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    1. Clint_Wu 07 Jul 2026
      在地化

      "在地化"是本土化的另一种表述方式，强调外来文化、文学样式或创作理念与特定地域（"在地"）的社会现实、文化传统、语言习惯相结合的过程。

    2. Clint_Wu 07 Jul 2026
      与英国并无宪制关系

      莫桑比克加入英联邦是一个特例——它打破了"英联邦成员须与英国有历史宪制关系"的惯例，因其支持反种族隔离政策的政治立场及与英联邦国家的贸易利益而获准入。

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  29. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Environmental statistics and sensory experience shape patch foraging strategies in Drosophila larvae
    4
    1. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      eLife Assessment

      This valuable manuscript investigates how Drosophila larvae make foraging decisions in patchy environments with controlled resource density and valence; using movement tracking in bounded arenas, the authors show that larvae's patch residence time (PRT) differs depending on resource type, environmental context, and prior experience. A drift-diffusion model is used to describe patch-leaving behaviour, suggesting that an integration process may underlie stay-leave decisions during foraging. The strength of the evidence is mostly solid, but the interpretation and use of PRT needs further investigation, as PRT could be a direct effect of resource concentration on locomotion. Explicit reports of PRT statistical tests are needed for rigorous interpretation.

      Summary
    2. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      Mudunuri et al. investigate the foraging response of Drosophila larvae in response to patchy resources of distinct value (concentration of nutrient or valence). They show that larvae adjust their behavior according to both the quality and valence of available resources. Interestingly, previous exposure to resources of lower value increases the permanence time in resources of greater value. This suggests that larvae can value, remember and adapt their behaviour in response to previous foraging experience.

      They perform a simple integration model that recapitulates the larval behaviour.

      Strengths:

      This paper uses a very well-controlled foraging set-up where larvae are tested individually and for 3 hours, allowing for a good statistical analysis of their behaviour.

      They investigate for the first time the ability of Drosophila larvae to perceive, remember and compare the quality and valence of distinct resources. It is very exciting, as it will open up the field of foraging decision studies using the fruitfly larvae.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) Most of the analysis depends on the thresholding, but it is not clear what increasing the radius of analysis means in terms of foraging. There are two issues here:

      a) What is the behaviour of the larvae on the edges of the patch? It is obvious that the fructose or the NaCl will diffuse at the edge, so are they remaining in the proximity because they are actively feeding (exploiting) on this decaying concentration, or are they sensing the lower gradient and they are actually looking (chemosensing) for the higher concentration? The behaviour at the edge is really different (check sucrose in Wosniack et al. 2022), and there might be a way of avoiding the diffusion by actually adding a plastic ring and pouring the agar + resource in there. The effect of the ring, per se, would still have to be tested.

      b) How was the threshold selected? It is very likely that the concentration at the patch boundary will be very different for 1M and 0.1 M. Could the authors explain why they chose such a distance? What does majority of larvae mean? Is the "majority" the same for 0.1M and 1M? Is there a relationship between the threshold chosen and the diffusion of fructose and NaCl?

      (2) The word exploitation is used in the paper, but there are many instances where it is unclear whether that is the case. This should be clarified since there are no controls for exploitation.

      (3) In the experiments analysing the adaptation of foraging behaviour, it is not clear if the first and second patch means that only 2 patches were analysed per larva or the first and second in a sequence of patches visited. I think it is the second option (because of Figure S3D), but the authors should clarify this. Also, we do not know how many animals were tested. The number of data points in 4C (4G) compared to 4D (4H) seems very different.<br /> Regarding the results, which are very interesting, why aren't the larvae spending less time in the 0.1M sucrose patch after having fed on a 1M patch, while they spend more time in a 1M after a 0.1M? Could it be that the difference in residence time is correlated with their hunger rather than the comparison between conditions?

      (4) I am not an expert in this type of model, and I would appreciate it if the authors could explain how the values of the drift and leak have been fitted in Figure 5H. If possible, I would recommend adding a graph showing the parameter exploration of distinct possible combinations of values.

      Review 1
    3. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript investigates how Drosophila larvae make foraging decisions in patchy environments with controlled resource density and valence. Using movement tracking in bounded arenas, the authors show that larvae's patch residence time (PRT) differs depending on resource type, environmental context, and prior experience.

      The authors vary whether the environment is homogenous (all patches are equal) or heterogenous (mixed patches) and whether a higher density of the resource is appetitive (food) or aversive (salt). The most salient results are that in heterogeneous environments, larvae remain longer on higher-density patches of fructose, while they stay shorter in higher-density salt patches. The study further demonstrates that prior foraging experience influences subsequent patch residence time (PRT).

      A drift-diffusion model is used to describe patch-leaving behavior, suggesting that an integration process may underlie stay-leave decisions during foraging. Overall, the work provides a useful behavioral system for studying foraging behaviour and highlights the role of context and experience in shaping larval foraging strategies.

      Strengths:

      A major strength of the manuscript is the behavioral system. The assay is simple, well-controlled, and suitable for realistic spatial and temporal scale tracking of individual larvae. The use of non-volatile resources and embedded patches minimizes confounds from olfactory navigation and allows the authors to focus on local patch exploitation, return behavior, and experience-dependent decisions.

      The results regarding patch resident time (how long larvae stay in patches of different resource density) are convincing. In homogeneous environments, larvae spend more time on patches with a higher density of food (0.1M > 0.01M) and less time in patches with a lower density of salt (0.01M > 0.1M), indicating that their behaviour is sensitive to the valence of the resource. Further, larvae do not simply respond to current circumstances, since PRT in a given patch is sensitive to the quality of the preceding one encountered, showing some kind of memory.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) The theoretical background of the experiment, as exposed in the Introduction, is somewhat misleading. The experiment is based on patches of sufficient size for the individual larvae not to deplete them through their activity, so that the intake rate is constant while exploiting a given patch. In those circumstances, the theoretical rate-maximizing strategy would be to either reject a patch on encounter or stay in it indefinitely (until pupation). The threshold for rejection or acceptance will depend on travel time, but patch residence time would be either zero (or minimal identification time) or lifelong. In the introduction, it appears as if the system follows the classical Marginal Value Theorem assumptions as used in classical foraging theory. In that case, patch residence time is fundamentally sensitive to a decline in intake rate while in a patch. This raises questions about what factors drive patch-leaving in the present protocol. A better theoretical framework would focus on behavioural variables that can be expected to depend on the circumstances of the experiment, as discussed below.

      (2) Rather than make predictions about time in the patch, which as explained above do not reflect the present system, larval behaviour could be modelled and described as a function of observable properties such as: (a) speed of locomotion; (b) tendency to deviate from straight progress (area restricted searching); (c) probability of return after leaving a patch, possibly controlled through rea restricted searching; (d) a response to concentration gradient, since patch boundaries are probably gradual through diffusion. There is a useful literature in this regard in studies of parasitic wasps such as Venturia canescens (formerly Nemeritis canescens, see Waage 1979). Larva may respond directly to local resource concentration (see van Alphen, J. J., Bernstein, C., & Driessen, G., 2003), where higher concentration leads to increased feeding rate, reduced locomotion, and consequently results in longer time in each patch. This could still be a normative model, but based on realistic driving inputs. The dimensions of the system make it unlikely that larvae have the opportunity to adjust to travel time, or patch composition, on which classical foraging models are based. The original versions of the marginal value theorem were thought for cases where birds exploited pine cones, so that each bird had multiple encounters, and also on dung flies that mated in dung patches, which also dried out. A system with heritable optimised parameters could work for other natural systems where the parameters can be heritable, but not here.

