Spain's colonies at this time included Venezuela and Colombia, so Crusoe's island is probably located off the northern coast of South America.

There is no scientific basis for this supposition. More likely, the symptoms Crusoe describes were a result of scurvy, a condition caused by vitamin C deficiency and common among sailors.

Physiologically, the four humors (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic) were thought to emit "vapors" that ascended to the brain and shaped one's temperament. When the humors were unbalanced, the vapors caused distemper and illness.

This expression became common in the Middle Ages during a time where majority of the merchant class was Jewish, making the Jews among the most wealthy of the time (Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: R, 1894).

I feel as though this quote says a lot about the how relationships were built in that time period but also in this story. Not only that but how the roles were set for men and woman. The man is so be the leader and the woman fallows. I do find it an interesting comparison with marriage being seen as dancing. In this example would you say Catherine and Mr. Tilney are dancing around each other?

"A young woman did not dance more than two pairs of dances with the same man or her reputation would be at risk. Even two dances signaled to observers that the gentleman in question had a particular interest in her" (Maria Grace,“The High Stakes of Etiquette for Young Ladies in the Regency” ).

"Originally Captain-Lieutenant, becoming Captain in 1772. Lat. capitaneus "chieftain", from Lat. caput "head". Chieftain or head of a unit. As armies evolved his post came to be at the head of a company, which by the Sixteenth Century was usually 100 to 200 men. That seemed to be the number one man could manage in battle" (Harding, British Army Ranks).

This would be the equivalent to roughly $2,000 today ("Currency Converter").

This would be the equivalent to roughly $2,000,000 today (“Currency Converter”).

"A rural or traditional dance, esp. in England and Scotland; spec. one in which couples begin by standing face to face in long lines" (OED).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIKHmU0PUqE

"The name of several dances, chiefly of French origin, consisting of a variety of steps and figures" (OED).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvItgHeD2EU

"A case to hold a sword; in mod. use, a receptacle at the back of a carriage for swords, sticks, or other articles" (OED).

"A light two-wheeled carriage, usually drawn by two horses abreast" (OED).

“Do not accept an invitation to visit any place of public amusement, with a gentleman with whom you are but slightly acquainted, unless there is another lady also invited. You may, as a young lady, go with a relative or your fiancée, without a chaperon, but not otherwise” (Florence Hartley, The Ladies' Book of Etiquette, and Manual of Politeness, 173).

A king of ancient Britons during the Iron Age who ruled from 43-50 AD, his successful attempts at expansion are believed to be the catalyst for the Roman invasion of Britain (Hill).

Alfred the Great was king of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and was known for social and educational reforms as well as military success. He is also the only English monarch known as "the Great" ("Alfred the Great").

Agricola was a Roman statesman and soldier that governed over Britain and conquered large areas of northern England, Scotland, and Wales ("Agricola").

"A type of light four-wheeled open carriage, usually drawn by a pair of horses, and having one or two seats facing forward" (OED).

Here, the narration refers to a “card”, which is more properly known as a calling card. A calling card -- or visiting card-- is defined as “a card bearing a person’s name and address, sent or left in lieu of a formal social or business visit; a visiting card” (OED). Originally a Parisian trend, these cards were either sent or left at a person’s place of residence to denote that acquaintance had formally visited while they were away or later intended to visit them (Robert Chambers, The Book of Days, np).

The pump room -- better known as The Grand Pump Room -- was a building used for upper-class social gatherings and parties in Bath. It was especially popular during Jane Austen’s lifetime (Michael Forsyth, Bath, 68) (Mabel Van Niekerk, The Ancient Roman Cities of Bath and York, 24).

There is no evidence for a song with this title existing. During the Georgian period wedding hymns were often sung at parties that were not weddings, just for fun. However, the lyrics for this particular hymn does not exist. Austenites speculate that the author invented this title as an excuse for John Thorpe to suggest marriage to Catherine (ODP).

