ont mis en évidence la tension entre la théorie scientifique et le cadre opérationnel de l'Éducation Nationale.

      • Inégalités de dotation territoriale : Des disparités importantes existent entre les établissements concernant la présence de personnels médicaux et sociaux (infirmières, assistantes sociales, psychologues de l'Éducation nationale) ou le nombre de CPE (parfois un seul CPE pour 1 500 élèves).

      • Rigidité du cadre du « collège unique » : Le système peine à prendre en compte l'individualité des besoins (par exemple, un élève exprimant un besoin physiologique de dormir à 13h30).

      • Nécessité d'une convergence : La conférence a réuni le CSEN, le Ministère de l'Éducation Nationale et le Ministère de la Santé afin de croiser les regards et de faire évoluer les politiques publiques à partir des données probantes.


      3. La Question de la Sieste et des Temps de Repos au Collège

      L'opportunité d'installer des lieux de repos ou d'autoriser la sieste en établissement secondaire a fait l'objet d'une analyse physiologique et comportementale.

            ```
            ÉVOLUTION PHYSIOLOGIQUE DU SOMMEIL ET RECOMMANDATIONS
      

      Petite Enfance Enfance / Adolescence (Collège) ┌──────────────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │ Sommeil Polyphasique │ │ Sommeil Monophasique │ │ - Sieste essentielle │─>│ - Stabilisation du sommeil │ │ - Transition flexible requise│ │ - Risque d'accentuation du │ │ entre Petite et Moyenne │ │ décalage de phase si sieste │ │ Section │ │ - Préférer le décalage horaire │ └──────────────────────────────┘ └─────────────────────────────────┘ ```

      • Petite enfance : La transition du sommeil polyphasique au sommeil monophasique ne doit pas être abrupte entre la Petite Section et la Moyenne Section ; une flexibilité s'impose.

      • Adolescents au collège : Les données scientifiques actuelles ne préconisent pas la réintroduction de la sieste au collège, pour plusieurs raisons :

      • Physiologie : Le rythme biologique se stabilise normalement sur un sommeil monophasique.

      • Effet pervers comportemental : Offrir la possibilité de dormir à l'école risque d'encourager la fréquentation tardive des écrans et des couchers très tardifs le soir.

      • Décalage de phase : Récupérer du sommeil la journée au collège risque d'aggraver davantage le retard de phase nocturne.

      Les chercheurs privilégient le décalage du début des cours le matin plutôt que la sieste l'après-midi.


      4. Le « Vécu Scolaire » et la Prise en Compte du Corps

      Le vécu scolaire est évalué au moyen de questionnaires explorant les différentes situations traversées par les élèves.

      Plusieurs pistes d'amélioration concrètes ont été formulées.

      • Groupes de travail co-constructifs : Créer des espaces de réflexion réunissant enseignants et élèves pour discuter des aménagements de l'espace, des rythmes d'apprentissage et du dialogue réciproque.

      • Gestion de la charge cognitive : Adapter les enseignements selon les fluctuations de l'attention dans la journée (attention plus diffuse le matin tôt, meilleure disposition en fin de journée).

      • Articulation entre le cognitif et le corporel : Utiliser le corps pour aider à régénérer l'appareil cognitif, notamment en optimisant le rôle et le positionnement des cours d'Éducation Physique et Sportive (EPS) dans l'emploi du temps.

      • Développement d'« espaces de vie » : Instaurer des espaces où les élèves se sentent écoutés et guidés par les adultes, compensant ainsi la désorientation liée aux réseaux sociaux et à l'impression erronée de maîtriser plus d'informations que leurs parents.


      5. Accompagnement des Enseignants et Synergie Tripartite

      L'amélioration de la santé mentale et du bien-être à l'école repose sur un équilibre entre élèves, enseignants et parents.

      Dispositifs de Soutien aux Enseignants

      • Constat : Les enseignants animés d'un fort idéal professionnel sont parfois confrontés à des conditions d'exercice menant au découragement ou à la démission.

      • Retours d'expérience (Académie de Poitiers / Département de la Vienne) : Des expérimentations menées sur 2 à 3 ans sous forme de modules d'accompagnement pour enseignants ont permis de restaurer le sens de leur mission, d'éviter des démissions et de perfectionner leurs pratiques pédagogiques.

      • Modèle des « Groupes Balint » : Transposer à l'éducation le modèle médical des groupes Balint (groupes d'échange entre pairs sur les cas difficiles) est identifié comme un besoin prioritaire.

      Les Quatre Piliers d'Action Prioritaires

      • La place du corps : Intégrer la dimension corporelle et cognitive dans les rythmes scolaires.

      • L'accompagnement des enseignants : Créer des structures d'écoute et de soutien entre pairs.

      • Le travail avec les parents : Réassocier les familles à la dynamique éducative.

      • La régulation des réseaux sociaux : Limiter l'impact de ces plateformes jugées fortement anxiogènes pour les adolescents.


      Synthèse des Données et Témoignages Clés

      | Thématique | Données Scientifiques / Constats | Impact ou Proposition d'Action | | --- | --- | --- | | Horaires de cours | Décalage d'une heure expérimenté en collège/lycée. | +20 min de sommeil/nuit ; baisse de l'absentéisme et de l'anxiété. | | Pratique de la sieste | Sommeil monophasique à l'adolescence. | Risque d'aggraver le décalage de phase ; prioriser le décalage horaire du matin. | | Ressources de terrain | Inégalités territoriales (infirmières, psy, CPE). | Nécessité d'aligner les décisions politiques sur les données probantes. | | Soutien aux enseignants | Expérimentation sur 2-3 ans (Vienne / Poitiers). | Prévention des démissions ; création de groupes de réflexion entre pairs (type Balint). | | Rôle de l'adolescence | Signaux d'alerte des jeunes sur les dysfonctionnements sociétaux. | Établir un dialogue miroir adultes/enfants et limiter l'exposition aux réseaux sociaux. |


      Conclusion et Perspectives

      Les échanges soulignent que le bien-être des jeunes à l'école dépend directement de la santé mentale et du soutien accordé aux adultes qui les encadrent (enseignants et parents).

      Bien que la journée d'étude ait été volontairement recentrée sur les élèves, les intervenants s'accordent sur la nécessité de prolonger ces travaux par des initiatives et conférences entièrement dédiées au bien-être des professionnels de l'éducation.

      L'évolution du système éducatif repose désormais sur la capacité des décideurs politiques à traduire ces données scientifiques probantes en aménagements structurels et organisationnels.

    1. it listens to speech, converts it into text, and can respond out loud using computer-generated voice

      If Ai is being used to transcribe what it said during a meeting, how would it included the tone of how something is said? Since Ai can't really feel or detect emotion, how would it know when something is being said seriously vs. playfully?

    2. Image quality, lighting, and camera angles can affect accuracy. These systems often need large, labeled datasets to perform well.

      Besides the cost of using the Ai, having the highest quality cameras and drones adds another big cost, especially if a big natural disaster is being evaluated

    3. Will you use a “black box” model, or do you need full interpretability and control?

      Black box meaning you can see the input and output, but not process in between. I feel that seeing the process is very necessary to avoid misinformation being produced

    4. transparently and ethically,

      I've seen many commercials that have contents that are very obviously generated by Ai, however, there is nothing in the commercial stating that Ai was used. I wonder if there is a law in place stating that you must tell the viewer that it is Ai.

    1. What does this bot do that a normal person wouldn’t be able to, or wouldn’t be able to as easily?

      I believe that what the bot can do that a normal person wouldn't be able to is the ability to separate the intention and the identity of the person sending it. What I mean by this is that when others see the bot's message, they will only see the message since the bot can deliver the message in an objective way, however, if a human posted the same message, readers would find it untrustworthy and unreliable since credibility comes from being objective, and when a person makes a statement or protest, they are looking for people to agree with them. Now, all that I have described above is simply what I believe a bot CAN do that a human can't, but I still believe this is very deceptive since the human is just projecting their intention and message through a bot.

    2. Social media thrives when engagement is high, bots literally drive up engagement not just by their comments but by the content of their message/ tweet/ post. Bots are typically programmed to say things that insight conversation, therefore leading to threads of conversations Users make bots because it is the easy way out. People have the liberty to get the outcome they want whilst doing the least amount of work possible Higher engagement leads to higher visibility which leads to more sponsorship and attention and therefore higher profits

    3. How are people’s expectations different for a bot and a “normal” user?

      People have higher expectations for a "normal" user because they often respond more thoroughly and take longer to respond to your messages. This creates a greater sense of connection between users when communicating on social media. A bot, on the other hand, will often respond more quickly and have less substance to your messages. Even though it's often easier to get into communication with a bot, the conversations are often dry, and it's frustrating to attempt to reason with a bot.

    4. How are people’s expectations different for a bot and a “normal” user?

      People have different expectations of a bot because they know that a bot is being told what to do by someone else and that the bot does not understand its impact on others. When "normal" users post things online they can be held accountable as they have a basic understanding of what they are posting and how it can affect others. A good example of this is the case of Justine Sacco and her racist tweet.

    5. Social media platforms allow bots because bots can provide useful services and increase user engagement. Many bots can automatically share news updates, weather reports, sports scores, or helpful information that users want to see. These bots can perform tasks much faster and more consistently than human users. So, social media platforms can financially benefit from bots because they are active all the time and can increase the amount of content being posted and interacted with on the site. Basically, more activity means users spend more time on the platform, which can lead to increased advertising revenue. I think it's also important to note that bots need monitoring because it can be risky when they spread misinformation, spam, or manipulate public opinion.

    1. Bots might have significant limits on how helpful they are, such as tech support bots you might have had frustrating experiences with on various websites.

