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    1. Le Programme pHARe : Stratégie et Mise en Œuvre de la Lutte Contre le Harcèlement Scolaire

      Synthèse

      Ce document présente une analyse exhaustive de la politique française de lutte contre le harcèlement scolaire, axée sur le programme pHARe.

      Initié à titre expérimental en 2019 et renforcé par le plan interministériel de septembre 2023, le programme pHARe constitue une réponse systémique et globale déployée de l'école primaire au lycée.

      Il s'articule autour de trois ambitions majeures : la prévention, la détection et l'apport de solutions concrètes.

      La stratégie repose sur une "responsabilité collective" mobilisant l'ensemble de la communauté éducative : personnels, élèves et parents.

      Les données issues d'une enquête annuelle à grande échelle révèlent que si le harcèlement au sens strict concerne 3 à 5 % des élèves, les situations de vulnérabilité et de violences répétées touchent une part bien plus large, atteignant jusqu'à 20 % et 30 % des élèves respectivement.

      Les piliers du programme pHARe incluent la formation de l'ensemble des personnels, la mise en place d'équipes ressources spécialisées, le déploiement de plus de 120 000 élèves ambassadeurs et l'organisation d'un questionnaire annuel pour tous les élèves du CE2 à la terminale.

      Une nouveauté majeure permet désormais aux élèves de renseigner leur identité sur ce questionnaire pour faciliter une prise en charge directe.

      L'implication des parents est un axe stratégique, évoluant d'une simple information à une participation active via des ateliers de sensibilisation et le nouveau dispositif de parents ambassadeurs, visant à renforcer la prévention et le dialogue.

      De multiples ressources, telles que la plateforme en ligne "Des clés pour les familles", les protocoles de traitement des situations et le numéro national 30 18, sont mises à disposition pour outiller chaque acteur.

      L'objectif final est de construire une "alliance éducative" solide pour garantir un climat scolaire sécurisant, condition essentielle à l'épanouissement et aux apprentissages de chaque élève.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      1. Contexte et Ampleur du Phénomène de Harcèlement

      La politique de lutte contre le harcèlement scolaire s'inscrit dans une démarche de longue haleine, mais a connu une accélération significative face à un phénomène perçu comme "s'approfondissant".

      Historique et Cadre Politique : Le programme pHARe a été lancé à titre expérimental dès 2019.

      La politique a été renforcée et dotée de moyens nouveaux par le plan interministériel de septembre 2023, structuré autour de trois axes : prévention, détection et solutions.

      Cette politique s'intègre dans une vision plus large de la protection de la santé physique et psychique des élèves, considérée par le ministère comme l'un des deux piliers de l'école, avec l'instruction.

      Mesure du Phénomène : Pour mieux connaître et combattre le harcèlement, le ministère s'appuie sur une enquête annuelle d'envergure menée par la DEPP (Direction de l'évaluation, de la prospective et de la performance) auprès de plus de 30 000 élèves, du CE2 à la terminale.

      Données Clés sur le Harcèlement Scolaire

      Catégorie de Harcèlement

      Population Concernée

      Taux

      Harcèlement au sens strict

      Écoliers

      3 %

      Collégiens

      5 %

      Lycéens

      3 %

      Situations de vulnérabilité ou de fragilité

      Écoliers

      Près de 20 % (17 % spécifiquement mentionné)

      Violences répétées (insultes, etc.)

      Tous niveaux

      Jusqu'à 30 % des élèves (victimes d'au moins deux types de violence plusieurs fois dans l'année)

      Le ministère adopte une "vision extensive du phénomène", considérant non seulement le harcèlement strict mais aussi toutes les formes de violence et de mal-être pour calibrer son action.

      2. Le Programme pHARe : Une Approche Structurée et Globale

      L'objectif central du programme pHARe est de doter chaque école, collège et lycée d'un plan de prévention du harcèlement structuré et efficient.

      Il repose sur la mobilisation de tous les acteurs et se décline à travers un système de labellisation progressif.

      2.1. Les Piliers du Programme

      1. Formation des Adultes : Formation de l'ensemble des personnels pour repérer les signaux faibles, comprendre les mécanismes du harcèlement et savoir prendre en charge les situations.

      2. Sensibilisation des Élèves : Organisation de séances de sensibilisation pour tous les élèves, afin qu'ils comprennent ce qu'est le harcèlement et comment réagir.

      3. Élèves Ambassadeurs : Au collège et au lycée, des élèves volontaires sont formés et encadrés pour être des relais attentifs auprès de leurs pairs et mener des actions de prévention.

      4. Implication des Parents : Les parents sont considérés comme des partenaires essentiels, avec une implication croissante à chaque niveau du programme.

      2.2. Le Système de Labellisation

      L'engagement des établissements est structuré par un label à trois niveaux, qui vient récompenser leur degré d'implication.

      Niveau de Label

      Exigences Clés

      Statut

      Niveau 1

      - Constitution d'une équipe ressource formée (au niveau de la circonscription pour le primaire, de l'établissement pour le secondaire).<br>\

      • Participation à la journée nationale (9 novembre) avec passation du questionnaire annuel par tous les élèves (CE2-Terminale).<br>\

      • Information des parents sur le programme.<br>- Mise en place d'élèves ambassadeurs (secondaire).

      Obligatoire pour 100% des écoles et établissements. Environ 80% sont officiellement dans ce niveau via la plateforme de suivi.

      Niveau 2

      Inclut les critères du niveau 1 et ajoute l'organisation d'un atelier de sensibilisation à destination des parents sur une thématique liée au harcèlement.

      Volontaire

      Niveau 3

      Inclut les critères des niveaux 1 et 2 et ajoute la mise en place du dispositif de parents ambassadeurs.

      Volontaire

      3. Les Acteurs Clés et Leurs Rôles

      La réussite du programme repose sur une répartition claire des rôles et une collaboration active entre les différents acteurs.

      3.1. Les Équipes Ressources et les Coordinateurs

      Dans chaque collège et lycée, un coordinateur pHARe est nommé par le chef d'établissement.

      Il est chargé de piloter l'équipe ressource, composée de 5 personnes formées, et de déployer l'ensemble des actions du programme.

      Pour le premier degré, cette équipe est mutualisée au niveau de la circonscription.

      Ces équipes sont les expertes du traitement des situations et suivent un protocole précis.

      3.2. Les Élèves Ambassadeurs

      Nombre : Plus de 120 000 élèves ambassadeurs sont actifs dans les collèges et lycées.

      Sélection : Ils sont choisis sur la base du volontariat.

      Rôle : Formés et encadrés par des adultes, leur mission est d'être attentifs à leurs pairs, de relayer les situations préoccupantes aux adultes et de mener des actions de sensibilisation.

      Visibilité : Leur identité est connue de tous les élèves via des trombinoscopes, des badges ou des présentations en classe pour qu'ils soient facilement identifiables.

      3.3. Les Parents Ambassadeurs

      Ce dispositif, correspondant au niveau 3 de la labellisation, est un axe de développement prioritaire.

      Initiative : La démarche est initiée par l'établissement, en concertation avec les parents.

      Rôle : Leur mission n'est pas de résoudre les situations de harcèlement, ce qui reste la responsabilité de l'établissement. Leur rôle est centré sur la prévention :

      ◦ Sensibiliser les autres familles.   

      ◦ Aider à identifier les signes de harcèlement.  

      ◦ Orienter les parents vers les bons interlocuteurs.    ◦ Promouvoir une communication constructive avec l'établissement.

      Cadre : Une "charte d'engagement mutuel" formalise la relation de confiance entre les parents ambassadeurs et l'établissement. Il n'est pas nécessaire d'être un parent élu pour devenir parent ambassadeur.

      4. Outils et Ressources Pratiques

      Un ensemble d'outils concrets est déployé pour soutenir la politique de lutte contre le harcèlement.

      Le Questionnaire Annuel : Passé par tous les élèves du CE2 à la terminale entre le 6 et le 21 novembre.

      Depuis cette année, il offre la possibilité aux élèves d'inscrire leur nom et prénom pour permettre une aide plus directe et rapide.

      Les Protocoles de Traitement : Des documents méthodologiques "pas à pas" sont fournis aux personnels pour les guider depuis le signalement d'une situation jusqu'à sa résolution.

      Ces protocoles sont publics et téléchargeables sur le site du ministère, garantissant la transparence de la démarche. La politique est qu'« aucune situation ne doit rester sans réponse ».

      Plateforme "non au harcèlement - des clés pour les familles" : Créée avec le CNED, cette plateforme propose un parcours d'auto-formation gratuit d'une heure en quatre modules.

      Elle explique le phénomène du harcèlement et les actions mises en œuvre dans les établissements.

      Site Ministériel (education.gouv.fr) : Centralise les informations institutionnelles, les campagnes de communication (comme le clip annuel "tous différents, jamais indifférent"), et les coordonnées des lignes d'assistance académiques.

      Le Numéro 30 18 : Plateforme nationale gratuite et confidentielle, ouverte 7j/7 de 9h à 23h.

      Gérée par l'association e-Enfance, elle offre une écoute, des conseils et, si nécessaire, transmet les signalements de harcèlement scolaire aux responsables académiques qui saisissent l'établissement concerné.

      5. Recommandations Pratiques pour les Parents

      Comment Signaler une Situation

      La chaîne de signalement recommandée est la suivante :

      1. Contact Direct avec l'Établissement : C'est le premier et principal interlocuteur.

      Les parents doivent s'adresser à l'équipe de direction, au coordinateur pHARe, ou à tout adulte de confiance au sein de l'école ou de l'établissement.

      2. Lignes d'Assistance Académiques : Si le contact direct est difficile ou n'aboutit pas, chaque académie dispose d'une ligne téléphonique dédiée dont les numéros sont disponibles sur les sites du ministère et des académies.

      3. Le 30 18 : En dernier recours ou pour un conseil extérieur, ce numéro national prend en charge le signalement et assure le relais vers l'Éducation nationale.

      Suivi du Protocole

      Une fois un signalement effectué, le protocole est déclenché rapidement.

      L'établissement assure la mise en protection de l'élève victime et engage un dialogue avec toutes les parties concernées.

      Les parents sont tenus informés de la mise en œuvre du protocole par l'équipe qui prend en charge la situation, typiquement le coordinateur pHARe.

      Devenir Parent Ambassadeur

      Pour devenir parent ambassadeur, il faut se rapprocher de la direction de l'établissement de son enfant pour savoir si la démarche est engagée ou pour proposer de l'initier.

      Le processus repose sur le volontariat et une discussion avec l'équipe de direction pour s'accorder sur les objectifs et les modalités, formalisés par la charte d'engagement.