      (3) The previous argument indicates that patch time, while it is a real quantitative consequence, is not ideal as the major dependent variable for this system. Given that the authors have the full trajectories, they could treat movement in discrete time bins and ask if the tendency to depart from linear progression (i.e. from moving straight ahead) is a function of the density of the resource. It would appear as if all the results, including return to patches (but not memory), could be explained by area-restricted searching (see Dorfman, A., Hills, T. T., & Scharf, I. (2022). A guide to area‐restricted search: a foundational foraging behaviour. Biological Reviews, 97(6), 2076-2089.). Slower movement (perhaps directly caused by eating) and more twisted progress could generate longer times in higher food densities.

      (4) The evidence for an effect of prior experience is interesting but could be strengthened. The authors state that PRT on the second patch depends on the concentration in the first patch. However, statistically significant modulation of prior experience was only found when the second food patch was richer, namely 1M fructose (Figure 4C). If the change in patch time is due to a form of learning and contrast, one might expect significantly shorter times in any second patch if the first one was richer, which is not the case. One difficulty is that the 'patchy' nature of the environment may not be evident to the larvae, because they are much smaller than the patches. From a larva's perspective, a patch is an environment, potentially suitable to remain in until pupation (which is what they ought to do in richer food patches).

      (5) The modelling section is promising but currently somewhat underdeveloped relative to the strength of the claims. The authors fit a drift-diffusion model to data and report that a drift-only model captures homogeneous environments, whereas adding a leak term improves the fit in heterogeneous environments. This provides a useful quantitative summary of behavior but the biological interpretation of the leak parameter is not clear. In addition, the valence condition was not modelled.

      Review 2
    4. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      Summary:

      The work investigates how the foraging behaviour of Drosophila larvae depends on resource quality, valence, and heterogeneity in the foraging environment. A specific focus of the work was to study how foraging decisions depend on the prior experience of alternative resource patches in the same environment. Moreover, the work presents computational models (drift diffusion models) that recapitulate foraging decisions, and whose parameters appear to depend on resource quality and environment statistics, providing potential insights into the dynamics of the decision-making process.

      I am not familiar with previous literature on foraging decisions in Drosophila, but I was specifically consulted to comment on the computational modelling. Therefore, my comments will mostly focus on the modelling aspects.

      Strengths:

      In my understanding, the two strengths of the current study are that:<br /> (1) it uses non-volatile resources, providing better control of the available cues that could guide foraging decisions, and<br /> (2) it tracks foraging behaviour over an extended period of time (3h), generating a rich dataset of foraging behaviour in the same environment.

      Overall, the study appears to have been carefully conducted.

      Weaknesses:

      The computational modelling currently provides limited additional value beyond the empirical results. There are no prior hypotheses that are addressed by the computational models. Given the flexibility of DDMs, fitting foraging times is expected to be feasible. The question is whether the fits provide mechanistic insight. The main insight appears to be that describing foraging times in a homogeneous environment requires a single free parameter (drift rate), while the heterogenous environment requires a second parameter (leak). However, the effective complexity of the model is higher than the stated parameter count suggests, as each patch quality is fit with a different drift rate, which does not generalise across environments: in the heterogeneous environment, the drift rate differs substantially across fructose concentrations, whereas in the homogeneous environment, the same concentrations yield nearly identical drift rates. Counter their claims, the authors also do not systematically explore the effect of specific prior foraging experience on computational parameters, but only contrast model fits to environments with different statistics, in which prior experiences will be generally different. Overall, at the moment these modelling results have a rather descriptive character, and provide very little insight into the underlying computational principles that drive foraging decisions.

      A second weakness is that the study does not report the detailed results of the statistical tests, and it seems that the authors interpret several differences that are not marked as statistically significant in the figures. Furthermore, the model comparisons do not account for different degrees of freedom of the models, and the goodness of fit values alone are insufficient to conclude that one model is better than the other (rather than overfitting).

      Review 3
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    biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714746v2
  30. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Efficient working memory maintenance via high-dimensional rotational dynamics
    4
    1. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      eLife Assessment

      This useful study investigates noise-robust and energy-efficient circuit mechanisms for working memory by optimizing connectivity and reports that the resulting networks exhibit rotational dynamics and better match aspects of PFC population recording. However, the supporting evidence remains incomplete, given the restricted linear, task-specific training and analysis, and limited comparisons with other prominent models. The manuscript would be strengthened by extending the analysis to nonlinear dynamics, providing more rigorous comparisons with alternative models, and establishing a stronger link to prior theoretical and experimental work.

      Summary
    2. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, the authors address the question of working memory maintenance, starting from the experimental observation that recordings of neural activity during the delay period of working memory tasks are sometimes observed to be dynamic. They introduce a new combination of metrics (noise-robustness and energy efficiency) to quantify the performance of various network mechanisms of memory maintenance, in linear networks. They compared attractor networks, feed-forward networks, and networks trained with a loss that includes a robustness and an energy-efficiency component. They show, by plotting state-space trajectories, that networks optimized with this loss exhibit a form of rotational dynamics. They analyzed the data recorded during the delay of a working memory task in PFC, and observed state-space trajectories similar to those of the trained networks.

      The comparison with other network mechanisms is interesting in principle, but limited by the fact that only linear networks are considered. This led to counter-intuitive and misleading statements, like the fact that attractor networks are not robust to noise, or that feed-forward networks have energy consumption that is exponential in the number of neurons.

      Strengths:

      (1) The idea to use both robustness to noise and energy efficiency to assess the performance of networks on working memory tasks is interesting.

      (2) The manuscript is clearly written.

      (3) There is an interesting combination of methodologies: theory on simple models, network training, and data analysis.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) Linear networks only.

      The main feature of attractor networks is their robustness to noise, which is typically allowed by the non-linearity of neural responses. To fit their modeling framework, the authors focused only on continuous attractor neural networks (e.g., Seung 1996) and ignored point-attractor models such as the Hopfield model, which are typically used to model WM tasks, and which would presumably lead to very different results, e.g., in Figure 1D.

      The linearity assumption is also problematic for the comparison with feed-forward models. It seems that the authors obtained runaway firing rates, explaining Figure 1F middle, which are typically prevented in non-linear networks.

      The choice of parameters for the attractor network in Figure 1 is not explained. Why is t_slow = 10^4 chosen, and what does it correspond to? We expect in linear networks that activity goes back to zero or diverges as an exponential, but in principle, the time constant can be chosen to be of the same order as the time delay, with approximately linearly decreasing SNR.

      Regarding the comparison of the different mechanisms, it would have been nice to better define the notion of rotational dynamics, beyond only considering state-space analysis, which is limited to providing mechanistic interpretations.

      (2) Fixed duration of delay periods.

      I have understood that for a given network, the duration of the delay period is fixed, as opposed to a delay duration that would fluctuate from trial to trial. This would be an important assumption to relax as well, to better match common experimental paradigms, as well as to expose a fairer comparison with other network mechanisms. See Orhan and Ma (2023) for such a discussion.

      (3) Relationship with previous works

      Many other works addressed the question of dynamic firing rates during maintenance periods of WM tasks; they should be discussed and compared to the mechanism proposed here. This includes: Barak et al, Progress in Neurobio. 2013, Pereira-Obilinovic, Aljadeff, Brunel, PRX 2023, Hansel, Mato, 2013, or works pertaining to the activity-silent neural states (allowed by short-term plasticity), the framework in which the data of Panichello et al are interpreted in the original publication.