      Yes, I agree with this sentiment, recently my I was trying to returning something, I had go through so many loopholes and ask the Chat Bot the same question several times that it was so tiring, wished I just could've called someone. In the end the Bot didn't understand and I ended up finding the email of the customer service. While, bots are useful at times, this shows that some support bots on websites still need help and can't fully capture a real person for customer service.

    2. In 2016, Microsft launched a Twitter bot that was intended to learn to speak from other Twitter users and have conversations. Twitter users quickly started tweeting racist comments at Tay, which Tay learned from and started tweeting out within one day.

      In my opinion, this problem may caused by the programmer. They may just coding a bot which could learn what people said in the internet. However, they should let bots learn and determine it is good or bad, then there won't be this situation.

    3. I feel there are certain cases in which using a bot to inform the public or 'sway' their opinions is good or useful to come extent. Using this tweet as an example, nothing truly negative is being said, it's just highlighting the hypocrisy that some of these companies have when it comes to, in this case, equal pay and the pay gap between men and women. when doing things like this, bits and the people that run them aren't doing anything intentionally harmful. I believe the harm comes when we start forcing political ideas onto others and being threatening when people don't agree because once a bot does that (without stating that they're a bot) other people begin to join in and the issue snowballs out of control.

  3. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. Sean Cole. Inside the weird, shady world of click farms. January 2024. URL: https://www.huckmag.com/article/inside-the-weird-shady-world-of-click-farms (visited on 2024-03-07).

      After reading the store of him, I know the internet is so fake. There are so many ways people could manipulate the content in internet. For example, using bots to produce a fake conversation to show the video is popular, and using bots to increase the number of likes. However, the point is we need to learn to distinguish the content in the internet rather than just judge it depends on number of likes or comments.

    2. The dead internet theory certainly holds a lot of weight when you take into consideration your own experience on the internet. How many repetitive comments do you see on social media. People commenting 'first' 60 times or people in 2020 commenting 'fairy comments' . All the evidence leads to the fact that the internet may be run by bots. But personally I of feel, there is a large human influence as well. Just because of how many people that are on social media.

    3. Steven Tweedie. This disturbing image of a Chinese worker with close to 100 iPhones reveals how App Store rankings can be manipulated. February 2015. URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/photo-shows-how-fake-app-store-rankings-are-made-2015-2

      This article describes of a woman who used alot of iPhone's to download an certain app to get the download count up, eventually getting the app store to give prefernce and a higher rating/ranking in the app store. Also in the article mentioned the lady and in pic wearing a blanket showing the non-quality conditions and might not even be eithically paid well for doing this. So this defintely brings up the ethics of her working conditions if having to have blanket with her. Another crazy part is that they're groups out there, that will do this if you pay them and get your app into the app leaderboards. It almost feels like in a way these people are acting like "bots". I agree that it’s hard to tell the difference between real automation and people just following instructions. Also, this means the rankings aren't always true which makes sense because at times I have wondered why a certain app was at the top. This aligns with this class subject and truly displays how you can almost always fake something to try to gain the system in tech, business, and not follow the "ethics" like infulencers, following count on social media apps etc.

    4. Sean Cole. Inside the weird, shady world of click farms. January 2024. URL: https://www.huckmag.com/article/inside-the-weird-shady-world-of-click-farms (visited on 2024-03-07).

      This article was about someone who traveled to Hong Kong to see the various click farms that were there in person. They are used to get interactions on social media posts and accounts, whether it be likes, follows, or comments. These allow smaller posts or accounts to gain traction, which is often seen as a source of legitimacy on social media. Something interesting about the source is that the author, after his visits to click farms, set up his own small-scale one in his own apartment.

    5. Dead internet theory. October 2026. Page Version ID: 1377898523. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Internet_theory&oldid=1377898523 (visited on 2026-10-06).

      This is a concept I've only started hearing in recent years, but I personally believe this is a terrifying idea to think about if it's true. To think that the internet is primarily made up of bots pretending to be human is so strange and incomprehensible. When I first heard about this conspiracy theory and was presented with solid proof behind this idea, I started to question every interaction I had with people online whom I didn't personally know in person. The people behind this conspiracy theory believe that the reason for bots is to influence the public's opinion on certain topics, and I find that to be a completely valid belief. Mob mentality is very prevalent, especially in online groups.

    6. Steven Tweedie. This disturbing image of a Chinese worker with close to 100 iPhones reveals how App Store rankings can be manipulated. February 2015. URL:

      This article/source was about a women who was allegedly using a hundred or so iPhones to delete and reinstall specific apps on the phones in order to get that apps download count up. Apps with a higher download count receive a higher ranking in the App Store. According to the article this has been a continued issue for Apple and you can supposedly pay groups of people thousands of dollars to get your app into the top ten apps for a week.

    7. For the source c10, this source describes astroturfing, which is when a person or organization creates the false appearance of widespread public support for an idea or cause. I thought this was interesting because bots can be used to make opinions seem more popular than they really are, which can influence how people think about an issue.

    1. Original true causalgraph.

      Assume X, Y, Z, W are singleton sets containing the nodes X, Y, Z, W. Note that X is not d-separated from Y conditional on Z because Z is a collider between X and Y. However, X is d-separated conditional on the empty set. Then, the path from X to Y contains a collider Z not in the empty set. Then, X is d-separated from Y dependent on the empty set.

      X and Y are independent of W conditional on Z. Any path from X or Y to W contains Z. Z is not a collider.

    Annotators

    1. One of those sprawling flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin

      I don't understand why sprawling patterns commit something sinful.On the contrary, I think such patterns ought to symbolize something beautiful.

    1. eLife Assessment

      This important study introduces Hetlearn, a novel learning algorithm that demonstrates that an ensemble of simple sub-learners with varying learning rates can effectively manage inference in complex, unstable environments. While the theoretical framework and its proposed application to parallel memory traces in the insect mushroom body are intriguing, the evidence supporting the core claims is currently incomplete. To fully validate the authors' conclusions, further exploration is needed to rigorously define the boundaries of the model's hyperparameter space, along with a deeper justification and clarification of its biological plausibility.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      The authors describe a learning algorithm that is meant to deal with the problem of inference in large, complex environments. They argue that simpler but ensemble learning systems with heterogeneous learning rates often perform better than more complex approaches. They also relate the ideas of their model to a circuit implementation in the mushroom body, an associative learning area in insects.

      I found the argument about the value of sublearners remaining simple to be thoughtful and intriguing. I also appreciated the connection to biology and, although there remain details to be worked out, it seems that the proposed approach has what I'd call a "biologically plausible" instantiation.

      Comments on the major claims:

      The paper claims that algorithms that learn stochasticity and volatility "necessarily result in worse short-term performance than Hetlearn." The results with Autocovariance Least Squares and the model of Piray and Daw are consistent with this statement, but the authors seem to be making a more generic claim. Is there a rigorous justification of this? In particular, I found the section "Competing sublearners should stay simple" to straddle a line between opinion and fact, and I wasn't sure where it intended to be regarding that line.

      Relatedly, regarding the statement just before that section: "The exponential convergence of Hetlearn weightings stands in contrast to the slow convergence of stochasticity/volatility estimates (Figures 2A and C), which result in poor initial performance of the Kalman learner." Is the claim here that the Kalman learner doesn't converge exponentially, or that it converges more slowly?

      The paper would benefit from a comparison to other models of multiple learning systems with different timescales. The classic one would be the complementary learning systems ideas about hippocampus and neocortex (McClelland, McNaughten, O'Reilly 1995), and the many subsequent follow-ups. Two other relevant ones to consider are Roxin & Fusi 2013 and Lindsey & Litwin-Kumar 2024, which also consider multiple memory systems with different plasticity rates.

      Comments on clarity:

      (1) Page 2: There could be some more unpacking of the relationship between x and z in equations 1a, 1b. If z_t are time-varying, shouldn't theta, if it represents what is learned about "large-world factors," also depend on time?

      The description of second-order conditioning on page 6 is confusing. Second-order conditioning tests whether S2 acquires a positive predicted value after pairing with S1, which had previously been paired with reward. The text makes it seem like the goal of second-order conditioning is to learn S2->S1->no reward.

      (2) Page 6: "Representations decay on a slower timescale than stimulus presentation. Hence, the representation x2 after experiencing S2 → S1 holds traces of the S2 representation." I couldn't understand this. Maybe an equation would help?

      (3) Page 7: The phrase "unconditioned stimulus" is introduced without being described. Is this a reward or punishment? What does it have to do with valence lower-case v, or value upper-case V? The authors seem to mix notations from different subfields, leading to a rather confusing description of the model.

      Comments on relationship to biology:

      (1) Page 6: It is assumed that Kenyon cells interact recurrently through plastic weights. This is an unconventional assumption for mushroom body models, and it is made without much discussion. The authors cite papers that argue for changes in the calyx during learning (although these effects are generally much weaker than the well-documented plasticity onto MBONs). However, KC-to-KC interactions are largely in the lobes, not the calyx. The authors should provide more discussion of this assumption. What happens if the recurrence is weak or absent? A relevant reference to consider is Manoim et al. Current Biology 2022, which shows that KC-to-KC interactions are inhibitory.

      The model seems to imply that each MBON compartment encodes only one memory, or did I misunderstand? Is this necessary? Typically, it is thought that because of the sparse, decorrelated representations in the KCs, an individual MBON could store multiple associations without too much interference.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      The authors propose Hetlearn, a novel learning algorithm for unstable environments: instead of using statistically optimal methods to estimate the variability of the environment, simply have a range of "sub-learners" that learn at different rates, and rely more heavily on the sub-learners with a recent track record of success. This strategy is particularly helpful when the environment has unknown and fluctuating stochasticity (randomness around a constant mean reward) and volatility (the mean itself changes over time). For high stochasticity and low volatility, it's better to learn slowly to smooth out randomness; for low stochasticity and high volatility, it's better to learn quickly to catch onto the new trend. The authors show that existing methods work well when stochasticity and volatility are constant, or when methods can learn them over a long time, but that Hetlearn does better when stochasticity and volatility change over time or an agent has limited time or data to learn from.