Greatcoats were a type of caped trench coat/ over coat that first came into use by the military in the 17th century, then evolved into casual wear for the upper class. They were made of thick wool and thus expensive for average people to own. However, by the time of the Industrial Revolution and Jane Austen's death, they were becoming more and more available to the middle and lower classes as well (ODP).

"Any of various lightweight cotton fabrics in plain weave. Also: a piece of such fabric; a dress or other article of clothing made of muslin" (OED).

From the 17th century to the late 18th century, muslin fabric was mostly imported from places like India. The fabric was used for dresses and curtains and was notably well liked for its simplicity; its ability to drape beautifully; and for the fabric's ability to take paint, dyes, and embroidery very well. Muslins were mostly worn by gentility in the color white. The color white was used to signify the gentility's wealthy lifestyle because white garments were harder to keep clean and were very expensive to constantly have laundered to maintain the pure white color. (Jane Austen’s World)

Here is an example of a sprigged muslin which is named for the muslin's unique design which resembles sprigs of leaves or flowers all over the dress:

"The Pump Room in Bath was built in the lower part of the town, and it was where those taking the “cure” would drink copious amounts of the warm spring water in order to effect a cure" (Austenonly). It was the place to be in high society.

Gentrification -- or housing patterns -- is a great topic to explore with youth, precisely because it is both in the news and the stories represent historical patterns that can be studied deeply. Similarly, this is a teaching moment that can be about what is happening in the lives of youth in our classes and built on the strategies of placed-based education and writing. I started to pull some of this together around Renee Watson's Youth Adult novel Close To Home and Linda Christensen's work with the Oregon Writing Project and beyond with the Roots of Gentrification. See http://youthvoices.net/home1 I'd love to finish some of this curriculum development -- but only when teaching the material with students, not in the abastract.

Here Austen is having Catherine admiring Isabella because of her charm that she possesses to her move up in society. She can see here how Isabella uses her appearance to win over people not to mention her manners. It brings up the thought of why there were so many balls during this time period. What was expected of women? The balls that Austen describes seem to be more like debutante ball. A Debutante ball is when younger women are brought into society so they can meet eligible men to marry but also be seen as ladies.

What is a clergyman? Jane Austen draws from her personal life in her novels pulling in her father’s job position. Clergyman in her novels a lot because it draws from her childhood of her father being one. Not only in Northanger Abby but also in Mansfield park its mentioned men to become clergymen. What is so significant to become of this position? According to Merriam-Webster a clergyman is defined as “a man who is a member of the clergy especially in a Christian church”. Breaking this down even more what does the word clergy mean? It means to be ordained in the church. The clergyman seems to be appear to be a minster who is a socialite among the wealthy. They would perform religious ceremonies in the Christian Church only but also were invited to socialize with the upper class at times.

Work Cited Miriam Webster.Com

The master of ceremonies was an official position in fashionable towns like Bath. Their job was to oversee the balls and parties. Their duties spanned from enforcing the rules and keeping the peace to making sure everybody was dressed correctly. As we see in this line, one of their most important jobs was to introduce young men and women (Austenonly, "The Master of Ceremonies: The Georgian Assembly Room, Part Four", https://austenonly.com/2013/02/28/the-master-of-ceremonies-the-georgian-assembly-room-part-four/ ).

In response to the French Revolution, by the late 18th century, constricting, formal styles of dress, reminiscent of French aristocracy went out of fashion. Instead, looser styles of dress, inspired by classical Greek and Roman fashions, rose in popularity. Lightweight, sheerer materials, such as muslin were popular, as was an empire style waistline ("Lord Scott", An Introduction to Ladies' Fashions of the Regency Era, http://www.wemakehistory.com/Fashion/Regency/RegencyLadies/RegencyLadies.htm ).