      Review 1
    3. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      In this manuscript, Ritter et al. propose a model of working memory (WM) that combines feedforward and rotational dynamics. The model is discovered by optimizing a linear RNN using a loss function that encourages maximization of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and minimization of activation magnitude. The authors argue that the optimized model outperforms other WM models in terms of SNR and energetic efficiency, while also better replicating key features of neural responses recorded in monkey pre-frontal cortex (PFC) during a WM task. The authors also draw connections to state space models (SSM) used for other machine learning applications.

      My main issue with this manuscript is that it does not appear to convincingly demonstrate that rotational dynamics offer any advantage over purely feedforward dynamics. The authors adopt three criteria according to which they compare models:<br /> (1) SNR.<br /> (2) Energy efficiency.<br /> (3) Similarity to neural data.

      In terms of SNR, purely feedforward models seem to perform similarly to the optimized models (Figure 1). Figure 1 does seem to show that the optimized network produces responses of smaller magnitude when the number of units is large, but the authors do not explain why adding rotational dynamics would produce such a relationship. In fact, the responses that are plotted for the feedforward network in Figures 1B, 2C, and 5E look similar, if not smaller in magnitude than those of the optimized model. Lastly, while the authors claim in the body of the text that the optimized model replicates key features of monkey PFC responses better than the purely feedforward model, this is not apparent to me from the comparisons plotted in Figure 5E-J. The authors thus do not show strong evidence that the model they propose beats what they claim is an established baseline on any of the three criteria.

      Another weakness of the manuscript is that the comparison to attractor and feedforward models seems somewhat unfair. In Figure 1, the rotational model is optimized, while the parameters for the attractor and feedforward models seem to have been at least partially chosen by hand. Figure 5C again shows the three models side by side, but the fact that it compares the same network at different stages during training complicates the comparison. Instead, one should compare the rotational solution to the optimal attractor and feedforward models, respectively (obtained by constrained optimization). From looking at the flow-fields, it seems that a feedforward network with an optimized level of amplification may work just as well. On a mechanistic level, it is unclear what computational advantage rotations offer over feedforward dynamics in the WM context.

      The choice of baseline models to compare against might be questionable. The simple line attractor model by Seung et al. (1996) was initially designed to explain oculomotor integration. It is true that a line attractor has been suggested as a mechanism for working memory, e.g., in the seminal work by Machens et al (2005). However, it seems fair to say that most studies employing non-linear networks have focused on point attractors as mechanisms of working memory (e.g., Wong & Wang, 2006; Driscoll, Shenoy, Sussillo, 2024). A point attractor arguably does not suffer the SNR issues of a line attractor, because it does not lead to integration of the noise over time. However, non-trivial point attractors cannot be implemented in linear networks of the kind studied by the authors of the present study.

      The authors should expand their discussion to include other, potentially closely related work proposing rotation-like dynamics in artificial neural networks during working memory. In particular, the manuscript does not discuss Sharma, Proca, et al, ICML 2026, which describes a rotational solution to a similar WM task obtained by optimizing linear RNNs (Sharma et al., 2026, Fig. 6). Notably, Sharma et al. arrive at a similar rotational (and likely also non-normal) mechanism without using either noisy inputs or a constraint on energy efficiency. The authors of the present manuscript should discuss to what extent this finding contradicts their claim that "normative pressures on noise-robustness and energetic cost shape the complex dynamics of WM circuits." (present manuscript, Introduction). Given the obvious parallels between the two studies, a comparison between the present work and Sharma et al. (2026) would add necessary context to the Discussion.

      The authors should also clarify the significance of the "novel method for optimization of continuous-time RNNs driven by noisy inputs" (see Discussion) that the authors propose. This method is mentioned in the first line of the Discussion section but is barely discussed, let alone sufficiently explained, in the previous Sections. The only time a comparison to BPTT with a simple MSE loss is mentioned, it is stated that the two procedures produce the same results. The novel method appears to consist of a loss with two terms, the second of which is a well-known L2-penalty on unit activations (Sussillo et al., 2015). It is not clear that the method is either novel or necessary to obtain the reported results.

      Except for the fact that higher-dimensional networks also converge on rotational solutions, Figure 3 does not add much to the reader's understanding of the optimized model (except for panel F). I find the comparison to SSMs too superficial to provide real insight.

      Figure 4 claims to show that the optimized model recapitulates "a range of properties observed in prefrontal cortex and other brain areas during WM tasks" (p. 7) but does not show neural data for comparison.

      Review 2
    4. Public_Reviews 07 Jul 2026

      Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      Summary:

      The authors optimize continuous-time linear recurrent networks driven by noisy input, computing the gradient of decoding performance numerically and analytically. Optimizing for stimulus discriminability after a delay, with a penalty on firing rate, they find networks that adopt what they call high-dimensional rotational dynamics. They argue that these outperform attractor and feedforward models on noise robustness and energetic cost, and resemble state-of-the-art state-space models. They then fit a targeted dimensionality reduction model to prefrontal recordings from monkeys performing a spatial working memory task and argue that the population structure matches the rotational solution.

      Strengths:

      The evolution of the dynamics throughout learning is a nice observation, as are the analytical calculations, although I am not sure they are new since there is a fair share of work on the learning dynamics of linear networks.

      Weakness:

      I see many weaknesses. I will classify them into five groups.

      (1) Strawman comparison and no clear definition of what is rotational. The paper is centered on comparing a trained model with two models meant to represent "attractor dynamics" and non-normal dynamics. Both are picked as the weakest member of their class.

      I use quotation marks for "attractor dynamics" because I am not sure a linear system with an eigenvalue equal to zero is a representative model for the class. This is a particular linear instantiation of the line attractor from Seung 1996, but most attractor models are nonlinear and far more robust to noise, and they are robust through error correction that this linear model does not have. Even modern continuous attractors (Rivkind and Darshan) are very robust to noise through multiple mechanisms. So what the authors picked as an "attractor model" is a limited zero-eigenvalue case that, of course, will drift. "Attractor networks are highly susceptible to noise" is therefore true only of the toy they built, not of the class.

      Second, what they call a non-normal model is in fact a feedforward chain, the extreme of non-normality. There are degrees of non-normality in any matrix, and the homogeneous delay line is the corner that requires the largest firing rates. This is not representative. See Daie et al., which has a skip and recurrent structure, or Stroud, which is not a pure chain. So the feedforward chain was also picked as a strawman, chosen so that the energetic cost they then complain about is guaranteed.

      This brings me to the real problem in this section. "Rotational" is never defined. If it means complex eigenvalues, then it is a spectral property of any non-normal matrix, and "rotational versus feedforward" is not a dichotomy; it is two regions of the same continuous space of non-normal connectivity. Their own Figure 2C shows the network passing continuously through an attractor, then feedforward, then rotational during optimization. If these are points on a continuum, then "rotational dynamics is optimal" is just a statement about where the optimizer lands under this particular loss and input normalization, not the discovery of a new dynamical class. They need to define the term operationally and show the solution is qualitatively, not just quantitatively, different from non-normal feedforward. I do not think it survives that test.

      This brings me to the references.

