aserism constellations ⁂ =

asterism

ஃ

⁂

three dots

asterism

This play is another example of a woman causing a tragedy because of her emotions. Hippolytus, the "pure" hero, reveres Artemis instead of Aphrodite and swears chastity. Aphrodite wants revenge and causes Phaedra to yearn for Hippolytus. Hippolytus refuses her advances and she kills herself. Hippolytus is then accused of raping her, turning his own father against him. False allegations are once again made by a woman. Hippolytus denies the accusations, but cannot tell what really happened because of his oath of secrecy. Theseus curses Hippolytus, causing Hippolytus's death. Hippolytus dies because of his righteousness; he does not break his oath. Neither Phaedra nor Hippolytus would have died if the "vengeful" Aphrodite did not cause Phaedra to fall for Hippolytus.

I find a bit of a pattern with many stories and the main character being accused of rape. It's also terrible that his father seems to be so quick to believe the accusation, and then when he proves himself innocent, their relationship grows weak. Sadly though, this still happens today in our world and not many have the fortune to be proven innocent, such as Siyavash was.

I find it messed up that he was sent away, was it for money? I like how he comes back better than ever and is given the title of a prince. Its weird that his step mother "lusts" over him though.

for - definition - deadlock - Wikipedia

The use of the word epic to describe this piece of literary work is a perfect example on how to use the word. I don't think it is appropriate to use epic to describe a concert performance or a TV show.

There was a movie about this crop that I watched way way back, and it was tragic.

Perhaps the removal of this as a human right is justified.

for - TPF - administrative divisions for each country of the world

note - This table needs to be updated

Natural Resource Definition

Curious if any poets (or poet interested hypothesizers) will find this, and long it will take. I am.

LMAO. LMAO.

Special municipalities Counties Cities Kaohsiung City New Taipei City Taichung City Tainan City Taipei City Taoyuan City Changhua County Chiayi County Hsinchu County Hualien County Miaoli County Nantou County Pingtung County Taitung County Yilan County Yunlin County Chiayi City Hsinchu City Keelung City

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education/videos

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

Can't tell what they mean by "anomalous structure" in the paper they cite.

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

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https://www.youtube.com/@Public-domain-education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_(typeface)

In Ukraine we have a special term for governmental lobbyists who advertise US & Europe in all of it's glory and the willing to fight standing on our side. They're called "sorosers".

Soros runs the biggest bank in Europe called International Monetary Fund (IMF). Ukraine's debt to IMF has already surpassed yearly GDP meaning Soros rules the whole country. Of course we're not giving back whole GDP every year, Instead we agree to special contractual agreements of IMF deciding who's going to be part of our inspection commisions, parliament institutions, etc. Our journalism is so much corrupted that it's eye opening to see how many of our previously respected news organizations are extermely positive about name "Soros" and all of related aspects of this whole dependency story. Soros is big hearted investor, visioner, father of European stability, blah-blah.

IMHO it's Soros in cooperation with BackRock and it's military complex interest who fueled the revolution in 2014 so that Ukraine is now fully oriented in direction of NATO. This was by design treated as a treat to Russia national security and thus they began the war. IMF credits increased since then. US military complex lobbies giving back old assets to Ukraine and accepting governmental orders for modernized weapons establishment that they massively profit off.

One of my favourite T-Shirts says "let's make Afghanistan to sorosers"

is this divination or deification?

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Yang

I'm a communist too; like most "Jews" --- "kibbutzim are the future" ... and at Reynolds and Francisco--it is basically that--you know; a communal religious like establishment; which we see in places like PASCO screaming "CHINEEEESE" .. but we were there first.

do you believe in gravity?

special relative.

in any case; "fusion and fission" are futile pursuits in this day in age; unless you manage to somehow ... become the "D" people that placed a strange wall on the Rain Neuromoprhics LinkedIn sea ...

I had my first "computer" (that wasnt an Atari or a ... ping pond padle kind of simpler than an Atari) much earlier, at least 4 years before .. but I had an older brother Seth, whose best friend and our near neighbor in Plantation was named "Andy."

He's the first ... "Andy." (srne1)

In any case he had "modified the code of some MMORP or "MUD" sort of text based choose your own adventure games to create one "like Spaceballs" of Star Wars; with "penis references" and Swchwartz nearly as big as ... Cough; Petreus, and nowhere near the size of a Big jMac.

I also played a game called "Ali Baba and the Prince of Thieves" on the same Apple II or IIe; and can barely remember playing the GAIA game on "Geowindows" (which I think was an early IBM competitor to MSFT)

massive synchronicity here

just left Harris county; which is apparently the new Post-Maricopa/Pinal name for Houston; also there's the VP and the most important connection "Harris Mufson,"

who kissed Julie Marx on the steps of the Capitol; in front of "the entirety of our sixth grade class" ... during our first visit to Washington;

He walked back on the bus, and as well as I can remember "screamed with elation" to Michael Abrajami

"I did it, big boy!"

Maybe Sam wants to smooch with me and start working on a NeuralLink competitor that might work directly with something like UCF and Rain Neuromorphics in order to .. you know; "get smart enough to hire me."

the purpose of a system is a what it does, POSIWID, Stafford Beer 2001. Used a starting point for understanding a system as opposed to intention, bias in expectations, moral judgment, and lacking context knowledge.

to the wahaa?

and im not sure where i was the day

phonebooth

confused the xecuter2 hack of the DRM chip the NSA installed in my Microsoft "phone-net-WMD" with ummm ....

john wilkes-barre pennsylvania. or bethlehem.

what is a ha moat c

# le

hem

min haaretz

My dad was a paralegal

latest version

Better still HTML provides quasi homoiconicity between information content and software capabilities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpenhow_Hill

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_poverty

I'm hoping public hypothesis annotations turn out to be more than a fad.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_follows_function#:~:text=Form%20follows%20function%20is%20a,its%20intended%20function%20or%20purpose.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_of_the_people

"Religion is the opium of the people." — Karl Marx German: "Die Religion [...] ist das Opium des Volkes" Full sentence (with context): "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people."

this is "all swords" and makes no sense in this context; all swords do not discriminate "who they cut down" ... it's pretty clear the change is moronic; and that this original legend was of a sword that was deisgned to "discriminate and specifically ...

oh its the second one

the sword that can only do holy things

so i dont really know what this wikipedia page says, but the original one i read said that it was a magic sword, forged to "do no evil" and that's basically the "gist" of what my "boom" is designed and read back to me as being;.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Elliott

Peterson criticises Eckhart Tolle in one of his videos, mistaking him to be a humanist (he is more of a mystic, though...). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEnQ78FkdaE

Funnily enough, Eckhart did mention the humanist movement, in one of his videos. He related this to a period of more awareness and awakening that was brought to the masses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement

nice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quid_pro_quo

"theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it" "theres no reason to want it"

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Contents

• • [

    Designing a tympanum through stereographic projection

    ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#Designing_a_tympanum_through_stereographic_projection) - [

    The tropics and the equator define the tympanum
    
    ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#The_tropics_and_the_equator_define_the_tympanum)
    

    • [

      The horizon and the measurement of altitude

      ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#The_horizon_and_the_measurement_of_altitude) - [

      The meridians and the measurement of azimuth

      ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#The_meridians_and_the_measurement_of_azimuth) - [

  See also

  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#See_also) - [

  References

  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#References) - [

  Bibliography

  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#Bibliography) - [

  External links

  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#External_links)

Astrolabe

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other pages with a similar name, see Astrolabe (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cosmolabe.

North African, 9th century AD, Planispheric Astrolabe. Khalili Collection.

A modern astrolabe made in Tabriz, Iran in 2013.

An astrolabe (Greek: ἀστρολάβος astrolábos, 'star-taker'; Arabic: ٱلأَسْطُرلاب al-Asṭurlāb; Persian: ستاره‌یاب Setāreyāb) is an astronomical instrument dating to ancient times. It serves as a star chart and physical model of visible heavenly bodies. Its various functions also make it an elaborate inclinometer and an analog calculation device capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy. In its simplest form it is a metal disc with a pattern of wires, cutouts, and perforations that allows a user to calculate astronomical positions precisely. It is able to measure the altitude above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time (and vice versa), to survey, or to triangulate. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery for all these purposes.

The astrolabe, which is a precursor to the sextant,^[1]^ is effective for determining latitude on land or calm seas. Although it is less reliable on the heaving deck of a ship in rough seas, the mariner's astrolabe was developed to solve that problem.

Applications

16th-century woodcut of measurement of a building's height with an astrolabe

The 10th-century astronomer ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī wrote a massive text of 386 chapters on the astrolabe, which reportedly described more than 1,000 applications for the astrolabe's various functions.^[2]^ These ranged from the astrological, the astronomical and the religious, to navigation, seasonal and daily time-keeping, and tide tables. At the time of their use, astrology was widely considered as much of a serious science as astronomy, and study of the two went hand-in-hand. The astronomical interest varied between folk astronomy (of the pre-Islamic tradition in Arabia) which was concerned with celestial and seasonal observations, and mathematical astronomy, which would inform intellectual practices and precise calculations based on astronomical observations. In regard to the astrolabe's religious function, the demands of Islamic prayer times were to be astronomically determined to ensure precise daily timings, and the qibla, the direction of Mecca towards which Muslims must pray, could also be determined by this device. In addition to this, the lunar calendar that was informed by the calculations of the astrolabe was of great significance to the religion of Islam, given that it determines the dates of important religious observances such as Ramadan.^[citation needed]^

Etymology

The Oxford English Dictionary gives the translation "star-taker" for the English word astrolabe and traces it through medieval Latin to the Greek word ἀστρολάβος : astrolábos,^[3]^^[4]^ from ἄστρον : astron "star" and λαμβάνειν : lambanein "to take".^[5]^

In the medieval Islamic world the Arabic word al-Asturlāb (i.e., astrolabe) was given various etymologies. In Arabic texts, the word is translated as ākhidhu al-Nujūm (Arabic: آخِذُ ٱلنُّجُومْ, lit. 'star-taker'), a direct translation of the Greek word.^[6]^

Al-Biruni quotes and criticises medieval scientist Hamza al-Isfahani who stated:^[6]^ "asturlab is an arabisation of this Persian phrase" (sitara yab, meaning "taker of the stars").^[7]^ In medieval Islamic sources, there is also a folk etymology of the word as "lines of lab", where "Lab" refers to a certain son of Idris (Enoch). This etymology is mentioned by a 10th-century scientist named al-Qummi but rejected by al-Khwarizmi.^[8]^

History

Ancient era

An astrolabe is essentially a plane (two-dimensional) version of an armillary sphere, which had already been invented in the Hellenistic period and probably been used by Hipparchus to produce his star catalogue. Theon of Alexandria (c. 335 -- c. 405) wrote a detailed treatise on the astrolabe.^[9]^ The invention of the plane astrolabe is sometimes wrongly attributed to Theon's daughter Hypatia (born c. 350--370; died AD 415),^[10]^^[11]^^[12]^^[13]^ but it's known to have been used much earlier.^[11]^^[12]^^[13]^ The misattribution comes from a misinterpretation of a statement in a letter written by Hypatia's pupil Synesius (c. 373 -- c. 414),^[11]^^[12]^^[13]^ which mentions that Hypatia had taught him how to construct a plane astrolabe, but does not say that she invented it.^[11]^^[12]^^[13]^ Lewis argues that Ptolemy used an astrolabe to make the astronomical observations recorded in the Tetrabiblos.^[9]^ However, Emilie Savage-Smith notes "there is no convincing evidence that Ptolemy or any of his predecessors knew about the planispheric astrolabe".^[14]^ In chapter 5,1 of the Almagest, Ptolemy describes the construction of an armillary sphere, and it is usually assumed that this was the instrument he used.