    1. <img fetchpriority="high" width="850" height="506" src="https://www.krclub.co.kr/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/안전사이트-900x506.webp" class="aux-attachment aux-featured-image attachment-850x506.25 aux-attachment-id-2336 " alt="안전사이트" data-ratio="1.78" data-original-w="850" sizes="(max-width:479px) 480px,(max-width:767px) 768px,(max-width:1023px) 1024px,850px" /> 2025년 진짜 안전사이트 고르는 7가지 기준 총정리 (먹튀·환전 피해 방지 가이드) 11월 4, 2025 by tadmin with no comment 지식 공유 2025년 진짜 안전사이트 고르는 7가지 기준 총정리 온라인 베팅 하다 보면 누구나 한 번쯤 이런 생각을 합니다.“여기는 진짜 안전한 사이트 맞나? 혹시 환전 막히면 어쩌지…?” 2025년 현재, 한국에서 이용할 수 있는 온라인 베팅 사이트 수는 예전보다 훨씬 많아졌고, 광고 문구도 더 자극적입니다. “무사고 10년”, “100% 안전보장”, “환전 5분 컷” 같은 말은 너무 흔해서, 이제는 오히려 의심부터 들죠. 이 글에서는 실제로 베팅을 오래 해 본 유저 입장에서, 그리고 여러 사이트를 직접 사용하고 분석해 본 경험을 바탕으로,2025년에 기준으로 삼아야 할 진짜 ‘안전사이트’ 7가지 체크포인트를 정리해 보겠습니다. 중간에는 환전 거부·지연으로 280만 원을 잃었던 실제 사례도 함께 풀어볼 거예요. 글 끝까지 읽고 나면, 지금 쓰고 있는 사이트가 안전한지 스스로 점검하는 눈이 훨씬 더 날카로워질 겁니다. 필자 & 기준 소개: 왜 이 글을 믿어도 될까? 이 블로그에서는 몇 년째 스포츠토토, 카지노, 슬롯, 라이브 딜러 게임 등 다양한 사이트를 직접 써 보고, 그 경험을 바탕으로 글을 쓰고 있습니다. 새 사이트가 생기면 직접 가입해서 소액으로 테스트해 보고, 입금·환전 속도, 고객센터 대응, 이벤트 운영 방식을 기록하고, 국내 커뮤니티와 후기를 함께 비교해 보면서 사이트를 평가합니다. 또한, 먹튀 피해 후기를 모아 공통점을 분석해 보고, 책임감 있는 베팅(Responsible Gambling) 기능을 실제로 활성화해 사용해 보기도 했습니다. 이 글은 도박을 “권장”하려는 목적이 전혀 아닙니다.어차피 누군가는 베팅을 할 것이고, 그렇다면 최소한 덜 위험한 선택을 돕는 게 현실적인 보호라고 생각합니다. “안전사이트를 고른다는 건, ‘어디가 더 많이 따게 해줄까’를 고르는 게 아니라**‘내 돈과 내 시간을 얼마나 덜 위험하게 쓸 수 있을까’**를 고민하는 과정입니다.” 이 기준은 필자의 경험과 여러 유저의 실제 후기, 그리고 책임감 있는 베팅에 대한 자료들을 종합해서 만든 것입니다. 왜 2025년에 ‘안전사이트’ 기준이 더 중요해졌을까? 예전에는 선택지가 적어서 “다 거기서 거기겠지”라는 생각으로 아무 데나 들어가 베팅하는 경우가 많았습니다. 지금은 완전히 다릅니다. 사이트 수가 많아지면서 먹튀도 같이 늘었고, 환전 거부나 지연 후에 도메인만 바꿔서 재등장하는 사이트도 흔합니다. 겉으로 보기에는 디자인, 이벤트, 보너스가 다 비슷해 보여서,그냥 “광고를 더 많이 보이는 곳”에 들어가 버리기 쉽죠. 게다가 구글 관점에서는 이런 온라인 베팅 관련 정보가 전형적인 YMYL(Your Money or Your Life) 영역입니다.돈, 개인정보, 정신 건강에 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에,누가 쓰고, 어떤 근거로 쓰는지, 얼마나 현실적인 조언인지를 더 까다롭게 봅니다. 즉, 플레이어 입장에서도 중요하고,SEO 관점에서도 “신뢰할 수 있는 안전사이트 정보”를 잘 정리한 글의 가치가 예전보다 훨씬 커졌습니다. 2025년 진짜 안전사이트 7가지 핵심 기준 이제 본론입니다.아래 7가지는 필자가 사이트를 볼 때 항상 체크하는 기준입니다.은행 계좌를 새로 만들 때처럼, 조금 귀찮더라도 하나씩 체크해 보는 습관이 정말 중요합니다. 1. 라이선스 & 규제 여부 – 말뿐인지, 진짜인지 요즘 사이트들 하단을 보면 이런 문구가 많습니다. “XX Gaming Authority 정식 라이선스 보유”“International Licensed & Regulated” 문제는, 진짜인지 확인을 안 해본다는 것입니다. 안전하게 볼 만한 사이트라면 보통 이런 점에서 차이가 납니다. 라이선스 발급 기관 이름이 구체적으로 적혀 있고, 라이선스 번호나 인증 링크가 제시되어 있으며, 해당 규제 기관 공식 사이트에서 조회가 가능합니다. 반대로 위험한 쪽은, 기관 이름이 애매하거나, 실제 존재하지 않거나, 번호 없이 “라이선스 보유”라고만 적어 두거나, 검색해 보면 아무 기록이 안 나오는 경우가 많습니다. 은행을 고를 때 “국내 시중은행인지, 이상한 사설 투자회사인지”는 꼭 확인하죠.안전사이트를 고를 때도 마찬가지입니다.라이선스는 ‘있나 보다’가 아니라, ‘직접 조회해 봤다’가 기준이어야 합니다. 2. 입·출금 시스템의 안정성과 투명성 먹튀의 상당수가 환전 단계에서 발생합니다.처음부터 돈을 안 받는 경우는 거의 없지만,돈을 돌려줄 때 갑자기 사이트의 본색이 드러나죠. 안전한 사이트라면 보통 다음과 같은 특징이 있습니다. 입금은 즉시 또는 몇 분 내 반영 평균 출금 소요 시간을 공지(예: 평균 10~30분, 최대 몇 시간 등) 출금 제한이나 롤링 조건이 명확한 문장으로 정리되어 있음 환전 관련 규정이 공지사항·이용약관·이벤트 페이지에서 서로 모순되지 않음 반대로 위험한 사이트는, “환전 5분”이라고 광고하지만 실제로는 몇 시간~며칠씩 끄는 경우, 출금 신청 후에 계속 추가 베팅을 유도한다든지, 약관을 자세히 보면 언제든 ‘회사 재량으로’ 출금을 보류할 수 있다는 문구가 숨어 있기도 합니다. 출금은 마치 “비상구”와 같습니다.게임이 잘 풀리면 모두 그 비상구 쪽으로 뛰어가게 되는데,문이 잠겨 있거나, 관리자 마음대로만 열어준다면 그 건물에 들어가고 싶지 않겠죠.안전사이트를 고른다는 건 “비상구가 실제로 열리는 건물”인지 확인하는 과정입니다. 3. 보안 기술 – SSL, 개인정보 보호, 2단계 인증 돈이 오가는 곳은 결국 보안 수준만큼만 안전합니다. 기본적으로 확인해야 할 것들: 주소창에 https가 적용되어 있고, 브라우저에서 “안전한 연결”로 표시되는지, 로그인 및 결제 페이지가 별도의 암호화 페이지로 구성되어 있는지, 가능하다면 **2단계 인증(OTP, 문자 인증 등)**을 제공하는지. 이런 보안 요소들은 눈에 잘 띄지 않지만,현실적으로는 “당장 눈에 보이는 보너스”보다 훨씬 중요합니다. 문이 화려한가보다 문이 얼마나 튼튼한가가 더 중요하듯,안전사이트를 고를 때에는 사이트 디자인보다 보안 구조를 한 번 더 확인해 보는 편이 좋습니다. 4. 운영 이력 & 도메인 연속성 먹튀사이트의 전형적인 패턴 중 하나는 이겁니다. 한동안 광고를 세게 돌리면서 유저 모집 어느 시점부터 환전 지연·부분 출금 결국 사이트 폐쇄 도메인 이름과 로고만 바꿔서 재등장 그래서 안전사이트를 고를 때는 단순히 “오래 됐다더라” 수준이 아니라,운영 이력과 도메인 히스토리를 살펴볼 필요가 있습니다. 도메인이 최근에 계속 바뀌었는지, 예전 이름으로 검색해 보면 먹튀 신고 기록이 있는지, 운영 기간 동안 딱히 큰 사고가 없었는지를 함께 봐야 합니다. 사이트를 볼 때,“겉으로는 10년 무사고라고 하는데, 실제 도메인은 몇 달 전에 만들어졌다”면그 자체만으로도 상당히 큰 리스크 신호입니다. 5. 유저 후기 & 먹튀 검증 결과 광고는 돈만 있으면 누구나 합니다.유저 후기와 먹튀 검증 기록은 돈으로만 해결되지 않습니다. 체크할 수 있는 것들: 커뮤니티에 올라온 실제 플레이 후기 환전 인증샷, 출금 완료 알림 캡처 등 먹튀 신고 게시판에서 해당 사이트 이름이 반복 등장하는지 검증 사이트에서 “보증금 제도”나 “보증 한도”를 어떻게 걸어놓았는지 물론 검증 사이트·커뮤니티 역시 100% 믿을 수 있는 절대 기준은 아닙니다.광고와 이해관계가 섞여 있는 곳도 있고,유저들끼리의 감정 싸움으로 비난이 과장되는 경우도 있습니다. 그래도 한 가지 분명한 사실은 있습니다. “온라인에서 아무 기록도 안 나오는 사이트”가“기록이 많아서 시끄러운 사이트”보다 더 불안할 때가 많다는 것. 후기가 너무 좋기만 한 것도 의심이지만,반대로 검색해도 아무 정보가 없는 신규 사이트에 큰돈을 맡기는 건“동네에 막 생긴 가게에 전 재산을 맡겨 보는” 행동에 가깝습니다. 6. 책임감 있는 베팅 기능 – 진짜 안전사이트의 숨겨진 조건 안전사이트를 이야기할 때 자주 놓치는 부분이 바로 책임감 있는 베팅(Responsible Gambling) 기능입니다. 돈만 잘 돌려 준다고 해서 다 안전한 게 아닙니다.오히려 유저가 무리하게 베팅하게 두는 사이트는장기적으로 보면 “유저에게 위험한 사이트”에 가깝습니다. 안전한 쪽에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 기능들: 월별 입금 한도 설정 기능 일정 시간 이상 플레이하면 알림을 띄워 주는 기능 일정 기간 동안 로그인을 막는 자가 제외(Self-Exclusion) 옵션 도박 중독 관련 도움을 받을 수 있는 링크·고객센터 안내(도박 문제로 도움을 받을 수 있는 곳) 이런 기능이 있다는 건,그 사이트가 최소한 “유저를 장기적으로 남기고 싶어 한다”는 신호입니다. 반대로,“더 많이 입금하게 만들기 위해서만 구조가 짜여 있는 사이트”는처음에는 재미있고 편해 보일지 몰라도,결국에는 내 통장과 멘탈이 같이 터지는 구조일 가능성이 높습니다. 7. 고객센터 & 분쟁 해결 프로세스 마지막 기준은 고객센터와 문제 발생 시 대응 방식입니다. 웬만하면 문제가 없으면 좋겠지만,현실적으로 온라인 서비스에서 100% 완벽은 없습니다.그래서 진짜 안전사이트는 “문제가 생겼을 때 어떻게 대응하는지”에서 차이가 납니다. 체크 포인트: 24시간 또는 늦은 밤까지 응대가 되는지 카카오톡, 라이브챗, 이메일 등 연락 수단이 다양한지 환전 오류, 이벤트 문제 등의 처리 기준과 기한이 약관·공지에 적혀 있는지 상담 내용이 기록으로 남는지, 담당자가 계속 바뀌면서 책임을 회피하지는 않는지 고객센터는 자동차로 치면 AS 센터와 같습니다.차는 멀쩡해 보여도 AS가 엉망이면, 결국 큰 문제가 터졌을 때 혼자 감당해야 하죠.안전사이트를 고를 때도, 미리 “AS 센터”를 한 번 시험해 보는 게 좋습니다. 간단한 질문을 한 번 던져 보고,답변의 속도와 태도만 봐도 어느 정도 감이 옵니다. 환전 거부·지연 먹튀 실사례: 280만 원이 막힌 이유 이제 실제로 있었던 사례 하나를 보겠습니다.이 사례 안에 지금까지 말한 7가지 기준이 거의 다 숨어 있습니다. 사례: “보너스 천국”에 속아 280만 원을 잃은 직장인 김 씨 2024년 가을, 직장인 김민수(가명) 씨는 평소 즐기던 스포츠 중계를 보다가 우연히 한 배너 광고를 보게 됐습니다. “첫 입금 200% 보너스, 환전 5분 보장, 10년 무사고 안전사이트” 문구만 보면 안 들어가기가 더 어렵죠.평소에 토토를 아주 자주 하던 편은 아니었지만,월급날이라 기분도 좋았고, “20만 원 정도만 놀다 나와야지”라는 생각으로 별다른 확인 없이 가입했습니다. 초반에는 운이 좋았습니다.연속으로 베팅이 적중하면서 이틀 만에 계정 잔고가 약 280만 원까지 불어났습니다.사람 마음이 그렇듯, 이쯤 되면 “한 번만 더, 조금만 더”라는 생각이 듭니다.그래도 김 씨는 욕심을 어느 정도 자제하고, 출금을 신청했습니다. 문제는 그 다음부터였습니다. 출금 신청 직후, “보너스 롤링 조건 미충족, 추가 베팅 후 출금 가능”이라는 메시지가 계속 뜨고, 고객센터에 물어볼 때마다 답변이 조금씩 다르게 바뀌고, “조금만 더 베팅하면 조건이 충족된다”고 유도하는 말만 반복됐습니다. 결국 1주일 넘게 환전이 지연되다가,어느 순간부터는 사이트 접속 자체가 되지 않게 되었고,김 씨는 계정에 남아 있던 280만 원을 그대로 잃어버렸습니다. 나중에서야 알게 된 사실은 이렇습니다. 이 사이트는 이미 여러 커뮤니티에서 먹튀사이트로 신고된 전력이 있었고, 도메인 이름과 로고만 여러 번 바꿔가며 재등장하고 있었으며, 사이트 하단에 적혀 있던 라이선스 번호는 실제 규제 기관에서 아무 기록이 조회되지 않는 가짜 번호였습니다. 이벤트 페이지와 이용약관, 공지사항의 환전 규정이 서로 모순된 내용으로 적혀 있었고, 입금 한도나 자기 차단 같은 책임감 있는 베팅 기능은 전혀 제공되지 않았습니다. 이 사례를 위에서 정리한 7가지 기준에 대입해 보면, 사실 아주 단순한 결론이 나옵니다. 라이선스를 조회해 보기만 했어도, 커뮤니티에 사이트 이름을 한 번만 검색해 봤어도, 환전 규정을 눈으로 한 번만 읽어 봤어도, “첫 입금 200% 보너스”가 얼마나 위험한 미끼인지 알았다면, 김 씨는 적어도 한 번에 280만 원을 맡기지는 않았을 가능성이 큽니다. 그리고 이런 피해를 겪었을 때는, 입·출금 내역, 고객센터 대화 내용, 사이트 공지 캡처 등을 최대한 확보해 두고, 경찰청 사이버수사대나 관련 기관에 신고하는 것이 그나마 할 수 있는 최소한의 방어입니다. 이 사례를 기억해 두세요.화려한 보너스와 “5분 환전”이라는 말 뒤에서,얼마나 많은 사람들이 환전 지연 → 추가 베팅 유도 → 사이트 잠적 패턴으로 손해를 보고 있는지 상징적으로 보여주는 이야기입니다. 7가지 기준으로 내가 쓰는 사이트 셀프 체크하기 (KRCLUB 예시 포함) 이제 중요한 건,“이 기준을 실제로 어떻게 써먹느냐”입니다. 가장 간단한 방법은 체크리스트를 만들어 보는 것입니다.아래 7가지 항목에 대해, 지금 사용 중인 사이트에 /를 매겨 보세요. 라이선스 정보가 구체적으로 표기되어 있고, 실제 조회가 되는가 입·출금 규정이 명확하고, 평균 환전 시간에 대한 언급이 있는가 https, SSL, 2단계 인증 등 보안 요소가 제대로 갖춰져 있는가 도메인·브랜드 이름이 자주 바뀌지 않았는가 커뮤니티 후기, 검증 사이트 평판이 최소한 “심각한 경고” 수준은 아닌가 입금 한도, 플레이 시간 알림 등 책임감 있는 베팅 기능이 있는가 고객센터가 24시간 혹은 늦은 시간까지, 기록을 남기면서 응대하는가 새로운 사이트를 찾을 때는 무조건 광고 문구만 보지 말고,반드시 위 7가지를 한 번씩은 점검해 보세요. 예를 들어, 한국 유저를 대상으로 한 온라인 베팅 브랜드인 KRCLUB을 이용한다고 가정해 봅시다.KRCLUB이든, 다른 어떤 브랜드든 마찬가지로,아래와 같이 스스로 검색해 보는 습관이 필요합니다. “KRCLUB 라이선스 정보” “KRCLUB 환전 후기” “KRCLUB 먹튀” “KRCLUB 안전사이트 평가” 검색 결과가 어떤지, 커뮤니티에서 어떤 이야기가 오가는지 살펴보는 것만으로도리스크를 줄이는 데 큰 도움이 됩니다. 어떤 브랜드든 광고만 믿지 말고, 직접 검증하고 질문하는 유저일수록먹튀 피해를 당할 확률은 확실히 줄어듭니다. 책임감 있는 베팅과 안전사이트의 역할 마지막으로 꼭 짚고 싶었던 부분입니다. 아무리 안전한 사이트를 골라도,본인이 감당할 수 있는 한도를 넘어서 베팅하면 결국 위험해지는 건 똑같습니다. 생활비, 학자금, 빚으로 마련한 돈으로 베팅하지 않기 한 달에 쓸 수 있는 베팅 예산을 미리 정해 두기 연패가 이어지면 “상황 반전”을 노리기보다 그날은 그냥 접는 습관 들이기 스스로 감당하기 어려운 수준으로 빠져들었다는 느낌이 들면,사이트의 자가 제외 기능이나 전문 상담 기관에 도움을 요청하기 진짜 안전사이트라면,유저가 이렇게 책임감 있게 베팅할 수 있도록 돕는 기능과 안내를 갖추고 있어야 합니다. “내가 이 사이트를 떠나도 괜찮다고 생각하는 사이트”가오히려 가장 오래 이용하게 되는 사이트이기도 합니다. 마무리: 2025년, 안전사이트는 정보와 습관에서 갈린다 정리해 보면,안전사이트를 고르는 일은 결국 두 가지에 달려 있습니다. 알고 있는가? 라이선스, 환전 규정, 보안, 운영 이력, 후기, 책임감 있는 베팅 기능, 고객센터 등 어떤 요소를 봐야 하는지 알고 있는가 귀찮아도 직접 확인하는 습관이 있는가? 검색해 보고, 약관을 읽어 보고, 소액부터 테스트해 보는 기본적인 과정 광고는 항상 “여기가 제일 안전하다”고 말합니다.하지만 내 돈을 지키는 건 광고가 아니라 정보와 습관입니다. 이 글에서 정리한 7가지 기준과 사례를 머릿속에 한 번 저장해 두고,앞으로 사이트를 선택할 때마다 최소한 한 번씩은 떠올려 보세요. 그리고 앞으로 이 블로그에서는KRCLUB을 포함한 여러 브랜드의 실제 입·출금 속도, 보너스 정책, 책임감 있는 베팅 기능을조금 더 구체적으로 비교·리뷰하는 글들도 이어서 다룰 예정입니다. 당장 큰돈을 버는 방법보다,오늘 잃지 않는 방법을 먼저 챙기는 것.2025년에 안전사이트를 고르는 가장 현실적인 출발점입니다.