      (2) The dynamical mechanisms of working memory have been studied for more than two decades, and I am surprised how much directly relevant work is missing. First, Druckmann and Chklovskii 2012, where a linear system produces stable encoding from oscillating modes. This is essentially their result more than a decade earlier, and it is not cited. They also miss Murray et al. on stable encoding and heterogeneous timescales in data. They oversimplify the attractor picture; for example, Pereira-Obilinovic et al. 2023 show you can have genuinely stable attractors. They do cite Daie et al., but they ignore its central claim, that non-normality is the underlying mechanism, which is more troubling than not citing it because it means they read it and did not engage. Overall, the references are idiosyncratic, missing relevant work, and not engaging the results of papers they cite.

      This brings me to the third point.

      (3) Novelty and the relationship to Stroud and Orhan. Those papers take a similar optimization approach and find that, depending on the task parameters, the optimal solution is non-normal, non-normal plus attractor, or attractor. My impression is that what this work calls rotational is just the dynamics of a strongly non-normal A, selected here by the firing-rate regularizer. They never clarify the connection with Stroud. Is the only difference the energy penalty?

      The way to settle this is quantitative, and they have the handle and do not use it: report the Henrici departure-from-normality of their optimized A and place the solution inside Stroud's regime structure.

      There is also a tension they leave implicit. In Stroud, the early loading direction is orthogonal to the late persistent readout, and that orthogonality is the source of dynamic coding. This paper's subspace alignment result (Figure 5G, H) shows exactly this early-to-late orthogonalization in both model and data, and then presents it as evidence for the rotational account and against Stroud's hybrid. You cannot reproduce a Strout's stim vs. decoder orthogonality and claim it against Strout's without doing more work.

      (4) I did not understand the SSM section, and I think it should be cut. Is this a result? Either "SSM" just means a linear dynamical system, in which case it is trivial since every linear network here, including the LMU is an SSM, or it means the network matches a fixed-connectivity model like the LMU, which it does not seem to either. So in what sense is it a result?

      (5) The data analysis is one section, and the analysis could be described as feeling somewhat like an afterthought on a very rich dataset. The coding structure they show for the rotational model also looks like the Stroud non-normal-plus-attractor model to me. They even state that the hybrid reproduces the cross-temporal subspace. What are the quantitative, cross-session metric that discriminates rotational from the non-normal-plus-attractor hybrid? Is it eyeballed trajectories?

      Review 3
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    biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674838v1
  31. bookshelf.vitalsource.com bookshelf.vitalsource.com
    Differentiating Instruction and Assessment for ELLs
    19
    1. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      eachers who d

      I really liked this part and it really stuck out to me because it just shows that every student interprets information differently. A teachers job is to find out how a student learns best to be able to make sure that they student is able to learn at the best of their abilities.

    2. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Psychological distance refers to the reasons and ways a person responds to new learning situations. Though Schumann’s research in this area focused primarily on adults rather than school-age children, his work provides insight for teachers in the K–12 setting. Schumann (1978) lists language shock, culture shock, culture stress, and integrative versus instrumental motivation as key aspects of psychological distance. These factors may resonate with K–12 educators working with ELLs.

      This really stuck out to me because I never knew about psychological distance, but when reading on about what it is I can tell that it is really important. Now knowing what Psychological distance is, when a student is feeling discomfort with their new language that they are learning; this could trigger a language shock for the student which happens with discomfort is felt throughout their learning.

    3. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Teachers are encouraged to learn about each of their student’s ELP levels in listening, speaking, reading, and writing, as well as their prior schooling, home language and literacy practices, cultural orientation, immigration and refugee status, and any difficult experiences that may influence learning at school.

      I think that this is super important for all teachers to do. Taking the time to learn about all of their students and what they struggle with and what they work well with is something that is very beneficial for the students and the teachers.

    4. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      This relationship can reduce student anxiety and increase student confidenc

      This really stuck out to me because it just shows there's many ways that a student could feel more welcomed and comfortable in the classroom. I feel like all it takes is for the teacher to be able to go the distance and really get to know their students so that the students can feel safe and welcomed in the classroom.

    5. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Another productive way to learn about students and their families is through home visits.

      This really stuck out to me because I never knew this was a thing that could happen. I can really see how this would help learn about students so that the cultural distance between family and school wouldn't be that big.

    6. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Increasingly, U.S. schools are welcoming students from a wide variety of educational backgrounds and experiences

      I think that this is an amazing thing to have increasing over the time in schools. Having more students feel welcomed into classrooms regardless of their background is awesome.

    7. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Teachers who differentiate for the diverse learners in their classes position all students, including ELLs, to succeed.

      I really like how this sentence just tells us future teachers that every student learns differently. I think this is very important when going in to our future classrooms and always having that thought in the back of our head.

    8. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      he language-based expectations and the scaffolding and support needed for E

      This really sticks out to me because I think having scaffolding in your lesson has so many pros. As well as it gives the support and guidance that every student may need.

    9. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Aurelio: composite ELP level 4. Aurelio is from Columbia where he attended a strong Spanish–English bilingual elementary school before coming to the United States two years ago. Aurelio speaks mostly Spanish at home. According to the state ELP test, Aurelio has attained level 5 in listening, level 4 in speaking, and level 3 in reading and writing

      I think that this is very important to pay attention to because it shows that people can excel in subjects coming from different cultural experiences. This should show teachers that every student can be successful.

    10. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      Pull-out ELD instruction means that ELLs are pulled out of the general education classroom for dedicated ELD instruction.

      I think having certain times that a student can get pulled out is really a good thing to have. But, I wouldn't want it to be for a very long time so that the student can still have time for general education time.

    11. DaunteSmiles 07 Jul 2026
      udents are entitled to equal edu

      This section really stood out to me because it really just states that every student deserves the equal amount of educational opportunities as everyone else. Also, it should matter about their background at all.

    12. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      The more teachers know about their students’ cultural backgrounds, the better equipped they are to interact in meaningful and productive ways with these students and their families. Teachers must remember that their job is not to make students become similar to them, but to respectfully facilitate their students’ negotiation of cultural differences so they can be successful in different cultural contexts. For example, María complains that she feels pressure from her parents to maintain her heritage culture. Yet, at the same time, she feels the tension of peer pressure calling on her to be an “American” teenager. Culturally responsive teachers can help students like María negotiate this difficult time by respecting her home culture while informing her about the new culture (Herrera, 2016).

      I chose this section because it made me think about how difficult school could be for some students outside of just learning the material. Trying to balance family traditions with fitting in at school would be challenging. I think teachers should do their best to create a classroom where students feel valued and don't feel like they have to choose between the two.

    13. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      To understand the educational benefit of home language literacy development, imagine an ELL whose home language is Arabic. This student arrives in his 3rd-grade classroom already reading at a 3rd-grade level in Arabic. He will need to learn that books in English are read from left to right and that what he considers to be the front of a book is the back of a book written in English. Through literacy instruction, he learns that both English and Arabic print depend on word order and progression for meaning and that letters and words in both languages represent sounds (although the student may not have heard or articulated some of the sounds in English).

      This section made me stop and think because I had never considered that a student could already be a strong reader in another language but still struggle in English. I've only worked with one ELL student, and this helped me realize that just because a student is still learning English doesn't mean they don't already have strong academic skills. As teachers, I think we need to recognize those strengths and use them to help students continue learning.

    14. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      One way teachers can address the content, language, and literacy needs of students from diverse backgrounds is to identify and build on student, household and community “funds of knowledge” (González, Moll, & Amanti, 2005). The concept of funds of knowledge is based on a simple premise: People are competent and knowledgeable and they develop their competence through their life experiences.

      I chose this section because it reminded me that every student brings something different to the classroom. I think it's important to learn about their experiences and backgrounds because it helps us better understand and teach them.