Astrolabes continued to be used in the Byzantine Empire. Christian philosopher John Philoponus wrote a treatise (c. 550) on the astrolabe in Greek, which is the earliest extant treatise on the instrument.^[a]^ Mesopotamian bishop Severus Sebokht also wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in the Syriac language during the mid-7th century.^[b]^ Sebokht refers to the astrolabe as being made of brass in the introduction of his treatise, indicating that metal astrolabes were known in the Christian East well before they were developed in the Islamic world or in the Latin West.^[15]^

Medieval era

Astrolabes were further developed in the medieval Islamic world, where Muslim astronomers introduced angular scales to the design,^[16]^ adding circles indicating azimuths on the horizon.^[17]^ It was widely used throughout the Muslim world, chiefly as an aid to navigation and as a way of finding the Qibla, the direction of Mecca. Eighth-century mathematician Muhammad al-Fazari is the first person credited with building the astrolabe in the Islamic world.^[18]^

The mathematical background was established by Muslim astronomer Albatenius in his treatise Kitab az-Zij (c. AD 920), which was translated into Latin by Plato Tiburtinus (De Motu Stellarum). The earliest surviving astrolabe is dated AH 315 (AD 927--928). In the Islamic world, astrolabes were used to find the times of sunrise and the rising of fixed stars, to help schedule morning prayers (salat). In the 10th century, al-Sufi first described over 1,000 different uses of an astrolabe, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, prayer, Salat, Qibla, etc.^[19]^^[20]^

An Arab astrolabe from 1208

The spherical astrolabe was a variation of both the astrolabe and the armillary sphere, invented during the Middle Ages by astronomers and inventors in the Islamic world.^[c]^ The earliest description of the spherical astrolabe dates to Al-Nayrizi (fl. 892--902). In the 12th century, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī invented the linear astrolabe, sometimes called the "staff of al-Tusi", which was "a simple wooden rod with graduated markings but without sights. It was furnished with a plumb line and a double chord for making angular measurements and bore a perforated pointer".^[21]^ The geared mechanical astrolabe was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan in 1235.^[22]^

The first known metal astrolabe in Western Europe is the Destombes astrolabe made from brass in the eleventh century in Portugal.^[23]^^[24]^ Metal astrolabes avoided the warping that large wooden ones were prone to, allowing the construction of larger and therefore more accurate instruments. Metal astrolabes were heavier than wooden instruments of the same size, making it difficult to use them in navigation.^[25]^

Spherical astrolabe

A depiction of Hermann of Reichenau with an astrolabe in a 13th-century manuscript by Matthew Paris

Herman Contractus of Reichenau Abbey, examined the use of the astrolabe in Mensura Astrolai during the 11th century.^[26]^ Peter of Maricourt wrote a treatise on the construction and use of a universal astrolabe in the last half of the 13th century entitled Nova compositio astrolabii particularis. Universal astrolabes can be found at the History of Science Museum in Oxford.^[27]^ David A. King, historian of Islamic instrumentation, describes the universal astrolobe designed by Ibn al-Sarraj of Aleppo (aka Ahmad bin Abi Bakr; fl. 1328) as "the most sophisticated astronomical instrument from the entire Medieval and Renaissance periods".^[28]^

English author Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343--1400) compiled A Treatise on the Astrolabe for his son, mainly based on a work by Messahalla or Ibn al-Saffar.^[29]^^[30]^ The same source was translated by French astronomer and astrologer Pélerin de Prusse and others. The first printed book on the astrolabe was Composition and Use of Astrolabe by Christian of Prachatice, also using Messahalla, but relatively original.

Front of an Indian astrolabe now kept at the Royal Museum of Scotland at Edinburgh.

In 1370, the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe was written by the Jain astronomer Mahendra Suri, titled Yantrarāja.^[31]^

A simplified astrolabe, known as a balesilha, was used by sailors to get an accurate reading of latitude while at sea. The use of the balesilha was promoted by Prince Henry (1394--1460) while navigating for Portugal.^[32]^

The astrolabe was almost certainly first brought north of the Pyrenees by Gerbert of Aurillac (future Pope Sylvester II), where it was integrated into the quadrivium at the school in Reims, France, sometime before the turn of the 11th century.^[33]^ In the 15th century, French instrument maker Jean Fusoris (c. 1365--1436) also started remaking and selling astrolabes in his shop in Paris, along with portable sundials and other popular scientific devices of the day.

Astronomical Instrument Detail by Ieremias Palladas 1612

Thirteen of his astrolabes survive to this day.^[34]^ One more special example of craftsmanship in early 15th-century Europe is the astrolabe designed by Antonius de Pacento and made by Dominicus de Lanzano, dated 1420.^[35]^

In the 16th century, Johannes Stöffler published Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii, a manual of the construction and use of the astrolabe. Four identical 16th-century astrolabes made by Georg Hartmann provide some of the earliest evidence for batch production by division of labor. In 1612, Greek painter Ieremias Palladas incorporated a sophisticated astrolabe in his painting depicting Catherine of Alexandria. The painting was entitled Catherine of Alexandria and featured a device called the System of the Universe (Σύστημα τοῦ Παντός). The device featured the planets with the names in Greek: Selene (Moon), Hermes (Mercury), Aphrodite (Venus), Helios (Sun), Ares (Mars), Zeus (Jupiter), and Chronos (Saturn). The device also featured celestial spheres following the Ptolemaic model and Earth was depicted as a blue sphere with circles of geographic coordinates. A complex line representing the axis of the Earth covered the entire instrument.^[36]^

Medieval astrolabes

• 

  A treatise explaining the importance of the astrolabe by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist

• 

  Astrolabe of Jean Fusoris, made in Paris, 1400

• 

  An 18th-century Persian astrolabe

• 

  Disassembled 18th-century astrolabe

• 

  Exploded view of an astrolabe

• 

  Animation showing how celestial and geographic coordinates are mapped on an astrolabe's tympan through a stereographic projection. Hypothetical tympan (40° north latitude) of a 16th-century European planispheric astrolabe.

• 

  Astrolabe manual from the Alfonso X of Castile work Libros del saber de astronomía, 1276.

• 

  A page from the 1575 book "Astrolabium" depicting an astrolabe. Masha'Allah Public Library Bruges [nl] Ms. 522

Astrolabes and clocks

Amerigo Vespucci observing the Southern Cross by looking over the top of an armillary sphere bizarrely held from the top as if it were an astrolabe; however, an astrolabe cannot be used by looking over its top. The page inexplicably contains the word astrolabium. By Jan Collaert II. Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerp, Belgium.

Mechanical astronomical clocks were initially influenced by the astrolabe; they could be seen in many ways as clockwork astrolabes designed to produce a continual display of the current position of the sun, stars, and planets. For example, Richard of Wallingford's clock (c. 1330) consisted essentially of a star map rotating behind a fixed rete, similar to that of an astrolabe.^[37]^

Many astronomical clocks use an astrolabe-style display, such as the famous clock at Prague, adopting a stereographic projection (see below) of the ecliptic plane. In recent times, astrolabe watches have become popular. For example, Swiss watchmaker Ludwig Oechslin designed and built an astrolabe wristwatch in conjunction with Ulysse Nardin in 1985.^[38]^ Dutch watchmaker Christaan van der Klauuw also manufactures astrolabe watches today.^[39]^

Construction

An astrolabe consists of a disk, called the mater (mother), which is deep enough to hold one or more flat plates called tympans, or climates. A tympan is made for a specific latitude and is engraved with a stereographic projection of circles denoting azimuth and altitude and representing the portion of the celestial sphere above the local horizon. The rim of the mater is typically graduated into hours of time, degrees of arc, or both.^[40]^

Above the mater and tympan, the rete, a framework bearing a projection of the ecliptic plane and several pointers indicating the positions of the brightest stars, is free to rotate. These pointers are often just simple points, but depending on the skill of the craftsman can be very elaborate and artistic. There are examples of astrolabes with artistic pointers in the shape of balls, stars, snakes, hands, dogs' heads, and leaves, among others.^[40]^ The names of the indicated stars were often engraved on the pointers in Arabic or Latin.^[41]^ Some astrolabes have a narrow rule or label which rotates over the rete, and may be marked with a scale of declinations.

The rete, representing the sky, functions as a star chart. When it is rotated, the stars and the ecliptic move over the projection of the coordinates on the tympan. One complete rotation corresponds to the passage of a day. The astrolabe is, therefore, a predecessor of the modern planisphere.

On the back of the mater, there is often engraved a number of scales that are useful in the astrolabe's various applications. These vary from designer to designer, but might include curves for time conversions, a calendar for converting the day of the month to the sun's position on the ecliptic, trigonometric scales, and graduation of 360 degrees around the back edge. The alidade is attached to the back face. An alidade can be seen in the lower right illustration of the Persian astrolabe above. When the astrolabe is held vertically, the alidade can be rotated and the sun or a star sighted along its length, so that its altitude in degrees can be read ("taken") from the graduated edge of the astrolabe; hence the word's Greek roots: "astron" (ἄστρον) = star + "lab-" (λαβ-) = to take. The alidade had vertical and horizontal cross-hairs which plots locations on an azimuthal ring called an almucantar (altitude-distance circle).

An arm called a radius connects from the center of the astrolabe to the optical axis which is parallel with another arm also called a radius. The other radius contains graduations of altitude and distance measurements.

A shadow square also appears on the back of some astrolabes, developed by Muslim astrologists in the 9th Century, whereas devices of the Ancient Greek tradition featured only altitude scales on the back of the devices.^[42]^ This was used to convert shadow lengths and the altitude of the sun, the uses of which were various from surveying to measuring inaccessible heights.^[43]^

Devices were usually signed by their maker with an inscription appearing on the back of the astrolabe, and if there was a patron of the object, their name would appear inscribed on the front, or in some cases, the name of the reigning sultan or the teacher of the astrolabist has also been found to appear inscribed in this place.^[44]^ The date of the astrolabe's construction was often also signed, which has allowed historians to determine that these devices are the second oldest scientific instrument in the world. The inscriptions on astrolabes also allowed historians to conclude that astronomers tended to make their own astrolabes, but that many were also made to order and kept in stock to sell, suggesting there was some contemporary market for the devices.^[44]^

Construction of astrolabes

• 

  The Hartmann astrolabe in Yale collection. This instrument shows its rete and rule.