      2025년 안전사이트 선택 가이드: 7대 기준 총정리

      온라인 플랫폼 수의 급증과 함께 진정한 안전사이트를 구분하는 일은 더욱 중요해졌습니다. 본문은 다년간의 실전 경험과 다량의 사용자 사례를 바탕으로 2025년 안전사이트 선택의 7대 핵심 기준을 체계적으로 정리했습니다: 라이선스 실체 확인, 결제 시스템 안정성, 보안 기술 보장, 운영 이력 기록, 사용자 평가 분석, 책임감 있는 도박 기능, 그리고 고객서비스 품질.

      내용에는 상세한 실제 운영 가이드, 실제 자금 동결 사례 분석, 그리고实用的 자체 점검清单을 포함하고 있습니다. 경험 많은 사용자이시든 막 시작하신 분이든, 이 포괄적인 안전 가이드는 효과적인 위험 방어 체계를 구축하는 데 도움을 드리며, 온라인 서비스를 즐기시면서도 자금과 개인정보 안전을 보장해 드립니다. 👉 [원문 링크] 전체 안전 가이드 읽기

    1. 쓸쓸한 것만이 오고 간다

      표현 그대로 쓸쓸한 것만이 오고 갈 수는 없지만 화자가 이렇게 표현한 것으로 보아 외로움과 고독을 느끼고 있음을 알 수 있음

    Annotators

    1. community translanguaging

      This explains how students use all their languages together. It’s important because it challenges the idea that only Standard English belongs in classrooms.

    2. multilingual, English‐medium classroom

      This phrase shows that even though students speak many languages, the school requires English for instruction. This directly connects to my research question about how Standard English requirements affect multilingual students.

    1. お勧めしていました。

      過去形なので、どの時点までそうだったのかを書くと良さそうです。

      具体的なバージョンや年代を挙げるのが難しければ、「型ヒントが登場した当初は」みたいなぼかした書き方でもいいと思います。

    2. price: int | None # Optional[int] と同じ

      import Optionalのあとにこのコードがくるとなんだか不自然な感じがしました。

      price: Optional[int] も残して記載するなど、違いがわかるように書いたほうがよさそうと思いました

    1. The point of an informative essay is not to convince others to take a certain action or stance

      its not to prove a point. It's to highlight specific examples that back up evidence driven questions.

    2. The purpose of an informative essay, sometimes called an expository essay, is to educate others on a certain topic. Typically, these essays aim to answer the five Ws and H questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how.

      good way to regroup and create a concise order for your written works

    3. The Informative Research Report is a report that relays the results of a central research question in an organized manner through more formal sources.

      emphasis on the formal aspect of the writing. It's not opinionated, it's fact/evidence based.

    1. point-light displays

      Σε διάφορα σημεία του σώματος ενός ανθρώπου (π.χ. αρθρώσεις: γόνατα, αγκώνες, ώμοι, κεφάλι) τοποθετούνται φωτεινά σημεία.

      Ολόκληρο το υπόλοιπο σώμα δεν φαίνεται — φαίνονται μόνο τα σημεία φωτός που κινούνται.

      Παρά την έλλειψη λεπτομερειών, οι άνθρωποι μπορούν πολύ γρήγορα και εύκολα να αναγνωρίσουν:

    1. Request a custom Quote

      The first photo below, first row, on the very left - is ai. Please change to our photo. Use one from one of our instagrams that's not here already. Those are our 2 instagram accounts: Sunnyjazz.band Itssunny-ent

    2. Live-on-DJ

      Change font again, for those three headers: cocktail music, dance music, live on dj performers, to the font of "our simple booking process" header

    3. s remem

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    4. 1. Event Inquiry Tell us about your event, including date, location, and desired entertainment style.

      All of these 1,2,3,4 squares, please change the font to match the font in the above header of "our simple booking process"

    1. to make all that happen is going to take a massive public movement. And the first thing you can do is to share this video with the 10 most powerful people you know and have them share it with the 10 most powerful people that they know

      for - best action - AI - cSTP

    2. Eio Wilson this Harvard sociologist said the fundamental problem of humanity is we have paleolithic brains and emotions. We have medieval institutions that operate at a medieval clock rate and we have godlike technology that's moving at now 21st to 24th century speed when AI self improves

      for - quote - EO Wilson - pace of technology - compare - quotes - EO Wilson - Ronald Wright

    3. We uh changed the way we train engineers and computer scientists. So to graduate from any engineering school, you had to actually comprehensively study all the places that humanity had gotten technology wrong, including forever chemicals or leaded gasoline, which dropped a billion points of IQ or social media that caused all these problems

      for - progress trap - education -advocate

    1. Notre capacité de concentration : Déclin ou Adaptation ?

      Résumé

      Ce document de synthèse analyse l'état actuel de la capacité de concentration humaine à l'ère numérique, en se basant sur des perspectives historiques, psychologiques et neuroscientifiques.

      Loin de l'idée répandue d'un déclin généralisé, les données suggèrent une adaptation profonde de notre cerveau aux nouvelles exigences environnementales.

      La capacité attentionnelle fondamentale, soit la faculté de traiter simultanément un nombre limité d'informations (entre un et quatre éléments), demeure stable depuis les années 1960.

      Les tests objectifs montrent même une amélioration de la performance en attention sélective au cours des dernières décennies.

      La découverte centrale est que l'attention n'est pas un état constant, mais un processus rythmique et oscillatoire.

      Notre cerveau alterne à une fréquence très élevée (toutes les 250 millisecondes) entre un état de concentration sensorielle intense et un état moteur, plus propice à l'action et à la distraction.

      Ce mécanisme, hérité d'une évolution de plus de 22 millions d'années, confère une flexibilité cognitive essentielle.

      L'environnement numérique, avec son flux constant de notifications et de contenus, n'a pas détruit notre capacité de concentration mais a favorisé le développement de nouvelles compétences, comme le passage rapide d'une tâche à l'autre et un filtrage plus efficace de l'information.

      La véritable question n'est donc pas celle d'une perte de capacité, mais celle de l'autodétermination : qui, ou quoi, contrôle notre attention ?

      La capacité à maintenir une concentration prolongée n'est pas perdue ; elle peut être réapprise et renforcée par un entraînement ciblé, démontrant la plasticité continue de notre cerveau.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      1. Le Mythe du Déclin de l'Attention

      L'idée que notre capacité de concentration se dégrade est une préoccupation récurrente, mais elle manque de fondement scientifique solide.

      Une anxiété historique : Le débat sur la concentration n'est pas nouveau.

      Il a émergé au 19ème siècle avec l'industrialisation, qui exigeait une attention soutenue pour maximiser la productivité et la sécurité.

      La psychologie naissante s'est alors emparée de l'étude de l'attention pour optimiser le recrutement de la main-d'œuvre.

      La fable du poisson rouge : En 2015, une affirmation largement relayée prétendait que la durée d'attention humaine (8 secondes) était devenue inférieure à celle d'un poisson rouge (9 secondes).

      Cette donnée provient d'une étude de Microsoft mesurant le temps passé sur une page web.

      Plutôt qu'une dégradation, ce chiffre peut indiquer une amélioration de notre efficacité à filtrer l'information en ligne.

      Comme le souligne le document, "être attentif c'est sélectionner l'information".

      Les paniques morales : Chaque nouvelle technologie a suscité des craintes similaires.

      Au 18ème siècle, le roman était jugé dangereux ; au 20ème, le cinéma.

      Aujourd'hui, les réseaux sociaux et le streaming sont les boucs émissaires.

      2. La Nature Fondamentale de la Concentration

      Les mécanismes de base de notre attention sont bien étudiés et révèlent une capacité stable et multifactorielle.

      Une capacité de base stable : Des tests de laboratoire, reproduits régulièrement depuis les années 1960, démontrent que notre capacité attentionnelle fondamentale est limitée et stable.

      Nous pouvons nous concentrer sur un à quatre éléments simultanément, selon leur complexité.

      Les deux fonctions essentielles : L'attention remplit un double rôle crucial :

      1. Traitement sélectif : Focaliser nos ressources cognitives sur l'information pertinente.   

      2. Filtrage : Occulter les stimuli parasites, qu'ils soient externes (bruits, lumières) ou internes (pensées, émotions).

      Les conditions de l'état de "Flow" : Le psychologue Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a décrit le "flow" comme un état de concentration totale et sans effort, où l'on est absorbé par une tâche qui procure satisfaction.

      Cet état optimal est atteint lorsque la difficulté d'une tâche est parfaitement équilibrée :

      Ni trop facile : pour éviter l'ennui et la divagation des pensées.  

      Ni trop difficile : pour éviter le sentiment d'être dépassé et l'abandon.   

      ◦ La motivation intrinsèque est également une composante essentielle.

      3. Le Rythme Caché de notre Cerveau

      Des recherches récentes révèlent que l'attention est un processus dynamique et non un état statique.

      Une oscillation permanente : L'attention n'est pas uniforme. Elle suit un rythme ondulatoire rapide. Des expériences montrent qu'elle "croit et décroit" en permanence.

      L'alternance Sensoriel/Moteur : Notre cerveau alterne constamment entre deux états à une fréquence d'environ 250 millisecondes :

      État sensoriel : Un pic de concentration, où nous sommes plus focalisés et absorbons plus d'informations.  

      État moteur : Un creux où notre système moteur est plus actif, nous rendant plus facilement distraits mais aussi plus prompts à l'action.

      Une flexibilité cognitive évolutive : Ce rythme est un mécanisme évolutif fondamental, retrouvé chez les macaques, ce qui suggère une origine remontant à au moins 22 millions d'années.

      Cette "alternance attention-action" nous permet à la fois de nous concentrer intensément et de réagir rapidement à de nouvelles informations pertinentes.

      La distraction est donc une composante intrinsèque de la concentration ; elles sont "les deux faces d'une même pièce".

      L'illusion de la maîtrise totale : L'idée que l'attention est un acte purement volontaire est une illusion.

      L'effet "cocktail party" illustre que des informations subjectivement pertinentes (comme notre prénom) peuvent percer notre filtre attentionnel de manière quasi-automatique, redirigeant notre "projecteur" attentionnel.

      4. L'Adaptation à l'Ère Numérique

      Contrairement aux idées reçues, les données objectives ne soutiennent pas une thèse de dégradation, mais plutôt celle d'une adaptation.

      Une performance en hausse : Une méta-analyse menée entre 1990 et 2021 sur le test d'attention D2 (un test standardisé d'attention sélective) a révélé que la performance moyenne des participants a augmenté au fil des ans.

      Cela indique qu'il n'y a "aucune raison de basculer dans le catastrophisme".

      De nouvelles compétences : L'environnement numérique agit comme un entraînement intensif pour certaines facultés :

      ◦ Les utilisateurs de médias numériques et les joueurs de jeux vidéo développent une grande habileté à passer rapidement d'une tâche à l'autre.   

      ◦ Ils affinent leur capacité à détecter les signaux pertinents (visuels, textuels).   

      ◦ Il s'agit d'un "gain, une adaptation nécessaire de notre cerveau à ce qu'il doit faire à un moment donné".