    15. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      Teachers who differentiate for the diverse learners in their classes position all students, including ELLs, to succeed. When these students see themselves as integral parts of the classroom and school community, they can and do realize their academic potential.

      I liked this part because it reminded me that every student learns differently. As teachers, it's our job to help students be successful and make sure they feel like they're an important part of the classroom.

    16. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      Differentiating Assignment Template This book shows teachers how to differentiate content-area assignments/assessments and instruction for ELLs at any level of language development, grade level, and content area. Teachers need to begin by understanding which parts of an assignment can be differentiated. Any assignment can be divided into three parts: Standards-based content or topic from the curriculum Language-based expectations Scaffolding and support

      I liked this section because it helped me understand that differentiation isn't about making a completely different lesson for every student. It's about making changes that help students learn while still working toward the same goal.

    17. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      Pull-out ELD classes should not be used indefinitely because they tend to isolate ELLs from their non-ELL peers, who provide modeling and authentic opportunities to interact and use language. Integrating ELLs into general education classes benefits the student learning English and enriches the classroom environment for everyone.

      This part stood out to me because I didn't think about how being pulled out all the time could make students feel left out. I think it's good for ELL students to get the extra help they need, but it's also important for them to be in the classroom learning and interacting with everyone else.

    18. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      Marco: composite ELP level 1. He was born in Brazil and speaks Brazilian Portuguese. Marco attended school in Brazil up to 4th grade, and he can read and write in Portuguese. Marco’s family moved to the United States earlier this year for work. According to the state ELP placement test, Marco is at ELP level 1 in all four domains.

      This section stood out to me because it shows that every student has their own story. I think taking the time to get to know your students helps you understand how to better support them in the classroom.

    19. KristenOwens 06 Jul 2026
      Ms. Harris is a first-year teacher who was surprised to learn that she will have four English language learners (ELLs) in her classroom. Her teacher education program did not require her to take a course on working with ELLs, so she is feeling somewhat nervous. A friend who has also just begun teaching reminds her that they were both taught about the concept of differentiation. The friend assures Ms. Harris that she will be fine if she simply applies those concepts.

      This part stood out to me because I think most teachers have moments where they aren't sure what to do. It reminds me that no teacher knows everything, and it's okay to keep learning so you can better help your students.

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    bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9781681256658
  32. ilearn.laccd.edu ilearn.laccd.edu
    Mendez vs. Westminster Lecture: CHICANO 047 : Mex-Amer Woman Socty - Madrigal Uribe M. - SUMMER 2026 - SECTION# 11534
    2
    1. MagalySalto 07 Jul 2026
      amicus brief

      a legal document submitted to an appellate court by an individual, advocacy group, or institution that is not a party to the lawsuit, but has a strong interest or relevant expertise in the case. These briefs are designed to assist judges by providing supplementary legal arguments, specialized technical knowledge, or broader social and economic context. They help the court understand the wider public policy implications of a potential ruling, preventing a decision from being based solely on the narrow interests of the plaintiff and defendant.

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    ilearn.laccd.edu/courses/361867/pages/mendez-vs-westminster-lecture
  33. www.ijltemas.in www.ijltemas.in
    47-56.pdf
    1
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    ijltemas.in/submission/online/article/download/5094/6939/17649
  34. ethanzuckerman.com ethanzuckerman.com
    Gramsci's Nightmare: AI, Platform Power and the Automation of Cultural Hegemony - Ethan Zuckerman
    5
    1. Aghasan 07 Jul 2026
      The war of position, the long slow process of unseating a hegemonic culture requires cognitive diversity, the ability to think in different ways

      Hegemony is not as powerful as it seems. It must be constantly reinforced. When there is extreme cognitive diversity, it becomes very hard for any given worldview to be considered the only way of seeing things. To suppress dissent, authoritarian regimes silence opposing views because they reveal that the dominant narrative is but one of many stories. Every time we cite a marginalized scholar, ask a difficult question, or choose a method that centres the voices of people whom the dominant way of thinking has excluded, we are waging the war of position. I wonder if we are misunderstanding the cumulative effect of these acts of epistemic rebellion against the current state of knowledge.

    2. Aghasan 07 Jul 2026
      Large language models – the technology behind chatbots like ChatGPT – work by ingesting a civilization’s worth of texts and calculating the relationships between these words.

      This framing of “a civilization’s worth” of knowledge is quite philosophical. A civilization of whom? Whose knowledge will be considered? Who gets to decide what is worth ingesting in this model of human knowledge? It is not until later in the text that we find out that the majority of the sources used to create this model are WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic). So, this model of human knowledge does not even begin to represent all of “civilization’s” knowledge. Rather, it is a model of the knowledge of a small subset of the world’s population that has had the most influence on the development of AI in recent decades. Can we even call the knowledge that this model ingests “civilizational”? If not, then what would it take to create a truly civilizational AI?

    3. Kat_Mom 07 Jul 2026
      Cultural Hegemony

      When I see this term I immediately think of the distorted relationship between Canada and the First Nations people. Forced assimilation tactics (Residential schools, genocide, Indian Act, etc.) have solidified the current and ongoing systemic injustices for First Nations people. I may not be up to speed with Gramsci or Marxism, but I do understand Cultural Hegemony from this perspective.

    4. Kat_Mom 07 Jul 2026
      countless biases and presumptions

      I have already stated my view of AI use when it comes to Indigenous knowledges, especially traditional knowledge. I find AI to lose context and distort information that will further harm our ways of being and understanding. There are many instances that IK or TK should not be for the eyes of the outsider. We have been researched enough. I found a good article for anyone looking to read more on this.

      https://www.arts.ubc.ca/news/indigenous-data-stewardship-stands-against-extractivist-ai/

    5. JR2026 06 Jul 2026
      war of position

      The way that the war of position is explained here suggests that it is a slow struggle where common sense once existed. Zuckerman, in my opinion, is appearing to suggest that AI is not longer a simple technology used in settings such as education, but that AI is becoming an institution itself. It does bring about more questions than answers in terms of control. If AI continues to control what, how and why we read is it participating in the war of position or changing the field in which the struggle is taking place?

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    ethanzuckerman.com/2025/12/05/gramscis-nightmare-ai-platform-power-and-the-automation-of-cultural-hegemony/
  35. saalck.pressbooks.pub saalck.pressbooks.pub
    Business Communication is Goals-Oriented
    1
    1. nmosavi 07 Jul 2026
      What outcome do you want to achieve?

      I would want my boss to know that I got sick as soon as possible and that I am not feeling well enough to come tomorrow for the meeting. I would make sure the email sounds professional and informative while maintaining it short and to the point. Avoiding unnecessary details and over explaining my self. and for the identity goal, I would want them to use clear communicator, professional, and responsible.

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    saalck.pressbooks.pub/bcomm/chapter/goals-oriented/
  36. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    A Unified Framework to Dissect Robustness, Plasticity, Evolvability and Canalisation of Biological Function
    1
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    biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641119v2
  37. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    The phosphoproteomic landscape of the DNA damage response
    1
    1. jazzking123 06 Jul 2026

      This is a timely and valuable resource paper that systematically maps phosphorylation dynamics across a broad panel of DNA damage-inducing agents. The study’s main strength is its comparative design: by profiling eleven genotoxic or stress-inducing treatments under matched acute conditions, the authors move beyond a generic “DDR phosphoproteome” and begin to separate phosphorylation programs associated with double-strand breaks, replication stress, and more pleiotropic cellular stress responses. This is particularly useful for the DDR field, where ATM/ATR-dependent phosphorylation is often discussed as a unified response despite clear biological differences between lesion types and treatment contexts.