• 

  Celestial Globe, Isfahan (?), Iran 1144. Shown at the Louvre Museum, this globe is the third oldest surviving in the world.

• 

  Computer-generated planispheric astrolabe

Mathematical basis

The construction and design of astrolabes are based on the application of the stereographic projection of the celestial sphere. The point from which the projection is usually made is the South Pole. The plane onto which the projection is made is that of the Equator.^[45]^

Designing a tympanum through stereographic projection

Parts of an Astrolabe tympanum

The tympanum captures the celestial coordinate axes upon which the rete will rotate. It is the component that will enable the precise determination of a star's position at a specific time of day and year.

Therefore, it should project:

1. The zenith, which will vary depending on the latitude of the astrolabe user.
2. The horizon line and almucantar or circles parallel to the horizon, which will allow for the determination of a celestial body's altitude (from the horizon to the zenith).
3. The celestial meridian (north-south meridian, passing through the zenith) and secondary meridians (circles intersecting the north-south meridian at the zenith), which will enable the measurement of azimuth for a celestial body.
4. The three main circles of latitude (Capricorn, Equator, and Cancer) to determine the exact moments of solstices and equinoxes throughout the year.

The tropics and the equator define the tympanum

Stereographic projection of Earth's tropics and equator from the South Pole.

On the right side of the image above:

1. The blue sphere represents the celestial sphere.
2. The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the North Star).
3. The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
4. The geographic south of the celestial sphere acts as the projection pole.
5. The celestial equatorial plane serves as the projection plane.
6. Three parallel circles represent the projection on the celestial sphere of Earth's main circles of latitude:
   • In orange, the celestial Tropic of Cancer.
   • In purple, the celestial equator.
   • In green, the celestial Tropic of Capricorn.

When projecting onto the celestial equatorial plane, three concentric circles correspond to the celestial sphere's three circles of latitude (left side of the image). The largest of these, the projection on the celestial equatorial plane of the celestial Tropic of Capricorn, defines the size of the astrolabe's tympanum. The center of the tympanum (and the center of the three circles) is actually the north-south axis around which Earth rotates, and therefore, the rete of the astrolabe will rotate around this point as the hours of the day pass (due to Earth's rotational motion).

The three concentric circles on the tympanum are useful for determining the exact moments of solstices and equinoxes throughout the year: if the sun's altitude at noon on the rete is known and coincides with the outer circle of the tympanum (Tropic of Capricorn), it signifies the winter solstice (the sun will be at the zenith for an observer at the Tropic of Capricorn, meaning summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere). If, on the other hand, its altitude coincides with the inner circle (Tropic of Cancer), it indicates the summer solstice. If its altitude is on the middle circle (equator), it corresponds to one of the two equinoxes.

The horizon and the measurement of altitude

Stereographic projection of an observer's horizon at a specific latitude

On the right side of the image above:

1. The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the North Star).
2. The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
3. The black arrow represents the zenith direction for the observer (which would vary depending on the observer's latitude).
4. The two black circles represent the horizon surrounding the observer, which is perpendicular to the zenith vector and defines the portion of the celestial sphere visible to the observer, and its projection on the celestial equatorial plane.
5. The geographic south of the celestial sphere acts as the projection pole.
6. The celestial equatorial plane serves as the projection plane.

When projecting the horizon onto the celestial equatorial plane, it transforms into an ellipse upward-shifted relatively to the center of the tympanum (both the observer and the projection of the north-south axis). This implies that a portion of the celestial sphere will fall outside the outer circle of the tympanum (the projection of the celestial Tropic of Capricorn) and, therefore, won't be represented.

Stereographic projection of the horizon and an almucantar.

Additionally, when drawing circles parallel to the horizon up to the zenith (almucantar), and projecting them on the celestial equatorial plane, as in the image above, a grid of consecutive ellipses is constructed, allowing for the determination of a star's altitude when its rete overlaps with the designed tympanum.

The meridians and the measurement of azimuth

Stereographic projection of the north-south meridian and a meridian 40° E on the tympanum of an astrolabe

On the right side of the image above:

1. The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the North Star).
2. The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
3. The black arrow represents the zenith direction for the observer (which would vary depending on the observer's latitude).
4. The two black circles represent the horizon surrounding the observer, which is perpendicular to the zenith vector and defines the portion of the celestial sphere visible to the observer, and its projection on the celestial equatorial plane.
5. The five red dots represent the zenith, the nadir (the point on the celestial sphere opposite the zenith with respect to the observer), their projections on the celestial equatorial plane, and the center (with no physical meaning attached) of the circle obtained by projecting the secondary meridian (see below) on the celestial equatorial plane.
6. The orange circle represents the celestial meridian (or meridian that goes, for the observer, from the north of the horizon to the south of the horizon passing through the zenith).
7. The two red circles represent a secondary meridian with an azimuth of 40° East relative to the observer's horizon (which, like all secondary meridians, intersects the principal meridian at the zenith and nadir), and its projection on the celestial equatorial plane.
8. The geographic south of the celestial sphere acts as the projection pole.
9. The celestial equatorial plane serves as the projection plane.

When projecting the celestial meridian, it results in a straight line that overlaps with the vertical axis of the tympanum, where the zenith and nadir are located. However, when projecting the 40° E meridian, another circle is obtained that passes through both the zenith and nadir projections, so its center is located on the perpendicular bisection of the segment connecting both points. In deed, the projection of the celestial meridian can be considered as a circle with an infinite radius (a straight line) whose center is on this bisection and at an infinite distance from these two points.

If successive meridians that divide the celestial sphere into equal sectors (like "orange slices" radiating from the zenith) are projected, a family of curves passing through the zenith projection on the tympanum is obtained. These curves, once overlaid with the rete containing the major stars, allow for determining the azimuth of a star located on the rete and rotated for a specific time of day.

See also

• Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
• Equatorium
• Hamburg Planetarium
• List of astronomical instruments
• Philippe Danfrie, designer and maker of mathematical instruments, globes and astrolabes
• Planetarium
• Yantraraja
• Zeiss-Planetarium Jena

References

Footnotes

1.

1. Savage-Smith, Emilie (1993). "Book Reviews". Journal of Islamic Studies. 4 (2): 296--299. doi:10.1093/jis/4.2.296. There is no evidence for the Hellenistic origin of the spherical astrolabe, but rather evidence so far available suggests that it may have been an early but distinctly Islamic development with no Greek antecedents.

Notes

1.

1. Gentili, Graziano; Simonutti, Luisa; Struppa, Daniele C. (2020). "The Mathematics of the Astrolabe and Its History". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics. 10: 101--144. doi:10.5642/jhummath.202001.07. hdl:2158/1182616. S2CID 211008813.

Bibliography

• Evans, James (1998), The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509539-1
• Stöffler, Johannes (2007) [First published 1513], Stoeffler's Elucidatio -- The Construction and Use of the Astrolabe [Elucidatio Fabricae Ususque Astrolabii], translated by Gunella, Alessandro; Lamprey, John, John Lamprey, ISBN 978-1-4243-3502-2
• King, D. A. (1981), "The Origin of the Astrolabe According to the Medieval Islamic Sources", Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 5: 43--83
• King, Henry (1978), Geared to the Stars: the Evolution of Planetariums, Orreries, and Astronomical Clocks, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-2312-4
• Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003), Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World, Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31342-4
• Laird, Edgar (1997), Carol Poster and Richard Utz (ed.), "Astrolabes and the Construction of Time in the Late Middle Ages", Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press: 51--69
• Laird, Edgar; Fischer, Robert, eds. (1995), "Critical edition of Pélerin de Prusse on the Astrolabe (translation of Practique de Astralabe)", Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, Binghamton, New York, ISBN 0-86698-132-2
• Lewis, M. J. T. (2001), Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-511-48303-5
• Morrison, James E. (2007), The Astrolabe, Janus, ISBN 978-0-939320-30-1
• Neugebauer, Otto E. (1975), A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-61912-0
• North, John David (2005), God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-85285-451-5

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:\ Astrolabe (category)

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Astrolabe".

Look up astrolabe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Interactive digital astrolabe by Alex Boxer
• A digital astrolabe (HTML5 and javascript)
• Astrolabe Tech Made ... Not So Easy
• paper astrolabe generator, from the ESO
• "Hello World!" for the Astrolabe: The First Computer Video of Howard Covitz's Presentation at Ignite Phoenix, June 2009. Slides for Presentation Licensed as Creative Commons by-nc-nd.
• Video of Tom Wujec demonstrating an astrolabe. Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Taken at TEDGlobal 2009. Includes clickable transcript. Licensed as Creative Commons by-nc-nd.
• Archive of James E. Morrison's extensive website on Astrolabes
• A working model of the Dr. Ludwig Oechslin's Astrolabium Galileo Galilei watch
• Ulysse Nardin Astrolabium Galilei Galileo: A Detailed Explanation
• Fully illustrated online catalogue of world's largest collection of astrolabes
• Mobile astrolabe and horologium
• Medieval equal hour horary quadrant
• A Beginner's Guide to Basic Construction and Use of the Astrolabe (using ruler, protractor and compasses) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-17, retrieved 2018-10-26

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  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#Construction)- [