      Les défis de l'environnement moderne : Si notre capacité de base n'a pas diminué, le contexte a changé.

      ◦ L'effet "Brain Drain" : La simple présence d'un smartphone peut réduire la capacité de concentration et de mémorisation disponible.   

      Des alternatives attractives : Les médias numériques offrent des distractions puissantes, particulièrement alléchantes lorsque nous sommes confrontés à des tâches routinières ou ennuyeuses.

      5. Le Spectre de l'Attention et la Question du Pouvoir

      La discussion sur la concentration dépasse la simple mesure de performance pour toucher à des questions de neurodéveloppement et de contrôle personnel.

      Les extrêmes du spectre : Les troubles de l'attention (TDAH) peuvent être compris comme une défaillance du cycle rythmique de l'attention.

      L'hyperactivité : Les individus sont bloqués dans le "creux" du rythme, l'état moteur, passant constamment d'une activité à l'autre.   

      L'hyperfixation : Les individus sont bloqués dans le "pic" du rythme, l'état sensoriel, incapables de se détacher de leur objet de concentration.  

      ◦ L'attention est qualifiée de "mère de toutes les fonctions cognitives", et ses défaillances ont des impacts dramatiques.

      La question de l'autodétermination : Le véritable enjeu contemporain n'est pas la capacité, mais le contrôle.

      La possibilité de réapprentissage : La capacité de concentration prolongée n'est pas perdue, mais simplement moins sollicitée.

      Elle peut être réentraînée. Des activités comme lire un livre ou apprendre un instrument de musique permettent de réapprendre à maintenir son attention.

      Cela "demandera beaucoup de travail et d'entraînement, mais ce n'est pas perdu pour toujours".

      Conclusion

      Notre capacité de concentration n'a pas diminué ; elle a évolué pour s'adapter à un monde hyper-connecté.

      Le discours alarmiste ignore la remarquable plasticité de notre cerveau et les nouvelles compétences que nous développons.

      Le monde moderne n'est "ni mieux ni pire", il est simplement "différent".

      Le défi pour chacun est de devenir plus conscient et volontaire dans la gestion de cette ressource précieuse, en trouvant un équilibre personnel entre les sollicitations externes et les objectifs internes.

      La question fondamentale qui demeure est : à quoi choisissons-nous d'accorder notre attention ?

    1. Synthèse des Expériences sur les Préjugés et le Racisme Inconscient

      Résumé

      Ce document de synthèse analyse une émission d'investigation sociale qui, à travers une série d'expériences en caméra cachée, démontre comment les préjugés et les stéréotypes raciaux influencent de manière inconsciente les comportements, les jugements et même la perception de la réalité.

      Cinquante participants, croyant participer à une émission sur "les mystères de notre cerveau", sont confrontés à des situations de la vie quotidienne conçues pour révéler des biais automatiques.

      Les résultats sont unanimes : des mécanismes cognitifs comme la catégorisation sociale poussent les individus à privilégier la similarité, à juger plus sévèrement les minorités visibles, et à percevoir une menace accrue en leur présence.

      Les expériences révèlent également que ces biais sont acquis dès l'enfance et peuvent mener à une internalisation des stéréotypes par les groupes minoritaires eux-mêmes.

      Le contexte s'avère crucial, capable d'atténuer ou de renforcer les stéréotypes.

      Finalement, l'émission conclut que si ces mécanismes sont universels, la prise de conscience, l'éducation et la rencontre avec l'autre sont des leviers puissants pour les déconstruire, rappelant que ce qui rassemble les êtres humains est fondamentalement plus fort que ce qui les divise.

      1. Dispositif Expérimental et Concepts Fondamentaux

      L'émission met en scène 50 volontaires qui ignorent le véritable sujet de l'étude : le racisme.

      Le faux titre, "Les mystères de notre cerveau", vise à garantir la spontanéité de leurs réactions.

      Leurs comportements sont observés et analysés par la présentatrice Marie Drucker, le comédien et réalisateur Lucien Jean-Baptiste, et le psychosociologue Sylvain Delouvée.

      L'analyse repose sur plusieurs concepts clés de la psychologie sociale :

      La Catégorisation Sociale : Mécanisme mental naturel et "paresseux" par lequel le cerveau classe les individus en groupes (hommes/femmes, jeunes/vieux, noirs/blancs) pour simplifier la complexité du monde.

      Ce processus entraîne une perception accrue des ressemblances au sein de son propre groupe ("nous") et des différences avec les autres groupes ("eux"), pouvant générer méfiance et rejet.

      Le Stéréotype : Défini comme "un ensemble d'idées préconçues que l'on va appliquer à un individu du simple fait de son appartenance à un groupe."

      Les stéréotypes ont un caractère automatique et sont intégrés culturellement (médias, éducation, etc.).

      Le Préjugé : C'est l'attitude, positive ou négative, que l'on développe envers un groupe sur la base de stéréotypes.

      La Discrimination : Le comportement qui découle des préjugés, comme le fait d'écarter une personne d'un emploi ou d'un logement.

      Sylvain Delouvée souligne que "toutes les expériences que nous allons voir s'appuient sur des études scientifiques parfaitement documentées" et que les mécanismes étudiés (misogynie, sexisme, homophobie, etc.) reposent sur les mêmes fondements.

      2. Le Biais de Similarité et le Jugement Spontané

      Les premières expériences démontrent une tendance instinctive à favoriser les individus qui nous ressemblent et à porter des jugements hâtifs basés sur l'apparence physique.

      Expérience 1 : La Salle d'Attente

      Dispositif : Les participants entrent un par un dans une salle d'attente où sont assis deux complices, un homme noir (Jean-Philippe) et un homme blanc (Florian), habillés identiquement. Une chaise vide est disponible de chaque côté.

      Résultats : La quasi-totalité des participants choisit de s'asseoir à côté de l'homme blanc.

      Même lorsque les complices échangent leurs places pour éliminer un biais lié à la configuration de la pièce, le résultat reste le même.

      Analyse : Selon Sylvain Delouvée, ce comportement n'est pas "raciste en tant que tel" mais relève d'une recherche de similarité.

      "On va chercher les gens qui nous ressemblent."

      C'est un mécanisme presque "reptilien", hérité des tribus primitives qui se méfiaient de la différence.

      Lucien Jean-Baptiste souligne les conséquences dramatiques de ce biais dans des contextes comme "l'accès au logement" ou la recherche d'emploi.

      Expérience 2 : Le Procès Fictif

      Dispositif : Les participants agissent en tant que jurés et doivent attribuer une peine de prison (de 3 à 15 ans) à un accusé pour "coups et blessures volontaires ayant entraîné la mort sans l'intention de la donner".

      Le crime et le contexte sont identiques pour tous, mais la moitié des participants juge un accusé blanc, l'autre moitié un accusé d'origine maghrébine.

      Résultats : L'accusé d'origine maghrébine écope en moyenne d'une peine de prison plus lourde.

      Fait marquant, les participants ont été 5 fois plus nombreux à lui infliger la peine maximale de 15 ans.

      Analyse : Les commentaires des participants révèlent leurs biais : "Il a une bonne tête, il n'a pas l'air d'être violent" pour l'accusé blanc ; "Il n'y a pas de perpétuité ?" pour l'accusé maghrébin.

      Delouvée explique que ce jugement est influencé par un "fameux biais intégré" via la culture et les médias, qui associent certaines catégories de personnes à la délinquance.

      3. La Perception de la Menace et de la Culpabilité

      Les expériences suivantes illustrent comment les stéréotypes raciaux activent automatiquement une perception de danger ou de culpabilité, menant à des réactions discriminatoires.

      Expérience 3 : Le Vol de Vélo

      Dispositif : En caméra cachée dans la rue, trois comédiens (un homme blanc, Johan ; un homme d'origine maghrébine, Bachir ; une jeune femme blonde, Urielle) scient tour à tour l'antivol d'un vélo.

      Résultats :

      Johan (blanc) : Les passants sont indifférents ou bienveillants. Une femme lui dit même qu'il a "une tête de type honnête".  

      Bachir (maghrébin) : Les réactions sont immédiates et hostiles ("C'est pas bien, de faire ça").

      Les passants l'interpellent et appellent la police, qui intervient réellement, forçant l'équipe de tournage à s'interposer.  

      ◦ **Urielle (blonde) :

      ** Plusieurs hommes s'arrêtent spontanément pour lui proposer leur aide, sans jamais remettre en question la propriété du vélo.

      Analyse : Cette expérience démontre un comportement discriminatoire flagrant.

      Le stéréotype s'active automatiquement ("fait-il partie de mon groupe ?"), entraîne un préjugé ("j'ai confiance ou non") et déclenche une action (l'appel à la police).

      Lucien Jean-Baptiste témoigne : "Il m'est arrivé combien de fois de rentrer dans des halls d'immeuble et qu'on me demande : 'Qu'est-ce que vous faites là ?'".

      Expérience 4 : Le Laser Game (Le Biais du Tireur)

      Dispositif : Les participants, armés d'un pistolet de laser game, doivent neutraliser le plus rapidement possible des figurants armés qui surgissent, tout en évitant de tirer sur ceux qui tiennent un téléphone.

      Les figurants sont de différentes origines (blancs, noirs, maghrébins).

      Résultats :

      1. Les participants ont tiré près de 4 fois plus sur les figurants désarmés noirs ou d'origine maghrébine que sur les figurants désarmés blancs.    

      1. Face à un dilemme où un homme blanc et un homme maghrébin surgissent simultanément armés, ils ont été 4 fois plus nombreux à tirer en priorité sur le figurant d'origine maghrébine.

      Analyse : Cette expérience, inspirée de recherches sur les forces de police américaines, illustre le "biais du tireur".

      Elle ne signifie pas que les participants sont racistes, mais met en évidence "l'ancrage fort et automatique d'un stéréotype".

      Face à une situation menaçante, le cerveau s'accroche aux stéréotypes pour agir, percevant la scène comme "encore plus menaçante qu'elle ne l'est".

      4. La Genèse des Préjugés chez l'Enfant

      Ces expériences démontrent que les stéréotypes raciaux sont absorbés et intégrés très tôt, non pas de manière innée, mais par observation et modélisation du monde adulte.

      Expérience 5 : Les Marionnettes

      Dispositif : Des enfants de 5 à 6 ans assistent à un spectacle de marionnettes où le goûter de Vanessa a été volé. Deux suspects leur sont présentés : Kevin (blanc) et Moussa (noir).

      On demande aux enfants de désigner le coupable.

      Résultats : Une majorité d'enfants désigne spontanément Moussa comme le voleur le plus probable.

      Analyse : "Ça commence très tôt", réagit Lucien Jean-Baptiste.

      Delouvée précise que cela "ne prouve pas que les enfants sont enclins naturellement à la discrimination" mais qu'ils sont très sensibles aux normes sociales et "incorporent les stéréotypes, les préjugés de leur entourage".

      Expérience 6 : Le Test de la Poupée

      Dispositif : L'émission présente les résultats d'une réplication du célèbre test des psychologues Kenneth et Mamie Clark (années 1940), issue du documentaire "Noirs en France".

      On présente à de jeunes enfants, y compris des enfants noirs, une poupée blanche et une poupée noire et on leur pose des questions ("Quelle est la plus jolie ?", "La moins jolie ?").

      Résultats : Les enfants, y compris les enfants noirs, désignent majoritairement la poupée blanche comme la plus jolie et la poupée noire comme la moins jolie. Une petite fille noire déclare :

      "Parce qu'elle est noire... quand je serai grande, je mettrai de la crème pour devenir blanche."

      Analyse : Ce test illustre tragiquement l'internalisation du stéréotype, où les membres d'un groupe minoritaire finissent par incorporer les préjugés négatifs qui leur sont attribués.

      Le résultat, constant à travers les décennies, montre la puissance des modèles culturels et de l'entourage.

      5. Stéréotypes, Contexte et Raccourcis Cognitifs

      Cette section regroupe des expériences montrant comment les stéréotypes fonctionnent comme des raccourcis mentaux, comment le contexte peut les moduler et comment même les préjugés "positifs" sont problématiques.

      Expérience 7 : La Reconnaissance des Visages ("Ils se ressemblent tous")

      Dispositif : Six comédiens (quatre blancs, deux asiatiques) jouent une courte scène.

      Les participants doivent ensuite réattribuer chaque réplique au bon comédien via une application.

      Résultats : Les participants ont fait quasiment deux fois plus d'erreurs en attribuant les répliques aux comédiens d'origine asiatique qu'aux comédiens blancs.

      Analyse : Ce phénomène illustre que le cerveau perçoit moins les différences "intracatégorielles" pour les groupes qui ne sont pas le nôtre.

      Comme l'explique Delouvée, "à partir du moment où nous catégorisons les individus en groupe, ce biais apparaît, cette tendance à voir les membres d'un groupe qui n'est pas le nôtre comme se ressemblant."

      Expérience 8 : Les Accents des Conférenciers

      Dispositif : Trois groupes de participants assistent à la même conférence sur l'IA, mais donnée par trois "experts" différents.

      1. Groupe 1 : Un comédien blanc prenant un fort accent allemand.    

      1. Groupe 2 : Le même comédien prenant un accent marseillais.    

      2. Groupe 3 : Un véritable professeur d'université noir, M. Diallo.

      Résultats :

      Accent allemand : Jugé "très compétent", "sérieux", mais "moyennement chaleureux".   

      Accent marseillais : Jugé "moins compétent", "pas convaincant", mais "sympathique" et "très chaleureux".    ◦ Professeur noir :

      Les participants sont perplexes, peinent à le qualifier et expriment des doutes sur sa légitimité ("Pour moi, il s'agit d'un comédien").

      Analyse : L'accent active un stéréotype qui devient le critère principal de jugement.

      L'Allemand est perçu comme rigoureux, le Marseillais comme sympathique mais peu sérieux.

      Le professeur noir, lui, ne correspond à aucun stéréotype clair dans l'esprit des participants, ce qui crée une dissonance cognitive.