      They then propose that the fly mushroom body implements a form of Hetlearn, since it has different compartments that form parallel memory traces at different learning and forgetting rates. Here, the conclusions are less clear because their model doesn't appear to implement the key feature of Hetlearn (the differential weighting of sublearners based on recent success), and because their model has features that don't have an obvious biological equivalent in the real mushroom body.

      Strengths:

      The idea behind Hetlearn is clever and interesting, and it makes sense that a heuristic method like Hetlearn would outperform a theoretically optimal algorithm under conditions of limited data. The model is clearly defined, and they test it across a range of tasks and compare it to a range of different Kalman/particle filter learners. The application to the mushroom body is also an inspiring connection and takes advantage of the discovery of empirically described sublearners. The work will stimulate new ways of understanding how biological systems might implement heuristic tricks that may not be optimal under ideal conditions, but that succeed in "real world" conditions, and it will stimulate new thinking about the computational role of parallel memory traces in the mushroom body.

      Weaknesses:

      In the tests of Hetlearn vs. Kalman filters, it would be useful to more fully explore the parameter space. Specifically, in Figures 1-2, it would help define the boundaries of when Hetlearn is better or worse than Kalman filters, by systematically changing the parameters of the task (e.g. increasing/decreasing the amount of data available to the learner or the frequency of changing stochasticity/volatility), and changing the parameters of Hetlearn (the learning rates of the sublearners and the recency bias, i.e. how far back to track the recent success of the sublearners when weighting their outputs). For Figure 3, while they do check the performance when varying the recency bias, there are no conditions presented in which the particle filter does better. To define when Hetlearn is better, it is important to show when it is worse.

      In the mushroom body model, there are several elements that have no apparent biological equivalent, and it's not clear whether they are incidental (in which case they could be removed to enhance biological realism) or essential to the model's performance (in which case the discrepancy should be discussed; perhaps the model can be reframed as a prediction for as-yet-undiscovered features). In addition, the model seems to lack the defining feature of Hetlearn (up/down-weighting sublearners according to their recent performance). Finally, the authors argue that Hetlearn explains experimental data better than existing models, but existing models could be easily and parsimoniously tweaked to accommodate these data, so the explanatory advantage of Hetlearn is unclear.

    1. I reached to draw her robe back over her, and it was then that I glanced at the blind man. What the hell! I flipped the robe open again.

      This plot made me disgusted by the narrator's disrespectful behavior to both the blind man and his wife.

    2. I didn’t answer. She’d told me a little about the blind man’s wife. Her name was Beulah. Beulah! That’s a name for a colored woman.“Was his wife a Negro?” I asked.

      The reason why it is troubling for me is because of the very racist word.I could not stand any racist behavior even when I saw it on a article.

    3. I remembered having read somewhere that the blind didn’t smoke because, as speculation had it, they couldn’t see the smoke they exhaled. I thought I knew that much and that much only about blind people. But this blind man smoked his cigarette down to the nubbin and then lit another one. This blind man filled his ashtray and my wife emptied it.

      The reason why it is interesting for me is that the fact the blind don't smoke because they can't see the smoke they exhaled really made me laugh for a while

    4. My eyes were still closed. I was in my house. I knew that. !But I didn’t feel like I was inside anything.“It’s really something,” I said.

      After the man dropped his bias,he felt something was gone.His spirit was no longer trapped in an invisible building, but became free.

    5. Imagine a woman who could never see herself as she was seen in the eyes of her loved one. A woman who could go on day after day and never receive the smallest compliment from her beloved. A woman whose husband could never read the expression on her face, be it misery or something better.

      The narrator had bias that he didn't think the blind man can feel his wife's feeling without the eye.But empathy isn't just about sight.

    1. Enelepicentrode estaafirma-ciónseencuentrala idea de laneutralidaddel género.Unas condicionesestructurales similares dan lugarauncomportamiento similardehombresymujeres;elproblema simplementeesqueraravezselespermite desarrollarlosmismosroles socialesaunasyaotros

      Me parece que esta explicación ignora el rol importante del género en nuestra socialización y en nuestras identidades. Incluso si me posicionara en el mismo puesto en una organización que un hombre, debido a estos elementos (y a expectativas sociales divergentes) viviría una experiencia desigual.

    2. ugiereque deberíamos abando-nar eluso de lostérminos masculinidady feminidadypasar másbienaladescripcióndelconceptodepersonalidad

      Me llama la atención este punto, porque es cierto que incluso si se asume que un individuo puede puntuar valores altos tanto en masculinidad como en feminidad, los conceptos siguen estando marcados por el género. Se perpetúa la asociación de la racionalidad con los hombres y la emocionalidad con las mujeres, por ejemplo, incluso cuando permitimos que una mujer puntúe alto en ambas.

    3. commedarsecuenta dequemuchasfamiliaspobresyde sequedaranencasa,sino queestastrabajabanptenían madresqust:buireconómicamentealasupervivencia de lafamilia.

      Esta mirada interseccional de los "roles de género" aparentemente estables (que al final sólo refieren a construcciones hegemónicas de la masculinidad y la feminidad) me recuerda al trabajo de Sonia Montecino sobre la madre como quien sustenta el hogar en Chile. Estas madres desafían estereotipos de género, que, en realidad, son impuestos a y vividos por mujeres blancas. Las madres en Chile superan estos estereotipos no desde la resistencia explícita a ellos, sino desde la configuración cultural de la familia en Chile.

    4. BasaltTeeaneranatural.Loirónicodelasituaciónesqueesay:‘cticasdesocializaciónconsiguenquestproductofinalaparsólidasprácticas©de losindividuosporunavida tradicionalde génerocomo libre a social para ajustarse a los estereotipos, que es el progembargo,.aemismo,constituyeunaformadecoerciónlentaysudesocializaciónhuirsocial deladesigualdad.

      Siguiendo a Bourdieu, se generan estructuras estructuradas y estructurantes (el habitus) que delimitan los masculino y lo femenino como opuestos y como orden de la realidad. En este sentido, perpetua el androcentrismo de manera invisible y efectiva. Como no se cuestiona esta naturalización sigue reproduciéndose, perpetuando la dominación masculina. En este sentido, lo propuesto por Riesman va muy de la mano con Bourdieu, este orden social parece un elección libre, sin embargo, es mera coerción.

    5. Másalládela:1:0lasocializaciónen losrolessexualesylasociología de lafamilia,p6tigacionesotextosteóricossecentraronen elsexo o elhnoy casinilohizoenladesigualdadentre mujeres yhombres antes delasegun:movimiento feminista (FerreeyHall, 1996).

      Esta parte me parece interesante ya que es verdad que, si comparamos con nuestra época, probablemente había muchas menos investigaciones sobre las temáticas de género y las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres. Sin embargo, eso no quiere decir que no existieran pensadoras que reflexionaran sobre estos temas.

      Además, esta frase me hace pensar en el libro de Titiou Lecoq, Les grandes oubliées. Pourquoi l'histoire a effacé les femmes (Las grandes olvidadas. Por qué la historia ha borrado a las mujeres), en el que la autora recupera distintas figuras de mujeres que fueron invisibilizadas en los relatos históricos, entre ellas Louise Dupin, una filósofa que ya había reflexionado sobre las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres. Si bien la autora es francesa y el libro se centra principalmente en el Norte Global, me parece interesante para pensar este fenómeno más ampliamente: muchas mujeres que participaron en la producción de ideas y conocimientos fueron posteriormente olvidadas o quedaron fuera de los relatos tradicionales.

    1. I do not know whether a man or a woman —But who is that on the other side of you?

      Eliot mentions in an annotation on the Fire Sermon, line 218, that Tiresias is the most important person/character in the poem, uniting all the rest of the characters. This is very important within the context of this stanza, as there is an acknowledgement of this third other person/entity that is within this interaction. Initially, based on Shackleton's Antarctic expedition, I thought that this third person was death itself, because that is a recurring theme within the entirety of the Wasteland. However, the third person is entirely dependent on which source you tie back to this stanza.

      The Devil is portrayed as a third person or second person when there is only one person, in the Weston/The Perilous Chapel and, to some extent, The Brothers Karamazov, as well as Dracula. Yet, God is described as the third/second person within Marudanayagam and Luke 24. It is both the Devil and God, as well as Good and Bad. The intersection lies within Tiresias, as he is the physical representation of man and woman, good and bad, God and the Devil. They connect the sources together and is exists besides the poem and the reader.

    2. And crawled head downward down a blackened wall

      This reference is taken from Dracula, in which the narrator watches in repulsion as the count crawls headlong down a castle wall, moving with inhuman nimbleness and efficiency. He is compared to a lizard as he descends. However, before this scene in Dracula, the narrator, almost bizarrely, pauses to describe the wonder of the moonlit valley he observes. The shadows pool and alchemize into long shapes, creating "velvety blackness." While strange and perhaps jarring, this sequence entails a mention of beauty, followed by an overwhelming surge of disgust. Similarly, in Visuddhi-Magga's "Beauty is But Skin-Deep," a similar duality between the sequential outward appearance and inner state is described. Humans are rendered as vile creatures, outwardly adorned to provide a disguise for their perpetual repulsivity. The disguise of humans enables them, despite their ugly interior, to find love and even egotistical appreciation for themselves. This phenonmenon is similar to Dracula's scene, in that it describes an outer "cloaked" beauty, while a potent, decayed interior remains hidden beneath. This is perhaps shown throughout The Waste Land as well by all the cloaked figures, concealing their interior repulsivity.