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  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe#Mathematical_basis)- Modern editions of John Philoponus' treatise on the astrolabe are De usu astrolabii eiusque constructione libellus (On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe), ed. Heinrich Hase, Bonn: E. Weber, 1839, OCLC 165707441 (or id. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 6 (1839): 127--71); repr. and translated into French by Alain Philippe Segonds, Jean Philopon, traité de l'astrolabe, Paris: Librairie Alain Brieux, 1981, OCLC 10467740; and translated into English by H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World, Vol. 1/2, Oxford, 1932, OL 18840299M repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, OL 14132393M pp. 61--81.- O'Leary, De Lacy (1948). How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs. Routledge and Kegan Paul. "The most distinguished Syriac scholar of this later period was Severus Sebokht (d. 666--7), Bishop of Kennesrin. [...] In addition to these works [...] he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899)."\ Severus' treatise was translated by Jessie Payne Smith Margoliouth in R.T. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World, Oxford, 1932, pp. 82--103.- "HISTORIANS' HOME YIELDS RICH LODE; New York Society Searches Its Own Building for Items to Mark Anniversary; SHOW OPENS THURSDAY; Portrait of Stuyvesant and Champlain's Astrolabe Will Be on Display". The New York Times. May 18, 1964. Retrieved February 4, 2024.- Bean, Adam L. (2009). "Astrolabes". In Birx, H. James (ed.). Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. 59--60. ISBN 978-1-4129-4164-8.- "Astrolabe". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989.- "Astrolabe". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013.- "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-11-07.- King 1981, p. 44.- King 1981, p. 51.- King 1981, p. 45.- Lewis 2001.- Michael Deakin (August 3, 1997). "Ockham's Razor: Hypatia of Alexandria". ABC Radio. Retrieved July 10, 2014.- Theodore, Jonathan (2016). The Modern Cultural Myth of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Manchester, England: Palgrave, Macmillan. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-137-56997-4.- Deakin, Michael A. B. (2007). Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 102--104. ISBN 978-1-59102-520-7.- Bradley, Michael John (2006). The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times to 1300. New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 9780816054237.- Savage-Smith, Emilie (1992). "Celestial Mapping" (PDF). In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.). The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. The History of Cartography. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226316351.- Sebokht, Severus. "Description of the astrolabe". Tertullian.org.- See p. 289 of Martin, L. C. (1923), "Surveying and navigational instruments from the historical standpoint", Transactions of the Optical Society, 24 (5): 289--303, Bibcode:1923TrOS...24..289M, doi:10.1088/1475-4878/24/5/302, ISSN 1475-4878.- Berggren, J. Lennart (2007), "Mathematics in Medieval Islam", in Katz, Victor J. (ed.), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a Sourcebook, Princeton University Press, p. 519, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9- Richard Nelson Frye: Golden Age of Persia. p. 163- Nizamoglu, Cem (2005-08-10). "Using an Astrolabe". Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 2023-10-16.- Lachièz-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2001). Celestial Treasury: From the Music of Spheres to the Conquest of Space. Translated by Joe Laredo. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-521-80040-2.- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews- Bedini, Silvio A.; Maddison, Francis R. (1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 56 (5): 1--69. doi:10.2307/1006002. JSTOR 1006002.- "Qantara -- 'Carolingian' astrolabe". Qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2013-11-07.- Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". p. 140. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00950-3- Boyle, David (2011). Toward the Setting Sun: Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, and the Race for America. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 253. ISBN 9780802779786..- Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015). Encyclopedia of world trade: from ancient times to the present (Enhanced Credo ed.). Armonk, New York: Routledge. pp. 72. ISBN 978-0765680587. OCLC 889717964.- "Introduction". The Astrolabe: an Online Resource. 2006. Retrieved 2020-05-15.- Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (1992). The history of cartography. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-226-31635-1.- Kunitzsch, Paul (1981). "On the authenticity of the treatise on the composition and use of the astrolabe ascribed to Messahalla". Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences Oxford. 31 (106): 42--62.- Selin, Helaine (2008-03-12). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1335. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2. Paul Kunitzsch has recently established that the Latin treatise on the astrolabe long ascribed to Ma'sh'allah and translated by John of Seville is in fact by Ibn al-Saffar, a disciple of Maslama al-Majriti.- Glick, Thomas; et al., eds. (2005), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, p. 464, ISBN 0-415-96930-1- Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015). Encyclopedia of world trade : from ancient times to the present ([Enhanced Credo edition] ed.). Armonk, New York: Routledge. pp. 460. ISBN 978-0765680587. OCLC 889717964.- Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". p. 143. basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00950-3- Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.- Ralf Kern (2010), Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Band 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, S. 204. ISBN 978-3-86560-865-9- Vafea, Flora (2017). "The Astronomical Instruments in Saint Catherine's Iconography at the Holy Monastery of Sinai The Almagest Volume 8, Issue 2". Almagest. 8 (2). Paris: University of Paris: 87. doi:10.1484/J.ALMAGEST.5.114932.- North 2005.- "Astrolabium G. Galilei". Ulysse Nardin. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011.- "Christaan van der Klauuw".- Stephenson, Bruce; Bolt, Marvin; Friedman, Anna Felicity (2000). The Universe Unveiled: Instruments and Images through History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108--109. ISBN 0-521-79143-X.- "Star Names on Astrolabes". Ian Ridpath. Retrieved 2016-11-12.- King, David A. Some Medieval Astronomical Instruments and Their Secrets, in Mazzolini, R. G. (ed.), Non-Verbal Communication in Science prior to 1900. Florence. p. 30.- King, David A. (2018). The Astrolabe: What it is & what it is not. Frankfurt, Germany: Frankfurt.- Mayer, L. A. (1956). Islamic astrolabists and their works*. A. Kunding. Bibcode:[1956iatw.book.....M](https://ui.a Main menu

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the sextant as used for navigation. For other uses, see Sextant (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Sexton (disambiguation). A sextant

A sextant is a doubly reflecting navigation instrument that measures the angular distance between two visible objects. The primary use of a sextant is to measure the angle between an astronomical object and the horizon for the purposes of celestial navigation.

The estimation of this angle, the altitude, is known as sighting or shooting the object, or taking a sight. The angle, and the time when it was measured, can be used to calculate a position line on a nautical or aeronautical chart—for example, sighting the Sun at noon or Polaris at night (in the Northern Hemisphere) to estimate latitude (with sight reduction). Sighting the height of a landmark can give a measure of distance off and, held horizontally, a sextant can measure angles between objects for a position on a chart.[1] A sextant can also be used to measure the lunar distance between the moon and another celestial object (such as a star or planet) in order to determine Greenwich Mean Time and hence longitude.

The principle of the instrument was first implemented around 1731 by John Hadley (1682–1744) and Thomas Godfrey (1704–1749), but it was also found later in the unpublished writings of Isaac Newton (1643–1727).

In 1922, it was modified for aeronautical navigation by Portuguese navigator and naval officer Gago Coutinho. Navigational sextants

Like the Davis quadrant, the sextant allows celestial objects to be measured relative to the horizon, rather than relative to the instrument. This allows excellent precision. Also, unlike the backstaff, the sextant allows direct observations of stars. This permits the use of the sextant at night when a backstaff is difficult to use. For solar observations, filters allow direct observation of the Sun.

Since the measurement is relative to the horizon, the measuring pointer is a beam of light that reaches to the horizon. The measurement is thus limited by the angular accuracy of the instrument and not the sine error of the length of an alidade, as it is in a mariner's astrolabe or similar older instrument.

A sextant does not require a completely steady aim, because it measures a relative angle. For example, when a sextant is used on a moving ship, the image of both horizon and celestial object will move around in the field of view. However, the relative position of the two images will remain steady, and as long as the user can determine when the celestial object touches the horizon, the accuracy of the measurement will remain high compared to the magnitude of the movement.

The sextant is not dependent upon electricity (unlike many forms of modern navigation) or any human-controlled signals (such as GPS). For these reasons it is considered to be an eminently practical back-up navigation tool for ships. Design

The frame of a sextant is in the shape of a sector which is approximately 1⁄6 of a circle (60°),[2] hence its name (sextāns, sextantis is the Latin word for "one sixth"). Both smaller and larger instruments are (or were) in use: the octant, quintant (or pentant) and the (doubly reflecting) quadrant[3] span sectors of approximately 1⁄8 of a circle (45°), 1⁄5 of a circle (72°) and 1⁄4 of a circle (90°), respectively. All of these instruments may be termed "sextants". Marine sextant Using the sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon Sextants can also be used by navigators to measure horizontal angles between objects.

Attached to the frame are the "horizon mirror", an index arm which moves the index mirror, a sighting telescope, Sun shades, a graduated scale and a micrometer drum gauge for accurate measurements. The scale must be graduated so that the marked degree divisions register twice the angle through which the index arm turns. The scales of the octant, sextant, quintant and quadrant are graduated from below zero to 90°, 120°, 140° and 180° respectively. For example, the sextant illustrated has a scale graduated from −10° to 142°, which is basically a quintant: the frame is a sector of a circle subtending an angle of 76° at the pivot of the index arm.

The necessity for the doubled scale reading follows from consideration of the relations of the fixed ray (between the mirrors), the object ray (from the sighted object) and the direction of the normal perpendicular to the index mirror. When the index arm moves by an angle, say 20°, the angle between the fixed ray and the normal also increases by 20°. But the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection so the angle between the object ray and the normal must also increase by 20°. The angle between the fixed ray and the object ray must therefore increase by 40°. This is the case shown in the graphic.

There are two types of horizon mirrors on the market today. Both types give good results.

Traditional sextants have a half-horizon mirror, which divides the field of view in two. On one side, there is a view of the horizon; on the other side, a view of the celestial object. The advantage of this type is that both the horizon and celestial object are bright and as clear as possible. This is superior at night and in haze, when the horizon and/or a star being sighted can be difficult to see. However, one has to sweep the celestial object to ensure that the lowest limb of the celestial object touches the horizon.

Whole-horizon sextants use a half-silvered horizon mirror to provide a full view of the horizon. This makes it easy to see when the bottom limb of a celestial object touches the horizon. Since most sights are of the Sun or Moon, and haze is rare without overcast, the low-light advantages of the half-horizon mirror are rarely important in practice.

In both types, larger mirrors give a larger field of view, and thus make it easier to find a celestial object. Modern sextants often have 5 cm or larger mirrors, while 19th-century sextants rarely had a mirror larger than 2.5 cm (one inch). In large part, this is because precision flat mirrors have grown less expensive to manufacture and to silver.

An artificial horizon is useful when the horizon is invisible, as occurs in fog, on moonless nights, in a calm, when sighting through a window or on land surrounded by trees or buildings. There are two common designs of artificial horizon. An artificial horizon can consist simply of a pool of water shielded from the wind, allowing the user to measure the distance between the body and its reflection, and divide by two. Another design allows the mounting of a fluid-filled tube with bubble directly to the sextant.

Most sextants also have filters for use when viewing the Sun and reducing the effects of haze. The filters usually consist of a series of progressively darker glasses that can be used singly or in combination to reduce haze and the Sun's brightness. However, sextants with adjustable polarizing filters have also been manufactured, where the degree of darkness is adjusted by twisting the frame of the filter.

Most sextants mount a 1 or 3-power monocular for viewing. Many users prefer a simple sighting tube, which has a wider, brighter field of view and is easier to use at night. Some navigators mount a light-amplifying monocular to help see the horizon on moonless nights. Others prefer to use a lit artificial horizon.[citation needed]

Professional sextants use a click-stop degree measure and a worm adjustment that reads to a minute, 1/60 of a degree. Most sextants also include a vernier on the worm dial that reads to 0.1 minute. Since 1 minute of error is about a nautical mile, the best possible accuracy of celestial navigation is about 0.1 nautical miles (190 m). At sea, results within several nautical miles, well within visual range, are acceptable. A highly skilled and experienced navigator can determine position to an accuracy of about 0.25-nautical-mile (460 m).[4]

A change in temperature can warp the arc, creating inaccuracies. Many navigators purchase weatherproof cases so that their sextant can be placed outside the cabin to come to equilibrium with outside temperatures. The standard frame designs (see illustration) are supposed to equalise differential angular error from temperature changes. The handle is separated from the arc and frame so that body heat does not warp the frame. Sextants for tropical use are often painted white to reflect sunlight and remain relatively cool. High-precision sextants have an invar (a special low-expansion steel) frame and arc. Some scientific sextants have been constructed of quartz or ceramics with even lower expansions. Many commercial sextants use low-expansion brass or aluminium. Brass is lower-expansion than aluminium, but aluminium sextants are lighter and less tiring to use. Some say they are more accurate because one's hand trembles less. Solid brass frame sextants are less susceptible to wobbling in high winds or when the vessel is working in heavy seas, but as noted are substantially heavier. Sextants with aluminum frames and brass arcs have also been manufactured. Essentially, a sextant is intensely personal to each navigator, and they will choose whichever model has the features which suit them best.