      Le fait qu'il soit le seul véritable expert est la conclusion ironique de l'expérience.

      Expérience 9 : Les Sprinteurs (Le Préjugé Positif)

      Dispositif : On demande aux participants qui, d'un sprinteur noir ou blanc, a le plus de chances de gagner une course.

      Résultats : Une majorité répond le sprinteur noir, se basant sur le cliché "les Noirs courent plus vite".

      Analyse : L'émission déconstruit ce stéréotype, expliquant qu'il n'a aucune base scientifique fiable.

      Sa persistance est liée à des facteurs historiques (le corps noir associé au labeur physique durant l'esclavage) et socio-culturels (le sport comme l'un des rares modèles de réussite pour les jeunes noirs).

      Delouvée qualifie ce type de croyance de "préjugé positif très problématique", car il "retire le mérite aux coureurs noirs de gagner", réduisant leur succès à une essence biologique plutôt qu'à leur travail.

      Expérience 10 : L'Association de Mots (Le Rôle du Contexte)

      Dispositif : Trois groupes voient une photo d'une même femme asiatique dans trois contextes différents et doivent donner le premier mot qui leur vient à l'esprit.

      1. Photo 1 : Mangeant avec des baguettes.  

      2. Photo 2 : Se maquillant.  

      3. Photo 3 : Portant une blouse blanche avec un stéthoscope.

      Résultats :

      Photo 1 : Les réponses évoquent l'origine ("Asie", "sushi", "femme asiatique").   

      Photo 2 : Les réponses évoquent la féminité ("maquillage", "rouge à lèvres", "belle femme").  

      Photo 3 : Les réponses évoquent la profession ("médecin", "infirmière", "hôpital").

      Analyse : L'expérience démontre que le contexte est capable d'effacer ou de renforcer un stéréotype.

      Lorsque le contexte fournit une information plus saillante (le métier, la féminité), l'origine ethnique passe au second plan.

      6. L'Impact Neurologique et Mémoriel des Préjugés

      Ces expériences finales explorent les fondements biologiques et cognitifs des préjugés, montrant comment ils peuvent altérer l'empathie et même réécrire les souvenirs.

      Expérience 11 : L'Empathie et la Douleur

      Dispositif : L'émission rapporte une étude neurologique où l'on mesure la réaction cérébrale de sujets (blancs et noirs) regardant une main se faire piquer par une aiguille.

      Résultats :

      ◦ Le cerveau d'un sujet blanc réagit (empathie, "freezing") en voyant une main blanche se faire piquer, mais pas en voyant une main noire.   

      ◦ Inversement, le cerveau d'un sujet noir réagit à la douleur d'une main noire, mais pas d'une main blanche.   

      ◦ Étonnamment, quand la main est de couleur violette (un groupe pour lequel aucun préjugé n'existe), les cerveaux des sujets blancs et noirs réagissent tous les deux avec empathie.

      Analyse : C'est la seule expérience basée sur la neurologie. Elle révèle que "nos préjugés effacent notre empathie à l'égard de personnes différentes de nous".

      Le cerveau est plastique, et c'est "par la rencontre, l'éducation" que l'on peut développer une empathie plus universelle.

      Expérience 12 : La Photo Contre-Stéréotypique et le Bouche-à-Oreille

      Dispositif : Les participants observent une photo de rue où un homme d'origine maghrébine donne une pièce à un homme blanc faisant la manche.

      Puis, on teste leur mémoire.

      Dans un second temps, une chaîne de bouche-à-oreille est créée pour voir comment l'information se transmet.

      Résultats :

      1. Test de mémoire : Près de la moitié des participants décrivent la scène en inversant les rôles, affirmant avoir vu un homme blanc donner de l'argent à un SDF maghrébin.

      Un participant, décrivant la scène correctement, la qualifie de "très perturbante".   

      2. Bouche-à-oreille : Même lorsque la première personne décrit la scène correctement, l'information se déforme rapidement au fil de la transmission.

      Les rôles s'inversent, et la scène d'aumône se transforme même en "une altercation".

      Analyse : La photo est "contre-stéréotypique" : elle contredit les attentes du cerveau.

      Pour simplifier, le cerveau "corrige" la réalité pour la faire correspondre au stéréotype (le Maghrébin en situation de précarité).

      L'expérience du bouche-à-oreille, basée sur une étude classique sur les rumeurs (Allport & Postman, 1940), montre comment "nos croyances et stéréotypes nous permettent de lire cette scène" et de la transformer.

      7. Révélation Finale et Humanité Partagée

      À la fin de la journée, le véritable titre de l'émission, "Sommes-nous tous racistes ?", est révélé aux participants, provoquant choc et prise de conscience.

      L'objectif, leur explique-t-on, n'était pas de juger mais de montrer que "nous avons toutes et tous les mêmes mécanismes qui se déclenchent dans nos têtes".

      L'ultime expérience vise à déconstruire les divisions.

      Répartis en groupes de couleurs distinctes, les participants sont invités à avancer au centre s'ils se sentent concernés par une série de questions, allant du léger ("Qui a déjà revendu des cadeaux de Noël ?") au profondément intime.

      "Qui, parmi vous, se sent très seul ?" Plusieurs personnes, de groupes différents, se rejoignent au centre, partageant une vulnérabilité commune.

      "Qui, parmi vous, a été harcelé pendant sa scolarité ?"

      Un grand nombre de participants avancent, partageant des témoignages émouvants sur le harcèlement lié à la couleur de peau ou à d'autres différences.

      Cette dernière séquence démontre visuellement que malgré les appartenances à des groupes différents, les expériences humaines fondamentales (joie, amour, solitude, souffrance) sont partagées.

      La conclusion de l'émission est un appel à la reconnaissance de cette humanité commune :

      "Ce qui nous rassemble est toujours plus fort que ce qui nous divise."

    1. Per rendere le vaccinazioni più efficaci vengono stilate successioni cronologiche, riassunte nei cosiddetti "calendari vaccinali", predisposti dalle autorità sanitarie nazionali, e che riguardano principalmente le vaccinazioni in ambito pediatrico.

      successioni cronologiche prive di fondamenta scientifiche e la cui validità è non dimostrata. La ripresa dell'incidenza di malattie gravi o potenzialmente mortali (che sarebbero facilmente evitabili tramite semplici vaccinazioni) è arbitraria e gratuita...

    1. frontoparietal andfrontostriatal circuitry.

      Frontoparietal and frontostriatal refer to two distinct but interconnected neural networks in the brain. The frontoparietal circuit, which involves the frontal and parietal lobes, is crucial for executive functions such as cognitive control, working memory, and attention. The frontostriatal circuit connects the frontal lobe (including the prefrontal cortex) with the striatum (part of the basal ganglia) and is involved in motor control, reward processing, and habit formation

    1. more network news coverage does not necessary mean more favorable coverage.

      This is important, when measuring volume as this is often misconstrued as frequency or amount, in the case of elections, limiting analysis to text or language, this assumption can be mistakenly made.

    2. because the visual content of candidate portrayals, such as facial expressions, candidate behavior (e.g., embracing supporters, shaking hands with high-status figures and celebrities, hugging babies), or appearances adorned with patriotic symbols, is likely to be under the control of the candidates or their image handlers

      Strong justification for my multi-modal research, as it will investigate whether these visual components were manipulated or not?

    3. there is no persistent trend of partisan bias toward candidates of either party over the four election cycles examined, let alone a consistent liberal slant to the news.

      Will the same results persist when I narrow it down for the 2024 U.S. presidential election?

    4. Volume in this context refers to how much media attention a particular party or candidate received.

      If it was the case that broadcast news was bias, the bias in this context would be seen to lean more Republican than it would Democrat. In the 2024 U.S. election, it was the case that coverage (number currently unknown) would have featured Trump more as he was running for second term, said newsworthy outrageous things such as Mexicans eating Americans cats and dogs and so on. But then again, literature has pointedly contended that women, more specifically WOC are more likely to be covered as they are breaking gender boundaries. Is this the case? Where does the visual bias tend to lie more?

    5. This chapter measures visual bias that occurs in broadcast news. Examining the visual packaging of general election news, this chapter aims to explain how and why this trend exist including the argument of journalist occasionally submitting to control of image handlers to construct the visual portrayal of politicians. In the context of my study, and research question "how do conservative and liberal news outlets represent Kamala Harris race and gender in the 2024 presidential election?" a much larger debate comes into play here, whether broadcast news can be visually bias, and if so how as this chapter aims to answer. Considering the first debate between Trump and Harris took place on ABC News , a more left centrist, the criticism from right-wing news channel Fox alongside Trump's populist perspective that Harris was not challenged or questioned hard enough, will make for an interesting analysis of visual bias and whether this is what occured in this election

    1. des

      Ici, ça dépend du sens voulu. Est-ce qu'on parle des débats de nomination en général ? Auquel cas, il faudrait écrire ainsi :

      "...un grand nombre de débats de nomination"

      Ou bien, est-ce qu'on parle d'un ensemble plus spécifique des débats de nomination ? Auquel cas, on garde la formulation actuelle.

    1. Yet despite the tendency to discard what was said and remember what was seen, verbal communication has been assigned a higher cultural value than visuals.

      In short, the entire argument of this chapter is that visuals have been disregarded as having poor cultural capital. However, neuroscience research has illustrated that when watching news reports, visuals are highly remembered, in particularly in political events such as political leaders. For example, face processing may occur as cues can be reveal about leadership or evoke emotional response. In sum, images are compelling are build a better narrative than lingustics alone.

    1. Artstogetherleeds.co.uk. (2025). Networks – Creative Careers – Arts Together.

      How would the participants in your workshop know how to leverage this web resource via the "keywords" they have generated? There's no causal or relational link between their "keywords" and this resource. What do you expect them to do?

    2. Further references (in Step 3)

      This doesn't work. These materials need to be provided when they are required (e.g. in Step 3). There's a bigger issue, however, which is that the reference materials will need quite some time to read and digest. They would have to be read and understood by the peers long before the workshop started. There's also the additional (major) issue that only 3 of the 7 weblinks you give are open sources, so only 3 are admissiable as part of this OER.

    3. This open toolkit provides access to multiple websites and resources

      It doesn't, at least not here. It's not clear what the learner is supposed to do as there are no resources to work with here,

    4. Bridgstock, R. (2013). Not a dirty word: Arts entrepreneurship and higher education. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 12(2-3), pp.122–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022212465725.

      This is not open access - you need to remove it from the OER as it's not an OER.

    5. Perkbox. (2021). What is EAP Counselling? A Guide to EAP Services | Perkbox. [online] Available at: https://www.perkbox.com/resources/blog/eap-counselling?utm_source=google&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=939436011&gbraid=0AAAAADwGHc7XakLYa6QYlByeL8UnoF_ML&gclid=Cj0KCQiArOvIBhDLARIsAPwJXOYkM2m2-hZw7ab0kGKvbID69M4Ue_nvvy2y27cQpKSx_944kpcQ3HQaAm8IEALw_wcB [Accessed 17 Nov. 2025].

      This is not an open resource - it's actually an advert for this company (EAP). Please remove it.

    6. Throsby, D. and Zednik, A. (2011). Multiple job-holding and artistic careers: some empirical evidence. Cultural Trends, 20(1), pp.9–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09548963.2011.540809.

      This is not open access - you need to remove it from the OER as it's not an OER.

    7. Petrides, L. and Fernandes, A. (2020). The Successful Visual Artist: The Building Blocks of Artistic Careers Model. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 50(6), pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921.2020.1845892.

      This is not open access - you need to remove it from the OER as it's not an OER.

    8. Keyword Tracking (10 mins)

      Major issue here is that this open toolkit does not provide access to multiple websites and resources. It doesn't provide any links whatsover. So not at all clear how it allows learners to link their keywords with resources. What do you mean to say and do here?

    9. This open toolkit provides access to multiple websites and resources concerning arts careers. By tracking keywords, it aims to reshape your understanding of career opportunities within the arts sector and identify effective solutions to address your specific “keyword” challenges.

      This open toolkit provides access to multiple websites and resources concerning arts careers. By tracking keywords, it aims to reshape your understanding of career opportunities within the arts sector and identify effective solutions to address your specific “keyword” challenges.

      This isn't a step, it's a statement of intent - it's what the toolkit aims to do. Step 3 needs to explain how to track the keywords, why they are being "tracked" and to what ends they are being tracked...

    10. Create sticky notes to capture keywords after you’ve shared your experiences and expectations.

      "Sticky notes" need to be listed on an inventory of materials (= "ingredients" when we did the "Make Gold" workshop). The materials inventory needs to be at the top of the toolkit.

      The keywords need to be capture while you are talking - that means either you a) make your own notes as you speak OR b) someone else is the 'scribe' and they make notes of the keywords on sticky notes.

      Neither you/the scribe will be able to do this unless you first have a full inventory of materials required for the workshop that includes pens, stickynotes, paper, etc.

    1. I've never tried Wexford before either, but often those sorts of products are mass produced in China by one company and just re-labeled for half a dozen different companies, so searching around may find something similar under a different name.

      I will say that some of the ones you listed tend to be the cheapest, lower quality cards I've run across. I use the Amazon Basics a lot, but primarily because they had a sale on their bricks of 500 cards a year or two back and I picked up 20 of them for $2.50 each.

      Oxford cards are some of the smoother (inexpensive) cards I've tried in the past, but even their paper quality has shifted a bit over the past 15 years.

      If you're doing 3x5 cards in blank, Brodart's library catalog cards are of a much higher quality and durability without breaking the bank and they're wonderfully smooth as well. https://www.shopbrodart.com/

      Stockroom plus has some great quality, smooth cards, but I've only ever seen them in gridded format and never plain or lined: https://www.amazon.com/Grid-Index-Cards-Inches-White/dp/B08BJ11LWC/

      Notsu also has some high quality smooth cards, but I don't think I've seen them in lined format and they can tend toward being very expensive.