    1. How often do you hear phrases like “social media isn’t real life”?

      I hear phrases like "social media isn't real life" a lot, especially when I'm on RedNote (Xiaohongshu). Many of the videos I see there don't match what the real world is actually like.

    1. hey know how to assess teachers’ needs and concerns, match support with teachers’ expressed needs and concerns, and respond to needs with versatility and flexibility by moving into and out of other roles such as classroom supporter, curriculum specialist, or instructional specialist.

      I have been cautious about not overwhelming my new mentee with too much support. She also has a new para, the Instructional Coach, and admin supporting her so I make sure she knows that I am there. She has only been there two weeks now so there is still a lot to learn.

    2. Another aspect of a mentor’s work is mak- ing sure that new teachers have the tools and equipment to do their work and know the pro- cedures and policies that guide teacher expecta- tions.

      In my role as the DTL, I am the go to gal for every staff member's technology equipment. Thankfully, my new mentee came from Jeffco as a para and knows a lot of the Jeffco processes. Although she has to go through all of the new teacher onboarding as if she was a new employee. I have tried to help ease her cognitive load by using her various tech in ways to work smarter, not harder.

    1. Confucianism

      The Chinese ethics section is missing Mohism, founded by Mozi. Its core ideas are impartial care, non-aggression, and promoting people based on merit, and what makes it unique is that we should care for others more equally, not just our own family members.

    2. Confucianism# Sources [b13] [b14] [b15] [b16] Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society. Key figures: Confucius [b13]~500, China Mencius [b17] ~350, China Xunzi [b18] ~300 BCE, China

      I find it really interesting how some ancient ethical frameworks are still heavily used and seen today, especially in different countries. While Confucianism was primarily adopted in China and Eastern Asia, I've noticed a very similar type of culture in how my parents grew up in India. Sometimes, traditions and certain frameworks are so strong that they're not only seen in multiple cultures, but even make it into the modern day.

      Curiously, I've noticed a difference in Western culture's take on this versus that of many Eastern countries. While respect for elders and parents is still really important in Western culture, it seemingly isn't emphasized as strongly or traditionally as it is in Eastern cultures even today.

    3. ources [b50] [b51] There are absolute moral rules and duties to follow (regardless of the consequences). They can be deduced by reasoning about the objective reality. Kantianism: “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.” Meaning: only follow rules that you are ok with everyone else following. For example, you might conclude that it is wrong to lie no matter what the consequences are. Kant certainly thought so, but many have disagreed with him. Deontological thinking comes out of the same era as Natural Rights thinking, and they are rooted in similar assumptions about the world. Deontology is often associated with Kant, because at that time, he gave us one of the first systematic, or comprehensive, interpretations of those ideas in a fully-fledged ethical framework. But deontological ethics does not need to be based on Kant’s ethics, and many ethicists working in the deontological tradition have suggested that reasoning about the objective reality should lead us to derive different sets of principles.

      This makes me think of how different this is from the Confucian virtue framework we read earlier. Deontology says: follow the rule, no matter what. It doesn't care who you are as a person. The Confucian approach is almost the opposite — it's about becoming a certain kind of person through repeated rituals (ancestor rites, tea, music), so that good action comes naturally. On social media, where rules are so easy to game and contexts keep shifting, I wonder if "just follow the universal law" actually trains us to be rule-following performers rather than people of good character.

    4. Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society.

      The more I think about this framework, the more I wonder how it holds up on social media. The whole point is that virtue is cultivated through repeated, meaningful rituals — pouring tea, sacrificing, listening to music — and over time these actions shape you into a better person. The ritual isn't a performance for an audience; it's a quiet practice that transforms you from the inside out. This is where I see a real conflict. Social media also trains us to perform virtue — public Mother's Day posts, aesthetic tea reels, charity shares — but the feedback loop is totally different. The audience is strangers, the reward is likes, and the goal is status, not inner harmony.

    5. Nihilism# Sources [b86] [

      I feel if there is no obtective moral truth or standard, how should we judge the action. While Existentialism say we create our own meaning and values. Nihilism say no inherent meaning or moral truth. Which is right?

    6. Consequentialism

      Consequentialism is a framework that argues action depends on its results not necessarily its intention. SSo at this point! There is a problem. Even though the morality and intention is right, if it causes harmful consequnces, it is wrong. Therefore, the standard of justice and morality could not be stablized.

    1. Not only is the philosopher Andy Clark one of embodied cognition’s most eloquent and enthusiastic spokespersons, but his careful and cogent presentations of embodied cognition have also helped to shape and orient a number of research programs within embodied cognition.

      I liked Clark's idea that the environment can become part of the way we think. We already use things outside of our brains to make thinking easier, like writing something down instead of trying to remember it or using our fingers to count.We already rely on our environment to support cognition without thinking about it and ff we are constantly using the world around us to help us think; it seems difficult to say that cognition happens entirely inside the brain.

    2. The crucial element of Piaget’s explanation is the concept of object permanence.

      I found Esther Thelen's approach interesting because she seems to challenge the idea that development is simply something that happens according to a program already built into the brain. Instead, movement develops through the interaction between the brain, the body, and the environment. This was also obvious because a baby's abilities are constantly changing as their body changes and they learn how to interact with the world; something we learned in developmental psychology and alongside Piaget and his concept of object permanence as they're brain develops.

    3. In order to understand the significance of the body in this perception- action cycle, consider two organisms with very different bodies. Perhaps one is twice the size of the other, or the first walks vertically whereas the second is on all fours. The perceptual systems of the organisms may well differ too. Perhaps the first has its sensory organs facing forward whereas the other has sensory organs that provide it with a 270° view of the world. The first may be able to detect portions of the electromagnetic spectrum that the second cannot. As a result of these differences in bodies and perceptual systems, the sensorimotor capacities of the two organisms will differ.

      The idea that our bodies can influence cognition seems pretty obvious when I think about how differently people experience the same environment. Someone who is taller, shorter, stronger, faster, or has different physical abilities is going to interact with the world differently.

    4. The second reason to consider challenges to standard cognitive science is more bound to the particular two rivals we will be studying: J. J. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception and connectionist accounts of cognition. Embodied cognition, as we shall see in the coming chapters, has incorporated rather extensively a variety of insights emerging from research in both ecological psychology and connectionism. Taking time now to develop an understanding of Gibson’s work as well as some basic principles of connectionism will pay dividends later when we turn our attention more directly toward embodied cognition.

      I found myself agreeing more with Gibson’s argument that perception depends heavily on the environment. It seems difficult to imagine the brain figuring out what things mean without actually having information from the world around us. Our brains can process information, but the environment is what gives us something meaningful to process in the first place. This makes me wonder whether cognition can ever really be separated from our experiences.

    5. This conception of representation is unproblematic and widespread, and yet does not depend on the existence of a body of syntactically defined symbols for its coherence.

      One thing I found interesting was the idea that perception and action might be more connected than I usually think about. I normally imagine perception as something that happens first in the brain and action as what happens afterward, but that seems too simple. A lot of the time, what we perceive depends on what we are trying to do. It makes me wonder if thinking and acting are actually two separate processes, or if they are happening together more than we realize.

    6. We saw in the previous section that the invariants appearing in the optic array – the relationship between the corners of a surface, the relative depth of surfaces, the point of zero flow in the direction one is headed – emerge as invariant only in the context of change. Invariants such as these are what the visual system is designed to detect, and it can do so only through activity. If the components of the visual system are those parts and actions that are necessary for collecting visual inputs, then the visual system must include things like the head, the body, and the activities of these parts

      In my other psychology class, we have been debating whether language is more innate or shaped by experience, and this chapter made me think of that debate again. The same question seems to come up here: does cognition happen mostly inside the brain, or does our body and interaction with the environment play a major role? I think the two debates are similar because both question how much of our behavior comes from what is already inside us versus what we experience.

    1. Analyze the contestrules, event materials, andscoring rubric for the Extem-poraneous Public SpeakingLDE. Based on this analysis,

      As someone who is not familiar with this contest at all, this makes a lot of sense for me to potentially implement something like this for an FFA chapter if I did not have community resources available.

    2. Tell Me What I Need toKnow—Creating Promptsthat Yield Results

      On the occasions that I have used AI, I have struggled with prompt writing. I can see this being a crucial skill as the specific wording and phrases used when communicating with the Gen AI software can drastically change the results in work.