Aircraft sextants are now out of production, but had special features. Most had artificial horizons to permit taking a sight through a flush overhead window. Some also had mechanical averagers to make hundreds of measurements per sight for compensation of random accelerations in the artificial horizon's fluid. Older aircraft sextants had two visual paths, one standard and the other designed for use in open-cockpit aircraft that let one view from directly over the sextant in one's lap. More modern aircraft sextants were periscopic with only a small projection above the fuselage. With these, the navigator pre-computed their sight and then noted the difference in observed versus predicted height of the body to determine their position. Taking a sight

A sight (or measure) of the angle between the Sun, a star, or a planet, and the horizon is done with the 'star telescope' fitted to the sextant using a visible horizon. On a vessel at sea even on misty days a sight may be done from a low height above the water to give a more definite, better horizon. Navigators hold the sextant by its handle in the right hand, avoiding touching the arc with the fingers.[5]

For a Sun sight, a filter is used to overcome the glare such as "shades" covering both index mirror and the horizon mirror designed to prevent eye damage. Initially, with the index bar set to zero and the shades covering both mirrors, the sextant is aimed at the sun until it can be viewed on both mirrors through the telescope, then lowered vertically until the portion of the horizon directly below it is viewed on both mirrors. It is necessary to flip back the horizon mirror shade to be able to see the horizon more clearly on it. Releasing the index bar (either by releasing a clamping screw, or on modern instruments, using the quick-release button), and moving it towards higher values of the scale, eventually the image of the Sun will reappear on the index mirror and can be aligned to about the level of the horizon on the horizon mirror. Then the fine adjustment screw on the end of the index bar is turned until the bottom curve (the lower limb) of the Sun just touches the horizon. "Swinging" the sextant about the axis of the telescope ensures that the reading is being taken with the instrument held vertically. The angle of the sight is then read from the scale on the arc, making use of the micrometer or vernier scale provided. The exact time of the sight must also be noted simultaneously, and the height of the eye above sea-level recorded.[5]

An alternative method is to estimate the current altitude (angle) of the Sun from navigation tables, then set the index bar to that angle on the arc, apply suitable shades only to the index mirror, and point the instrument directly at the horizon, sweeping it from side to side until a flash of the Sun's rays are seen in the telescope. Fine adjustments are then made as above. This method is less likely to be successful for sighting stars and planets.[5]

Star and planet sights are normally taken during nautical twilight at dawn or dusk, while both the heavenly bodies and the sea horizon are visible. There is no need to use shades or to distinguish the lower limb as the body appears as a mere point in the telescope. The Moon can be sighted, but it appears to move very fast, appears to have different sizes at different times, and sometimes only the lower or upper limb can be distinguished due to its phase.[5]

After a sight is taken, it is reduced to a position by looking at several mathematical procedures. The simplest sight reduction is to draw the equal-altitude circle of the sighted celestial object on a globe. The intersection of that circle with a dead-reckoning track, or another sighting, gives a more precise location.

Sextants can be used very accurately to measure other visible angles, for example between one heavenly body and another and between landmarks ashore. Used horizontally, a sextant can measure the apparent angle between two landmarks such as a lighthouse and a church spire, which can then be used to find the distance off or out to sea (provided the distance between the two landmarks is known). Used vertically, a measurement of the angle between the lantern of a lighthouse of known height and the sea level at its base can also be used for distance off.[5] Adjustment

Due to the sensitivity of the instrument it is easy to knock the mirrors out of adjustment. For this reason a sextant should be checked frequently for errors and adjusted accordingly.

There are four errors that can be adjusted by the navigator, and they should be removed in the following order.

Perpendicularity error This is when the index mirror is not perpendicular to the frame of the sextant. To test for this, place the index arm at about 60° on the arc and hold the sextant horizontally with the arc away from you at arm's length and look into the index mirror. The arc of the sextant should appear to continue unbroken into the mirror. If there is an error, then the two views will appear to be broken. Adjust the mirror until the reflection and direct view of the arc appear to be continuous. Side error This occurs when the horizon glass/mirror is not perpendicular to the plane of the instrument. To test for this, first zero the index arm then observe a star through the sextant. Then rotate the tangent screw back and forth so that the reflected image passes alternately above and below the direct view. If in changing from one position to another, the reflected image passes directly over the unreflected image, no side error exists. If it passes to one side, side error exists. Alternatively, the user can hold the sextant on its side and observe the horizon to check the sextant during the day. If there are two horizons there is side error. In both cases, adjust the horizon glass/mirror until respectively the star or the horizon dual images merge into one. Side error is generally inconsequential for observations and can be ignored or reduced to a level that is merely inconvenient. Collimation error This is when the telescope or monocular is not parallel to the plane of the sextant. To check for this you need to observe two stars 90° or more apart. Bring the two stars into coincidence either to the left or the right of the field of view. Move the sextant slightly so that the stars move to the other side of the field of view. If they separate there is collimation error. As modern sextants rarely use adjustable telescopes, they do not need to be corrected for collimation error. Index error This occurs when the index and horizon mirrors are not parallel to each other when the index arm is set to zero. To test for index error, zero the index arm and observe the horizon. If the reflected and direct image of the horizon are in line there is no index error. If one is above the other adjust the index mirror until the two horizons merge. Alternatively, the same procedure can be done at night using a star or the Moon instead of the horizon.

See also

Astrolabe
Bris sextant
Davis quadrant
Gago Coutinho
Harold Gatty
History of longitude
Intercept method
Latitude
Longitude
Longitude by chronometer
Mariner's astrolabe
Navigation
Octant (instrument)
Quadrant (instrument)
Sextant (astronomy)

Notes

Seddon, J. Carl (June 1968). "Line of Position from a Horizontal Angle". Journal of Navigation. 21 (3): 367–369. doi:10.1017/S0373463300024838. ISSN 1469-7785. A.), McPhee, John (John; NSW., Museums and Galleries (2008). Great Collections : treasures from Art Gallery of NSW, Australian Museum, Botanic Gardens Trust, Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Museum of Contemporary Art, Powerhouse Museum, State Library of NSW, State Records NSW. Museums & Galleries NSW. p. 56. ISBN 9780646496030. OCLC 302147838. This article treats the doubly reflecting quadrant, not its predecessor described at quadrant. Dutton's Navigation and Piloting, 12th edition. G.D. Dunlap and H.H. Shufeldt, eds. Naval Institute Press 1972, ISBN 0-87021-163-3

Dixon, Conrad (1968). "5. Using the sextant". Basic Astro Navigation. Adlard Coles. ISBN 0-229-11740-6.

References

Bowditch, Nathaniel (2002). The American Practical Navigator. Bethesda, MD: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. ISBN 0-939837-54-4. Archived from the original on 2007-06-24.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sextant" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 765–767.
Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003). Dutton's Nautical Navigation (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-248-3.
Department of the Air Force (March 2001). Air Navigation (PDF). Department of the Air Force. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995). Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-772696-6.
Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003). Chapman Piloting and Seamanship (64th ed.). New York: Hearst Communications. ISBN 1-58816-089-0.
Martin, William Robert (1911). "Navigation" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–298.

External links Look up sextant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sextant.

Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office Archived 2011-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
The History of HM Nautical Almanac Office Archived 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
Chapter 17 from the online edition of Nathaniel Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
Understand difference in Antique & Replica Sextant Archived 2017-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
CD-Sextant - Build your own sextant Simple do-it-yourself project.
Lunars web site. online calculation
Complete celnav theory book, including Lunars

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dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956iatw.book.....M).*

BEGINNINGS WITH "THE THE" AND LL and EL ELtelitenkigniYONNA

This article is about the U.S. government project on psychics. For other uses, see Stargate (disambiguation). Part of a series on the Paranormal Main articles Skepticism Parapsychology Related

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The Stargate Project was a secret U.S. Army unit established in 1977[1][2] at Fort Meade, Maryland, by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and SRI International (a California contractor) to investigate the potential for psychic phenomena in military and domestic intelligence applications. The project, and its precursors and sister projects, originally went by various code names – 'Gondola Wish', 'Stargate', 'Grill Flame', 'Center Lane', 'Project CF', 'Sun Streak', 'Scanate' – until 1991 when they were consolidated and rechristened as the "Stargate Project".

The Stargate Project's work primarily involved remote viewing, the purported ability to psychically "see" events, sites, or information from a great distance.[3] The project was overseen until 1987 by Lt. Frederick Holmes "Skip" Atwater, an aide and "psychic headhunter" to Maj. Gen. Albert Stubblebine, and later president of the Monroe Institute.[4] The unit was small scale, comprising about 15 to 20 individuals, and was run out of "an old, leaky wooden barracks".[5]

The Stargate Project was terminated and declassified in 1995 after a CIA report concluded that it was never useful in any intelligence operation. Information provided by the program was vague and included irrelevant and erroneous data, and there were suspicions of inter-judge reliability.[6]: 5–4  The program was featured in the 2004 book and 2009 film, both titled The Men Who Stare at Goats,[7][8][9][10] although neither mentions it by name. George Stephanopoulos, in his 2024 book The Situation Room, mentions the project by the name Grill Flame, in discussing a May 8, 1980, Situation Room briefing for President Carter, after Carter's failed hostage rescue mission in Iran on April 24, 1980.[11] Background

The CIA and DIA decided they should investigate and know as much about it as possible. Various programs were approved yearly and re-funded accordingly. Reviews were made semi-annually at the Senate and House select committee level. Work results were reviewed, and remote viewing was attempted with the results being kept secret from the "viewer". It was thought that if the viewer was shown they were incorrect it would damage the viewer's confidence and skill. This was standard operating procedure throughout the years of military and domestic remote viewing programs. Feedback to the remote viewer of any kind was rare; it was kept classified and secret.[12]

Remote viewing attempts to sense unknown information about places or events. Normally it is performed to detect current events, but during military and domestic intelligence applications viewers claimed to sense things in the future, experiencing precognition.[13] History 1970s

In 1970 United States intelligence sources believed that the Soviet Union was spending 60 million roubles annually on "psychotronic" research. In response to claims that the Soviet program had produced results, the CIA initiated funding for a new program known as SCANATE ("scan by coordinate") in the same year.[14] Remote viewing research began in 1972 at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, California.[14][15] Proponents (Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff) of the research said that a minimum accuracy rate of 65% required by the clients was often exceeded in the later experiments.[14]