      If you have the funds and want something incredibly smooth, try the Exacompta Bristol cards made by Clairefontaine. Their manufacturing process is dramatically different and they're incredibly smooth, particularly for fountain pen use. The downside is that they can be almost 3 times more expensive than other brands. They do carry their cards in a wide variety of sizes and formats though.

      One of these days I ought to lay out a grid of the more common cards and do some more serious reviews.

      reply to https://old.reddit.com/r/indexcards/comments/1p8xog6/looking_for_index_card_recommendations_similar_to/

    1. Les AESH : Pilier Méconnu et Précaire de l'École Inclusive

      Résumé Exécutif

      Ce document de synthèse analyse les conditions de travail, le rôle et le manque de reconnaissance des Accompagnants d'Élèves en Situation de Handicap (AESH), un métier jugé indispensable au projet de l'école inclusive en France.

      Il ressort une tension fondamentale : alors que les AESH sont essentiels à la scolarisation de près de 500 000 élèves et expriment une grande fierté pour leur mission, ils subissent une maltraitance institutionnelle systémique.

      Cette situation se caractérise par une précarité salariale extrême, une absence de formation qualifiante, une hiérarchie floue et un manque de reconnaissance symbolique et matérielle.

      Le "bricolage" permanent et le flou entourant leurs missions, bien que pratiques pour l'institution, abîment non seulement les professionnels mais compromettent également l'idéal de l'école inclusive, en faisant peser sur les AESH la responsabilité de compenser les défaillances du système.

      L'analyse met en lumière que la négligence envers cette profession est intrinsèquement liée à la négligence envers les élèves qu'ils accompagnent.

      1. Définition et Complexité du Métier d'AESH

      Le métier d'AESH, bien que central pour l'application des lois de 2005 et 2019 sur l'école inclusive, demeure mal connu et peu défini. Il s'inscrit dans la tradition des métiers du "care" (soin à la personne) mais peine à trouver sa place en tant que profession éducative à part entière.

      Trois Axes Fondamentaux : Le travail s'articule autour de trois missions principales :

      1. Aide à l'accès aux apprentissages.    2. Aide à la socialisation et à l'intégration dans le groupe-classe.    3. Aide dans les gestes de la vie quotidienne.

      Dimension Relationnelle Centrale : Au-delà de ces missions, le métier est profondément relationnel.

      L'AESH est en interaction constante non seulement avec l'élève (souvent en relation duelle), mais aussi avec les enseignants et les autres adultes de l'établissement pour adapter l'environnement aux besoins de l'élève.

      Un Rôle d'Interface : Les AESH agissent comme une "passerelle" ou un "tampon" entre l'élève, le groupe-classe et les enseignants. Ils sont souvent amenés à "absorber les dysfonctionnements du système" pour permettre la scolarisation.

      Des Tâches Dépassant le Cadre Défini : Dans la pratique, les missions peuvent s'étendre bien au-delà du cadre officiel, incluant la surveillance de classes entières ou la réalisation de gestes de soin complexes (comme changer la canule de trachéotomie d'un élève) sans formation adéquate, les transformant de fait en "soignantes".

      2. Une Profession en Proie à la Maltraitance Institutionnelle

      Un thème majeur est le paradoxe vécu par les AESH : une grande fierté tirée du travail accompli et de son utilité sociale, juxtaposée à un sentiment de maltraitance et de mépris de la part de l'institution.

      Le Manque de Reconnaissance Symbolique : Cette maltraitance se manifeste par des "micro-mises à l'écart" quotidiennes :

      Invisibilisation : Oubli systématique dans les communications officielles de la hiérarchie (par exemple, les vœux de vacances).  

      Exclusion des Espaces Communs : Des "salles des profs" qui ne sont pas renommées en "salles des adultes" ou "des personnels", excluant symboliquement les AESH.   

      Absence aux Réunions Clés : Les AESH sont souvent "évincées" des Équipes de Suivi de la Scolarisation (ESS), alors que leur parole est cruciale pour l'évaluation des besoins de l'élève.

      Une Hiérarchie Floue et Oppressante : La structure hiérarchique est mal définie, créant une situation inconfortable. Une AESH résume ce sentiment par la phrase :

      "Dans mon école, tout le monde est mon chef."

      Le Poids des Injonctions Paradoxales : Les AESH doivent constamment arbitrer entre des valeurs contradictoires.

      Par exemple, leur mission est de lutter contre la stigmatisation de l'élève, tout en faisant elles-mêmes partie d'un dispositif (ULIS, accompagnement individualisé) qui est de fait stigmatisant.

      3. Précarité Salariale et Pénibilité du Travail

      Les conditions matérielles des AESH sont marquées par une précarité extrême qui reflète la faible valeur accordée à leur travail par l'institution.

      Aspect

      Description

      Rémunération

      Payées au SMIC horaire, avec des contrats à temps incomplet qui placent beaucoup d'entre elles sous le seuil de pauvreté.

      Pluri-activité

      La majorité des AESH sont contraintes de cumuler plusieurs emplois (cantine, aide aux devoirs, aide à domicile) pour subvenir à leurs besoins.

      Primes

      L'accès aux primes REP/REP+ (éducation prioritaire) est très récent (2023) et d'un montant faible (environ 80 €).

      Pénibilité Physique

      Le métier engendre des troubles musculosquelettiques, notamment lors de la prise en charge d'élèves (toilette, déplacements) dans des bâtiments non adaptés.

      Charge Émotionnelle

      La charge mentale et émotionnelle est immense, liée à la gestion de crises, à la crainte permanente de l'incident ("l'accident"), à l'attachement aux élèves et à l'incertitude sur leur avenir.

      4. Le Déficit Criant de Formation Professionnelle

      L'absence de formation adéquate est un point de critique central, perçu comme un signe de mépris et une source de difficultés professionnelles.

      Une "Adaptation à l'Emploi" Insuffisante : La formation officielle se résume à 60 heures d'adaptation à l'emploi, un héritage des anciens contrats aidés.

      Elle est décrite comme une simple transmission d'informations via des diaporamas, et non une véritable formation professionnelle.

      De nombreux AESH n'ont même jamais reçu cette formation.

      L'Autoformation comme Norme : Face à la diversité des handicaps (autisme, dyslexie, comorbidités, etc.), les AESH sont contraintes de s'autoformer sur leur temps personnel, en lisant des ouvrages ou en cherchant des informations pour s'adapter aux besoins spécifiques de chaque élève.

      Revendication d'un Statut Professionnel : Les syndicats, comme le SNES-FSU, revendiquent la création d'une véritable formation diplômante de niveau Bac+2, sur le modèle du CAPPEI pour les enseignants spécialisés, afin de reconnaître et de structurer le métier.

      5. L'École Inclusive : Entre Idéal et "Bricolage"

      Vingt ans après la loi fondatrice de 2005, le projet de l'école inclusive repose en grande partie sur le "bricolage" et le dévouement des AESH, ce qui fragilise l'ensemble du système.

      Des Chiffres Alarmants : Près de 50 000 élèves ayant une notification pour un accompagnement ne sont pas suivis, faute de moyens.

      Un Système Organisé pour Dysfonctionner : Selon Frédéric Grimaux, "si on voulait que l'école inclusive disfonctionne, on s'y prendrait pas autrement".

      Le flou des missions, le manque de temps de concertation et la non-reconnaissance du travail collaboratif comme un travail en soi organisent l'échec.

      Exemples d'Indignité : Des situations dégradantes sont rapportées, comme celle d'un élève changé sur des sacs poubelles à l'arrière d'une classe, derrière un paravent improvisé avec des rideaux, illustrant "l'indignité totale de l'enfant, des travailleurs et de l'institution scolaire".

      La Mutualisation (PIAL) : Les Pôles Inclusifs d'Accompagnement Localisés (PIAL) ont accentué la mutualisation des moyens, menant à des situations où des AESH doivent accompagner plusieurs élèves simultanément ou effectuer des missions sur des sites géographiquement éloignés, au détriment de la qualité de l'accompagnement.

      6. Le Poids du Langage et de la Stigmatisation

      Le vocabulaire utilisé à l'école révèle les tensions et les préjugés entourant le handicap.

      La Prolifération des Sigles : Le jargon institutionnel (AESH, AVS, ULIS, ESS, GEVASCO, MDPH) est souvent incompréhensible pour les non-initiés, y compris les familles et les élèves.

      L'Infantilisation : Le fait d'appeler "les enfants" des adolescents au collège contribue à une infantilisation des élèves en situation de handicap.

      La Stigmatisation par le Langage : Le terme "Ulis" devient une insulte dans la cour de récréation ("T'es un Ulis").

      Des mots comme "mongol" ou "autiste" sont encore couramment utilisés de manière péjorative, montrant que les mentalités évoluent lentement.

      La Persistance de la "Normalité" : Le concept de "normalité" reste prégnant, y compris chez certains professionnels de l'éducation, ce qui va à l'encontre de la philosophie d'une école inclusive qui devrait valoriser les différences.

      7. Évolutions Récentes et Inquiétudes Futures

      La situation des AESH pourrait se dégrader davantage avec les réformes à venir, notamment le Pôle d'Appui à la Scolarité (PAS).

      Ce dispositif prévoit d'étendre les missions des AESH à l'ensemble des élèves à besoins éducatifs particuliers (enfants du voyage, allophones, élèves "dys", etc.), et pas seulement ceux en situation de handicap.

      Cette évolution fait craindre une augmentation considérable de la charge de travail et de la charge mentale, sans formation ni revalorisation correspondantes, en s'appuyant une fois de plus sur le "dévouement" de ces professionnels.

    Annotators

    1. eLife Assessment

      This important study provides convincing evidence that glucosylceramide synthase (GlcT), a rate-limiting enzyme for glycosphingolipid (GSL) production, plays a role in the differentiation of intestinal cells. Mutations in GlcT compromise Notch signaling in the Drosophila intestinal stem cell lineage, resulting in the formation of enteroendocrine tumors. Further data suggest that a homolog of glucosylceramide synthase also influences Notch signaling in the mammalian intestine. While the outstanding strengths of the initial genetic and downstream pathway analyses are noted, there are minor weaknesses in the data regarding the potential role of this pathway in Delta trafficking. Nevertheless, this study opens the way for future mechanistic studies addressing how specific lipids modulate Notch signalling activity.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      From a forward genetic mosaic mutant screen using EMS, the authors identify mutations in glucosylceramide synthase (GlcT), a rate-limiting enzyme for glycosphingolipid (GSL) production, that result in ee tumors. Multiple genetic experiments strongly support the model that the mutant phenotype caused by GlcT loss is due to by failure of conversion of ceramide into glucosylceramide. Further genetic evidence suggests that Notch signaling is comprised in the ISC lineage and may affect endocytosis of Delta. Loss of GlcT does not affect wing development or oogenesis, suggesting tissue-specific roles for GlcT. Finally, an increase in goblet cells in UGCG knockout mice, not previously reported, suggests a conserved role for GlcT in Notch signaling in intestinal cell lineage specification.

      Strengths:

      Overall, this is a well-written paper with multiple well-designed and executed genetic experiments that support a role for GlcT in Notch signaling in the fly and mammalian intestine. The authors have addressed my concerns from the prior review.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This study genetically identifies two key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, GlcT and Egh, act as tumor suppressors in the adult fly gut. Detailed genetic analysis indicates that a deficiency in Mactosyl-ceramide (Mac-Cer) is causing tumor formation. Analysis of a Notch transcriptional reporter further indicates that the lack of Mac-Ser is associated with reduced Notch activity in the gut, but not in other tissues.

      Addressing how a change in the lipid composition of the membranes might lead to defective Notch receptor activation, the authors studied the endocytic trafficking of Delta and claimed that internalized Delta appeared to accumulate faster into endosomes in the absence of Mac-Cer. Further analysis of Delta steady state accumulation in fixed samples suggested a delay in the endosomal trafficking of Delta from Rab5+ to Rab7+ endosomes, which was interpreted to suggest that the inefficient, or delayed, recycling of Delta might cause a loss in Notch receptor activation.

      Finally, the histological analysis of mouse guts following the conditional knock-out of the GlcT gene suggested that Mac-Cer might also be important for proper Notch signaling activity in that context.

      Strengths:

      The genetic analysis is of high quality. The finding that a Mac-Cer deficiency results in reduced Notch activity in the fly gut is important and fully convincing.

      The mouse data, although preliminary, raised the possibility that the role of this specific lipid may be conserved across species.

    4. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      From a forward genetic mosaic mutant screen using EMS, the authors identify mutations in glucosylceramide synthase (GlcT), a rate-limiting enzyme for glycosphingolipid (GSL) production, that result in EE tumors. Multiple genetic experiments strongly support the model that the mutant phenotype caused by GlcT loss is due to by failure of conversion of ceramide into glucosylceramide. Further genetic evidence suggests that Notch signaling is comprised in the ISC lineage and may affect the endocytosis of Delta. Loss of GlcT does not affect wing development or oogenesis, suggesting tissue-specific roles for GlcT. Finally, an increase in goblet cells in UGCG knockout mice, not previously reported, suggests a conserved role for GlcT in Notch signaling in intestinal cell lineage specification.

      Strengths:

      Overall, this is a well-written paper with multiple well-designed and executed genetic experiments that support a role for GlcT in Notch signaling in the fly and mammalian intestine. I do, however, have a few comments below.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) The authors bring up the intriguing idea that GlcT could be a way to link diet to cell fate choice. Unfortunately, there are no experiments to test this hypothesis.

      We indeed attempted to establish an assay to investigate the impact of various diets (such as high-fat, high-sugar, or high-protein diets) on the fate choice of ISCs. Subsequently, we intended to examine the potential involvement of GlcT in this process. However, we observed that the number or percentage of EEs varies significantly among individuals, even among flies with identical phenotypes subjected to the same nutritional regimen. We suspect that the proliferative status of ISCs and the turnover rate of EEs may significantly influence the number of EEs present in the intestinal epithelium, complicating the interpretation of our results. Consequently, we are unable to conduct this experiment at this time. The hypothesis suggesting that GlcT may link diet to cell fate choice remains an avenue for future experimental exploration.