    1. Most CPUs have two interrupt request lines. One is the nonmaskable interrupt, which is reserved for events such as unrecoverable memory errors. The second interrupt line is maskable: it can be turned off by the CPU before the execution of critical instruction sequences that must not be interrupted. The maskable interrupt is used by device controllers to request service. The interrupt mechanism accepts an address—a number that selects a specific interrupt-handling routine from a small set. In most architectures, this address is an offset in a table called the interrupt vector. This vector contains the memory addresses of specialized interrupt handlers. The purpose of a vectored interrupt mechanism is to reduce the need for a single interrupt handler to search all possible sources of interrupts to determine which one needs service. In practice, however, computers have more devices (and, hence, interrupt handlers) than they have address elements in the interrupt vector. A common way to solve this problem is to use interrupt chaining, in which each element in the interrupt vector points to the head of a list of interrupt handlers. When an interrupt is raised, the handlers on the corresponding list are called one by one, until one is found that can service the request. This structure is a compromise between the overhead of a huge interrupt table and the inefficiency of dispatching to a single interrupt handler. Figure 12.5 illustrates the design of the interrupt vector for the Intel Pentium processor. The events from 0 to 31, which are nonmaskable, are used to signal various error conditions (which cause system crashes), page faults (needing immediate action), and debugging requests (stopping normal operation and jumping to a debugger application). The events from 32 to 255, which are maskable, are used for purposes such as device-generated interrupts. Figure 12.5 Intel Pentium processor event-vector table. The interrupt mechanism also implements a system of interrupt priority levels. These levels enable the CPU to defer the handling of low-priority interrupts without masking all interrupts and make it possible for a high-priority interrupt to preempt the execution of a low-priority interrupt. A modern operating system interacts with the interrupt mechanism in several ways. At boot time, the operating system probes the hardware buses to determine what devices are present and installs the corresponding interrupt handlers into the interrupt vector. During I/O, the various device controllers raise interrupts when they are ready for service. These interrupts signify that output has completed, or that input data are available, or that a failure has been detected. The interrupt mechanism is also used to handle a wide variety of exceptions, such as dividing by zero, accessing a protected or nonexistent memory address, or attempting to execute a privileged instruction from user mode. The events that trigger interrupts have a common property: they are occurrences that induce the operating system to execute an urgent, self-contained routine. Because interrupt handing in many cases is time and resource constrained and therefore complicated to implement, systems frequently split interrupt management between a first-level interrupt handler (FLIH) and a second-level interrupt handler (SLIH). The FLIH performs the context switch, state storage, and queuing of a handling operation, while the separately scheduled SLIH performs the handling of the requested operation. Operating systems have other good uses for interrupts as well. For example, many operating systems use the interrupt mechanism for virtual memory paging. A page fault is an exception that raises an interrupt. The interrupt suspends the current process and jumps to the page-fault handler in the kernel. This handler saves the state of the process, moves the process to the wait queue, performs page-cache management, schedules an I/O operation to fetch the page, schedules another process to resume execution, and then returns from the interrupt. Another example is found in the implementation of system calls. Usually, a program uses library calls to issue system calls. The library routines check the arguments given by the application, build a data structure to convey the arguments to the kernel, and then execute a special instruction called a software interrupt, or trap. This instruction has an operand that identifies the desired kernel service. When a process executes the trap instruction, the interrupt hardware saves the state of the user code, switches to kernel mode, and dispatches to the kernel routine or thread that implements the requested service. The trap is given a relatively low interrupt priority compared with those assigned to device interrupts—executing a system call on behalf of an application is less urgent than servicing a device controller before its FIFO queue overflows and loses data. Interrupts can also be used to manage the flow of control within the kernel. For example, consider the case of the processing required to complete a disk read. One step may copy data from kernel space to the user buffer. This copying is time consuming but not urgent—it should not block other high-priority interrupt handling. Another step is to start the next pending I/O for that disk drive. This step has higher priority. If the disks are to be used efficiently, we need to start the next I/O as soon as the previous one completes. Consequently, a pair of interrupt handlers implements the kernel code that completes a disk read. The high-priority handler records the I/O status, clears the device interrupt, starts the next pending I/O, and raises a low-priority interrupt to complete the work. Later, when the CPU is not occupied with high-priority work, the low-priority interrupt will be dispatched. The corresponding handler completes the user-level I/O by copying data from kernel buffers to the application space and then calling the scheduler to place the application on the ready queue. A threaded kernel architecture is well suited to implement multiple interrupt priorities and to enforce the precedence of interrupt handling over background processing in kernel and application routines. We illustrate this point with the Solaris kernel. In Solaris, interrupt handlers are executed as kernel threads. A range of high scheduling priorities is reserved for these threads. These priorities give interrupt handlers precedence over application code and kernel housekeeping and implement the priority relationships among interrupt handlers. The priorities cause the Solaris thread scheduler to preempt low-priority interrupt handlers in favor of higher-priority ones, and the threaded implementation enables multiprocessor hardware to run several interrupt handlers concurrently. We describe the interrupt architecture of Linux in Chapter 20, Windows10 in Chapter 21, and UNIX in Appendix C. In summary, interrupts are used throughout modern operating systems to handle asynchronous events and to trap to supervisor-mode routines in the kernel. To enable the most urgent work to be done first, modern computers use a system of interrupt priorities. Device controllers, hardware faults, and system calls all raise interrupts to trigger kernel routines. Because interrupts are used so heavily for time-sensitive processing, efficient interrupt handling is required for good system performance. Interrupt-driven I/O is now much more common than polling, with polling being used for high-throughput I/O. Sometimes the two are used together. Some device drivers use interrupts when the I/O rate is low and switch to polling when the rate increases to the point where polling is faster and more efficient. 12.2.4 Direct Memory Access For a device that does large transfers, such as a disk drive, it seems wasteful to use an expensive general-purpose processor to watch status bits and to feed data into a controller register one byte at a time—a process termed programmed I/O (PIO). Computers avoid burdening the main CPU with PIO by offloading some of this work to a special-purpose processor called a direct-memory-access (DMA) controller. To initiate a DMA transfer, the host writes a DMA command block into memory. This block contains a pointer to the source of a transfer, a pointer to the destination of the transfer, and a count of the number of bytes to be transferred. A command block can be more complex, including a list of sources and destinations addresses that are not contiguous. This scatter–gather method allows multiple transfers to be executed via a single DMA command. The CPU writes the address of this command block to the DMA controller, then goes on with other work. The DMA controller proceeds to operate the memory bus directly, placing addresses on the bus to perform transfers without the help of the main CPU. A simple DMA controller is a standard component in all modern computers, from smartphones to mainframes. Note that it is most straightforward for the target address to be in kernel address space. If it were in user space, the user could, for example, modify the contents of that space during the transfer, losing some set of data. To get the DMA-transferred data to the user space for thread access, however, a second copy operation, this time from kernel memory to user memory, is needed. This double buffering is inefficient. Over time, operating systems have moved to using memory-mapping (see Section 12.2.1) to perform I/O transfers directly between devices and user address space. Handshaking between the DMA controller and the device controller is performed via a pair of wires called DMA-request and DMA-acknowledge. The device controller places a signal on the DMA-request wire when a word of data is available for transfer. This signal causes the DMA controller to seize the memory bus, place the desired address on the memory-address wire, and place a signal on the DMA-acknowledge wire. When the device controller receives the DMA-acknowledge signal, it transfers the word of data to memory and removes the DMA-request signal. When the entire transfer is finished, the DMA controller interrupts the CPU. This process is depicted in Figure 12.6. When the DMA controller seizes the memory bus, the CPU is momentarily prevented from accessing main memory, although it can still access data items in its caches. Although this cycle stealing can slow down the CPU computation, offloading the data-transfer work to a DMA controller generally improves the total system performance. Some computer architectures use physical memory addresses for DMA, but others perform direct virtual memory access (DVMA), using virtual addresses that undergo translation to physical addresses. DVMA can perform a transfer between two memory-mapped devices without the intervention of the CPU or the use of main memory.

      Without giving each request equal weight, interrupt priorities allow the operating system to respond to serious situations. This is important when many devices require continuous focus, as leaving some interrupts may result in data loss. How does the operating system decide which interrupts are more important than others?

    2. A controller is a collection of electronics that can operate a port, a bus, or a device. A serial-port controller is a simple device controller. It is a single chip (or portion of a chip) in the computer that controls the signals on the wires of a serial port. By contrast, a fibre channel (FC) bus controller is not simple. Because the FC protocol is complex and used in data centers rather than on PCs, the FC bus controller is often implemented as a separate circuit board—or a host bus adapter (HBA)—that connects to a bus in the computer. It typically contains a processor, microcode, and some private memory to enable it to process the FC protocol messages. Some devices have their own built-in controllers. If you look at a disk drive, you will see a circuit board attached to one side. This board is the disk controller. It implements the disk side of the protocol for some kinds of connection—SAS and SATA, for instance. It has microcode and a processor to do many tasks, such as bad-sector mapping, prefetching, buffering, and caching.

      Because the CPU does not have to manually oversee every operation of a device, performance can be improved. Could a more complex controller considerably improve the overall speed of a computer?

    3. 12.2 I/O Hardware Computers operate a great many kinds of devices. Most fit into the general categories of storage devices (disks, tapes), transmission devices (network connections, Bluetooth), and human-interface devices (screen, keyboard, mouse, audio in and out). Other devices are more specialized, such as those involved in the steering of a jet. In these aircraft, a human gives input to the flight computer via a joystick and foot pedals, and the computer sends output commands that cause motors to move rudders and flaps and fuels to the engines. Despite the incredible variety of I/O devices, though, we need only a few concepts to understand how the devices are attached and how the software can control the hardware. A device communicates with a computer system by sending signals over a cable or even through the air. The device communicates with the machine via a connection point, or port—for example, a serial port. (The term PHY, shorthand for the OSI model physical layer, is also used in reference to ports but is more common in data-center nomenclature.) If devices share a common set of wires, the connection is called a bus. A bus, like the PCI bus used in most computers today, is a set of wires and a rigidly defined protocol that specifies a set of messages that can be sent on the wires. In terms of the electronics, the messages are conveyed by patterns of electrical voltages applied to the wires with defined timings. When device A has a cable that plugs into device B, and device B has a cable that plugs into device C, and device C plugs into a port on the computer, this arrangement is called a daisy chain. A daisy chain usually operates as a bus. Buses are used widely in computer architecture and vary in their signaling methods, speed, throughput, and connection methods. A typical PC bus structure appears in Figure 12.1. In the figure, a PCIe bus (the common PC system bus) connects the processor–memory subsystem to fast devices, and an expansion bus connects relatively slow devices, such as the keyboard and serial and USB ports. In the lower-left portion of the figure, four disks are connected together on a serial-attached SCSI (SAS) bus plugged into an SAS controller. PCIe is a flexible bus that sends data over one or more “lanes.” A lane is composed of two signaling pairs, one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Each lane is therefore composed of four wires, and each lane is used as a full-duplex byte stream, transporting data packets in an eight-bit byte format simultaneously in both directions. Physically, PCIe links may contain 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 32 lanes, as signified by an “x” prefix. A PCIe card or connector that uses 8 lanes is designated x8, for example. In addition, PCIe has gone through multiple “generations,” with more coming in the future. Thus, for example, a card might be “PCIe gen3 x8”, which means it works with generation 3 of PCIe and uses 8 lanes. Such a device has maximum throughput of 8 gigabytes per second. Details about PCIe can be found at

      While slower devices can use an expansion bus without using up as many system resources, easier devices benefit from connections such as PCIe. How does the operating system prevent slower I/O devices from affecting system performance as they get faster?