Physicists Targ and Puthoff began testing psychics for SRI in 1972, including one who would later become an international celebrity, Israeli Uri Geller. Their apparently successful results garnered interest within the U.S. Department of Defense. Ray Hyman, professor of psychology at the University of Oregon, was asked by Air Force psychologist Lt. Col. Austin W. Kibler (1930–2008) – then Director of Behavioral Research for ARPA – to go to SRI and investigate. He was to specifically evaluate Geller. Hyman's report to the government was that Geller was a "complete fraud" and as a consequence Targ and Puthoff lost their government contract to work further with him. The result was a publicity tour for Geller, Targ, and Puthoff to seek private funding for further research work on Geller.[16]

One of the project's successes was the location of a lost Soviet spy plane in 1976 by Rosemary Smith, a young administrative assistant recruited by project director Dale Graff.[17]

In 1977 the Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) Systems Exploitation Detachment (SED) started the Gondola Wish program to "evaluate potential adversary applications of remote viewing".[14] Army Intelligence then formalized this in mid-1978 as an operational program Grill Flame, based in buildings 2560 and 2561 at Fort Meade, in Maryland (INSCOM "Detachment G").[14] 1980s

In early 1979 the research at SRI was integrated into 'Grill Flame', which was redesignated INSCOM 'Center Lane' Project (ICLP) in 1983. In 1984 the existence of the program was reported by Jack Anderson, and in that year it was unfavorably received by the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council. In late 1985 the Army funding was terminated, but the program was redesignated 'Sun Streak' and funded by the DIA's Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate (office code DT-S).[14] 1990s

In 1991 most of the contracting for the program was transferred from SRI to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), with Edwin May controlling 70% of the contractor funds and 85% of the data. Its security was altered from Special Access Program (SAP) to Limited Dissemination (LIMDIS), and it was given its final name, STARGATE.[14] Closure (1995)

In 1995 the defense appropriations bill directed that the program be transferred from DIA to CIA oversight. The CIA commissioned a report by the American Institutes for Research (AIR) that found that remote viewing had not been proved to work by a psychic mechanism, and said it had not been used operationally.[6]: 5–4  The CIA subsequently cancelled and declassified the program.[14]

In 1995 the project was transferred to the CIA and a retrospective evaluation of the results was done. The appointed panel consisted primarily of Jessica Utts, Meena Shah and Ray Hyman. Hyman had produced an unflattering report on Uri Geller and SRI for the government two decades earlier, but the psychologist David Marks found Utts' appointment to the review panel "puzzling" given that she had published papers with Edwin May, considering this joint research likely to make her "less than [im]partial".[3] A report by Utts claimed the results were evidence of psychic functioning; however, Hyman in his report argued Utts's conclusion that ESP had been proven to exist, especially precognition, was premature and the findings had not been independently replicated.[18] Hyman came to the conclusion:

Psychologists, such as myself, who study subjective validation find nothing striking or surprising in the reported matching of reports against targets in the Stargate data. The overwhelming amount of data generated by the viewers is vague, general, and way off target. The few apparent hits are just what we would expect if nothing other than reasonable guessing and subjective validation are operating.[19]

A later report by AIR came to a negative conclusion. Joe Nickell has written:

Other evaluators – two psychologists from AIR – assessed the potential intelligence-gathering usefulness of remote viewing. They concluded that the alleged psychic technique was of dubious value and lacked the concreteness and reliability necessary for it to be used as a basis for making decisions or taking action. The final report found "reason to suspect" that in "some well publicised cases of dramatic hits" the remote viewers might have had "substantially more background information" than might otherwise be apparent.[20]

According to AIR, which performed a review of the project, no remote viewing report ever provided actionable information for any intelligence operation.[21][6]: 5–4 

Based upon the collected findings, which recommended a higher level of critical research and tighter controls, the CIA terminated the 20 million dollar project, citing a lack of documented evidence that the program had any value to the intelligence community. Time magazine stated in 1995 three full-time psychics were still working on a $500,000-a-year budget out of Fort Meade, Maryland, which would soon close.[21]

David Marks in his book The Psychology of the Psychic (2000) discussed the flaws in the Stargate Project in detail.[3] Marks wrote that there were six negative design features of the experiments. The possibility of cues or sensory leakage was not ruled out, no independent replication, some experiments were conducted in secret, making peer-review impossible. Marks noted that the judge Edwin May was also the principal investigator for the project and this was problematic, making a huge conflict of interest with collusion, cuing and fraud being possible. Marks concluded the project was nothing more than a "subjective delusion" and after two decades of research it had failed to provide any scientific evidence for the legitimacy of remote viewing.[3]

The Stargate Project was terminated in 1995 following an independent review which concluded:

The foregoing observations provide a compelling argument against continuation of the program within the intelligence community. Even though a statistically significant effect has been observed in the laboratory, it remains unclear whether the existence of a paranormal phenomenon, remote viewing, has been demonstrated. The laboratory studies do not provide evidence regarding the origins or nature of the phenomenon, assuming it exists, nor do they address an important methodological issue of inter-judge reliability.

Further, even if it could be demonstrated unequivocally that a paranormal phenomenon occurs under the conditions present in the laboratory paradigm, these conditions have limited applicability and utility for intelligence gathering operations. For example, the nature of the remote viewing targets are vastly dissimilar, as are the specific tasks required of the remote viewers. Most importantly, the information provided by remote viewing is vague and ambiguous, making it difficult, if not impossible, for the technique to yield information of sufficient quality and accuracy of information for actionable intelligence. Thus, we conclude that continued use of remote viewing in intelligence gathering operations is not warranted.[6]: E-4–E-5

In January 2017, the CIA published records online of the Stargate Project as part of the CREST archive.[22] Methodology

The Stargate Project created a set of protocols designed to make the research of clairvoyance and out-of-body experiences more scientific, and to minimize as much as possible session noise and inaccuracy. The term "remote viewing" emerged as shorthand to describe this more structured approach to clairvoyance. Project Stargate would only receive a mission after all other intelligence attempts, methods, or approaches had already been exhausted.[13]: 21 

It was reported that at peak manpower there were over 22 active military and civilian remote viewers providing data. People leaving the project were not replaced. When the project closed in 1995 this number had dwindled down to three. One was using tarot cards. According to Joseph McMoneagle, "The Army never had a truly open attitude toward psychic functioning". Hence, the use of the term "giggle factor"[23] and the saying, "I wouldn't want to be found dead next to a psychic".[12] Civilian personnel Hal Puthoff Main article: Harold E. Puthoff

In the 1970s, CIA and DIA granted funds to Harold E. Puthoff to investigate paranormal abilities, collaborating with Russell Targ in a study of the purported psychic abilities of Uri Geller, Ingo Swann, Pat Price, Joseph McMoneagle and others, as part of the Stargate Project,[24] of which Puthoff became a director.[25]

As with Ingo Swann and Pat Price, Puthoff attributed much of his personal remote viewing skills to his involvement with Scientology whereby he had attained, at that time, the highest level. All three eventually left Scientology in the late 1970s.

Puthoff worked as the principal investigator of the project. His team of psychics is said[who?] to have identified spies, located Soviet weapons and technologies, such as a nuclear submarine in 1979 and helped find lost SCUD missiles in the first Gulf War and plutonium in North Korea in 1994.[26] Russell Targ Russell Targ Main article: Russell Targ

In the 1970s, Russell Targ began working with Harold Puthoff on the Stargate Project, while working with him as a researcher at Stanford Research Institute.[27][28] Edwin May

Edwin C. May joined the Stargate Project in 1975 as a consultant and was working full-time in 1976. The original project was part of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory managed by May. With more funding in 1991 May took the project to the Palo Alto offices at SAIC. This would last until 1995 when the CIA closed the project.[3]

May worked as the principal investigator, judge and the star gatekeeper for the project. Marks says this was a serious weakness for the experiments as May had conflict of interest and could have done whatever he wanted with the data. Marks has written that May refused to release the names of the "oversight committee" and refused permission for him to give an independent judging of the Stargate transcripts. Marks found this suspicious, commenting "this refusal suggests that something must be wrong with the data or with the methods of data selection."[3] Ingo Swann Main article: Ingo Swann

Originally tested in the "Phase One" were OOBE-Beacon "RV" experiments at the American Society for Psychical Research,[29][unreliable source?] under research director Karlis Osis.[citation needed] A former OT VII Scientologist,[30][self-published source] who alleged to have coined the term 'remote viewing' as a derivation of protocols originally developed by René Warcollier, a French chemical engineer in the early 20th century, documented in the book Mind to Mind, Classics in Consciousness Series Books by (ISBN 978-1571743114)[citation needed]. Swann's achievement was to break free from the conventional mold of casual experimentation and candidate burn out, and develop a viable set of protocols that put clairvoyance within a framework named "Coordinate Remote Viewing" (CRV).[31] In a 1995 letter Edwin C. May wrote he had not used Swann for two years because there were rumors of him briefing a high level person at SAIC and the CIA on remote viewing and aliens, ETs.[32] Pat Price

A former Burbank, California, police officer and former Scientologist who participated in a number of Cold War era remote viewing experiments, including the US government-sponsored projects SCANATE and the Stargate Project. Price joined the program after a chance encounter with fellow Scientologists (at the time) Harold Puthoff and Ingo Swann near SRI.[33] Working with maps and photographs provided to him by the CIA, Price claimed to have been able to retrieve information from facilities behind Soviet lines. He is probably best known for his sketches of cranes and gantries which appeared to conform to CIA intelligence photographs. At the time, the CIA took his claims seriously.[34] Military personnel Lieutenant General James Clapper Main article: James Clapper

The project leader[failed verification] in the 1990s was Lt. Gen. Clapper who later rose to infamy[unbalanced opinion?] as the Director of National Intelligence.[35] Albert Stubblebine Major General Albert Stubblebine Main article: Albert Stubblebine

A key sponsor of the research internally at Fort Meade, Maryland, Maj. Gen. Stubblebine was convinced of the reality of a wide variety of psychic phenomena. He required that all of his battalion commanders learn how to bend spoons à la Uri Geller, and he himself attempted several psychic feats, even attempting to walk through walls. In the early 1980s he was responsible for the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), during which time the remote viewing project in the US Army began. Some commentators have confused a "Project Jedi", allegedly run by Special Forces primarily out of Fort Bragg, with Stargate. After some controversy involving these experiments, including alleged security violations from uncleared civilian psychics working in Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIFs), Stubblebine was placed on retirement. His successor as the INSCOM commander was Maj. Gen. Harry Soyster, who had a reputation as a much more conservative and conventional intelligence officer. Soyster was not amenable to continuing paranormal experiments and the Army's participation in Project Stargate ended during his tenure.[12] David Morehouse

In his book, Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program : The True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening (2000, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-1902636207), Morehouse claims to have worked on hundreds of remote viewing assignments, from searching for a Soviet jet that crashed in the jungle carrying an atomic bomb, to tracking suspected double agents.[36] Joseph McMoneagle Main article: Joseph McMoneagle

McMoneagle claims he had a remarkable memory of very early childhood events. He grew up surrounded by alcoholism, abuse and poverty. As a child, he had visions at night when scared, and began to hone his psychic abilities in his teens for his own protection when he hitchhiked. He enlisted to get away. McMoneagle became an experimental remote viewer while serving in U.S. Army Intelligence.[12] Ed Dames