      Several aspects of the work are especially compelling. First, the recovery of known DDR phosphorylation events, including sites on BRCA1, MRE11, CtIP, and EXO1, supports the quality of the phosphoproteomic dataset. Second, the integration of kinase-substrate enrichment, motif analysis, conservation scoring, GO enrichment, and clustering gives the paper strong analytical depth. The observation that many regulated S/T-Q sites remain functionally uncharacterized, including sites on RNA-processing, chromatin-associated, and proteostasis-related proteins, is important and should stimulate follow-up work. Third, the phospho-cluster and IDR analysis adds a mechanistic layer that is often missing from large-scale phosphoproteomic studies. The idea that DDR-regulated phosphorylation clusters may alter local charge distribution, intramolecular contacts, and potentially condensate behavior is interesting and biologically plausible. Finally, the focused validation of UBE3A S218 phosphorylation by ATM/ATR and its effect on γH2AX signaling and genotoxic stress survival provides a strong example of how the resource can nominate functionally relevant DDR regulators.

      There are several points that would strengthen the manuscript further. The study relies heavily on U2OS cells, which are widely used in DDR research but have cancer-specific genetic and signaling features. The authors should be more explicit about which conclusions are likely to be generalizable versus cell-line specific. Validation of selected phosphorylation signatures, especially the UBE3A findings or representative RNA-processing/proteostasis targets, in an additional cell model would increase confidence. Relatedly, because several treatments have pleiotropic effects beyond DNA damage, the authors should more clearly distinguish “DNA damage response” from broader stress-response phosphorylation throughout the manuscript. The FA, MMS, H₂O₂, and AsO₂ results are interesting precisely because they reveal ribotoxic/MAPK-associated signaling, but the terminology should avoid implying that all observed phosphorylation changes are directly DNA damage-driven.

      The UBE3A section is one of the most mechanistically developed parts of the paper, but the model would benefit from more direct evidence connecting S218 phosphorylation to UBE3A activity, localization, proteasome association, or substrate ubiquitylation. The survival and γH2AX rescue data are convincing as functional readouts, but they do not yet define the molecular mechanism. Similarly, the phospho-cluster/IDR simulations are intriguing, but the paper should be careful not to overstate functional consequences without experimental validation of conformational or interaction changes. These analyses are best presented as strong hypotheses generated from the phosphoproteomic resource.

      Overall, this manuscript provides a rich and well-executed phosphoproteomic atlas of the acute cellular response to diverse genotoxic agents. Its major contribution is not only the identification of regulated phosphorylation sites, but the organization of these sites into lesion-associated, pleiotropic, kinase-linked, and biophysically meaningful categories. With clearer framing around treatment-specific versus canonical DDR responses, and with some additional validation or discussion of cell-context limitations, this work would be a useful resource for researchers studying genome stability, replication stress, RNA-processing in the DDR, and proteostasis regulation after DNA damage.

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    biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.11.724232v1
  38. jtkulas.github.io jtkulas.github.io
    dissertate
    1
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    jtkulas.github.io/dissertate/
  39. www.crafins.com www.crafins.com
    Medicube Zero Pore Pads: das K-Beauty-Geheimnis für Glass Skin und wo Sie sie kaufen
    20
    1. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Für diesen Ratgeber haben wir die Produktangaben (Wirkstoffe, Anwendung, Inhalt) mit den Angaben der führenden Händler abgeglichen sowie die Verfügbarkeit bei den genannten Anbietern geprüft (Stand 3. Juli 2026). Sortimente und Verfügbarkeit können sich ändern und je nach Variante abweichen; maßgeblich sind die Angaben im jeweiligen Shop. Wirkangaben zu Talg und Porenreinigung sind Herstellerangaben von Medicube.

      More professional:

      Für diesen Ratgeber haben wir die Produktinformationen wie Inhaltsstoffe, Anwendung und Inhalt mit den Angaben der wichtigsten Händler verglichen. Außerdem haben wir geprüft, bei welchen Anbietern die Medicube Zero Pore Pads erhältlich sind (Stand: 3. Juli 2026). Sortiment und Verfügbarkeit können sich jederzeit ändern. Maßgeblich sind deshalb immer die Angaben im jeweiligen Onlineshop. Aussagen zur Wirkung auf Talg und Poren stammen vom Hersteller Medicube.

    2. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Wer empfindliche Haut hat oder Säuren neu in die Routine integriert, beginnt am besten mit zwei bis drei Anwendungen pro Woche und steigert die Häufigkeit langsam.

      Better:

      Bei empfindlicher Haut oder wenn Sie Säuren neu in Ihre Pflegeroutine aufnehmen, sollten Sie langsam starten. Wenden Sie die Pads zunächst zwei- bis dreimal pro Woche an und erhöhen Sie die Häufigkeit bei guter Verträglichkeit.

    3. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Am meisten lohnt sich der Kauf der Medicube Zero Pore Pads bei Douglas, wo die Pads Teil eines breiten K-Beauty-Sortiments sind und Services wie Beratung, die Beauty Card und Click & Collect dazukommen.

      Sounds very unnatural. Better:

      Die Medicube Zero Pore Pads können Sie bequem bei Douglas kaufen. Dort finden Sie außerdem viele weitere K-Beauty-Produkte sowie praktische Services wie die Beauty Card, Beratung und Click & Collect. - Anchor: Douglas kaufen

    4. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Praktisch dabei: Bei Douglas finden Sie neben den Pads viele passende Medicube- und K-Beauty-Produkte, von Reinigung über Serum bis Creme, sodass sich die komplette Routine in einem Einkauf zusammenstellen lässt.

      Sounds very unnatural. Better:

      Bei Douglas können Sie Ihre komplette K-Beauty-Routine zusammenstellen. Dort finden Sie die Zero Pore Pads sowie passende Medicube-Hautpflege wie Reinigung, Seren und Cremes. - The anchor could be: Medicube-Hautpflege

    10. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Ein ehrlicher Hinweis für sehr empfindliche Haut: Die Formel enthält Alkohol (Alcohol Denat.)

      The colon feels out of place here, better:

      Bei sehr empfindlicher Haut sollten Sie einen Blick auf die Inhaltsstoffe werfen. Die Formel enthält Alcohol Denat.

    11. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Ihre Stärke spielen die Zero Pore Pads vor allem bei fettiger, zu Unreinheiten neigender und Mischhaut aus, also überall dort, wo sichtbare Poren, Glanz und ein unruhiges Hautbild das Thema sind.

      Sounds more like human:

      Die Zero Pore Pads eignen sich besonders für fettige, unreine und Mischhaut. Sie helfen, sichtbare Poren zu verfeinern, Glanz zu reduzieren und das Hautbild ebenmäßiger wirken zu lassen.

    13. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Anschließend wenden Sie das Pad und fahren mit der glatten Seite noch einmal über das Gesicht.

      Same here:

      Anschließend drehen Sie das Pad um und streichen mit der glatten Seite noch einmal sanft über das Gesicht.

    14. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Nach der Gesichtsreinigung streichen Sie mit der geprägten Seite des Pads sanft von der Gesichtsmitte nach außen.

      Sounds more like human:

      Verteilen Sie das Pad nach der Gesichtsreinigung mit sanften Bewegungen von der Gesichtsmitte nach außen.

    17. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Bei Douglas ist Medicube mit den Zero Pore Pads und passender Pflege wie Seren und Cremes vertreten.