    4. 12.1 Overview The control of devices connected to the computer is a major concern of operating-system designers. Because I/O devices vary so widely in their function and speed (consider a mouse, a hard disk, a flash drive, and a tape robot), varied methods are needed to control them. These methods form the I/O subsystem of the kernel, which separates the rest of the kernel from the complexities of managing I/O devices. I/O-device technology exhibits two conflicting trends. On the one hand, we see increasing standardization of software and hardware interfaces. This trend helps us to incorporate improved device generations into existing computers and operating systems. On the other hand, we see an increasingly broad variety of I/O devices. Some new devices are so unlike previous devices that it is a challenge to incorporate them into our computers and operating systems. This challenge is met by a combination of hardware and software techniques. The basic I/O hardware elements, such as ports, buses, and device controllers, accommodate a wide variety of I/O devices. To encapsulate the details and oddities of different devices, the kernel of an operating system is structured to use device-driver modules. The device drivers present a uniform device-access interface to the I/O subsystem, much as system calls provide a standard interface between the application and the operating system.

      Device drivers appear to be important because they allow the operating system to interact with a large range of devices without having to deal with each one individually. When an appropriate device driver is not available, how do operating systems handle new devices?

    5. The two main jobs of a computer are I/O and computing. In many cases, the main job is I/O, and the computing or processing is merely incidental. For instance, when we browse a web page or edit a file, our immediate interest is to read or enter some information, not to compute an answer. The role of the operating system in computer I/O is to manage and control I/O operations and I/O devices. Although related topics appear in other chapters, here we bring together the pieces to paint a complete picture of I/O. First, we describe the basics of I/O hardware, because the nature of the hardware interface places constraints on the internal facilities of the operating system. Next, we discuss the I/O services provided by the operating system and the embodiment of these services in the application I/O interface. Then, we explain how the operating system bridges the gap between the hardware interface and the application interface. We also discuss the UNIX System V STREAMS mechanism, which enables an application to assemble pipelines of driver code dynamically. Finally, we discuss the performance aspects of I/O and the principles of operating-system design that improve I/O performance.

      Applications must be connected to a wide variety of hardware by the operating system while remaining user-friendly. When multiple I/O devices are being used simultaneously, how does the operating system continue to function well?

    1. Sodium is crowded outside and drawn toward the negative inside, so both of its gradients point the same way and its equilibrium potential is strongly positive

      There is much more Na⁺ outside than inside → concentration gradient pushes Na⁺ inward.

      The inside of the neuron is negative relative to outside → electrical gradient attracts positive Na⁺ inward.

      To reach equilibrium, the electrical force must eventually point the other way. The inside therefore has to become positive enough that it repels Na⁺ outward → Equilibrium potential is positive

    1. What do you think is the responsibility of tech workers to think through the ethical implications of what they are making?

      I believe that tech workers should always evaluate the ethical considerations of what they're building throughout the entire process, from conceptualization to development to A/B testing. This is because, oftentimes, we don't realize the destructive potential of a specific technology until it's too late.

      I think the responsibility of tech workers is to consider and address these potential issues very early in development so that we can fix them before they become serious problems.

    1. How to: Given a pair of parametric equations, sketch a graph by plotting points

      This has been covered, although not formally. This should have been done back at it's introduction.

    1. const action = actionButton?.dataset.action ?? 'edit-item'; // ⑤ 버튼이면 그 종류, 아니면 'edit-item'

      let action;

      if (actionButton !== null && actionButton !== undefined) { action = actionButton.dataset.action; } else { action = 'edit-item'; }

    2. const card = target.closest('.item-card'); // ① 클릭된 곳에서 위로 올라가며 카드를 찾음

      button부터 시작 │ ├─ button 자신이 .item-card인가? │ → 아니야 │ ↑ 부모로 올라감 │ └─ li가 .item-card인가? → 맞아! → 이 li를 반환

    3. 5-7. "HTML을 JS에서 만들지 않는다" 규칙

      textContent = "이건 글자야." innerHTML = "이걸 HTML 코드로 해석해."

      그리고 너희 과제에서는: 사용자가 입력한 데이터 → 글자로 보여주고 싶음 → textContent

    4. pill.className = `priority-pill ${Priority.toCssClass(item.priority)}`; // 클래스 통째로 지정

      <span class="priority-pill"> High </span> -> <span class="priority-pill priority-high"> High </span>

    5. domEvent

      domEvent ├── type: "click" ├── target: 실제 클릭한 요소 ├── currentTarget: 리스너가 달린 요소 ├── clientX: 마우스 X 위치 ├── clientY: 마우스 Y 위치 └── ...

    6. 이벤트 버블링

      클릭 이벤트가 버블링해서 cardContainer까지 올라왔을 때, 그 클릭에 대한 정보(domEvent)를 받아서 실제 클릭한 요소(domEvent.target)를 확인한다.

    7. CardPrototype.requirePart(element, '.item-description').

      element 안에서 .item-description인 부분을 찾아줘 즉 이걸 찾는 거지: <span class="item-description"></span>

    1. Russia is an example of how soccer can be used as a political tool to foster nationalism and a positive national image. Russia was the location of the 2018 world cup. Since Putin's second term, the Russian Federation has fought for the right to hold international sporting events. Why?

      Reasons: - Because only countries that are eligible in the league are allowed to host, doing so implicitly recognizes the esteem of the country - October 2014: 33% of Russians polled listed "sporting achievements" as the third reason for pride in Russia, and a survey demonstrated that Russian students were proud that their country was holding the world cup - Like war, sports can inspire a similar feeling of pride in a nation "war minus the shooting" George Orwell - Hosting these events allows for the opportunity to dispel negative stereotypes and advertise as a tourist destination, increases attractiveness of a country, and associates their leader with strength and a healthful image

    1. er so slowly Atreyu awoke to the world. He saw that he was still in the mountains, and for a terrible moment he suspected that Ygramul had deceived him. But these, he soon realized, were entirely different mountains. They seemed to consist of great rust-red blocks of stone, piled in such a way as to form strange towers and pyramids. In between these structures the ground was covered with bushes and shrubbery. The air was blazing hot. The country was bathed in glaring sunlight. Shading his eyes with his hand, Atreyu looked around him and discovered, about a mile away, an irregularly shaped arch, perhaps a hundred feet high. It too appeared to consist of piled stone blocks. Could that be the entrance to the Southern Oracle? As far as he could see, there was nothing behind the arch, only an endless empty plain, no building, no temple, no

      Atreyu wakes up and discovers that Ygramul didn't leave him in the same mountains. He's somewhere completely different

    2. ire hunger and thirst pursued Atreyu. It was two days since he had left the Swamps of Sadness, and since then he had been wandering through an empty rocky wilderness. What little provisions he had taken with him had sunk beneath the black waters with Artax. In vain, Atreyu dug his fingers into the clefts between stones in the hope of finding some little root, but nothing grew there, not even moss or lichen.

      He lost everything he had now he hungry and lost and desperate.

    1. Eliminate the parameter from the given pair of parametric equations and write as a Cartesian equation: x⁡(t)=2⁢cos⁡t

      none of these rotated clockwise.

    2. Eliminate the parameter and write as a rectangular equation. x⁡(t)=t2y⁡(t)=ln⁡t, t>0

      Are you saying that Cartesian equations are not rectangular equations? Shouldn't we give credit where credit is due? Why is this in bold print with no definition?

      y=1/2(ln(x))

    3. as a function of x

      So, even though the instructions at the beginning of the section would have me find t=5-y and substitute into x(t) as x(5-y), it is actually going to be easier to find y(t) since the quadratic equation produced by y^2 isn't two binomials. This should be an example, not an exercise.

    4. An object travels at a steady rate along a straight path (−5,3)

      So, normally m is calculated as the difference in y divided by the difference in x, which is -1/2. You're saying that since we're parameterizing, we have to find m_x dependent on t (=2) and m_y dependent on t (=-1). So the actual slope m is -1/2, it's just (m_y)/(m_x).

      And then we're using the x-value and y-value of the first coordinate as the b value, which I don't understand. Just how does that play out mathematically? Are we just using the first value of (=5,3) for the b values of x(t) and y(t)? This is so unclear. Is it the first coordinate because we're adding time to it?

    1. Lack of technique, that’s all

      And I think the larger point of this section is that acting for film requires a different technique from acting on stage. An actor can't simply rely on the continuous flow of a theatrical performance; they have to understand the goal, intention, and dramatic action of their character deeply enough to pick it up even when filming is fragmented.

    Annotators

    1. The work reads interesting - I suggest that the authors consider adding the following citation when applying spatial transcriptomics (MERFISH) to study RGC neurodegeneration using whole-mount preparation (PMID: 40840447). It would also be interesting to compare the technical notes across the two platforms (and/or Xenium) in your discussion. The field looks forward to seeing such notes, especially as seq-FISH is becoming more accessible to general users through commercialization.