Dames' role was intended to be as session monitor and analyst as an aid to Fred Atwater[37][self-published source] rather than a remote viewer, Dames received no formal remote viewing training. After his assignment to the remote viewing unit at the end of January 1986, he was used to "run" remote viewers (as monitor) and provide training and practice sessions to viewer personnel. He soon established a reputation for pushing CRV to extremes, with target sessions on Atlantis, Mars, UFOs, and aliens. He has been a frequent guest on the Coast to Coast AM radio shows.[38] References

"Government-Sponsored Research On Parapsychology". www.encyclopedia.com. "Defense Intelligence Agency (DT-S)" (PDF). nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Marks, David. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd ed.). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 71–96. ISBN 1-57392-798-8 Atwater, F. Holmes (2001), Captain of My Ship, Master of My Soul: Living with Guidance; Hampton Roads Publishing Company Weeks, Linton (December 4, 1995). "Up Close & Personal With a Remote Viewer: Joe McMoneagle Defends the Secret Project". The Washington Post. p. B1. ISSN 0190-8286. Mumford, Michael D.; Rose, Andrew M.; Goslin, David A. (September 29, 1995). An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications (PDF) (Report). The American Institutes for Research – via Federation of American Scientists. "[R]emote viewings have never provided an adequate basis for 'actionable' intelligence operations – that is, information sufficiently valuable or compelling so that action was taken as a result." Heard, Alex (10 April 2010), "Close your eyes and remote view this review", Union-Tribune San Diego, Union-Tribune Publishing Co. [Book review of The Men Who Stare at Goats]: "This so-called "remote viewing" operation continued for years, and came to be known as Star Gate." Clarke, David (2014), Britain's X-traordinary Files, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 112: "The existence of the Star Gate project was not officially acknowledged until 1995... then became the subject of investigations by journalists Jon Ronson [etc]... Ronson's 2004 book, The Men Who Stare at Goats, was subsequently adapted into a 2009 movie..." Shermer, Michael (November 2009), “Staring at Men Who Stare at Goats” @ Michaelshermer.com: "... the U.S. Army had invested $20 million in a highly secret psychic spy program called Star Gate. ... In The Men Who Stare at Goats Jon Ronson tells the story of this program, how it started, the bizarre twists and turns it took, and how its legacy carries on today." Krippner, Stanley and Harris L. Friedman (2010), Debating Psychic Experience: Human Potential Or Human Illusion?, Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 154: "The story of Stargate was ... featured in a film based on the book The Men Who Stare at Goats, by British investigative journalist Jon Ronson (2004)". "CNN.com - Transcripts (Amanpour)". transcripts.cnn.com. June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024. McMoneagle, Joseph (2006). Memoirs of a psychic spy : the remarkable life of U.S. Government remote viewer 001. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Pub. Co. ISBN 978-1-5717-4482-1. McMoneagle, Joseph (1998). The ultimate time machine : a remote viewer's perception of time and predictions for the new millennium. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Pub. Co. ISBN 978-1-5717-4102-8. Pike, John (December 29, 2005). "Star Gate [Controlled Remote Viewing]". Federation of American Scientists. May, Edwin C. (1996). "The American Institutes for Research review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE program: A commentary" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 89–107. Interview, Ray Hyman, in An Honest Liar, a 2014 documentary film by Left Turn Films; Pure Mutt Productions; Part2 Filmworks. (The quoted remarks commence at 21 min, 45 sec.) Jacobsen, Annie (2017). "Paraphysics". Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-34937-6. Evaluation of a Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena Archived June 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine by Ray Hyman. "The Evidence for Psychic Functioning: Claims vs. Reality" by Ray Hyman; Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20.2, Mar/Apr 1996. "Remotely Viewed? The Charlie Jordan Case" by Joe Nickell; Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 11.1, Mar 2001. Waller, Douglas (December 11, 1995). "The Vision Thing". Time magazine. p. 45. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. "Search: 'Stargate'". Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. Central Intelligence Agency. McMoneagle, Joseph (1997). Mind trek : exploring consciousness, time, and space through remote viewing (Revised ed.). Norfork, VA: Hampton Roads Pub. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-8789-0172-9. Popkin, Jim (November 12, 2015). "Meet the former Pentagon scientist who says psychics can help American spies". Newsweek. Pilkington, Mark (June 5, 2003). "The remote viewers". The Guardian. "Fort Meade, Maryland, where psychics gathered to remotely spy on the U.S. Embassy in Iran during the hostage crisis". Miami Herald. Nickell, Joe (March 2001). "Remotely viewed? The Charlie Jordan case". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 11, no. 1. "Dr. Harold Puthoff". arlingtoninstitute.org. The Arlington Institute. 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2013. "Interview: A New Biopic Charts the Life of Ingo Swann, the 'Father of Remote Viewing'". Outerplaces.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. "An Interview with Indo Swann". The Wise Old Goat – The Personal Website of Michel Snoeck. Retrieved April 28, 2018. "An Outsider's Remote View of All Things: Ingo Swann". Chelseanow.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. "A Dynamic PK Experiment with Ingo Swann". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Pat Price URL:http://www.scientolipedia.org/info/Pat_Price (Scientolipedia) Sources:

Schnabel, Jim (1997) Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies Dell, 1997 , ISBN 0-440-22306-7
Richelson, Jeffrey T The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology
Mandelbaum, W. Adam The Psychic Battlefield: A History of the Military-Occult Complex
Picknett, Lynn, Prince Clive The Stargate Conspiracy
Chalker, Bill Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence of Alien Abductions
Constantine, Alex Psychic Dictatorship in the USA

https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/cia/stargate/STARGATE%20%2311%20549/Part0003/CIA-RDP96-00789R002500240004-5.pdf [bare URL PDF] "Psychic Warrior: Inside the CIA's Stargate Program: The True Story of a Soldier's Espionage and Awakening". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved April 28, 2018. "Stargate: People and researchers". Bibliotecapleyades.net.

Ronson, Jon (2006). The Men Who Stare at Goats. Simon & Schuster. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-7432-7060-1.

Further reading

Burnett, Thom, ed. (2006). "Psi-War: Operations Grillflame and Stargate". Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The encyclopedia of conspiracy theories. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-84340-381-4.
Caroll, Robert Todd (2012). "Remote Viewing". In the Skeptic's Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-979-4.
Hyman, Ray (1996). "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-year Program on Psychic Spying". Skeptical Inquirer 20: 21–26.
Morehouse, David (1996). Psychic Warrior, St. Martin's Paperbacks, ISBN 978-0-312-96413-9. Morehouse was a psychic in the program.
Ronson, Jon (2004). The Men Who Stare at Goats. Picador. ISBN 0-330-37547-4. Written to accompany the TV series Crazy Rulers of the World. The US military budget cuts after the Vietnam war and how it all began.
Sessions, Abigail (2016). "STARGATE, Project (1970s–1995)". In Goldman, Jan (ed.). The Central Intelligence Agency: An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering, and Spies, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 352–353. ISBN 978-1-61069-092-8.
Smith, Paul (2004). Reading the Enemy's Mind: Inside Star Gate: America's Psychic Espionage Program, Forge Books. ISBN 0-312-87515-0
Utts, Jessica (1996). "An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning". Journal of Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 3–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.685.2525. 0892-3310/96.

External links

Report from 1995 about the program from American Institutes for Research
Declassified analytical report (1983) related to the project
Declassified documents about the project on the website of the CIA

vte

Defense Intelligence Agency Categories:

1978 establishments in MarylandAmerican secret government programsCentral Intelligence Agency operationsCold War tacticsDefense Intelligence AgencyEspionage projectsHuman subject research in the United StatesPseudoscienceRemote viewing

image.png /en-us/articles/360023851591-How-do-I-view-DRM-protected-content

This is ABSSOLUTELY NOTHING BUT "UN SE LINUX ALED" MACROMEDIA SHOCKWAVE FLASH all over again; it is embarrassingly not just "bugs in advanced mathematics hidden inside frame buffer mathematics and "OpenGL" it's a significant glaring opening that brave has sbrvaely alerted me to as a "Google add-on to Chome" that makes yet another floating .VA inside Virginia or .IT ... your "Infomration Technology" departments are patenty compromised by Plex sovereignty, weither it be of Menlo or Sunnyvale;

the Mountain will not prevail against Veritae Trantor.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED SURVIVABILITY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF IMMORTALITY NOR MORTALITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature approaches absolute zero. This constant value cannot depend on any other parameters characterizing the system, such as pressure or applied magnetic field. At absolute zero (zero kelvins) the system must be in a state with the minimum possible energy.

Entropy is related to the number of accessible microstates, and there is typically one unique state (called the ground state) with minimum energy.^[1]^ In such a case, the entropy at absolute zero will be exactly zero. If the system does not have a well-defined order (if its order is glassy, for example), then there may remain some finite entropy as the system is brought to very low temperatures, either because the system becomes locked into a configuration with non-minimal energy or because the minimum energy state is non-unique. The constant value is called the residual entropy of the system.^[2]^

In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids---liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modelling fission weapon detonation.

Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure---which underlies these practical disciplines---that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves the calculation of various properties of the fluid, such as flow velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as functions of space and time.

Before the twentieth century, hydrodynamics was synonymous with fluid dynamics. This is still reflected in names of some fluid dynamics topics, like magnetohydrodynamics and hydrodynamic stability, both of which can also be applied to gases.^[1]^

In ufology, a close encounter is an event in which a person witnesses an unidentified flying object (UFO). This terminology and the system of classification behind it were first suggested in astronomer and UFO researcher J. Allen Hynek's 1972 book The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry.[1] Categories beyond Hynek's original three have been added by others but have not gained universal acceptance, mainly because they lack the scientific rigor that Hynek aimed to bring to ufology.[2]

Sightings more than 150 metres (500 ft) from the witness are classified as daylight discs, nocturnal lights or radar/visual reports.[3] Sightings within about 150 metres (500 ft) are subclassified as various types of close encounters. Hynek and others argued that a claimed close encounter must occur within about 150 metres (500 ft) to greatly reduce or eliminate the possibility of misidentifying conventional aircraft or other known phenomena.[4]

Hynek's scale became well known after being referenced in a 1977 film, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which is named after the third level of the scale. Promotional posters for the film featured the three levels of the scale, and Hynek himself makes a cameo appearance near the end of the film.

https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/project-star-gate-cia-central-intelligence-agency-a7534191.html What is "remote coordinate viewing" .... and "how do I get on the payroll?

Maybe if I waste some more time writing about "the perpetual motion machine" and the absolute simplicity of the duality of that and of course, the First Law, you know "an object in motion tends to stay in motion, unless opposed by an equal an opposite force--either that or some kind of mass hysteria against the idea that things can just keep on going and going and going without any kind of propulsion.