      (2) Why do the authors think that UCCG knockout results in goblet cell excess and not in the other secretory cell types?

      This is indeed an interesting point. In the mouse intestine, it is well-documented that the knockout of Notch receptors or Delta-like ligands results in a classic phenotype characterized by goblet cell hyperplasia, with little impact on the other secretory cell types. This finding aligns very well with our experimental results, as we noted that the numbers of Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells appear to be largely normal in UGCG knockout mice. By contrast, increases in other secretory cell types are typically observed under conditions of pharmacological inhibition of the Notch pathway.

      (3) The authors should cite other EMS mutagenesis screens done in the fly intestine.

      To our knowledge, the EMS screen on 2L chromosome conducted in Allison Bardin’s lab is the only one prior to this work, which leads to two publications (Perdigoto et al., 2011; Gervais, et al., 2019). We have now included citations for both papers in the revised manuscript.

      (4) The absence of a phenotype using NRE-Gal4 is not convincing. This is because the delay in its expression could be after the requirement for the affected gene in the process being studied. In other words, sufficient knockdown of GlcT by RNA would not be achieved until after the relevant signaling between the EB and the ISC occurred. Dl-Gal4 is problematic as an ISC driver because Dl is expressed in the EEP.

      This is an excellent point, and we agree that the lack of an observable phenotype using NRE-Gal4 could be due to delayed expression, which may result in missing the critical window required for effective GlcT knockdown. Consequently, we cannot rule out the possibility that GlcT also plays a role in early EBs or EEPs. We have revised the manuscript to soften this conclusion and to include this alternative explanation for the experiment.

      (5) The difference in Rab5 between control and GlcT-IR was not that significant. Furthermore, any changes could be secondary to increases in proliferation.

      We agree that it is possible that the observed increase in proliferation could influence the number of Rab5+ endosomes, and we will temper our conclusions on this aspect accordingly. However, it is important to note that, although the difference in Rab5+ endosomes between the control and GlcT-IR conditions appeared mild, it was statistically significant and reproducible. In our revised experiments, we have not only added statistical data and immunofluorescence images for Rab11 but also unified the approaches used for detecting Rab-associated proteins (in the previous figures, Rab5 was shown using U-Rab5-GFP, whereas Rab7 was detected by direct antibody staining). Based on this unified strategy, we optimized the quantification of Dl-GFP colocalization with early, late, and recycling endosomes, and the results are consistent with our previous observations (see the updated Fig. 5).

      Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This study genetically identifies two key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, GlcT and Egh, which act as tumor suppressors in the adult fly gut. Detailed genetic analysis indicates that a deficiency in Mactosyl-ceramide (Mac-Cer) is causing tumor formation. Analysis of a Notch transcriptional reporter further indicates that the lack of Mac-Ser is associated with reduced Notch activity in the gut, but not in other tissues.

      Addressing how a change in the lipid composition of the membranes might lead to defective Notch receptor activation, the authors studied the endocytic trafficking of Delta and claimed that internalized Delta appeared to accumulate faster into endosomes in the absence of Mac-Cer. Further analysis of Delta steady-state accumulation in fixed samples suggested a delay in the endosomal trafficking of Delta from Rab5+ to Rab7+ endosomes, which was interpreted to suggest that the inefficient, or delayed, recycling of Delta might cause a loss in Notch receptor activation.

      Finally, the histological analysis of mouse guts following the conditional knock-out of the GlcT gene suggested that Mac-Cer might also be important for proper Notch signaling activity in that context.

      Strengths:

      The genetic analysis is of high quality. The finding that a Mac-Cer deficiency results in reduced Notch activity in the fly gut is important and fully convincing.

      The mouse data, although preliminary, raised the possibility that the role of this specific lipid may be conserved across species.

      Weaknesses:

      This study is not, however, without caveats and several specific conclusions are not fully convincing.

      First, the conclusion that GlcT is specifically required in Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs) is not fully convincing for technical reasons: NRE-Gal4 may be less active in GlcT mutant cells, and the knock-down of GlcT using Dl-Gal4ts may not be restricted to ISCs given the perdurance of Gal4 and of its downstream RNAi.

      As previously mentioned, we acknowledge that a role for GlcT in early EBs or EEPs cannot be completely ruled out. We have revised our manuscript to present a more cautious conclusion and explicitly described this possibility in the updated version.

      Second, the results from the antibody uptake assays are not clear.: i) the levels of internalized Delta were not quantified in these experiments; ii) additionally, live guts were incubated with anti-Delta for 3hr. This long period of incubation indicated that the observed results may not necessarily reflect the dynamics of endocytosis of antibody-bound Delta, but might also inform about the distribution of intracellular Delta following the internalization of unbound anti-Delta. It would thus be interesting to examine the level of internalized Delta in experiments with shorter incubation time.

      We thank the reviewer for these excellent questions. In our antibody uptake experiments, we noted that Dl reached its peak accumulation after a 3-hour incubation period. We recognize that quantifying internalized Dl would enhance our analysis, and we will include the corresponding statistical graphs in the revised version of the manuscript. In addition, we agree that during the 3-hour incubation, the potential internalization of unbound anti-Dl cannot be ruled out, as it may influence the observed distribution of intracellular Dl. We therefore attempted to supplement our findings with live imaging experiments to investigate the dynamics of Dl/Notch endocytosis in both normal and GlcT mutant ISCs. However, we found that the GFP expression level of Dl-GFP (either in the knock-in or transgenic line) was too low to be reliably tracked. During the three-hour observation period, the weak GFP signal remained largely unchanged regardless of the GlcT mutation status, and the signal resolution under the microscope was insufficient to clearly distinguish membrane-associated from intracellular Dl. Therefore, we were unable to obtain a dynamic view of Dl trafficking through live imaging. Nevertheless, our Dl antibody uptake and endosomal retention analyses collectively support the notion that MacCer influences Notch signaling by regulating Dl endocytosis.

      Overall, the proposed working model needs to be solidified as important questions remain open, including: is the endo-lysosomal system, i.e. steady-state distribution of endo-lysosomal markers, affected by the Mac-Cer deficiency? Is the trafficking of Notch also affected by the Mac-Cer deficiency? is the rate of Delta endocytosis also affected by the Mac-Cer deficiency? are the levels of cell-surface Delta reduced upon the loss of Mac-Cer?

      Regarding the impact on the endo-lysosomal system, this is indeed an important aspect to explore. While we did not conduct experiments specifically designed to evaluate the steady-state distribution of endo-lysosomal markers, our analyses utilizing Rab5-GFP overexpression and Rab7 staining did not indicate any significant differences in endosome distribution in MacCer deficient conditions. Moreover, we still observed high expression of the NRE-LacZ reporter specifically at the boundaries of clones in GlcT mutant cells (Fig. 4A), indicating that GlcT mutant EBs remain responsive to Dl produced by normal ISCs located right at the clone boundary. Therefore, we propose that MacCer deficiency may specifically affect Dl trafficking without impacting Notch trafficking.

      In our 3-hour antibody uptake experiments, we observed a notable decrease in cell-surface Dl, which was accompanied by an increase in intracellular accumulation. These findings collectively suggest that Dl may be unstable on the cell surface, leading to its accumulation in early endosomes.

      Third, while the mouse results are potentially interesting, they seem to be relatively preliminary, and future studies are needed to test whether the level of Notch receptor activation is reduced in this model.

      In the mouse small intestine, Olfm4 is a well-established target gene of the Notch signaling pathway, and its staining provides a reliable indication of Notch pathway activation. While we attempted to evaluate Notch activation using additional markers, such as Hes1 and NICD, we encountered difficulties, as the corresponding antibody reagents did not perform well in our hands. Despite these challenges, we believe that our findings with Olfm4 provide an important start point for further investigation in the future.

      Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      Summary:

      In this paper, Tang et al report the discovery of a Glycoslyceramide synthase gene, GlcT, which they found in a genetic screen for mutations that generate tumorous growth of stem cells in the gut of Drosophila. The screen was expertly done using a classic mutagenesis/mosaic method. Their initial characterization of the GlcT alleles, which generate endocrine tumors much like mutations in the Notch signaling pathway, is also very nice. Tang et al checked other enzymes in the glycosylceramide pathway and found that the loss of one gene just downstream of GlcT (Egh) gives similar phenotypes to GlcT, whereas three genes further downstream do not replicate the phenotype. Remarkably, dietary supplementation with a predicted GlcT/Egh product, Lactosyl-ceramide, was able to substantially rescue the GlcT mutant phenotype. Based on the phenotypic similarity of the GlcT and Notch phenotypes, the authors show that activated Notch is epistatic to GlcT mutations, suppressing the endocrine tumor phenotype and that GlcT mutant clones have reduced Notch signaling activity. Up to this point, the results are all clear, interesting, and significant. Tang et al then go on to investigate how GlcT mutations might affect Notch signaling, and present results suggesting that GlcT mutation might impair the normal endocytic trafficking of Delta, the Notch ligand. These results (Fig X-XX), unfortunately, are less than convincing; either more conclusive data should be brought to support the Delta trafficking model, or the authors should limit their conclusions regarding how GlcT loss impairs Notch signaling. Given the results shown, it's clear that GlcT affects EE cell differentiation, but whether this is via directly altering Dl/N signaling is not so clear, and other mechanisms could be involved. Overall the paper is an interesting, novel study, but it lacks somewhat in providing mechanistic insight. With conscientious revisions, this could be addressed. We list below specific points that Tang et al should consider as they revise their paper.

      Strengths:

      The genetic screen is excellent.

      The basic characterization of GlcT phenotypes is excellent, as is the downstream pathway analysis.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) Lines 147-149, Figure 2E: here, the study would benefit from quantitations of the effects of loss of brn, B4GalNAcTA, and a4GT1, even though they appear negative.

      We have incorporated the quantifications for the effects of the loss of brn, B4GalNAcTA, and a4GT1 in the updated Figure 2.

      (2) In Figure 3, it would be useful to quantify the effects of LacCer on proliferation. The suppression result is very nice, but only effects on Pros+ cell numbers are shown.

      We have now added quantifications of the number of EEs per clone to the updated Figure 3.

      (3) In Figure 4A/B we see less NRE-LacZ in GlcT mutant clones. Are the data points in Figure 4B per cell or per clone? Please note. Also, there are clearly a few NRE-LacZ+ cells in the mutant clone. How does this happen if GlcT is required for Dl/N signaling?

      In Figure 4B, the data points represent the fluorescence intensity per single cell within each clone. It is true that a few NRE-LacZ+ cells can still be observed within the mutant clone; however, this does not contradict our conclusion. As noted, high expression of the NRE-LacZ reporter was specifically observed around the clone boundaries in MacCer deficient cells (Fig. 4A), indicating that the mutant EBs can normally receive Dl signal from the normal ISCs located at the clone boundary and activate the Notch signaling pathway. Therefore, we believe that, although affecting Dl trafficking, MacCer deficiency does not significantly affect Notch trafficking.

      (4) Lines 222-225, Figure 5AB: The authors use the NRE-Gal4ts driver to show that GlcT depletion in EBs has no effect. However, this driver is not activated until well into the process of EB commitment, and RNAi's take several days to work, and so the author's conclusion is "specifically required in ISCs" and not at all in EBs may be erroneous.

      As previously mentioned, we acknowledge that a role for GlcT in early EBs or EEPs cannot be completely ruled out. We have revised our manuscript to present a more cautious conclusion and described this possibility in the updated version.

      (5) Figure 5C-F: These results relating to Delta endocytosis are not convincing. The data in Fig 5C are not clear and not quantitated, and the data in Figure 5F are so widely scattered that it seems these co-localizations are difficult to measure. The authors should either remove these data, improve them, or soften the conclusions taken from them. Moreover, it is unclear how the experiments tracing Delta internalization (Fig 5C) could actually work. This is because for this method to work, the anti-Dl antibody would have to pass through the visceral muscle before binding Dl on the ISC cell surface. To my knowledge, antibody transcytosis is not a common phenomenon.

      We thank the reviewer for these insightful comments and suggestions. In our in vivo experiments, we observed increased co-localization of Rab5 and Dl in GlcT mutant ISCs, indicating that Dl trafficking is delayed at the transition to Rab7⁺ late endosomes, a finding that is further supported by our antibody uptake experiments. We acknowledge that the data presented in Fig. 5C are not fully quantified and that the co-localization data in Fig. 5F may appear somewhat scattered; therefore, we have included additional quantification and enhanced the data presentation in the revised manuscript.

      Regarding the concern about antibody internalization, we appreciate this point. We currently do not know if the antibody reaches the cell surface of ISCs by passing through the visceral muscle or via other routes. Given that the experiment was conducted with fragmented gut, it is possible that the antibody may penetrate into the tissue through mechanisms independent of transcytosis.

      As mentioned earlier, we attempted to supplement our findings with live imaging experiments to investigate the dynamics of Dl/Notch endocytosis in both normal and GlcT mutant ISCs. However, we found that the GFP expression level of Dl-GFP (either in the knock-in or transgenic line) was too low to be reliably tracked. During the three-hour observation period, the weak GFP signal remained largely unchanged regardless of the GlcT mutation status, and the signal resolution under the microscope was insufficient to clearly distinguish membrane-associated from intracellular Dl. Therefore, we were unable to obtain a dynamic view of Dl trafficking through live imaging. Nevertheless, our Dl antibody uptake and endosomal retention analyses collectively support the notion that MacCer influences Notch signaling by regulating Dl endocytosis.

      (6) It is unclear whether MacCer regulates Dl-Notch signaling by modifying Dl directly or by influencing the general endocytic recycling pathway. The authors say they observe increased Dl accumulation in Rab5+ early endosomes but not in Rab7+ late endosomes upon GlcT depletion, suggesting that the recycling endosome pathway, which retrieves Dl back to the cell surface, may be impaired by GlcT loss. To test this, the authors could examine whether recycling endosomes (marked by Rab4 and Rab11) are disrupted in GlcT mutants. Rab11 has been shown to be essential for recycling endosome function in fly ISCs.