    1. ELISA, EIA, IF detect IgM IgG IgM early provides diagnosis
      • ELISA / EIA / IF = different laboratory methods used to detect antibodies.
      • IgM = appears early → suggests a recent/current infection.
      • IgG = appears later → suggests past infection or longer-term immunity. Easy note: ELISA/EIA/IF → detect antiviral IgM & IgG; IgM appears early → helps diagnose recent infection.
    2. Parotitis

      Parotitis: Inflammation and swelling of the parotid salivary glands, often causing swollen cheeks/jaw; classically seen with mumps virus.

  4. n-kwblloqrxuwr5kn2o6atqjpx7laaphutx3lxkpa-0lu-script.googleusercontent.com n-kwblloqrxuwr5kn2o6atqjpx7laaphutx3lxkpa-0lu-script.googleusercontent.com
    1. There are two important teachings pertaining to governance in10Confucianism: respect for and maintenance of the (hierarchical) social order, and ethical rule

      Basis of Confucian Governance

    2. The East Asian International Society itself can trace its intellectual origins back to China. As theregional hegemon, China set the rules of diplomatic conduct with foreign polities, and also assumednormative supremacy within the order.

      China set the parameters of diplomatic conduct and assumed supremacy

    3. The constitutive6norms of the East Asian International Society were hegemonic constructs that originated from China,and were premised on Confucianism and the assumption of Chinese supremacy

      East Asian International Society predicated on Chinese culture and supremacy

    Annotators

  5. whatisit-game.netlify.app whatisit-game.netlify.app
    1. hat are they selling?

      This category is not particularly fun. Instead of just the name of the company, maybe show the logo with the name, or their ad slogan or jingle, like their catchphrase.

    2. Who was closest?

      I can't see people's guesses on this screen - you should be able to see what people guessed when we want to see who was closest.

    3. Cloud software that lets companies store, combine and analyse large amounts of data, charged by how much they use.

      This one was super boring. Let's have fewer questions having to do with designing websites and tech support and things.

    4. technology professionals help each other.It later moved to experts-exchange.com, with a hyphen. Read it again without one.See it for yourselfDraft: not yet re-checked online

      This one is not completely fair because there actually is a dash in that actual website

    5. Davidelsbeth.geldhof@gmail.coFunniest guess (bonus, optional)Davidelsbeth.geldhof@gmail.co

      For some reason, I'm not seeing the guesses here. Some data got lost there.

    6. Give a clueTime!

      The timer is not really working. 1. You shouldn't have a shared timer; each person should have their own timer. 2. There needs to be some penalization if you go over the time.

    7. Search it yourselfChecked 2026-10-06

      When I search it myself with this button, I get very different results. Make it clear which search it's using, and make it more likely that when they click this button, they get the same search. Also, does it matter if we put it in quotes?

    8. Wikipedia's article on puppy chow

      Does it usually come up with Wikipedia's article? Because I'm getting that a lot, and maybe it's a little bit boring.

    9. The inventor and his sister call it 'Tarzan' swinging, and a jungle yell is optional. A 2003 re-examination cancelled all four claims.Read the patentChecked 2026-10-06 · US 6,368,227

      For bonus points, maybe people have to guess whether the patent still exists or whether it was canceled.

      Also, make it clear: are these all patents that were approved, or were some of them denied?

    10. The inventor and his sister call it 'Tarzan' swinging, and a jungle yell is optional. A 2003 re-examination cancelled all four claims.

      Give more pictures of things like this, maybe.

    11. Clue 1: It's a cute reference site for people who build websites.

      Fewer ones having to do with creating websites and tech stuff. That's not so fun.

    1. Elimdeki gümüş kalemi masaya bıraktığımda çıkardığı ses, mahkeme salonunun yüksek tavanlı, soğuk sessizliğinde bir silah patlaması gibi yankılandı. Bu ses, benim zafer marşımdı. Karşı taraftaki yıkılmış yüzlere, birbirine kenetlenmiş titreyen ellere bakarken içimde en ufak bir sızlama, ufacık bir tereddüt yoktu. Müvekkillerimin -şehrin damarlarındaki karanlık kanı pompalayan ailelerin- aslında ne kadar suçlu olduğu, kaç hayatı kararttığı benim meslek hayatımda hiçbir zaman yer almamıştı. Ben adaleti temsil etmiyordum, ben yasayı, eğilip bükülebilen, boşluklarla dolu soğuk metinleri temsil ediyordum. Ve yasa, benim ellerimde dünyanın en zarif ama en ölümcül silahına dönüşüyordu.

      deneme

    1. This hypothetical argument highlights the openness of China’srelations with foreign powers created by its frontier expansion, and pointsto the possibility of more fluid geopolitical alliances, each of which had ef-fects on military balances, technological reform, and the political economyof trade.

      Openness of Chinas relations to foreign powers could have been maintained had China been forced to continue its expansionism

    2. Merchant elitescould benefit from cooperation with state officials in the development ofthe new regions.

      Frontier expansion helped prevent commercial escape from the state

    3. inally, frontier expansion offeredan outlet for peasant farmers, relieving pressure on the land in the core re-gions while granting them greater freedom from state burdens.

      Relief of the land was essential in a burgeoning population

    4. ising regional powers rivaled theclaims of the central state apparatus

      Commercialization allowed regional powers to challenge the state by diversfying the means of economic growth

    5. Bayly’s argument points to the corrosive impact of commercialization onsocial solidarity. The cash nexus challenged bonds based on military loy-alty, religious devotion, or kinship, replacing them with considerations ofprivate interest.

      Commercialization replaced imperial loyalty with private interest. This fundamentally challenged the imperial state as the military service state collapsed and was replaced by commercial interest

    6. state then had to gain the loyalty of its military and of-ficial servitors not through appeals to unity but through contractual rela-tionships

      The need to then commercially negotiate with the military and government left the state weak and extremely vulnerable in times of crisis

    7. his should be seen not as the “decline” of Ottomancivilization but as a reorientation of political power toward regions in re-sponse to new commercial sources of wealth.

      The new commercialization of wealth meant that local empires lost their mandate of power, as local powers increased in stature

    8. commercialization challenged the presupposi-tions on which the empires based their right to rule, which were fundamen-tally the maintenance of social order and the upholding of moral norms.

      Commercialization fundamentally eroded empires right to rule

    9. hese empires failed “becausewealthy and prideful men found less and less reason to support the myth ofempire to the disadvantage of their own real local interests.”

      Local players decided to put commercial interests ahead of Empire

    10. Flexible, negotiated local admin-istration, a feature of imperial rule everywhere, revealed itself more openlyon the frontier than elsewhere.

      Flexible and local administration helped create the Qing state

    11. was a negoti-ated state in its interior, somewhat like the Ottoman empire, but its peoplehad much stronger local social institutions and a greater ability to resist thestate when they chose.

      China was a negotiated state but its people were more able to resist the state

    12. If coopera-tion benefited both sides, local government could be carried out smoothlyby flexible interpretation of regulations.18 But when the state was weak orabusive, or local elites held the balance of power, conflict flared up.

      Cooperation was possible but state weakness allowed local association to attempt to break out of the regulations imposed against it

    13. Hence a great deal of authority was dele-gated to local associations to carry out tasks that served the state.

      Qing helped turn these associations into state tools

    14. he Ottomans created a centralized state by very different meansfrom western European states like France because they negotiated withtheir rivals instead of trying to suppress them.

      Negotiation rather than repression

    15. Westerners, of course, equally divided among themselves but willingto follow British leadership, included “most-favored nation” clauses inthe unequal treaties precisely to prevent this well-known Chinese strategy

      Westerners thus learned to get around this Qing tactic

    16. s-sence of Qing frontier policy was to keep the Mongols divided by con-stant diplomacy, drawing in allies against other, more dangerous rivals.

      Qing divide and conquer against the Mongols

    17. In each case, Mongol leaders gained official rank, salaries, gifts,and guarantees of subsistence in return for surrendering the right to moveor freely designate their successors.

      Mongols thus used tribute to induce loyalty

    18. The Qing rulers, however, realized that negotiation, with coercion heldin reserve, could work just as well on distant frontiers as in domestic con-texts.

      Qing rulers effectively used negotiation to pacify the Mongols

    19. Even in the relatively peaceful mid-Ming, local control depended precari-ously on compromises between civil officials and those who controlled mil-itary force.

      Dependence on compromise with strongmen weakened imperial control

    20. hese so-called banditshad powerful patrons, reaching as far as the eunuchs in the imperial courtitself.

      These men of force exercised influence throughout China outside imperial control

    21. Furthermore, although there wassubstantial private trade across both frontiers, the unregulated smugglingthat developed along the south coast, with its many small harbors and fastships, was far harder to control than the narrow choice of routes across thedeser

      The Qing were unable to control the Canton trade due to greater commercial interests and lack of presence

    22. he much larger torrent of silver and credit flowing intothe south drew Canton merchants into close dependence on their Britishcounterparts

      The larger torrent of trade in Canton lead to dependence on British traders

    23. All the foreigners astutely took ad-vantage of local flexibility to push their own commercial interests as far aspossible, but if they pushed too far, the Qing shut down the trade to bringthem in line

      Qing flexed regulations but also brought the hammer down

    24. esignatedHan merchant groups obtained monopoly licenses to trade with foreigners;regulations strictly controlled access to ports, times of stay, and goods to betraded.

      Northwestern trade was remarkably similar to Southern practices

    25. he kind of military and diplomatic experience gained on the northwesternfrontier generated inappropriate responses for the new challenges on differ-ent terrain.

      Qing officials so schooled in the Northwest did not adapt to changing geographical circumstances

    26. Yet the flexibility of the empire, its ability to react to ex-ternal shocks and take advantage of new opportunities, seems to have de-clined, so that while Japan could react rapidly to the appearance of Westernsteamships in its harbor in 1854, Chinese officials could not mount a uni-fied response to the Opium War of 1839–1842.