      Sounds more like human an better to read:

      Bei Douglas gibt es die Medicube Zero Pore Pads zusammen mit passenden Seren und Cremes.

    19. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Die Medicube Zero Pore Pads zielen genau auf ein Ergebnis: Glass Skin, also porenfeine, ebenmäßige Haut.

      The colon doesn't fit in this context:

      Die Medicube Zero Pore Pads wurden entwickelt, um das Hautbild sichtbar zu verfeinern. Sie unterstützen den Trend zu Glass Skin mit einer ebenmäßigen, glatten und feinporigen Haut.

    20. Nadine1307 06 Jul 2026
      Bei Douglas sind die Pads Teil eines breiten K-Beauty-Sortiments. Wir zeigen Ihnen, welche Inhaltsstoffe in den Pads stecken, wie Sie sie richtig anwenden, für welche Hauttypen sie geeignet sind und wo Sie sie kaufen können.

      More easy to understand:

      Bei Douglas finden Sie die Pads zusammen mit vielen weiteren K-Beauty-Produkten. Hier erfahren Sie, welche Inhaltsstoffe enthalten sind, wie Sie die Pads richtig anwenden, für wen sie geeignet sind und wo Sie sie kaufen können.

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    crafins.com/p/DG-V02-vital/
  40. www.telegraph.co.uk www.telegraph.co.uk
    How Netflix became the home of ‘cancelled’ comedians
    1
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    telegraph.co.uk/tv/2026/07/04/netflix-became-the-home-of-cancelled-comedians/
  41. www.ms.now www.ms.now
    Opinion | Louis C.K. has mastered the art of the post-cancellation comeback
    1
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    ms.now/opinion/netflix-comedy-special-louis-ck-cancelled-comedy
  42. www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
    GDZIE SIĘ PODZIAŁY WIRUSY KOMPUTEROWE? KULISY HAKERÓW
    1
    1. pyxelr 06 Jul 2026
      GDZIE SIĘ PODZIAŁY WIRUSY KOMPUTEROWE? KULISY HAKERÓW
      • Ewolucja zagrożeń komputerowych: Choć tradycyjne wirusy znane z lat 2000. wydają się pieśnią przeszłości, w rzeczywistości cyberzagrożeń jest więcej niż kiedykolwiek (np. Kaspersky wykrywa pół miliona nowych szkodliwych plików dziennie). Zmienił się jednak ich cel i charakter – z komputerów osobistych na duże instytucje [00:00:00], [00:00:49].
      • Początki – wirus "Brain" (1986 r.): Pierwszy wirus na PC został stworzony w Pakistanie przez braci Basita i Amjada Farooq Alvi jako protest przeciwko piractwu ich programu medycznego. Wirus zawierał ich pełne dane kontaktowe i adres sklepu, stając się globalnym, lecz niegroźnym eksperymentem [00:01:08], [00:01:42].
      • Era destrukcji – "I Love You" (2000 r.): 23-letni student z Filipin, Onel de Guzman, stworzył wirusa kradnącego hasła, który wymknął się spod kontroli, zarażając 45 milionów komputerów i generując straty rzędu 10–15 miliardów dolarów. Ze względu na ówczesny brak przepisów o cyberprzestępczości, autor nigdy nie został skazany i dziś prowadzi mały serwis telefonów [00:02:48], [00:03:57], [00:04:46].
      • Komercjalizacja i model Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS): Współczesne cyberataki to dojrzały biznes przypominający model subskrypcyjny (jak Netflix czy Spotify). Twórcy oprogramowania (operatorzy) wynajmują kod i infrastrukturę hakerską afiliantom, którzy dokonują włamań i wymuszają okupy, dzieląc się zyskami (zazwyczaj w stosunku 80/20) [00:05:20], [00:05:33].
      • Instytucje jako główny cel: Indywidualni użytkownicy przestali być opłacalnym celem dla hakerów. Dzisiejsze ataki ransomware wymierzone są w podmioty o krytycznym znaczeniu, takie jak szpitale, urzędy miast czy infrastruktura krytyczna (np. paraliż Colonial Pipeline w 2021 r.), ponieważ presja czasu i zagrożenie życia zmuszają je do natychmiastowego płacenia milionowych okupów [00:06:25], [00:06:53].
      • Polska na celowniku: Według raportów bezpieczeństwa (np. ESET), Polska znalazła się na 3. miejscu na świecie pod względem liczby ataków ransomware, co jest powiązane z pozycją geopolityczną kraju. Przykładem są zmasowane ataki na polskie szpitale (m.in. w Szczecinie, Krakowie i Katowicach), które drastycznie paraliżowały ich pracę [00:07:18], [00:07:30].
      • Wpływ AI na dynamikę ataków: Wykorzystanie sztucznej inteligencji pozwala hakerom masowo generować perfekcyjne, bezbłędne maile phishingowe (82% w zeszłym roku) oraz stosować zaawansowane deepfake'i. Co najważniejsze, czas od pierwszej infekcji do całkowitego zaszyfrowania danych skrócił się z około 60 dni w 2019 roku do zaledwie 3,5 dnia obecnie, drastycznie zmniejszając margines czasu na reakcję obrony [00:08:15], [00:08:45].
      cybersecurity hacking ransomware polish Poland YouTube
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  43. android.com.pl android.com.pl
    Dałem trzem AI 300 złotych na inwestycje. Po miesiącu wynik mnie zaskoczył
    1
    1. pyxelr 06 Jul 2026
      Dałem trzem AI 300 złotych na inwestycje. Po miesiącu wynik mnie zaskoczył
      • Założenia eksperymentu: Artykuł opisuje praktyczny test wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji (AI) jako asystenta lub tradera na rynkach finansowych (w tym m.in. kryptowalut), sprawdzając realną skuteczność algorytmów w starciu z rynkową rzeczywistością.
      • AI to nie gwarancja zysku: Autor podkreśla, że sztuczna inteligencja nie jest magicznym narzędziem generującym pewny zarobek – w testach wiele strategii opartych na AI przyniosło straty, szczególnie podczas nagłych i nieprzewidywalnych załamań trendu (tzw. anomalii rynkowych).
      • Metodologia bezpiecznego startu: Kluczowym wnioskiem z eksperymentu jest rekomendacja rozpoczynania testów od "paper tradingu" (handlu wirtualnymi środkami na realnych wykresach) przez minimum miesiąc, a przy przejściu na prawdziwy kapitał – operowanie bardzo małymi kwotami (np. do 50 USD) traktowanymi jako koszt edukacji.
      • Strategia DCA jako punkt wyjścia: W ramach prostych automatów inwestycyjnych AI zaleca się konfigurację botów realizujących strategię Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA), czyli regularnego, automatycznego dokupowania aktywów niezależnie od wahań kursu, co pozwala uśrednić cenę zakupu.
      • Rygorystyczne monitorowanie i brak sentymentów: Podstawą sukcesu w eksperymentowaniu z botami jest prowadzenie dokładnego dziennika (notowanie daty włączenia strategii, powodów, stanu rynku i kapitału) oraz natychmiastowe, pozbawione emocji wyłączanie konfiguracji, które w cotygodniowej weryfikacji okazują się nieskuteczne.
      • Czy AI potrafi inwestować? (Podsumowanie rynkowe): Tak, AI potrafi efektywnie zarządzać kapitałem, ale jej rola ewoluowała z „autonomicznego spekulanta” w kierunku potężnego optymalizatora. Współczesne systemy (np. zaawansowane platformy robo-advisory) skutecznie automatyzują alokację aktywów, rebalancing, optymalizację podatkową (tax-loss harvesting) oraz analizę scenariuszową, stabilnie konkurując z tradycyjnymi funduszami. AI doskonale radzi sobie z przetwarzaniem ogromnych zbiorów danych i realizacją powtarzalnych strategii algorytmicznych, jednak wciąż zawodzi przy nagłych, bezprecedensowych zdarzeniach rynkowych ("czarnych łabędziach") oraz w agresywnej spekulacji krótkoterminowej (day trading), gdzie czynnik psychologiczny i anomalie płynności generują wysokie ryzyko strat.
      AI investing polish
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    android.com.pl/tech/1039995-inwestowanie-z-ai-czyli-eksperyment/
  44. www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
    The Crazy History of the First Humanoid Robot
    1
    1. pyxelr 06 Jul 2026
      The Crazy History of the First Humanoid Robot
      • The World's Fair Debut: Introduced at the 1939 New York World's Fair by Westinghouse, "Electro the Moto Man" was a 7-foot-tall metal humanoid robot that amazed millions by performing actions like walking, talking, counting, smoking cigarettes, and detecting colors [00:01:11].
      • Voice Control Mechanism: Rather than using modern AI, Electro operated via a voice-command system that functioned like a telephone switchboard. The operator's voice syllables triggered an electrical spike through a stepping relay sequence where specific word counts determined the action (e.g., one word cued an action, two words acted as an "on" switch) [00:09:54], [00:11:28].
      • Mechanical Logic: The robot’s internal logic relied entirely on a physical sequencing U-switch, transformers, and 48 heavy mechanical relays rather than microchips. Actions like smoking or blowing up balloons were driven by hardware like bellows and small air compressors [00:08:29], [00:10:48].
      • Technological Comparison: Electro's 48 physical relays are contrasted with modern robotics (using Foundation Robotics' "Phantom" robot as an example), which replace large, slow relays with billions of microscopic, fast transistors on microchips alongside precise actuators and camera-based AI models [00:14:15], [00:15:01].
      • Post-Fair Travels and Fate: After the fair, Electro spent time stored in an inventor's basement, toured department stores in the 1950s, was painted silver for a Hollywood B-movie (Sex Kittens Go to College), and was eventually lost in storage crates inside an old trailer [00:04:17], [00:05:18], [00:06:08].
      • The Modern Legal Drama: Electro's modern history is mired in a property dispute involving the late curator of the Mansfield Memorial Museum, Scott Shaw. Court documents and interviews suggest Shaw used charismatic tactics to amass family heirlooms as personal property, sparking ownership battles and estate auctions upon his death [00:16:15], [00:18:28], [00:19:54].
      • Preservation and Legacy: The Weeks brothers (grandsons of an original Westinghouse inventor) successfully used legal affidavits to reclaim Electro's body and are actively restoring its mechanical motion. The video host purchased Electro's original hand-drawn blueprints at an estate auction and chose to return them to Mansfield to be displayed with the robot [00:07:51], [00:22:10], [00:22:48].
      robotics history engineering documentary YouTube
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  45. www.ifixit.com www.ifixit.com
    Teardown Confirms the Trump Phone Is a Gold-Painted HTC U24 Pro
    1
    1. pyxelr 06 Jul 2026
      Teardown Confirms the Trump Phone Is a Gold-Painted HTC U24 Pro
      • Identical Architecture: An iFixit teardown reveals that the $499 Trump Mobile T1 phone is structurally almost identical to the 2024 HTC U24 Pro, a mid-range Taiwanese-branded smartphone manufactured in China.
      • Interchangeable Parts: The component layout, chip placement, and screw patterns match so closely that iFixit successfully swapped the main motherboard from an HTC U24 Pro into the T1 chassis, and the phone booted and functioned perfectly.
      • Shared Specifications: Both devices share a Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 3 processor, 12GB of RAM, and 512GB of internal storage, though the T1 uses a Micron memory chip instead of the HTC's SK Hynix chip.
      • Functional Differences: The only significant hardware variance is the battery. The T1 utilizes a larger 5,000mAh battery (manufactured in the Philippines) compared to the HTC's 4,600mAh cell, but the T1's charging speed is capped at 30W, which is half of the HTC's 60W fast-charging capability.
      • Cosmetic Tweaks: Aesthetic changes on the T1 include a gold-painted exterior, an American flag graphic on the back, a slightly repositioned camera flash, and a speaker grille featuring seven circular holes instead of six pill-shaped ones.
      • Manufacturing and Assembly: Despite early marketing claims of being an American-made device, the phone is designed and manufactured in China. The "Assembled in the USA" label likely refers to final assembly in Florida from around 10 pre-fabricated imported modules.
      • Repairability and Value: While the T1 offers decent component value for its $499 price point, it received a low provisional repairability score of 3 out of 10 from iFixit due to a total lack of public service manuals, official spare parts, and guaranteed long-term software support.
      hardware smartphones USA
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    ifixit.com/News/117789/teardown-confirms-the-trump-phone-is-a-gold-painted-htc-u24-pro
  46. groups.psych.northwestern.edu groups.psych.northwestern.edu
    Analogy and Abstraction
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    groups.psych.northwestern.edu/gentner/papers/GentnerHoyos_2017-AnalogyAbstraction.pdf
  47. mac.lan:8898 mac.lan:8898
    Survivre à nos extinctions
    28
    8. Sabrinaissa 06 Jul 2026
      Dès lors, la question porte sur notre rapport aux échelles et à notre propre nature : les bifurcations que l’espèce produit dessinent des chemins que nous n’avons pas encore choisis