During this period in England, men and women could not interact, much less dance together, unless they were formally introduced by somebody that they were both acquainted with (Maria Grace, The High Stakes of Etiquette for Young Ladies in the Regency, https://kimrendfeld.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/the-high-stakes-of-etiquette-for-young-ladies-in-the-regency/ ).

“A woman’s hat designed to resemble a turban” (OED). This was a fashionable headdress for women from the 1790's through the 1820's, inspired by English trade with India (Walford, Vintage Fashion Guild).

“A stand or support for a candle”; “[o]ne whose trade it is to make or sell candles”; or, “[i]n extended sense: [a] retail dealer in provisions, groceries, etc.: often somewhat contemptuous” (OED).<br> This implies that these were shops which primarily sold candles, but also sold various products like a convenience store.

According to the American Kennel Club, The Newfoundland is a massive breed of English working dog, used for pulling nets, carts, and carrying loads. Newfoundlands also make excellent guard dogs. Henry's puppy would look something like this,

but would grow to be a very large dog.

Terrier is a group of breeds, originally bred to hunt vermin. Some examples include the West Highland White Terrier, Cairn Terrier, and Norfolk Terrier.

These dogs were kept not only as companions, but as useful parts of the household: the Terriers to control rats and other vermin, and the Newfoundland (when grown) for protection and labor. Even so, the Newfoundland’s sweet disposition would make for an ideal companion (American Kennel Club).

Lavender was used as an essential oil at the time (and even today) that would help to calm one's anxieties, whether through ingestion or scent. When rubbed on the temples, a person could better smell the oils to calm themselves (Lavender, Maria Lis-Balchin, 156).

"A member of the clergy engaged as assistant to a vicar, rector, or parish priest", or "A minister with pastoral responsibility" (OED). In this context, Henry either has engagements (appointments) to keep with his assistant, or he has engagements (duties) of his own as a clergyman.

"A person with official charge of post. The official at each of the stations or stages of a post-road; primary duty to carry mail to the next state" (OED).

“A long, narrow piece of linen, muslin, or other fine cloth, worn around the neck and either tied under the chin in a knot or bow with long flowing ends” (OED).

Catherine says in the novels only two women do the work, but in abbeys and castles of the period, there were about eighteen or more servants, ranging from cooks to laundry maids (countryhousereader, "The Servant Hierarchy", 2013).

"[...] letters were written on sheet[s] of paper that were folded and sealed [...] Envelopes were not used" (Jane Austen's World, Vic, "Letter Writing in Jane Austen’s Time").

When referring to disease, bilious is an overproduction of bile. Drawn from Hippocrates's now obsolete Theory of Four Humors, bile was also connected to a bitter and choleric personality (U.S. National Library of Medicine, The World of Shakespeare's Humors).

A remedy for cuts, swelling, and infection, specifically common for treatment of hoof abscesses. The herb poultice would be applied by the farrier (horseshoer), who in regency times often doubled as a general veterinarian and animal dentist (BookDoors).

Unlike the typical pamphlets we may think about today, in this era, pamphlets were used for political information.

“A small room attached to a kitchen, in which the washing of dishes and other dirty work is done” (OED).

A meeting place for upper-class people. Mrs. Allen's favorite place was situated closed to the main entrance of the Roman Baths. It is well-known for the power of its waters. The place is still popular today at tea time thanks to its restaurant ("Jane Austen World").

Usually referring to, "women and children, and esp. of their facial expression: Slily saucy, pleasantly mischievous" (OED).

An abbey is "A private residence, school, etc., formerly (part of) an abbey" (OED).

A traveling chaise was a mode of quick transportation used by rich people, in the eighteenth century. This type of chaise was a closed carriage, which was equipped with four horses. The equipage, which was expensive, was generally composed of two men driving the two horses at the front and sometimes one postilion seated at the back ("Legacy Owensboro").

"To make known in person, esp. in a formal manner, with announcement of name, title, or other identification" (OED).