      Qing did not react as quickly to the threat as did other Asian nations

    27. n each case the in-novations arose from the demand of the frontier regions for security andthe needs of the military commanders for adequate supplies.

      Demand of frontier expansion necessitated innovation

    28. innovations that built an increasingly centralized and coordinated bureau-cracy which used mercantile and agrarian resources actively for economicdevelopment to serve its security needs

      During this expansionist period, the Qing built an innovative and extensive bureacracy which effcetively used resources

    29. competitive European state systemestablished in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries generated the processof state building, military mobilization, and commercial growth that fueledimperial expansion.

      Competition and its pressures motivated states to innovate and not to allow weakness or corruption

    30. hese endemic weaknesses of the granary system wouldundermine the entire effectiveness of famine relief, allowing severe out-breaks of peasant revolt.

      The corruption and neglect of agricultural projects thus made Qing agriculture extremely unstable

    31. The end of this expansion in the mid-eighteenth century, and the end ofthe frontier wars, meant that both the incentives for innovation and themeans of control slackened

      The lack of expansionist pressures led to a lessening desire for innovation and control

    32. Many of its projects were de-signed to ensure the security of poor regions so that severe attacks of fam-ine would not touch off revolts, and so that military forces could obtainsubsistence from local markets

      Need for public projects based on border security and military movement

    33. ncentive to reform itself declined,and the will to control abuses slackened.

      The pressures of expansion created a strong state, the lack of these pressures led to a loosening of imperial power

    34. end to military challenges on the frontier let much dy-namism ebb out of the bureaucracy.

      Dynamism was leeched out of the empire due to the end of expansion. The need to reform to meet expansionist challenges was slowly degraded

    35. Despite extensive controls, the enormous paper flow of the bureaucracy byits very nature obstructed clear lines of communication and control, leavingthe way open for abuse.

      The corruption of the bureaucracy due to its extensive mobilization led to a slow wastage of imperial resources

    36. This frontier expansion project stimulated official mobilization of theempire’s economic resources.

      The empire's expansion effectively mobilized resources from the empire

    37. A language of civilization defined the identity of these peo-ples and the treatment they received.

      Civilization could be given and taken away based on submission or rebellion

    Annotators

    1. Functional Profiling of Thousands of Sequence-DiverseProtease Homologs with GROQ-seq

      The MSA match columns used for the tree and identity statistics were selected with a <50% gap threshold. This seems largely driven by the ~1,450 sequences at >=80% identity to TEV S219V, as opposed to the divergent tail. Is there a concern that this skews the identities and N_eff values in Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1? Also, Supplementary Table 1 lists 11,729 sequences at >=10% identity compared to the library having 11,722 unique sequences. Where do the extra seven come from?

    1. Table des matières: Idées et tentatives de suicide de l'adolescent

      Introduction

      Brève introduction par le conférencier, remerciant les organisateurs et introduisant le sujet délicat des idées suicidaires et des tentatives de suicide chez les adolescents.

      I. Epidémiologie des idées suicidaires chez l'adolescent

      Cette section aborde la particularité de l'émergence des idées suicidaires à l'adolescence, avec une prévalence d'environ 1 adolescent sur 10 avant la crise sanitaire du Covid-19.

      Le conférencier souligne la rareté relative du suicide chez les adolescents malgré le nombre important d'idées suicidaires et de tentatives.

      Il explique l'importance de la prise en charge de ces phénomènes en raison de leur impact négatif sur le pronostic à l'âge adulte, notamment l'augmentation du risque de troubles psychiatriques, physiques et sociaux.

      II. Impact de la crise sanitaire du Covid-19

      Le conférencier met en lumière l'aggravation significative de la fréquence des idées suicidaires et des tentatives de suicide chez les adolescents suite à la crise sanitaire du Covid-19.

      Il insiste sur l'importance de nuancer le discours en évitant de généraliser la souffrance et de banaliser les idées suicidaires, tout en soulignant l'impact de la crise sur d'autres populations.

      III. Inégalités socio-territoriales et genre

      Cette partie aborde les disparités dans la fréquence des conduites suicidaires selon les inégalités sociétales et territoriales, avec une concentration plus importante dans certaines régions de la France.

      Le conférencier souligne la différence significative de genre, avec un taux de tentatives de suicide beaucoup plus élevé chez les filles que chez les garçons, un phénomène amplifié par la crise du Covid-19.

      IV. Le suicide : un problème de santé publique

      Le conférencier rappelle la gravité du suicide, deuxième cause de mortalité chez les jeunes, et la nécessité de briser le tabou et d'en parler davantage.

      Il souligne l'impact du suicide sur l'entourage des victimes et plaide pour une meilleure prise en charge de cette problématique.

      V. Stratégies de prévention du suicide en France

      Le conférencier présente les stratégies nationales de prévention du suicide mises en place en France depuis 2018, pilotées par la Direction générale de la Santé.

      Il détaille les quatre grands piliers de cette approche: l'approche développementale, l'approche éco-systémique, la proactivité et la globalité.

      VI. Dispositifs concrets de prévention

      Présentation des différents dispositifs de prévention du suicide, notamment le numéro national 3114, accessible 24h/24 et 7j/7, pour un soutien professionnel gratuit et confidentiel.

      Le conférencier explique également le dispositif Vigilance, visant à maintenir le lien social après une tentative de suicide, et les programmes de prévention de la contagion suicidaire.

      Il mentionne également l'importance de la formation des professionnels en prévention du suicide.

      VII. Rôle et place de l'école dans la prévention

      Le conférencier interroge le rôle de l'école dans la prévention du suicide, une problématique qui s'impose à elle en raison de la fréquence des idées suicidaires et des tentatives de suicide chez les élèves.

      Il propose la mise en place d'une chaîne de prévention du suicide au sein de l'école, axée sur le repérage des élèves en difficulté, l'évaluation de leur niveau d'urgence et l'accompagnement vers les structures de soins appropriées.

      VIII. Repérage et évaluation de la crise suicidaire

      Le conférencier aborde la difficulté de repérer les signes de crise suicidaire chez les adolescents, souvent confondus avec des manifestations générales de mal-être.

      Il souligne l'importance de poser directement la question des idées suicidaires, tout en rassurant sur le fait que cette question n'induit pas le passage à l'acte et ne suggère pas de scénario.

      Il insiste sur la nécessité d'une formation adéquate des professionnels de l'éducation pour repérer et évaluer la crise suicidaire, et sur l'importance de la collaboration avec les professionnels de santé et les travailleurs sociaux.

      IX. Actions complémentaires au sein de l'éducation nationale

      Le conférencier propose des actions complémentaires pour renforcer la prévention du suicide au sein de l'éducation nationale, comme la communication sur le numéro 3114 et la mise en place de plans de postvention en cas de suicide d'un élève.

      Il souligne l'importance d'anticiper ce type d'événements tragiques afin de minimiser leurs conséquences sur la communauté scolaire.

      X. Recommandations et conclusion

      Le conférencier conclut en soulignant la nécessité d'aborder la prévention du suicide de manière spécifique et non diluée dans une approche générale de la santé mentale.

      Il insiste sur l'importance de lever le tabou autour du suicide et de favoriser la parole pour permettre aux personnes en difficulté d'accéder à l'aide dont elles ont besoin.

      Il rappelle que la prévention du suicide est un enjeu majeur pour le développement des adolescents et pour la société dans son ensemble.

  6. accessmedicine.mhmedical.com accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
    1. Vaccinia and canarypox as vectors for delivery of vaccines and gene therapy
      • As vectors = they act like a delivery vehicle for a gene.
      • Vaccines: The virus can carry a gene from another pathogen → cells make that pathogen protein → immune system learns to recognize it.
      • Gene therapy: The virus can deliver a therapeutic gene into cells to help treat a disease. Easy note:<br /> Vaccinia/canarypox = viral “delivery vehicles” used to deliver genes for vaccines or gene therapy.
    2. Viral proteins interfere with host defenses causing depressed cell-mediated immunity ❋ Eosinophilic inclusions, Guarnieri bodies, in cytoplasm

      Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions = the general description (pink-staining inclusions in the cytoplasm) Guarnieri bodies = the specific name for these inclusions in poxvirus-infected cells

    3. Guarnieri bodies

      Appearance: They look like small pink blobs when stained with eosin and viewed under a microscope. Function: They act as factories where the virus makes copies of itself. Location: They sit inside the main body of the host's epithelial (skin) cells, rather than inside the cell nucleus.

    1. is a complex number, then (8.5.12)zn=rn⁢[cos⁡(n⁢θ)+i⁢sin⁡(n⁢θ)](8.5.13)zn=rn c⁢i⁢s⁡(n⁢θ)

      cis is not an identity and is not useful. De Moive did not have cis in his theorem so why is it here?

    1. Mussolini:

      Mussolini, famous Italian dictator, used the growing popularity of football to lend his regime legitimacy and to tie national pride to both the sport and the politics of fascism.

      Examples: - Defined national rules and a national league - Obscured the English roots of the club by renaming existing clubs with Italian names - Replacing the word football with the word calcio - He and associates formed and strengthened teams that would later become associated with Fascism

      "Fascism was good for Italian Football, and football was good for Fascism."

    2. Franco was well aware of the power of the game to influence the behaviour and attitudes of the population, so he instituted a Ministry of Sport, led by loyal nationalists, to disseminate state propaganda and use football to distract people from poverty. Mirroring Italy, football was under the full control of the regime with clubs renamed in ‘Christian’ Castilian to represent a ‘new’ unitary Spain – Madrid FC became ‘Real Madrid Club de Futbol’, for example. Each club had to have two members loyal to the regime on their board – which meant that, according to Spanish historian Quiroga that “…it was very difficult for players with Republican sympathies to reintegrate to football after the war”.

      The integration of soccer as part of one Spanish nation.