It's things like "the air we breathe" and the course our rockets veer the Holy vessel of all humanity off by "just a smidgen" that sort of remind me what "equal and opposite force" mean, in sum and total, of all the things we've done and all the things we will ever do.

that's not fiction; that remote cooridate viewing thing; they actually "had a program investigating psychic powers--like "we give you longitude and latitude and you "scry" look into a crystall ball and tell me if you can see what's there. honestly; icalled it "on the payroll" a way to pay people for being ... "over their head on the floor about the hub of dark.fail

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Beyerlinck

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised

Somewhere, Steven Kotler compares a flow state to satori. From skimming this wiki page, I don't see it. He did some research into mystical traditions and came to this conclusion. He describes flow as a glimmer of awakening which he distinguishes from (stages of) enlightenment. Satori is obviously awakening and is clearly linked to some stage of enlightenment.

Source? Link it here.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satori

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States

Related to abolitionism in the United States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_collective_guilt

Kollektivschuld

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atheism

Wednesday is heavily influenced by Edgar Allan Poe. Since Poe was one of the first authors to popularise gothic fiction (in the 19th century).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi

A lot of Islamic influence. Din-i Ilahi is Arabic/Persian which denotes "Oneness of God"(referring to tawhid). See how this might relate to wahdat al-wujud (Oneness of Being in Sufi metaphysics). The Mongols have historically been tolerant towards a lot of religions (a proto-perennialist philosophy?).

12:3 Those who are wi se[a] will shine like the brightness of the heavens, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars for ever and ever.

• https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/05/08/its-time-rethink-electoral-college

• https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2011/12/20/144016912/we-the-people-npr-readers-would-ratify-four-new-amendments

• https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/05/08/its-time-rethink-electoral-college

• https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2011/12/20/144016912/we-the-people-npr-readers-would-ratify-four-new-amendments

• https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/vote-now-an-amendment-to-end-the-electoral-college

• https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/opinion/letters/electoral-college.html

• https://www.latimes.com/opinion/readersreact/la-ol-le-electoral-college-20180904-story.html

you are offline

• https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/05/amending-the-constitution-is-much-too-hard-blame-the-founders.html

we the people rise again

• https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/06/fix-the-constitution-amending-by-national-referendum.html

safe souls, safe fu

• https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/06/fixing-the-constitution-protecting-informational-privacy.html

• https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/05/new-reconstruction-constitution-democracy.html

We the People of Slate ...

The U.S. Constitution, as you [mighta been, shoulda "come" on ... its someday] rewrϕte it.

"Politicians talk about the Constitution as if it were as sacrosanct as the Ten Commandments [interjection: spec. it is actually almost exactly related!]. But the document itself invites change and revision. What if the president served only one six-year term instead two four-year terms? What if your state's population determined how many senators represent it? What if the Constitution included a right to health care? We asked legal scholars and Slate readers to cross out what they didn't like in the Constitution and pencil in their hearts' desires. Here's what the document would look like with their best ideas."

• Slate: u_s_constitution as_rewritten by_slate_legal_experts_and_readers

多也了了夕 "with a ~~wand~~ of scheffilara, 并#亦太 he begins ... "I am now on the Staff of Menelaus, the Spears of Longinus and Lancelot; and the name "Mosche ex Nashon."

Logically the recent mentions of Gilgamesh and the simultaneous 同時 overlaping 場道 of the eventual link between the famous ruling of Solomon on the separation of babies and mothers and waters and land ... to a story of many "two cities" that culminates in a cultural or societal or "evolutionary" link to Sodom and Gomorrah and the city-state of Babylon (and it's Hanging Gardens) and also of course to Paris and Troy and "Masstodon" and city-states [ciudadestado] and perhaps planet-cities; from Cambridge to Cambridge across the "Cable" to see state to "London" ... recently I called it "the city of realms" ... I started out logically intending to link "game theory" and John Nash to the mathematical story of Sputnik and a revival of American physics; but in my usual way of rambling into the woods [I mean neighborhood] of stream of consciousness ... turned into a premonitory discourse of "two cities" and how sometimes even things as obvious as the number of letters in the word "two" don't do a good enough job of conveying ... how and/or why one is simply never enough, and two isn't much better--but in the end a circle ... is drawn; the perfect circle in our imaginary mathematical perfection ... I see a parted "line" in the letter pronounced "tea" (and beginning that word); and two "vee" (pron. of "v") symbols joined together in a word we pronounce as "double-you" ... and symbolically because I know "V" is the Roman Numeral for 5 (five) and I know not how to multiply in Roman numerals--

It's important to pause; here. I am going to write a more detailed piece on "the two cities" as I work through this maze like crossroads between "them" and "demo..." ... here demorigstrably I am trying to fuse together an evolutionary change in ... lit. biological evolution as well as an echelon leap forward in "self-government" ... in a place where these two things are unfathomable and unspokenly* connected.

• https://www.google.com/search?q=prometheuslocke+%2Bsite%3Agodlikeproductions.com

• "Silence is betrayal" -MLK

To a question on the idiom; is Bablyon about "the law" or "of the land of Nod?"

"What is democracy" ... the song, Metallica's "ONE" echoes and repeats; as we apparently scrive together the word "THEM" ... I question myself ... if Babylon were the capital city of some mythical Nation of Time ... if it were the central "turning point" of Sheol; ... >|<

Can you not see that in this place; in a world that should see and does there is a gigantic message proving that we are not in reality and trying to show us how and why that's the best news since ... ever---that it's as simple as conjoining "the law of the land" with a basic set of rules that automatically turn Hell into something so much closer to Heaven I just do not understand---why we cant stand up together and say "bullets will not kill innocent children" and "snowflakes will not start avalanches ...." that cover or bury or hide the road from Earth to Verital)e .... or from the mythical Valis to Tanis---or from Rigel to Beth-El ... "guess?"

## as "an easy" answer; I'm looking for a fusion of "law and land" that somehow remembers a "jok'er a scene" about "lawn" seats; and "where the girls are green;"

It's as simple as night and day; Heaven and Hell ... the difference between survival and--what we are presented with here; it's "doing this right"--that ends the Hell of representative democracy and electoral college--the blindness and darkness of not seeing "EXTINCTION LEVEL EVENT" encoded in these words and in our governments foundation ... *by the framers [not just of the USA; but English .. and every language] *

... is literally just as simple as "not caring" or thinking we are at the beginning of some long process--or thinking it will never be done--that special "IT" that's the emancipation of you and I.

Here words like "gnosis" and "gaudeamus" pair with my/ur "new ntersanding*" of the difference between Asgard and Medgard and really understanding our purpose here is to end "evil" ... things like "simulating disease and pain" (here, simulating meaning ... intentionally causing, rather than "gamifying away") and successfully linking the "Pillars of Hercules" to Plato's vision of Atlantis and the letter sequences "an" and "as" ... unlock a fusion of religion and mythology and "cryptographic truth" that connects "messianic" and "Christian" to "Roman" ... "Chinese" and "American" ... literally the key to the difference between the phrases "we are" and "we were" ....

in "sight" of "silicon" in simulation and Israel, Genesis, and "silence" ... trying to the raising of Asgardian enlightenment ... and seeing "simple cypher" connecting to "Norse" ...

and the "I AM THAT" surer than shit ... the intention and design of all religion and creation is to end "simulated reality" and also not seeing "SR" ... in Israel and Norse ... "for instance."

• https://www.google.com/search?q=%22I+AM%22+%22WE+ARE%22+%2Bsite%3Afromtaws
• "SOIS" a key--in two languages conjugated literally as both "I AM" and "WE ARE" simultaneously;
• Search: I know that if I am than so are you ... and it is because we have overcome .... something I truly cannot figure out, fathom, or believe ... was truly here before us--a spiralling series of failures ... speaking: to the heavens; but in secret and in action; "doing everything possible to succeed."

It's a simple linguistic concept; the "singularity" and the "plurality" of a simple word--"to be"--but it goes to the heart of everything that we are and everything that is around us. This is a message about understanding and preserving individuality as well as liberty; and literally seeing "ARXIV" and understanding "often" and failing to connect God and prescience to "IV" and the Fourth Amendment ... it's about blindness and ... "curing the blind instantly" ... and fathoming how and why this message has been etched into our entire history and and all religions and myths and music--to help us "to be THAT we" that actually "are responsible" for the end of Hell.

• I neglected to mention "Har-Wer" and "Tower of Babel" which are both related lingusitically, religiously and topically: "to who ..." and while we're on "four score and [seven years from now]" seeing the fourth "living thing" in Eden and it's (the name, Abel) connection to Babel and Abraham Lincoln; slavery and ... understanding we live in a place where the history of the United States also, like Monoceros and "Neil Armstrong's first step" are a time shifted ... overlayed map to achieving freedom ... it's about becoming a father-race ... and actually "doing" the technological steps required to "emancipate the e's of 'me&e'" and survive in exo-planetary space---

it might be as simple as adding "because we did this" here and now; and having it be something we are truly proud of .... forevermore™ ... for certain in the heart of this story about cyclicality and repetition of error--its not because we did "this" or something over and over again; it's about changing "the problem" and then helping others to also overcome ... "things like time travel ... erasing speech" --- however that happenecl.

• I also failed to mention that "I am in Hell" ... as in this world is hellacious to me; in an overlay with the Hellenic period and this message that we are in the Trojan Horse ... a small gem .... "planet" truly is the Ark of the Covenant---and it's the simple understanding that "reality is hell" is to "living without air conditioning and plumbing is hell" just as soon as you achieve ... "rediscovering" those things---

• I can't figure out why I am the only person screaming "this is Hell." That's also, Hell.

... but recently suggested an old joke about "there being 10 kinds of people in the world (obv an anti-tautology and a tautology simultaneously)" only after that brief bit of singularity and duality mentioning the rest of the joke: "those that understand binary and those that don't know how to base convert between counting with two hands and counting with only an 'on and off.'" It's not obvious if you aren't trying to figure it out, I suppose; but 10 is decimal notation for "kiss" and the "often" without "of" ... and binary notation for the decimal equivalent of "2." A long long time ago in a state that simply non-randomly ties to the heart of the name of our galaxy ... I was again thinking of the "perfect imperfections" of things like saying "three equals one equals one" (which, of course was related to the Holy Trinity and it's "prescient/anachronistic Adamic presence encoded in the name Ab|ra|ha|m" which means "father of a great multitude") ... I brought that one back in the last few months; connecting the letter K and in this "logos-rythmic" tie to the "base of a number system" embellish the truth just a bit and suggest a more accurate rendition of the original [there is no such thing as equality, "is" of separate objects--as in no two snowflakes are the same unless they are literally the same one; true of ancient weights and with the advent of (thinking about) time no two "planets" are the same even if they're the exact same one--unless it's at a fixed moment in time.

• This name may be viewed either as meaning "father of many" in Hebrew or else as a contraction of ABRAM (1) and הָמוֹן (hamon) meaning "many, multitude". The biblical patriarch Abraham was originally named Abram but God changed his name (see Genesis 17:5).

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshua#Yeshua,_Yehoshua,_and_Yeshu_in_the_Talmud