This is an archaic use of the -eth suffix for third-person indicative. This faded from usage during the Middle and Early Modern English periods.

Here are a few extra interesting facts about the day of Washington crossing the Delaware.

Crusoe compares himself to a criminal condemned to be hanged, who receives a last-minute pardon or reduced sentence. Bleeding was thought to release adverse humors from the body, in this case those produced by the shock of the lightened sentence.

Presumably because slave traders needed a special license from the Spanish or Portuguese crown.

In reality, the sugar and tobacco plantations of colonial Brazil were heavily dependent on slave labor and the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In 1888, Brazil became the last country in the Western world to abolish slavery.

Portugal colonized Brazil in the late sixteenth century and instituted the lucrative sugar plantation system, which relied on African and Native American slave labor. In the seventeenth century, Brazil was the world's leading exporter of sugar.

A gold or silver trade coin, formerly current in most European countries.

This duration is actually remarkably short. Merchant vessels carrying slaves and cargo could take anywhere from four weeks to several months to travel from the Gold Coast to the Americas.

Eighty Spanish dollars ("Pieces of eight" were so called because one was worth eight Spanish reales.)

European merchant vessels would have carried salt, gold, and slaves away from Africa, and sugar and spices back from Brazil and the Indies respectively.

The area south of Morocco, near modern Senegal, was an epicenter for British trade in salt and slaves. [Insert map of west coast of Africa here.]

The racial system that was established in the new world was a racial hierarchy. The system worked based on the purity of ones blood. Then it was used as a status for political and social advancement.

I think that King Affonso was ok with the slave traders taking the lower class and the prisoners of war, because those people were worthless. The slave trade grew rapidly and more slaves were needed, the Portuguese ravaged the society and took what slaves they wanted. King Affonso opened a Pandoras box.

Apprenticeships in eighteenth century London often began around the age of fourteen, and lasted seven years.

(See De Munck, Bert, and Hugo Soly. "'Learning on the Shop Floor' in Historical Perspective." Learning on the Shop Floor: Historical Perspectives on Apprenticeship. Eds. Bert De Munck, Steven L. Kaplan, and Hugo Soly. (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), p. 18)

Crusoe's origins reflect the reshaping of the social hierarchy to include an anomalous merchant middle class that belonged to neither the gentry nor the commons, and perhaps the need to create a literary space for readers of this educated class.

I propose this as a thing. The idea is to create a list of people who have some significance to me whose lives overlap in time.

Important to me because it looks like an significant date in the transition of Irish Christianity from the monasticism celebrated in Kenneth Clark's Civilization. For me the Irish monasticism focuses on Skellig Michael, most recently connected to the far, far away galaxy and Luke Skywalker

Synod of Whitby at Wikipedia

Olokun seems very bitter and full of rage not caring about how many other she would kill

The humans arrived in the world by coming from heaven.

The twins created the world to become larger and modified the animals and plant life.

The animals helped the women when she came through the hole. The also helped prepare the earth for the women to live there.

Then on the seventh day God rested, which is what we are suppose to do as well.

So at the beginning was Africa was land of gods

she was very ill.

God made the human a likeness and give him dominion over all animal

God did everthing

The native adapted fast or how many years past?

How did they get the maize?

The native american descend from Asia?

Recently rediscovered photos from The Band's 1976 Last Waltz concert. link

Site on pre-Renaissance Muslim contributions to knowledge. https://twitter.com/HeritageMuslim

A popular list of assertions about "100 years ago" is not very accurate -- partly because the same list is recirculated without changing anything but the years.

The story of Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch, whose theory of brain function was followed by John von Neumann's design for the stored program computer.

Excerpt

How do these compare to Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms"?

David Bowie died 10 January 2016 after an 18-month battle with cancer. On 8 January, his birthday, he released his 25th album, Blackstar.

What happened at this time in US history?