      We agree that assessing the state of recycling endosomes, especially by using markers such as Rab11, would be valuable in determining whether MacCer regulates Dl-Notch signaling by directly modifying Dl or by influencing the broader endocytic recycling pathway. In the newly added experiments, we found that in GlcT-IR flies, Dl still exhibits partial colocalization with Rab11, and the overall expression pattern of Rab11 is not affected by GlcT knockdown (Fig. 5E-F). These observations suggest that MacCer specifically regulates Dl trafficking rather than broadly affecting the recycling pathway.

      (7) It remains unclear whether Dl undergoes post-translational modification by MacCer in the fly gut. At a minimum, the authors should provide biochemical evidence (e.g., Western blot) to determine whether GlcT depletion alters the protein size of Dl.

      While we propose that MacCer may function as a component of lipid rafts, facilitating Dl membrane anchorage and endocytosis, we also acknowledge the possibility that MacCer could serve as a substrate for protein modifications of Dl necessary for its proper function. Conducting biochemical analyses to investigate potential post-translational modifications of Dl by MacCer would indeed provide valuable insights. We have performed Western blot analysis to test whether GlcT depletion affects the protein size of Dl. As shown below, we did not detect any apparent changes in the molecular weight of the Dl protein. Therefore, it is unlikely that MacCer regulates post-translational modifications of Dl.

      Author response image 1.

      To investigate whether MacCer modifies Dl by Western blot,(A) Four lanes were loaded: the first two contained 20 μL of membrane extract (lane 1: GlcT-IR, lane 2: control), while the last two contained 10 μL of membrane extract (B) Full blot images are shown under both long and shortexposure conditions.

      (8) It is unfortunate that GlcT doesn't affect Notch signaling in other organs on the fly. This brings into question the Delta trafficking model and the authors should note this. Also, the clonal marker in Figure 6C is not clear.

      In the revised working model, we have explicitly described that the events occur in intestinal stem cells. Regarding Figure 6C, we have delineated the clone with a white dashed line to enhance its clarity and visual comprehension.

      (9) The authors state that loss of UGCG in the mouse small intestine results in a reduced ISC count. However, in Supplementary Figure C3, Ki67, a marker of ISC proliferation, is significantly increased in UGCG-CKO mice. This contradiction should be clarified. The authors might repeat this experiment using an alternative ISC marker, such as Lgr5.

      Previous studies have indicated that dysregulation of the Notch signaling pathway can result in a reduction in the number of ISCs. While we did not perform a direct quantification of ISC numbers in our experiments, our Olfm4 staining—which serves as a reliable marker for ISCs—demonstrates a clear reduction in the number of positive cells in UGCG-CKO mice.

      The increased Ki67 signal we observed reflects enhanced proliferation in the transit-amplifying region, and it does not directly indicate an increase in ISC number. Therefore, in UGCG-CKO mice, we observe a decrease in the number of ISCs, while there is an increase in transit-amplifying (TA) cells (progenitor cells). This increase in TA cells is probably a secondary consequence of the loss of barrier function associated with the UGCG knockout.

    1. eLife Assessment

      This paper reports a valuable finding that gastric fluid DNA content can be used as a potential biomarker for human gastric cancer. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although an inclusion of explanations for the methodological limitations, moderate diagnostic performance, and the unexpected survival correlation would have strengthened the study. The work will be of interest to medical biologists working in the field of gastric cancer.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      The study analyzes the gastric fluid DNA content identified as a potential biomarker for human gastric cancer. However, the study lacks overall logicality, and several key issues require improvement and clarification. In the opinion of this reviewer, some major revisions are needed:

      (1) This manuscript lacks a comparison of gastric cancer patients' stages with PN and N+PD patients, especially T0-T2 patients.

      (2) The comparison between gastric cancer stages seems only to reveal the difference between T3 patients and early-stage gastric cancer patients, which raises doubts about the authenticity of the previous differences between gastric cancer patients and normal patients, whether it is only due to the higher number of T3 patients.

      (3) The prognosis evaluation is too simplistic, only considering staging factors, without taking into account other factors such as tumor pathology and the time from onset to tumor detection.

      (4) The comparison between gfDNA and conventional pathological examination methods should be mentioned, reflecting advantages such as accuracy and patient comfort.

      (5) There are many questions in the figures and tables. Please match the Title, Figure legends, Footnote, Alphabetic order, etc.

      (6) The overall logicality of the manuscript is not rigorous enough, with few discussion factors, and cannot represent the conclusions drawn

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      The authors investigated whether the total DNA concentration in gastric fluid (gfDNA), collected via routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer. In a large patient cohort (initial n=1,056; analyzed n=941), they found that gfDNA levels were significantly higher in gastric cancer patients compared to non-cancer, gastritis, and precancerous lesion groups. Unexpectedly, higher gfDNA concentrations were also significantly associated with better survival prognosis and positively correlated with immune cell infiltration. The authors proposed that gfDNA may reflect both tumor burden and immune activity, potentially serving as a cost-effective and convenient liquid biopsy tool to assist in gastric cancer diagnosis, staging, and follow-up.

      Strengths:

      This study is supported by a robust sample size (n=941) with clear patient classification, enabling reliable statistical analysis. It employs a simple, low-threshold method for measuring total gfDNA, making it suitable for large-scale clinical use. Clinical confounders, including age, sex, BMI, gastric fluid pH, and PPI use, were systematically controlled. The findings demonstrate both diagnostic and prognostic value of gfDNA, as its concentration can help distinguish gastric cancer patients and correlates with tumor progression and survival. Additionally, preliminary mechanistic data reveal a significant association between elevated gfDNA levels and increased immune cell infiltration in tumors (p=0.001).

      Weaknesses:

      The study has several notable weaknesses. The association between high gfDNA levels and better survival contradicts conventional expectations and raises concerns about the biological interpretation of the findings. The diagnostic performance of gfDNA alone was only moderate, and the study did not explore potential improvements through combination with established biomarkers. Methodological limitations include a lack of control for pre-analytical variables, the absence of longitudinal data, and imbalanced group sizes, which may affect the robustness and generalizability of the results. Additionally, key methodological details were insufficiently reported, and the ROC analysis lacked comprehensive performance metrics, limiting the study's clinical applicability.

    4. Author response:

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      The study analyzes the gastric fluid DNA content identified as a potential biomarker for human gastric cancer. However, the study lacks overall logicality, and several key issues require improvement and clarification. In the opinion of this reviewer, some major revisions are needed:

      (1) This manuscript lacks a comparison of gastric cancer patients' stages with PN and N+PD patients, especially T0-T2 patients.

      We are grateful for this astute remark. A comparison of gfDNA concentration among the diagnostic groups indicates a trend of increasing values as the diagnosis progresses toward malignancy. The observed values for the diagnostic groups are as follows:

      Author response table 1.

      The chart below presents the statistical analyses of the same diagnostic/tumor-stage groups (One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests). It shows that gastric fluid gfDNA concentrations gradually increase with malignant progression. We observed that the initial tumor stages (T0 to T2) exhibit intermediate gfDNA levels, which in this group is significantly lower than in advanced disease (p = 0.0036), but not statistically different from non-neoplastic disease (p = 0.74).

      Author response image 1.

      (2) The comparison between gastric cancer stages seems only to reveal the difference between T3 patients and early-stage gastric cancer patients, which raises doubts about the authenticity of the previous differences between gastric cancer patients and normal patients, whether it is only due to the higher number of T3 patients.

      We appreciate the attention to detail regarding the numbers analyzed in the manuscript. Importantly, the results are meaningful because the number of subjects in each group is comparable (T0-T2, N = 65; T3, N = 91; T4, N = 63). The mean gastric fluid gfDNA values (ng/µL) increase with disease stage (T0-T2: 15.12; T3-T4: 30.75), and both are higher than the mean gfDNA values observed in non-neoplastic disease (10.81 ng/µL for N+PD and 10.10 ng/µL for PN). These subject numbers in each diagnostic group accurately reflect real-world data from a tertiary cancer center.

      (3) The prognosis evaluation is too simplistic, only considering staging factors, without taking into account other factors such as tumor pathology and the time from onset to tumor detection.

      Histopathological analyses were performed throughout the study not only for the initial diagnosis of tissue biopsies, but also for the classification of Lauren’s subtypes, tumor staging, and the assessment of the presence and extent of immune cell infiltrates. Regarding the time of disease onset, this variable is inherently unknown--by definition--at the time of a diagnostic EGD. While the prognosis definition is indeed straightforward, we believe that a simple, cost-effective, and practical approach is advantageous for patients across diverse clinical settings and is more likely to be effectively integrated into routine EGD practice.

      (4) The comparison between gfDNA and conventional pathological examination methods should be mentioned, reflecting advantages such as accuracy and patient comfort.

      We wish to reinforce that EGD, along with conventional histopathology, remains the gold standard for gastric cancer evaluation. EGD under sedation is routinely performed for diagnosis, and the collection of gastric fluids for gfDNA evaluation does not affect patient comfort. Thus, while gfDNA analysis was evidently not intended as a diagnostic EGD and biopsy replacement, it may provide added prognostic value to this exam.

      (5) There are many questions in the figures and tables. Please match the Title, Figure legends, Footnote, Alphabetic order, etc.

      We are grateful for these comments and apologize for the clerical oversight. All figures, tables, titles and figure legends have now been double-checked.

      (6) The overall logicality of the manuscript is not rigorous enough, with few discussion factors, and cannot represent the conclusions drawn.

      We assume that the unusual wording remark regarding “overall logicality” pertains to the rationale and/or reasoning of this investigational study. Our working hypothesis was that during neoplastic disease progression, tumor cells continuously proliferate and, depending on various factors, attract immune cell infiltrates. Consequently, both tumor cells and immune cells (as well as tumor-derived DNA) are released into the fluids surrounding the tumor at its various locations, including blood, urine, saliva, gastric fluids, and others. Thus, increases in DNA levels within some of these fluids have been documented and are clinically meaningful. The concurrent observation of elevated gastric fluid gfDNA levels and immune cell infiltration supports the hypothesis that increased gfDNA—which may originate not only from tumor cells but also from immune cells—could be associated with better prognosis, as suggested by this study of a large real-world patient cohort.

      In summary, we thank Reviewer #1 for his time and effort in a constructive critique of our work.

      Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      The authors investigated whether the total DNA concentration in gastric fluid (gfDNA), collected via routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer. In a large patient cohort (initial n=1,056; analyzed n=941), they found that gfDNA levels were significantly higher in gastric cancer patients compared to non-cancer, gastritis, and precancerous lesion groups. Unexpectedly, higher gfDNA concentrations were also significantly associated with better survival prognosis and positively correlated with immune cell infiltration. The authors proposed that gfDNA may reflect both tumor burden and immune activity, potentially serving as a cost-effective and convenient liquid biopsy tool to assist in gastric cancer diagnosis, staging, and follow-up.

      Strengths:

      This study is supported by a robust sample size (n=941) with clear patient classification, enabling reliable statistical analysis. It employs a simple, low-threshold method for measuring total gfDNA, making it suitable for large-scale clinical use. Clinical confounders, including age, sex, BMI, gastric fluid pH, and PPI use, were systematically controlled. The findings demonstrate both diagnostic and prognostic value of gfDNA, as its concentration can help distinguish gastric cancer patients and correlates with tumor progression and survival. Additionally, preliminary mechanistic data reveal a significant association between elevated gfDNA levels and increased immune cell infiltration in tumors (p=0.001).

      Reviewer #2 has conceptually grasped the overall rationale of the study quite well, and we are grateful for their assessment and comprehensive summary of our findings.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) The study has several notable weaknesses. The association between high gfDNA levels and better survival contradicts conventional expectations and raises concerns about the biological interpretation of the findings.

      We agree that this would be the case if the gfDNA was derived solely from tumor cells. However, the findings presented here suggest that a fraction of this DNA would be indeed derived from infiltrating immune cells. The precise determination of the origin of this increased gfDNA remains to be achieved in future follow-up studies, and these are planned to be evaluated soon, by applying DNA- and RNA-sequencing methodologies and deconvolution analyses.

      (2) The diagnostic performance of gfDNA alone was only moderate, and the study did not explore potential improvements through combination with established biomarkers. Methodological limitations include a lack of control for pre-analytical variables, the absence of longitudinal data, and imbalanced group sizes, which may affect the robustness and generalizability of the results.

      Reviewer #2 is correct that this investigational study was not designed to assess the diagnostic potential of gfDNA. Instead, its primary contribution is to provide useful prognostic information. In this regard, we have not yet explored combining gfDNA with other clinically well-established diagnostic biomarkers. We do acknowledge this current limitation as a logical follow-up that must be investigated in the near future.

      Moreover, we collected a substantial number of pre-analytical variables within the limitations of a study involving over 1,000 subjects. Longitudinal samples and data were not analyzed here, as our aim was to evaluate prognostic value at diagnosis. Although the groups are imbalanced, this accurately reflects the real-world population of a large endoscopy center within a dedicated cancer facility. Subjects were invited to participate and enter the study before sedation for the diagnostic EGD procedure; thus, samples were collected prospectively from all consenting individuals.

      Finally, to maintain a large, unbiased cohort, we did not attempt to balance the groups, allowing analysis of samples and data from all patients with compatible diagnoses (please see Results: Patient groups and diagnoses).

      (3) Additionally, key methodological details were insufficiently reported, and the ROC analysis lacked comprehensive performance metrics, limiting the study's clinical applicability.

      We are grateful for this useful suggestion. In the current version, each ROC curve (Supplementary Figures 1A and 1B) now includes the top 10 gfDNA thresholds, along with their corresponding sensitivity and specificity values (please see Suppl. Table 1). The thresholds are ordered from-best-to-worst based on the classic Youden’s J statistic, as follows:

      Youden Index = specificity + sensitivity – 1 [Youden WJ. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3:32-35, 1950. PMID: 15405679]. We have made an effort to provide all the key methodological details requested, but we would be glad to add further information upon specific request.