      Ajouter les orientations collectives sinon ça veut rien dire

    9. Sabrinaissa 06 Jul 2026
      Mais l’espèce est diverse : elle génère des bifurcations — TND, psychotropes, rituels de transe — qui sont autant de sorties de cette routine d’appropriation sans recul. Les échelles n’ont pas d’existence absolue : ce qui change est notre rapport au monde, pas sa vitesse.

      Répétition sans dire rien de plus, à lier avec le contexte et l'aliénation

    11. Sabrinaissa 06 Jul 2026
      L’extinction néandertalienne ne se referme pas sur elle-même. Elle est le miroir que Slimak nous tend — le reflet d’une dynamique qui nous travaille encore

      Reformulation : L’extinction néandertalienne est le miroir que Slimak nous tend — elle ne se referme pas sur elle-même, elle est le reflet d’une dynamique qui nous travaille encore

    21. Sabrinaissa 06 Jul 2026
      Ce sont les TND et les neuroatypies en général — autisme, dyslexie, TDAH, haut potentiel

      Reformuler : Ce sont les TND, les neuroatypies ou le haut potentiel

    26. fradav 06 Jul 2026
      Ce surinvestissement dans la compétence sociale au détriment de la perception visuelle non-compositionnelle est un symptôme de la même dynamique : la reproduction sans contexte favorise les outils sociaux standardisés (le langage, la norme) au détriment des perceptions idiosyncrasiques.

      à développer

    28. Sabrinaissa 06 Jul 2026
      Certains individus ont une inclination plus marquée à sortir de la routine, à créer. Cette disposition se manifeste à divers degrés et à divers moments. Mais depuis le Néolithique au moins, tout se passe comme si nous jugions, en notre for intérieur, que cette tendance est dangereuse pour l’ordre établi.

      À reformuler afin de l'articuler avec la suite qui est super

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    mac.lan:8898/