180,000 public domain items from the New York Public Library Digital Collections. Photographs, stereoscopic photos, illustrations, maps, ancient texts, manuscripts, historical correspondence, sheet music, and more!

http://api.repo.nypl.org/<br> https://github.com/NYPL-publicdomain/data-and-utilities<br> API and metadata

http://nypl.org/publicdomain<br> More info, and some projects that use the API.

Mauricio Geraldo made a game out of the floor plans.<br> http://publicdomain.nypl.org/mansion-maniac/<br> http://github.com/nypl-publicdomain/mansion-maniac

The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows bridge in 1940 was caused by flutter, not resonance. And sometimes the film is played too fast.

Long article by Stephen Wolfram on the history of Ada Lovelace, Charles Babbage, and his calculating machines.

Emulation and Virtualization as Preservation Strategies, David Rosenthal

The effects of slavery had been ingrained too deep for it to get ineffective that soon.

Despite the legal end of slavery, blacks were still not treated as equals by white.

What a huge difference!

That's too many kids for one woman to give birth to!

thanks to the women!

Lesson learnt the hard way!

Such a harsh and demeaning term to be used for women who were fighting for their country.

The rich always get away for everything that's probably the reason why they live for so long.

Black were not even considered living beings since a living being can never be referred to as one's "property".

African Americans never really felt the true sense of freedom!

The extreme measures that were taken in desperation of not letting the eradication of slavery occur.

Tells the significance of winning over Kentucky.

Perfect analogy.

It was a committee of thirteen individuals that was formed to investigate the possibility of a "plan of adjustment" that might solve the growing secession crisis.

something that was absolutely needed. In this case it was SLAVERY.

The issues that needed the utmost attention were being ignored.

Finding unity among human race has always been a rare incidence.

One party wanted to eradicate slavery while the one wanted to keep it going.

I haven't studied toposes, but I can at least see how introductory algebraic geometry, i.e. the study of Groebner bases, relates to propositional logic.

Finally they understood the main root of the problem.

shows that stark change of events

Antislavery was becoming more and more popular.

I am glad that Whig's party got wiped out.

At last!

Since they were not left any other choice.

How unfortunate could it be to not know one's mother and date of birth.

As if antislavery movement was not big of a deal to handle.

Blacks are being referred to as "them"

Whites did not think of blacks as their equal. What a shame!

Law should never cast out a certain group of people based on their skin color!

Slavery was never built as a temporary institution.

These were former enslaved Africans.

How inhuman is it for a certain group of humans to try to think of a natural law to justify their repulsive act of enslaving other humans?

The enslaved workers

Northerners and Southerners had the same motive despite the opposite mentalities and thought processes.

“All men are created equal,”

John Adams is not taking his wife's concerns seriously.

Husbands tend to take their wives as their properties and not as other halves.

Abigail says it in a sense where the independence would only affect her husband and not her.

in hopes of getting freedom.

There were upsides and downsides.

to split the armies into small groups

The document of Independence.

traitors

The Congress was two-faced and untrustworthy.

When everything else failed, Congress had no other option but to come to an agreement.

This Act backfired

explains the reason for tea resistance.

Sharing the same sense of pain unites people more than sharing the same joy.

worked perfectly well to aggravate the situation even further.

shows the hostility the colonists felt towards the Britishers.

Since the protest against the Stamp Act did work, the colonists thought of solving every issue with resistance.

referring to Stamp Act

The first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British government.

They could not afford spending any more money on war.

The Seven Years' War grew Britain's power in unimaginable ways.

Both education and religion played the key role in changing people's train of thought.

Educating people is the initiate step a government could take towards better future.

So each colony had their own culture?

War always has a negative impact on the economy.

this explains why Benjamin Rush felt the way he did.

I really am impressed by his thought process.

Every word said out loud was written down so that no one could alter it later on.

Only if this could have lasted for a longer period of time.

These were the peaceful times before the invasion of the White.

referring to the poor lower class people.